Books on the topic 'Temporary Network Structure'
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1
Yust, Jason. Structural Networks and the Experience of Musical Time. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696481.003.0005.
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The network model of temporal structure allows for many generalized concepts of musical time that can be applied across different modalities (rhythmic, tonal, and formal). This chapter defines network depths, distances, paths, centers, skew, and bias, and partially classifies network types such as piles, tortoises, and starfish. A splitting operation on networks is defined and applied to the problem of relating networks in different modalities and finding true disjunctions.
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Yust, Jason. Graph Theory for Temporal Structure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696481.003.0014.
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This chapter introduces mathematical graph theory and develops graph-theory concepts that are useful for temporal networks. By generating chord progressions from networks, the potential musical and temporal meaning of graph-theory concepts, especially cycles, is emphasized. A number of concepts related to trees are introduced to show hierarchical aspects of temporal structure, and to allow for a comparison of Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff’s prolongational trees to temporal structures. This suggests an enrichment of MOPs through spanning trees, and is channelled into a discussion of graph-theoretic algebras, cycle and edge-cut algebras, as they apply to temporal structures.
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Rocha, Luis E. C., Fredrik Liljeros, and Petter Holme. Sexual and Communication Networks of Internet-Mediated Prostitution. Edited by Scott Cunningham and Manisha Shah. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199915248.013.3.
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This chapter examines prostitution as a socioeconomic phenomenon and discusses its contribution to the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Using online network data from Internet-mediated prostitution in Brazil, it looks at the connectedness of individuals on a review website where clients record intimate details about encounters with sex workers. It begins with an overview of networks, including human sexual networks, along with network properties and measures and the dynamics and structure of a sexual network. It describes general models of disease spreading and introduces a specific methodology for temporal networks, where the infection coevolves with network structure. The chapter shows that the structure of the sexual network is highly clustered within cities but that minimal connections exist across cities. It also finds evidence for local bridges between cities: individual clients who frequent prostitutes nationally. Male tourists play important roles in a potential epidemic by linking otherwise distinct communities.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Multilayer Networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.001.0001.
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Multilayer networks are formed by several networks that interact with each other and co-evolve. Multilayer networks include social networks, financial markets, transportation systems, infrastructures and molecular networks and the brain. The multilayer structure of these networks strongly affects the properties of dynamical and stochastic processes defined on them, which can display unexpected characteristics. For example, interdependencies between different networks of a multilayer structure can cause cascades of failure events that can dramatically increase the fragility of these systems; spreading of diseases, opinions and ideas might take advantage of multilayer network topology and spread even when its single layers cannot sustain an epidemic when taken in isolation; diffusion on multilayer transportation networks can significantly speed up with respect to diffusion on single layers; finally, the interplay between multiplexity and controllability of multilayer networks is a problem with major consequences in financial, transportation, molecular biology and brain networks. This field is one of the most prosperous recent developments of Network Science and Data Science. Multilayer networks include multiplex networks, multi-slice temporal networks, networks of networks, interdependent networks. Multilayer networks are characterized by having a highly correlated multilayer network structure, providing a significant advantage for extracting information from them using multilayer network measures and centralities and community detection methods. The multilayer network dynamics (including percolation, epidemic spreading, diffusion, synchronization, game theory and control) is strongly affected by the multilayer network topology. This book will present a comprehensive account of this emerging field.
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Bianconi, Ginestra. Epidemic Spreading. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0013.
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Epidemic processes are relevant to studying the propagation of infectious diseases, but their current use extends also to the study of propagation of ideas in the society or memes and news in online social media. In most of the relevant applications epidemic spreading does not actually take place on a single network but propagates in a multilayer network where different types of interaction play different roles. This chapter provides a comprehensive view of the effect that multilayer network structures have on epidemic processes. The Susceptible–Infected–Susceptible (SIS) Model and the Susceptible–Infected–Removed (SIR) Model are characterized on multilayer networks. Additionally, it is shown that the multilayer networks framework can also allow us to study interacting Awareness and epidemic spreading, competing networks and epidemics in temporal networks.
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Yust, Jason. Rhythmic Hierarchy and the Network Model. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696481.003.0002.
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The idea of rhythmic hierarchy serves as an introduction to temporal structure in music and a network model (the “MOP” or maximal outerplanar graph) used to represent it. Rhythmic hierarchy relates to meter but is conceptually distinct from it. An argument may be made that rhythmic structure precedes meter (“meter as rhythm”) rather than vice versa. Slow movements from F.J. Haydn and C.P.E. Bach demonstrate the analytical utility of a concept of metricality.
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Yust, Jason. Organized Time. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696481.001.0001.
