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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Temporary equilibrium theory

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Academic literature on the topic 'Temporary equilibrium theory'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Temporary equilibrium theory"

1

Rose, Hugh. "A policy rule for ‘Say's Law’ in a theory of temporary equilibrium." Journal of Macroeconomics 7, no. 1 (December 1985): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0164-0704(85)90002-3.

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Henrotte, Philippe. "Construction of a state space for interrelated securities with an application to temporary equilibrium theory." Economic Theory 8, no. 3 (October 1, 1996): 423–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001990050100.

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Henrotte, Philippe. "Construction of a state space for interrelated securities with an application to temporary equilibrium theory." Economic Theory 8, no. 3 (October 1996): 423–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01213504.

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Hagemann, Harald. "The Cambridge–Cambridge controversy on the theory of capital: 50 years after." European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention 17, no. 2 (September 18, 2020): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/ejeep.2020.02.09.

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The paper points out that capital theory has always been a hotly debated subject, partly because the theoretical issues involved are very complex, and partly because rival ideologies and value systems directly affect the issues discussed. The focus is on the history, the main protagonists, and the relevant problems examined and argued about during the two Cambridges controversy on the theory of capital which was at its peak 50 years ago. Whereas one clear result of these debates is that neither Samuelson's surrogate production function nor Solow's rate-of-return concept could resurrect aggregate neoclassical theory, many other questions, such as the treatment of capital in temporary or intertemporal general equilibrium models or the empirical relevance of the reswitching phenomenon, are still discussed controversially.

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Huang, Can, Yi Zhi Bu, and Qing Hua Zhang. "The Verification of Geometry Control Method for Cable-Stayed Bridge." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 992–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.992.

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Based on the energy method and beam-element theory, the nonlinear strain are considered, non-stress length and non-stress curvature of element of geometry control method are introducted in the integration process of stain energy. The static equilibrium equation of the geometry control method is established. Take the impacts of structural geometric profile induced by temporary loads and temperature field during the construction procedure are investigated, the correctness of the geometry control method is verified by the numerical simulation analysis.

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Dai, Yunxian, Yiping Lin, Huitao Zhao, and Chaudry Masood Khalique. "Global stability and Hopf bifurcation of a delayed computer virus propagation model with saturation incidence rate and temporary immunity." International Journal of Modern Physics B 30, no. 28n29 (November 10, 2016): 1640009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979216400099.

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In this paper, a delayed computer virus propagation model with a saturation incidence rate and a time delay describing temporary immune period is proposed and its dynamical behaviors are studied. The threshold value [Formula: see text] is given to determine whether the virus dies out completely. By comparison arguments and iteration technique, sufficient conditions are obtained for the global asymptotic stabilities of the virus-free equilibrium and the virus equilibrium. Taking the delay as a parameter, local Hopf bifurcations are demonstrated. Furthermore, the direction of Hopf bifurcation and the stabilities of the bifurcating periodic solutions are determined by the normal form theory and the center manifold theorem for functional differential equations (FDEs). Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the main theoretical results.

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Isar, Aurelian. "Entanglement Generation in Two-Mode Gaussian Systems in a Thermal Environment." Open Systems & Information Dynamics 23, no. 01 (March 2016): 1650007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1230161216500074.

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We describe the evolution of the quantum entanglement in a system composed of two interacting bosonic modes immersed in a thermal reservoir, in the framework of the theory of open systems based on completely positive quantum dynamical semigroups. The evolution of entanglement is described in terms of the covariance matrix for Gaussian initial states. We calculate the logarithmic negativity and show that for separable initial squeezed thermal states entanglement generation may take place, for definite values of squeezing parameter, average photon numbers, temperature of the thermal bath, dissipation constant and the strength of interaction between the two modes. After its generation one can observe temporary suppressions and revivals of the entanglement. For entangled initial squeezed thermal states, entanglement suppression takes place, for all temperatures of the reservoir, and temporary revivals and suppressions of entanglement can be observed too. In the limit of infinite time the system evolves asymptotically to an equilibrium state which may be entangled or separable.

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Li, Ya, Na Wang, Chunzhang Wang, Xin Wang, Jinglai Zhang, and Li Wang. "Theoretical study on the unimolecular decomposition of 2-chlorinated ethyl hydroperoxide." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 15, no. 01 (February 2016): 1650008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633616500085.

