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Journal articles on the topic 'Temporal summation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Krakau, C. E. T. "Temporal Summation and Perimetry." Ophthalmic Research 21, no. 1 (1989): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000266767.

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2

A. Gescheider, George, Marian E. Berryhill, Ronald T. Verrillo, and Stanley J. Bolanowski. "Vibrotactile temporal summation: probability summation or neural integration?" Somatosensory & Motor Research 16, no. 3 (January 1999): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08990229970483.

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3

Gerken, George M., Vishwa K. H. Bhat, Margaret Hutchison‐Clutter, and Karen L. Donnelly. "Auditory temporal summation in humans." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80, S1 (December 1986): S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2024049.

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4

Ghoul, Asila, Marla M. Holt, Colleen Reichmuth, and David Kastak. "Auditory temporal summation in pinnipeds." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125, no. 4 (April 2009): 2676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4784213.

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5

Curatolo, M., S. Petersen-Felix, L. Arendt-Nielsen, M. Fischer, and A. M. Zbinden. "Temporal summation during extradural anaesthesia." British Journal of Anaesthesia 75, no. 5 (November 1995): 634–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/75.5.634.

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6

Mulligan, J. B., and M. T. Trujillo. "Temporal summation in trajectory perception." Journal of Vision 6, no. 6 (March 18, 2010): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/6.6.1082.

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7

CURATOLO, M., S. PETERSEN-FELIX, L. ARENDT-NIELSEN, and A. M. ZBINDEN. "Temporal summation after spinal anaesthesia." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 14, no. 1 (January 1997): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003643-199701000-00054.

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8

Simpson, William A. "Temporal summation of visual motion." Vision Research 34, no. 19 (October 1994): 2547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(94)90241-0.

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9

Sharpe, L. T., C. Fach, and K. Nordby. "Temporal summation in the achromat." Vision Research 28, no. 11 (January 1988): 1263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(88)90042-9.

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10

Jørum, E., E. Holm, L. Lundberg, and H. E. Torebjbrk. "Temporal summation in nociceptive systems." Pain 41 (January 1990): S314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(90)92743-a.

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11

Thompson, Heather D., Selphee Tang, and John F. Jarrell. "Temporal Summation in Chronic Pelvic Pain." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 42, no. 5 (May 2020): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2019.09.012.

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12

BROWN, BRIAN, and JAN E. LOVIE-KITCHIN. "Temporal Summation in Age-Related Maculopathy." Optometry and Vision Science 66, no. 7 (July 1989): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-198907000-00003.

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13

Wehrhahn, Christian, Gerald Westheimer, and Armand Abulencia. "Binocular summation in temporal-order detection." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 7, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.7.000731.

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14

Curatolo, M., S. Petersen-Felix, L. Arendt-Nielsen, and A. M. Zbinden. "Spinal anaesthesia inhibits central temporal summation." British Journal of Anaesthesia 78, no. 1 (January 1997): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/78.1.88.

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15

Darling, Rieko M., and Lloyd L. Price. "Temporal Summation of Repetitive Click Stimuli." Ear and Hearing 10, no. 3 (June 1989): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003446-198906000-00006.

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16

Potvin, Stéphane, Emilie Paul-Savoie, Mélanie Morin, Patricia Bourgault, and Serge Marchand. "Temporal Summation of Pain Is Not Amplified in a Large Proportion of Fibromyalgia Patients." Pain Research and Treatment 2012 (June 3, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/938595.