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This book presents a theory of temporal structure for music, making two main arguments. The first is that a single model of temporal structure, expressible in the form of a certain type of mathematical network, is common to all modalities, particularly rhythm, tonality, and form. As a result, we can develop tools to talk about the experience of musical time in abstraction from any particular modality, and make analogies from structural phenomena in one modality to another (e.g., formal counterpoint). The second argument is that each of these modalities is in principle independent: it has its own set of structuring criteria, and it may lead to structures that agree or disagree with each other. The resulting coordination or disjunction between modalities is of more direct aesthetic importance, typically, than anything that can be said about one isolated parameter alone. These claims have deep ramifications for theories of rhythm, tonality, and form: for instance, that it is possible to discuss formal structure without necessary reference to tonal features. Theories of harmony, key, formal function, hypermeter, and closure are developed in conjunction with analysis of a wide range of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century composers, surveys of classical repertoire, and observations about the history of musical styles. A number of mathematical tools for temporal structure are also proposed.
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Yust, Jason. Tonal Structure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696481.003.0003.
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The concept of tonal structure is intimately associated with the person of Heinrich Schenker, but ultimately in order to enter dialogue with Schenker the theory of tonal structure must take the place of “Schenkerian analysis” in our discourse. A number of useful principles of tonal structure may be derived from Schenker’s theory: Schenkerian notation agrees with the network representation for temporal structure, and linear progressions are a good starting point for a tonal structure discovery procedure. The theory of the Ursatz, however, cannot be understood as an empirical claim but rather as a collection of grammatical norms. Also, Schenker’s dismissal of the concept of key is disputed, and a theory of tonal structure to which keys and modulation are integral is presented.
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Coolen, A. C. C., A. Annibale, and E. S. Roberts. Graphs on structured spaces. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198709893.003.0010.
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This chapter moves beyond viewing nodes as homogeneous dots set on a plane. To introduce more complicated underlying space, multiplex networks (which are defined with layers of interaction on the same underlying node set) and temporal (time-dependent) networks are discussed. It shown that despite the much more complicated underlying space, many of the techniques developed in earlier chapters can be applied. Heterogeneous nodes are introduced as an extension of the stochastic block model for community structure, then extended using methods developed in earlier chapters to more general (continuous) node attributes such as fitness. The chapter closes with a discussion of the intersections and similarities between the many alternative models for capturing topological features that have been presented in the book.
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Inkson, Kerr. The Boundaryless Career. Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0023.
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The boundaryless career type provides a model of career development that appears to have some advantages over traditional occupational or organizational models. In a changing environment, it encourages mobility, flexibility, the development of knowledge and networks, and the taking of responsibility for one's own career. The boundaryless career also resonates effectively with the temporary organization structures and “knowledge workers” becoming characteristic of the new century. It appears a particularly appropriate way of understanding careers in industries, such as film production and software development, that are based on temporary projects rather than permanent structures, but these industries may be merely extreme examples of a wider loosening and crossing of boundaries in the world of work. The organizational career is dead or dying, and boundaryless careers are representative not just of a creative elite of workers, but of the mainstream.
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Johnson, Samuel G. B., and Woo-kyoung Ahn. Causal Mechanisms. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.12.
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This chapter reviews empirical and theoretical results concerning knowledge of causal mechanisms—beliefs about how and why events are causally linked. First, it reviews the effects of mechanism knowledge, showing that mechanism knowledge can override other cues to causality (including covariation evidence and temporal cues) and structural constraints (the Markov condition), and that mechanisms play a key role in various forms of inductive inference. Second, it examines several theories of how mechanisms are mentally represented—as associations, forces or powers, icons, abstract placeholders, networks, or schemas—and the empirical evidence bearing on each theory. Finally, it describes ways that people acquire mechanism knowledge, discussing the contributions from statistical induction, testimony, reasoning, and perception. For each of these topics, it highlights key open questions for future research.
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Wolfson, Todd, ed. Activist Laboratories. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038846.003.0003.
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This chapter looks at three of the most critical new-media projects, all of which played an important role in the birth of indymedia. It begins with BURN!, a project initiated by undergraduates at University of California–San Diego. BURN! launched during the initial stages of the Internet, and was one of the first experiments where activists developed their own semiautonomous Web-based infrastructure. It then foregrounds the Z Media Institute (ZMI) in Cape Cod. ZMI, which still exists today, is a think tank and leadership institute for radical politics and alternative media. In the mid 1990s, ZMI enrolled many of the eventual founders of indymedia, and it was at ZMI that many of the critical ideas about the importance of participatory democratic governance structures within independent media networks began to take form. Finally, the chapter details the short history of the independent journalism project CounterMedia. CounterMedia was a temporary tactical media-convergence center established in Chicago during the 1996 Democratic National Convention. The aim of CounterMedia was to create a physical and virtual space for the production and distribution of alternative journalism during the Chicago-based convention.