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Chlorine-containing organic compounds have been of major interest since such compounds would serve as temporary reservoirs for HOX, ROX and ClOX radicals. Moreover, it would transport chlorine species to the atmosphere and stratosphere. However, limited studies have been performed on the 2-chlorinated ethyl hydroperoxide. In this work, the mechanism of unimolecular dissociation of 2-chlorinated ethyl hydroperoxide is theoretically studied. The equilibrium structures are optimized at the Boese–Martin for kinetics (BMK) level. And the energies are further refined at the Balanced multi-coefficient correlation-coupled cluster theory with single and double excitations (BMC-CCSD) level on the basis of the optimized geometries. Fifteen reaction channels are finally confirmed including the direct C–O, O–O, O–H, and C–C bond cleavage or the H2-, H2O-, H2O2-, and CH3Cl-elimination.

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Gospodarek, Tadeusz. "THE BALANCE PARADOX OF MANAGEMENT." Central European Review of Economics and Management 2, no. 2 (June 23, 2018): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.29015/cerem.526.

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Aim: There exists an inequilibrium between the available quantity of goods and the level of consumption resulting in local economic polarisations and asymmetric capital concentrations. Replacements of real money with derivative instruments cause strong perturbations on capital markets. Consumer preferences change towards the maximization of the utility of the used capital. The above observations are a basis for the hypothesis that managers, in general, prefer to maximize the momentum profit regardless of the risk of losing the stability of macroeconomic systems.Design/Research method: It is heuristic about the objective function of an organization based on observations, that there are two excluding tendencies in formulating goals: to maximize the profit (using all possible opportunities) and simultaneously to achieve stability in the long run (keeping the micro-macro balance).Conclusions/findings: Managements cause deviations from the micro-macro balance, and at the same time trying to keep this balance. This leads to the following paradox of management (the balance dilemma of management): Managers always try to maximize opportune profits, regardless of future benefits that may be derived from keeping the equilibrium. And conversely, rational long-term stability suggests postponing most opportunities and keeping external boundaries (e.g. realizing sustainable development). However, managers’ temporary preferences lead to an increasing number of unbalanced interactions between organizations and their surroundings, up to the critical point when some catastrophic economic processes may take place.Originality/value of the article: Original heuristics based on the observations of some micro-macro economic balance relations in business practice.Implications of the research: One more paradox in the theory of management have been presented. It is important for base statements of the theory of organizational bahaviors consistency and inferring would be more accurate.Key words: General economic equilibrium, rationally bounded decisions, paradox of management, micro/macro balance, management theory.JEL: L2, M21, D5, F41

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Hayes, Amy E., Matthew C. Davidson, Steven W. Keele, and Robert D. Rafal. "Toward a Functional Analysis of the Basal Ganglia." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10, no. 2 (March 1998): 178–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998562645.

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Parkinson patients were tested in two paradigms to test the hypothesis that the basal ganglia are involved in the shifting of attentional set. Set shifting means a respecification of the conditions that regulate responding, a process sometimes referred to as an executive process. In one paradigm, upon the appearance of each stimulus, subjects were instructed to respond either to its color or to its shape. In a second paradigm, subjects learned to produce short sequences of three keypresses in response to two arbitrary stimuli. Reaction times were compared for the cases where set either remained the same or changed for two successive stimuli. Parkinson patients were slow to change set compared to controls. Parkinson patients were also less able to filter the competing but irrelevant set than were control subjects. The switching deficit appears to be dopamine based; the magnitude of the shifting deficit was related to the degree to which l-dopa-based medication ameliorated patients' motor symptoms. Moreover, temporary withholding of medication, a so-called off manipulation, increased the time to switch. Using the framework of equilibrium point theory of movement, we discuss how a set switching deficit may also underlie clinical motor disturbances seen in Parkinson's disease.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Temporary equilibrium theory"

1

Garino, Gaia. "A competitive temporary equilibrium approach to the housing and mortgage markets." Thesis, University of York, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297108.

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Books on the topic "Temporary equilibrium theory"

1

Lin, Kuan-Pin. Temporary Monetary Equilibrium Theory. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315180588.

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Temporary Monetary Equilibrium Theory: A Differentiable Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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3

Grandmont, Jean-Michael. Temporary Equilibrium: Selected Readings (Economic Theory, Econometrics and Mathematical Economics). Academic Press, 1988.