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Background. Recently, it has been proposed that fibromyalgia (FM), a chronic widespread pain syndrome, results from overactive endogenous excitatory pain mechanisms. Experimental studies using temporal summation paradigms have confirmed this hypothesis but have included small samples of patients, prompting our group to perform a large-scale study. Methods. Seventy-two female FM patients and 39 healthy females participated in the study. The temporal summation test consisted of a 2-minute continuous and constant heat pulse administered with a thermode on the participants’ left forearm. Experimental temperature was set at a value individually predetermined to induce a 50/100 pain rating. Results. Relative to controls, FM patients had lower thermal pain thresholds and lower temporal summation of pain. However, 37 FM patients required experimental temperatures lower than the minimal temperature used in controls (45°C). Nevertheless, temporal summation was not increased in the other FM subgroup, relative to controls, despite equivalent experimental temperatures. Discussion. Our results suggest that temporal summation of pain is normal, rather than increased, in a large proportion of FM patients. Future studies on temporal summation in FM will need to be careful since some FM patients require abnormally low experimental temperatures that may confound results and make necessary to separate patients into subgroups.
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17

Margulis, Michael, and Cha-Min Tang. "Temporal Integration Can Readily Switch Between Sublinear and Supralinear Summation." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 2809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2809.

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Margulis, Michael and Cha-Min Tang. Temporal integration can readily switch between sublinear and supralinear summation. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2809–2813, 1998. Temporal summation at dendrites of cultured rat hippocampal neurons was examined as a function of the interval separating two dendritic inputs. A novel method that relies on single-mode optical fibers to achieve rapid photorelease of glutamate was developed. Dendritic excitation achieved with this approach resembles that associated with miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), but the strengths, sites, and timing of the inputs can be precisely controlled. Dendritic summation deviated markedly from behavior predicted by passive cable theory. Subthreshold temporal summation varied as a triphasic function of the interpulse interval. As the interpulse interval decreased, local dendritic Na+ conductances were recruited to generate a marked transition from sublinear to supralinear summation. These results suggest that active dendritic conductances acting in concert with passive cable properties may serve to boost coincident synaptic inputs and attenuate noncoincident inputs.
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18

Rennies, Jan, Jesko L. Verhey, Josef Chalupper, and Hugo Fastl. "Modeling Temporal Effects of Spectral Loudness Summation." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 95, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.918243.

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19

Selmi, F., R. Braive, G. Beaudoin, I. Sagnes, R. Kuszelewicz, and S. Barbay. "Temporal summation in a neuromimetic micropillar laser." Optics Letters 40, no. 23 (November 30, 2015): 5690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.40.005690.

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20

Zhou, Jingyang, Noah C. Benson, Kendrick N. Kay, and Jonathan Winawer. "Compressive Temporal Summation in Human Visual Cortex." Journal of Neuroscience 38, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 691–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1724-17.2017.

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21

Sharpe, Lindsay T., Clemens C. Fach, and Knut Noroby. "Temporal summation in a typical, complete achromat." Vision Research 29, no. 12 (January 1989): 1833–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(89)90165-x.

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22

Rhudy, Jamie L., Satin L. Martin, Ellen L. Terry, Christopher R. France, Emily J. Bartley, Jennifer L. DelVentura, and Kara L. Kerr. "Pain catastrophizing is related to temporal summation of pain but not temporal summation of the nociceptive flexion reflex." Pain 152, no. 4 (April 2011): 794–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.12.041.

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23

Neri, P., M. C. Morrone, and D. C. Burr. "Spatial and Temporal Integration of Biological Motion." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970220.

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We studied spatiotemporal integration of biological motion using a summation technique. Subjects had to identify coherent from incoherent motion of a synthetic walker against a background of noise, where incoherence is produced by moving the upper and lower body in opposite directions. Performance (defined as the maximum added noise for reliable discrimination) increased steeply with exposure duration, up to very long intervals, in the order of seconds, far longer than for simple motion targets (complete by about 100 ms). Varying the speed of the walker suggested that the limiting factor for performance is the total information about the stimulus (accrued over seconds), rather than stimulus duration per se. Sampling the joints during the motion sequence (with a ‘limited lifetime’ paradigm) revealed very strong spatial summation. Sensitivity increased with the cube of the spatial information content. The spatial and temporal summation seemed to be independent of each other.
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24

Deguchi, Toshinori, Toshiki Takahashi, and Naohiro Ishii. "On Temporal Summation in Chaotic Neural Network with Incremental Learning." International Journal of Software Innovation 2, no. 4 (October 2014): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.2014100106.