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Bhagat, Rabi S. Structuring the Global Organization. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190241490.003.0004.
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To implement their strategies on a global scale, global organizations must design appropriate structures that take into account the demands and complexities of their changing environments, such as the diversity of offerings/businesses as a function of the geographical region in which the firm operates. The strategic role of subsidiaries and how they integrate into the overall system have changed and should be considered in the design of the firm—especially the kind of flexibility needed in managing vertical and lateral flows of information as well as integration of various functions. This chapter discusses three different types of design: decentralized federation, coordinated federation, and centralized hub in terms of their significance in accomplishing flexibility, national responsiveness, and the need for global integration. One significant development is the use of global networks and international teams composed of technically competent people who are dispersed across spatial, temporal, cultural, and organizational boundaries.
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Chattopadhyay, Rupendra Kumar. The Archaeology of Coastal Bengal. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199481682.001.0001.
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Research work on coastal Bengal has mostly focused on maritime trading networks. In a clear departure from the existing scholarship, this volume questions the linearity of considering trade as the sole determinant of creation of settlement in the coastal regions. Focusing on settlement strategies, Chattopadhyay unravels how human societies, through successive generations, have adapted to the coastal environment and bio-regime. First-hand data, procured through extensive fieldwork, forms the sound basis of this work. From structural remains, ceramic and bone implements, and stone tools, to terracotta figurines and inscriptions—a vast array of sources is analysed, including epigraphic and literary sources. Significantly, the volume also highlights the interconnection between the coastal geography and the hinterland. Chattopadhyay’s meticulously researched work offers a geographical and temporal frame which allows the research in coastal Bengal to be viewed as an integral part of the archaeological developments in the subcontinent, as well as in the adjoining region of the Southeast Asian countries.
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Rosik, Piotr. Świat dostępności - metody i komponenty : przykłady analiz empirycznych przestrzeni Polski = The world of accessibility : methods and components : cases of emprical analyses in Poland's space. Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego, Polska Akademia Nauk, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/9788361590767.
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Accessibility has many facets. This study focuses on accessibility involving people’s travel, or to be more precise, on the ability to cover the distance from point A (origin) to point B (destination). Accessibility thus defined has its: (1) components (i.e. transport, land-use, individual and temporal components), (2) dimensions (i.e. travel origin and destination, distance decay, restrictions, barriers, mode of transport, extent of study area, socioeconomic and territorial cohesion, and dynamics) and (3) attributes (i.e. affordability, availability, nodal accessibility, and acceptability). The components, dimensions and attributes combine to form the world of accessibility. After having been a subject of academic writing for decades, that world has finally received its own comprehensive volume by Polish author. The book covers its topic in seven chapters. It begins with an introduction, which lays down the objectives and structure of the study and is followed by a chapter covering the definition of accessibility. Chapter 3 is devoted to the methodology of accessibility research. The fourth and longest chapter offers a review of the most important areas of the world of accessibility built around the four components and the dimensions of accessibility. Chapter 5 focuses on the attributes of accessibility, transport exclusion and access equality. Chapter 6 presents the basics of the authors’ own new model of four accessibility factors (network, spatial, travel and individual) developed in the form of a NeST box model. The volume ends with a review of the major threads and considerations of accessibility research in the immediate future, namely: (1) Big Data; (2) distance decay; (3) external spatial effects; (4) sensitivity, criticality and exposure; (5) development of new forms of transport; (6) affordability and equality; (7) long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; (8) comparative analyses and evaluation using accessibility indices.
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Howells, Coral Ann, Paul Sharrad, and Gerry Turcotte. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679775.003.0001.
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THE Oxford History of the Novel in English concludes with the present volume, which focuses on the novels written in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the South Pacific since 1950. A sequel of sorts to Volume 9, The World Novel in English to 1950, the present work examines the literary production of a set of diverse writings from a geographically varied and extensive region. Its component cultural entities are connected by historical networks of trading and colonialism and by contemporary systems of global production and circulation. The fiction covered in this volume emanates from countries either bordering on the Pacific Ocean or surrounded by it. For at least one century they were all interconnected by sailing ships, and they have all faced the crisis of reinventing themselves as postcolonial nations since the Second World War. In that regard, this volume—allowing for many differences in historical and sociological circumstances—also serves as a companion to studies of Asian and African fiction in Volumes 10 and 11. At the same time, each zone of literary production surveyed here retains specific differences of temporal, political, and ethnic formations that cannot be contained within one neat comparative frame. This fact is reflected in the structure of the volume: a mix of comparative surveys centred on genres or modes, a section on book history, another providing sociocultural contexts focused on the notion of shifting identities, a series of regional analyses with more detailed discussion of key figures from each zone, and concluding with chapters on the periodicals supporting literary production and on literary histories across the entire area....