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Grandmont, Jean-Michel. Temporary Equilibrium: Selected Readings (Economic Theory, Econometrics, and Mathematical Economics). Academic Pr, 1988.

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Grandmont, Jean-Michael. Temporary Equilibrium: Selected Readings (Economic Theory, Econometrics and Mathematical Economics). Academic Press, 1988.

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6

Grandmont, Jean-Michel. Temporary Equilibrium: Selected Readings (Economic Theory, Econometrics, and Mathematical Economics). Academic Pr, 1988.

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7

North, Jill. Time in Thermodynamics. Edited by Craig Callender. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298204.003.0011.

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It is often claimed, or hoped, that some temporal asymmetries are explained by the thermodynamic asymmetry in time. Thermodynamics, the macroscopic physics of pressure, temperature, volume, and so on, describes many temporally asymmetric processes. Heat flows spontaneously from hot objects to cold objects (in closed systems), never the reverse. More generally, systems spontaneously move from non-equilibrium states to equilibrium states, never the reverse. Delving into the foundations of statistical mechanics, this chapter reviews the many open questions in that field as they relate to temporal asymmetry. Taking a stand on many of them, it tackles questions about the nature of probabilities, the role of boundary conditions, and even the nature and scope of statistical mechanics.

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Darrigol, Olivier. The Probabilistic Turn (1876–1884). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816171.003.0005.

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This chapter deals with writings in which Boltzmann expressed the statistical nature of the entropy law and temporarily made the relation between entropy and combinatorial probability a basic constructive tool of his theory. In 1881, he discovered that this relation derived from what we now call the microcanonical distribution, and he approved Maxwell’s recent foundation of the equilibrium problem on the microcanonical ensemble. Boltzmann also kept working on problems he had tackled in earlier years. He proposed a new solution to the problem of specific heats, and he performed enormous calculations for the viscosity and diffusion coefficients in the hard-ball model. In a lighter genre, he conceived a new way of determining molecular sizes, and he speculated on a gas model in which the molecular forces would be entirely attractive.

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Oklopcic, Zoran. An Isomorphic Pluriverse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799092.003.0009.

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The task of Chapter 9 is to outline the vista beyond the Vattelian imaginary of sovereign equality. Instead of embracing one of its already existing alternatives, this chapter confronts the wagers, the assumptions, and the commitments that separate the most influential, but thus far mutually indifferent, five; but also a set of more basic images that they continue to share with the Vattelian imaginary even as they insist they have left it behind. One of the important tasks of these images, as this chapter hopes to show, is reconciliation—between infinite responsiveness and bounded power, between asymptotic orientation and situational equilibrium, between spatial scale and temporal pace, between the stability of structures and the dignity of transformations. To move beyond in this context is to ask: Can those pairs be reconciled differently? And more importantly: what for?

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Martin, Randy. Scenes of Reenactment/Logics of Derivation in Dance. Edited by Mark Franko. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314201.013.9.

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The spatial, temporal, and kinesthetic features of reenactment in dance also apply to what is perhaps the most creative and destructive figure of the present day, the derivative. Quite literally, derivatives restage past performance as a prospect of future gain, they seek profits from sudden shifts in equilibrium, mining volatility for inventive returns. As avatars of the ways in which value is realized in movement, derivatives invite consideration of what dance knows so well. Dance, of course, relies upon risk, but also engenders other ways of valuing the creation of the unexpected. Whereas finance insists upon obligatory movement, it lacks a language of motion that dance discloses. In short, if reenactment today assumes the body of a derivative, one should turn to movement practices to grasp the social kinesthetic.

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Book chapters on the topic "Temporary equilibrium theory"

1

Yannelis, Demetrius. "On the Existence of a Temporary Unemployment Equilibrium." In Functional Analysis and Economic Theory, 281–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72222-6_16.

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"Introduction." In Temporary Monetary Equilibrium Theory, 1–8. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315180588-1.

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"A Spot Money Economy." In Temporary Monetary Equilibrium Theory, 9–29. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315180588-2.

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"The Space of Money Economies." In Temporary Monetary Equilibrium Theory, 30–40. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315180588-3.

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"Main Theorems." In Temporary Monetary Equilibrium Theory, 41–72. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315180588-4.