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The incremental learning is a method to compose an associate memory using a chaotic neural network and provides larger capacity than correlative learning in compensation for a large amount of computation. A chaotic neuron has spatiotemporal summation in it and the temporal summation makes the learning stable to input noise. When there is no noise in input, the neuron may not need temporal summation. In this paper, to reduce the computations, a simplified network without temporal summation is introduced and investigated through the computer simulations comparing with the network as in the past, which is called here the usual network. It turns out that the simplified network has the same capacity in comparison with the usual network and can learn faster than the usual one, but that the simplified network loses the learning ability in noisy inputs. To improve this ability, the parameters in the chaotic neural network are adjusted.
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25

Vierck, Charles J., Richard L. Cannon, Gentry Fry, William Maixner, and Barry L. Whitsel. "Characteristics of Temporal Summation of Second Pain Sensations Elicited by Brief Contact of Glabrous Skin by a Preheated Thermode." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): 992–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.2.992.

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Vierck, Charles J., Jr., Richard L. Cannon, Gentry Fry, William Maixner, and Barry L. Whitsel. Characteristics of temporal summation of second pain sensations elicited by brief contact of glabrous skin by a preheated thermode. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 992–1002, 1997. Temporal summation of sensory intensity was investigated in normal subjects using novel methods of thermal stimulation. A Peltier thermode was heated and then applied in a series of brief (700 ms) contacts to different sites on the glabrous skin of either hand. Repetitive contacts on the thenar or hypothenar eminence, at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 3 s, progressively increased the perceived intensity of a thermal sensation that followed each contact at an onset latency >2 s. Temporal summation of these delayed (late) sensations was proportional to thermode temperature over a range of 45–53°C, progressing from a nonpainful level (warmth) to painful sensations that could be rated as very strong after 10 contacts. Short-latency pain sensations rarely were evoked by such stimuli and never attained levels substantially above pain threshold for the sequences and temperatures presented. Temporal summation produced by brief contacts was greater in rate and amount than increases in sensory intensity resulting from repetitive ramping to the same temperature by a thermode in constant contact with the skin. Variation of the interval between contacts revealed a dependence of sensory intensity on interstimulus interval that is similar to physiological demonstrations of windup, where increasing frequencies of spike train activity are evoked from spinal neurons by repetitive activation of unmyelinated nociceptors. However, substantial summation at repetition rates of ≥0.33 Hz was observed for temperatures that produced only late sensations of warmth when presented at frequencies <0.16 Hz. Measurements of subepidermal skin temperature from anesthetized monkeys revealed different time courses for storage and dissipation of heat by the skin than for temporal summation and decay of sensory intensity for the human subjects. For example, negligible heat loss occurred during a 6-s interval between two trials of 10 contacts at 0.33 Hz, but ratings of sensory magnitude decreased from very strong levels of pain to sensations of warmth during the same interval. Evidence that temporal summation of sensory intensity during series of brief contacts relies on central integration, rather than a sensitization of peripheral receptors, was obtained using two approaches. In the first, a moderate degree of temporal summation was observed during alternating stimulation of adjacent but nonoverlapping skin sites at 0.33 Hz. Second, temporal summation was significantly attenuated by prior administration of dextromethorphan, a N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist.
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26

Casey, K., T. Tran, and A. Tandon. "Temporal summation of heat pain: A psychophysical analysis." Journal of Pain 6, no. 3 (March 2005): S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2005.01.086.

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27

Mitov, D. L., and Ts T. Totev. "Temporal summation and reaction times for detecting gratings." Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 35, no. 4 (May 2005): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11055-005-0042-0.

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28

Sibille, K., B. Goodin, D. Herrera, J. Riley, and R. Fillingim. "Ethnic differences in temporal summation of thermal pain." Journal of Pain 12, no. 4 (April 2011): P16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2011.02.066.

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29

Marchettini, Paolo, and Antonio Barbieri. "COMMENTARY: THE PERIPHERAL MECHANISMS OF ABNORMAL TEMPORAL SUMMATION." European Journal of Pain 4, no. 1 (March 2000): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/eujp.1999.0163.

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30

Zhou, Jingyang, Noah Benson, Kendrick Kay, and Jonathan Winawer. "Temporal Summation and Adaptation in Human Visual Cortex." Journal of Vision 16, no. 12 (September 1, 2016): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/16.12.1228.

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31

Zhou, Jingyang. "Dynamics of temporal summation in human visual cortex." Journal of Vision 18, no. 10 (September 1, 2018): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/18.10.1374.

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32

Klump, Georg M., and Elke H. Maier. "Temporal summation in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris)." Journal of Comparative Psychology 104, no. 1 (1990): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.104.1.94.

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33

Anderson, N. D., K. M. Murphy, and D. G. Jones. "Temporal summation of dynamic orientation signals in noise." Journal of Vision 4, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/4.8.493.

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34

Rimskaya-Korsakova, L. K. "Temporal summation under masking conditions and speech recognition." Human Physiology 39, no. 4 (July 2013): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0362119713040117.

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35

Cherkasskii, V. L. "Nonlinear temporal summation of EPSP in mollusk neurons." Neurophysiology 21, no. 2 (1989): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01056974.

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36

Ghoshdastidar, J., R. Lecybyl, A. Bet, and M. Hanna. "268 TEMPORAL SUMMATION IN CHRONIC NEUROPATHIC PAIN PATIENTS." European Journal of Pain 11, S1 (June 2007): S118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.03.283.

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37

Ashina, S., R. Jensen, and L. Bendtsen. "Pain Sensitivity in Pericranial and Extracranial Regions." Cephalalgia 23, no. 6 (July 2003): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00559.x.

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Chronic myofascial pain is very common in the general population. The pain is most frequently located in the shoulder and neck regions, and nociceptive input from these regions may play an important role for tension-type headache. The mechanisms leading to the frequent occurrence of muscle pain in the shoulder and neck regions are largely unknown. It is possible that the pain is caused by increased sensitivity of muscle nociceptors or by central sensitization induced by nociceptive input from muscle. The primary aim of the present study was to compare muscle pain sensitivity in the trapezius and anterior tibial muscles. The secondary aim was to investigate whether temporal summation, a clinical correlate of wind-up, is more pronounced in muscle than in skin and, if so, whether such a difference is more pronounced in the trapezius than in the anterior tibial region. Sixteen healthy subjects were included. Pressure-pain thresholds and electrical cutaneous and intramuscular pain thresholds were measured at standard anatomical points in the trapezius and anterior tibial regions. Temporal summation was assessed by repetitive electrical stimulation. Pressure-pain thresholds ( P = 0.005) and intramuscular electrical pain thresholds ( P = 0.006) were significantly lower in trapezius than in anterior tibial muscle. Temporal summation was present in skin and muscle of both regions ( P < 0.001). The degree of temporal summation was significantly higher in muscle than in skin in the trapezius region ( P = 0.02), but not in the anterior tibial region ( P = 0.47). In conclusion, we found that muscle pain sensitivity was higher in the trapezius than in the anterior tibial muscle. We also demonstrated that temporal summation could be induced in both muscle and skin and, importantly, that temporal summation was significantly more pronounced in muscle than in skin in the trapezius but not in the anterior tibial region. These data may help to explain why chronic muscle pain most frequently is located in the shoulder and neck regions.
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38

SUN, HAO, and BARRY B. LEE. "A single mechanism for both luminance and chromatic grating vernier tasks: Evidence from temporal summation." Visual Neuroscience 21, no. 3 (May 2004): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523804213232.