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"An Extension – Temporary Monetary Equilibrium Theory With Spot And Futures Transactions." In Temporary Monetary Equilibrium Theory, 73–91. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315180588-5.

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"Conclusion: Suggestions for Future Research." In Temporary Monetary Equilibrium Theory, 92–94. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315180588-6.

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8

"Stability conditions for a temporary equilibrium: the linear case." In Dynamic Economic Theory, 19–66. Cambridge University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511628474.004.

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"Stability conditions for a temporary equilibrium: the non-linear case." In Dynamic Economic Theory, 67–91. Cambridge University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511628474.005.

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Montesano, Aldo. "Il contributo di La Volpe alla teoria dinamica dell’economia." In Le discipline economiche e aziendali nei 150 anni di storia di Ca’ Foscari. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-255-0/008.

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The paper presents the dynamic theory proposed by La Volpe in 1936. This analysis has been innovative in many ways: general equilibrium is defined as temporary, the presence and the role of expectations are introduced, the intertemporal choice of the agents is determined in such a way as to anticipate the life-cycle theory, and some important problems that emerge in the dynamic analysis are addressed. The relevance of La Volpe’s book led Michio Morishima to publish its English translation.

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Conference papers on the topic "Temporary equilibrium theory"

1

Levy, Priel, David Sarne, and Yonatan Aumann. "Temporal Information Design in Contests." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/61.

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We study temporal information design in contests, wherein the organizer may, possibly incrementally, disclose information about the participation and performance of some contestants to other (later) contestants. We show that such incremental disclosure can increase the organizer's profit. The expected profit, however, depends on the exact information disclosure structure, and the optimal structure depends on the parameters of the problem. We provide a game-theoretic analysis of such information disclosure schemes as they apply to two common models of contests: (a) simple contests, wherein contestants' decisions concern only their participation; and (b) Tullock contests, wherein contestants choose the effort levels to expend. For each of these we analyze and characterize the equilibrium strategy, and exhibit the potential benefits of information design.

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Krishnan, Ramaswamy, Monika Kopacz, Michael J. Carter, and Gerard A. Ateshian. "Strain Dependent Variations in the Frictional Properties of Bovine Articular Cartilage." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59275.

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This study investigates the hypothesis that the equilibrium friction coefficient of cartilage decreases with increasing compressive strain. Furthermore, when accounting for this strain-dependence, it is hypothesized that the temporal response of the friction coefficient correlates linearly with interstitial fluid load support, in the configuration of unconfined compression stress-relaxation. Both hypotheses were confirmed from theory and experiment.

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Li, Guanchen, and Michael R. von Spakovsky. "Study of the Transient Behavior and Microstructure Degradation of a SOFC Cathode Using an Oxygen Reduction Model Based on Steepest-Entropy-Ascent Quantum Thermodynamics." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53726.

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Oxygen reduction in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode involves a non-equilibrium process of coupled mass and heat diffusion and electrochemical and chemical reactions. These phenomena occur at multiple temporal and spatial scales, from the mesoscopic to the atomistic level, making the modeling, especially in the transient regime, very difficult. Nonetheless, multi-scale models are needed to improve an understanding of oxygen reduction and guide fuel cell cathode design. Existing methods are typically phenomenological or empirical in nature so their application is limited to the continuum realm and quantum effects are not captured. Steepest-entropy-ascent quantum thermodynamics (SEAQT) can be used to model non-equilibrium processes (even those far-from equilibrium) from the atomistic to the macroscopic level. The non-equilibrium relaxation is characterized by the entropy generation, and the study of coupled heat and mass diffusion as well as electrochemical and chemical activity are unified into a single framework. This framework is used here to study the transient and steady state behavior of oxygen reduction in an SOFC cathode system. The result reveals the effects on performance of the different timescales of the varied phenomena involved and their coupling. In addition, the influence of cathode microstructure changes on performance is captured.

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Li, Chunxi, and Xuemin Ye. "A Stability Investigation of Two-Dimensional Surface Waves on Evaporating, Isothermal or Condensing Liquid Films: Part I — Thermal Non-Equilibrium Effects on Wave Velocity." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49482.