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Vernier thresholds are determined by luminance rather than chromatic contrast when both are present in vernier targets. The role of luminance and chromatic mechanisms in vernier performance under equiluminant conditions remains uncertain. Temporal summation functions for vernier thresholds with luminance and red–green equiluminant gratings were compared to those for detection thresholds with similar stimuli. Vernier thresholds showed similar temporal summation for luminance and chromatic gratings, which is consistent with a single mechanism underlying vernier performance in the two conditions. However, detection thresholds showed a shorter temporal summation duration for luminance gratings than for chromatic gratings, which suggests that two different mechanisms underlie detection thresholds. Analysis of physiological data supports the hypothesis that the frequency-doubled response of ganglion cells in the magnocellular pathway can provide accurate spatiotemporal information for vernier performance at equiluminance.
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39

Dvorak, C. A., and A. M. Granda. "Wavelength-dependent temporal properties of retinal horizontal cells in turtles." Visual Neuroscience 4, no. 05 (May 1990): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800005186.

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AbstractElectrical reponses of luminosity horizontal cells (L cells) to monochromatic stimuli were analyzed by intracellular recordings in the retinas of the freshwater turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans) and of the sea turtle (Chelonia mydas mydas). Light intensity, duration, and wavelength were varied to assess temporal effects. For a given intensity of monochromatic light, response amplitude increased with stimulus duration until maximum amplitude occurred at a specific duration. This suprathreshold metric of temporal integration is calledhere summation time, and it is wavelength-dependent.L cells always had some level of red-sensitive cone input, although in some cells inputs from green- and blue-sensitive cones were also observed. For these latter cells, summation times were shorter for 640-nm than for 540-nm or 450-nm lights. These results were most evident in cells that received dominant inputs from blue- or green-sensitive cones.Responses of some other L cells were almost completely dominated by inputs from red-sensitive cones. Summation times of these cells were not wavelength-dependent. But when these inputs also included green-sensitive cones, shorter summation times were obtained to 640-nm light than to 540-nm light, even though dominant inputs were still from red-sensitive cones. These results, obtained from both retinal and 3,4-dehydroretinal photopigment systems, are consistent with reported observations inPseudemys scripta elegansthat show linear responses of red-sensitive cones to have shorterintegration times and times-to-peakthan green-sensitive cones.Responses from horizontal cells dominated by blue-sensitive cone inputs were the most sensitive of all; they also had the longest summation times. These results support the hypothesis that a gain in sensitivity occurs from the integration of absorbed photons over longer periods of time.These intracellular responses are of particular importance because behavioral critical durations in turtle, as defined by Bloch&amp;'s law, are similarly wavelength-dependent.
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40

Snowden, R. J. "Bloch's Law for Contrast Increment Detection: The Effects of Pedestal Contrast and Light Level." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l0606.

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The duration over which contrast detection improves (Bloch's regime) decreases with increasing light level and is often thought to reflect the temporal characteristics of the visual system. There is also some evidence to suggest that the temporal characteristics of the visual system might also change with increasing contrast level (M A Georgeson, 1987 Vision Research27 765 – 780). Here we compare temporal summation for stimuli presented on a blank field or on a high contrast background. On each trial a test grating was presented for X ms with the use of a spatial-alternate forced-choice procedure. The test grating (2 cycles deg−1) was presented superimposed on a similar pedestal grating which was also present for 500 ms prior to and after the test grating. Pedestal contrasts of 0% and 32% were tested at mean luminance levels of 150 cd m−2 and 1.5 cd m−2. The results show that both increasing light level and increasing contrast level resulted in smaller temporal summation times. In the current conditions both these effects approximately halve the summation time such that for a stimulus of low light level and of low pedestal contrast the summation time was ∼60 ms; low light, high contrast ∼30 ms; high light, low contrast ∼30 ms; and high light, high contrast ∼15 ms. The results imply that the temporal response of the visual system quickens with increasing contrast.
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41

Enggaard, Thomas P., Søren S. Mikkelsen, Stine T. Zwisler, Niels A. Klitgaard, and Søren H. Sindrup. "The effects of gabapentin in human experimental pain models." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 1, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2010.04.001.