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When the liquid film is in the process of evaporation or condensation, the interfacial thermal non-equilibrium conditions are evidently different from that of isothermal film, and this difference will affect the flow stability and wave velocity of thin liquid films. The temporal stability equation of the two-dimensional traveling waves of evaporating or condensing liquid films falling down an inclined wall is established based on the Prandtl boundary layer theory and complete boundary conditions. The effects on wave velocity of evaporating, isothermal and condensing states, thermocapillarity, Reynolds number, fluid property and inclined angle are discussed, and are compared in different Reynolds numbers.

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Ye, Xuemin, Weiping Yan, and Chunxi Li. "A Stability Investigation of Two-Dimensional Surface Waves on Evaporating, Isothermal or Condensing Liquid Films: Part II — A Universal Linear Stability Formulation." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49480.

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When liquid film is under evaporating or condensing conditions, the flow stability is clearly different to that under isothermal condition due to thermal non-equilibrium effect at interface, especially under lower Reynolds number. The universal linear temporal and spatial stability formulations of the two-dimensional surface waves on evaporating or isothermal or condensing liquid films are established in present paper with the collocation method based on the boundary layer theory and complete boundary conditions. The models include the effects of Reynolds number, thermocapillarity, inclination angle, liquid property, evaporation, isothermal or condensation. The effects of above factors are investigated with the neutral stability curves at different Reynolds numbers, and stabilities characteristics are fully indicated in theory for evaporating or condensing films.

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Chen, Chang-New. "Dynamic Response of Shear-Deformable Axisymmetric Orthotropic Circular Plate Structures Solved by the DQEM and EDQ Based Time Integration Schemes." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37331.

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The dynamic response of shear-deformable axisymmetric orthotropic circular plate structures is solved by using the DQEM to the spacial discretization and EDQ to the temporal discretization. In the DQEM discretization, DQ is used to define the discrete element model. Discrete dynamic equilibrium equations defined at interior nodes in all elements, transition conditions defined on the inter-element boundary of two adjacent elements and boundary conditions at the structural boundary form a dynamic equation system at a specified time stage. The dynamic equilibrium equation system is solved by the direct time integration schemes of time-element by time-element method and stages by stages method which are developed by using EDQ and DQ. Numerical results obtained by the developed numerical algorithms are presented. They demonstrate the developed numerical solution procedure.

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Kazangas, Dimitris C., Nikolaos I. Xiros, and Ioannis K. Chatjigeorgiou. "A Frequency-Domain, Finite-Order Representation of a Catenary Riser’s Dominant Nonlinear Dynamics." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11640.

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A numerical simulation and system identification approach to the dynamic equilibrium of a catenary riser has been developed. A finite DOF representation of the dominant dynamics is constructed using frequency domain identification by applying nonlinear signal theory techniques on response data series when exciting the structure with sinusoidal motions at the top. Data series are obtained through numerical integration of a finite differences simulation model on the basis of the six nonlinear partial differential equations describing the riser dynamics. Dynamic equilibrium is mathematically formulated by the very same equations that implicate both geometric and hydrodynamic nonlinearities; the latter are depicted by Morison’s formula. Thus, spatio-temporal series are generated for riser bending moments induced by sinusoidal heave motions of various amplitudes and frequencies. These data are consequently transformed to the frequency domain where complex Singular Value Decomposition is applied in order to derive the full nonlinear spectrum. The significant harmonics of the riser’s spectrum for the bending moment on the 2D plane of reference are demonstrated to be the three lower odd harmonics and a set of orthogonal modes for these three significant harmonics is derived. The methodology proposed is finally applied to a typical test case for validation.

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Jog, Milind A., and Raj M. Manglik. "Experimental Investigation of Low Weber Number Post-Impact Drop Spreading on Solid Substrates." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23251.

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The post-impact spreading and recoil behaviors of droplets of pure liquids (water and ethanol) and aqueous solution of Triton X-100 (a surfactant) on a dry horizontal hydrophilic (glass) substrate are investigated for low Weber numbers. The evolution of drop shape during spreading and recoil are captured using a high-speed (4,000 frames per second) digital video camera. Digital image-processing was used to determine the spread and height of the liquid film on the surface from each frame. Unlike pure liquids, the liquid-gas interfacial tension for surfactant solution is a function of surface age, where surface tension is that of the solvent at zero time and then reaches an equilibrium value with increasing surface age. Furthermore, the equilibrium surface tension is a function of the surfactant concentration, which decreases from that of the solvent at zero concentration to that at the critical micelle concentration (CMC), and remains essentially constant thereafter. The surface tension of aqueous Triton X-100 solution varies from that of pure water to nearly that of ethanol. As such the comparison of transient droplet-impact-spreading-recoil behavior of the three liquids, or their temporal variations of the spread and the flattening factor, provides a basis for understanding the role of dynamic surface tension and surface wettability.