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AbstractBackgroundThe antidepressant drugs imipramine and venlafaxine relieve clinical neuropathic pain and have been shown to increase pain thresholds in healthy volunteers during repetitive electrical sural nerve stimulation causing temporal pain summation, whereas pain during the cold pressor test is unaltered by these drugs. If this pattern of effect in experimental pain models reflects potential efficacy in clinical neuropathic pain, the pain summation model may potentially be used to identify new drugs for such pain conditions. Gabapentinoids are evidence-based treatments of clinical neuropathic pain and could contribute with additional knowledge of the usefulness of the pain summation model.The aim of this studyTo test the analgesic effect of the gabapentinoid gabapentin in a sural nerve stimulation pain model including temporal pain summation and the cold pressor test.Method18 healthy volunteers completed a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial with medication of 600 mg gabapentin orally dosed 3 times over 24 h against placebo. Pain tests were performed before and 24 h after medication including pain detection and tolerance to single sural nerve stimulation and pain summation threshold to repetitive stimulation (3 Hz). Peak pain intensity and discomfort were rated during a cold pressor test.ResultsCompared to placebo, gabapentin had a highly significant effect on the threshold of pain summation to repetitive electrical sural nerve stimulation (P = 0.009). Gabapentin significantly increased the pain tolerance threshold to single electrical sural nerve stimulation (P = 0.04), whereas the pain detection threshold to single electrical sural nerve stimulation tended to be increased (P = 0.06). No significant differences were found on pain ratings during the cold pressor test.ConclusionGabapentin had a selective hypoalgesic effect in a human experimental pain model of temporal pain summation and the results lend further support to the usefulness of the pain summation model to identify drugs for neuropathic pain.
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42

Lautenbacher, Stefan, Miriam Kunz, Peter Strate, Jesper Nielsen, and Lars Arendt-Nielsen. "Age effects on pain thresholds, temporal summation and spatial summation of heat and pressure pain." Pain 115, no. 3 (June 2005): 410–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2005.03.025.

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43

Mauderli, Andre P., Charles J. Vierck, Richard L. Cannon, Anthony Rodrigues, and Chiayi Shen. "Relationships Between Skin Temperature and Temporal Summation of Heat and Cold Pain." Journal of Neurophysiology 90, no. 1 (July 2003): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01066.2002.

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Temporal summation of heat pain during repetitive stimulation is dependent on C nociceptor activation of central N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor mechanisms. Moderate temporal summation is produced by sequential triangular ramps of stimulation that control skin temperature between heat pulses but do not elicit distinct first and second pain sensations. Dramatic summation of second pain is produced by repeated contact of the skin with a preheated thermode, but skin temperature between taps is not controlled by this procedure. Therefore relationships between recordings of skin temperature and psychophysical ratings of heat pain were evaluated during series of repeated skin contacts. Surface and subcutaneous recordings of skin temperatures revealed efficient thermoregulatory compensation for heat stimulation at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) ranging from 2 to 8 s. Temporal summation of heat pain was strongly influenced by the ISIs and cannot be explained by small increases in skin temperature between taps or by heat storage throughout a stimulus series. Repetitive brief contact with a precooled thermode was utilized to evaluate whether temporal summation of cold pain occurs, and if so, whether it is influenced by skin temperature. Surface and subcutaneous recordings of skin temperature revealed a sluggish thermoregulatory compensation for repetitive cold stimulation. In contrast to heat stimulation, skin temperature did not recover between cold stimuli throughout ISIs of 3–8 s. Psychophysically, repetitive cold stimulation produced an aching pain sensation that progressed gradually and radiated beyond the site of stimulation. The magnitude of aching pain was well related to skin temperature and thus appeared to be established primarily by peripheral factors.
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44

Andrew, David, and Joel D. Greenspan. "Peripheral Coding of Tonic Mechanical Cutaneous Pain: Comparison of Nociceptor Activity in Rat and Human Psychophysics." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 5 (November 1, 1999): 2641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2641.