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Voigt, Andreas, Uwe Marschner, and Andreas Richter. "Multiphysics Equivalent Circuit of a Thermally Controlled Hydrogel-Micro Valve." In ASME 2015 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2015-8996.

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Hydrogels consist of a network of cross-linked polymers that swell when put into water. For temperature-sensitive smart hydrogels the equilibrium hydrogel size depends on the temperature of the liquid. These hydrogels are used to build temperature-controlled fluidic valves. Here we present an equivalent circuit model of such a hydrogel valve. The transient behavior is based on the model by Tanaka with three additional assumptions: 1. Only the fundamental mode of the deformation field, i.e. the slowest-decaying exponential temporal behavior, is relevant. 2. There are distinct equilibrium sizes for the swollen and the de-swollen state. 3. As observed in experiment, the swollen gel and the de-swollen gel have different elastic moduli, which affect the time constants of swelling vs. de-swelling. The resulting network model includes three physical subsystems: the thermal subsystem, the polymeric subsystem and the fluidic subsystem. The thermal subsystem considers the temperature of the heater, of the adhesive and of the hydrogel. It is assumed that adhesive, housing and hydrogel act as heat capacities in combination with heat resistors. The modeled polymeric subsystem causes in addition time delays for swelling and de-swelling of first order with different delay constants. The fluidic subsystem basically includes the fluidic channel between hydrogel and housing with time varying cross section, which is modeled as controlled source. All subsystems are described and coupled within one single circuit. Thus the transient behavior of the hydrogel can be calculated using a circuit simulator. Simulation results for an assumed hydrogel setup are presented.

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Augustine, Garrett, and Scott Augustine. "Accurate Non-Invasive Temperature Monitoring Device." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3476.

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Abstract:

Core temperature is one of the most tightly auto-regulated physiological processes. Anesthetic drugs compromise the body’s ability to thermoregulate. When core temperature is outside of the normothermia range, patients are at increased risk of myriad complications. Hypothermic patients are at higher risk of, among other things, increased wound infections2, increased blood loss3, increased ICU times and hospital stays2, higher mortality rates4, increased transfusion requirements3. “Even mildly hypothermic patients could suffer an increase in adverse outcomes that can add costs of as much as $2,500–$7,000 per patient.”5 These risks are great such that clinicians actively warm hypothermic patients to achieve normothermia. Given the importance of the core temperature on outcomes, there is a clear necessity for accurate core temperature measurement. Core temperature measurement is often misunderstood. Perhaps due to the pervasive home use of oral mercury thermometers to “take your temperature,” many wrongly assume that non-invasive core temperature is measured easily and accurately. Oral, axilla, nasal are all unreliable. Temporal/forehead and ear are particularly inaccurate. “Global authorities in anesthesiology and medicine have cited inadequacies with virtually all thermometry”6 False assurance or false alarm are both dangerous. There is currently no non-invasive way to reliably and accurately measure core temperature. Why is this? The peripheral compartment is not in equilibrium with core. Fat and other layers further complicate the matter. Fat has the thermal conductivity of oak, and thus non-invasive methods to measure core are as Abreu puts it “taking measurements on the outside surface of an oak cask to determine the temperature of its contents.”6 Laws of Thermodynamics notwithstanding, many still try. Invasive esophageal or rectal and to a lesser extent bladder, are the only way to accurately measure core. The fact is, in order to measure their patients’ core temperature vital sign accurately, clinicians have only available to them the medical equivalent of a meat thermometer. Intubated patients under general anesthesia are perfectly suited for invasive core temperature monitoring. They are not going to gag the esophageal stethoscope, nor would they find rectal or bladder probing uncomfortable in their unconsciousness. Clinicians may find probing mildly unpleasant and a minor time consumption, but once again, given the lack of alternatives, the only real option is to grin and bear it. General anesthesia is not without risks, especially with increasingly increasing patients, and as sedation or blocks become more popular, invasive core temperature monitoring is unpractical. This highlights the stark question: Is it possible to accurately and reliably ascertain core temperature non-invasively?

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