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These experiments investigated temporal summation mechanisms of tonic cutaneous mechanical pain. Human volunteers provided psychophysical estimates of pain intensity, which were compared with discharge patterns of rat cutaneous nociceptors tested with identical stimulus protocols. Human subjects made either intermittent or continuous ratings of pain intensity during stimulation of the skin between the thumb and first finger. Stimulus intensities of 25, 50, and 100 g were applied with a probe of contact area of 0.1 mm2 for 2 min. Pain perception significantly increased during stimulation (temporal summation) for the 50- and 100-g stimulus intensities. Sequential conduction block of the myelinated fibers supplying the stimulated skin was used to investigate the role of A-fiber mechanoreceptors and nociceptors in this temporal summation. Conduction block of the Aβ fibers resulted in an increase in mechanically evoked pain estimates and an increase in temporal summation, consistent with loss of Aβ-mediated inhibition. When only conduction in the unmyelinated fibers remained, pain estimates were reduced to the preblock levels, but temporal summation was still present. Electrophysiological recordings were made from filaments of the sciatic nerve supplying receptors in the plantar skin of barbiturate-anesthetized rats. Forty units fulfilled the identification criteria for nociceptors: 20 A-fiber and 20 C-fiber nociceptors. Each unit was characterized by recording its responses to graded mechanical and heat stimuli. Nociceptors were also tested with stimuli identical to those applied to the human subjects. The responses of all units to sustained mechanical stimuli were adaptive—that is, they exhibited a gradual decline in response with time. However, the time course of adaptation varied among units. All the C-fiber nociceptors and one-half of the A-fiber nociceptors had rapidly adapting responses. The remainder of the A-fibers displayed slowly adapting responses. One-third of all units also showed short-duration increases in firing rate during stimulation. The latency after stimulus onset of this rate acceleration was inversely related to stimulus intensity. Despite the apparent disparity between perceptual temporal summation and nociceptor adaptation, central and peripheral mechanisms are proposed that can reconcile the relationship between nociceptor activity and pain perception.
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45

TROY, J. B., D. L. BOHNSACK, J. CHEN, X. GUO, and C. L. PASSAGLIA. "Spatiotemporal integration of light by the cat X-cell center under photopic and scotopic conditions." Visual Neuroscience 22, no. 4 (July 2005): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523805224100.

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Visual responses to stimulation at high temporal frequency are generally considered to result from signals that avoid light adaptive gain adjustment, simply reflecting linear summation of luminance. Under conditions of high photopic illuminance, the center of the receptive field of the cat X-cell has been shown to expand in size when stimulated at high temporal frequency, raising the possibility that there is spatiotemporal interaction in luminance summation. Here we show that this expansion maintains constant the product of the center's luminance summing area and the temporal period of luminance modulation, implying that spatial and temporal integration of luminance can be traded for one another by the X-cell center. As such the X-cell has a spatiotemporal window for luminance integration that fuses the classical concepts of a spatial window of luminance integration (Ricco's Law) with a temporal window of luminance integration (Bloch's Law). We were interested to determine whether this tradeoff between spatial and temporal summation of luminance occurs also at lower light levels, where the temporal-frequency bandwidth of the X-cell is narrower. We found that it does not. Center radius does not expand with temporal frequency under either low photopic or scotopic conditions. These results are discussed within the context of the known retinal circuitry that underlies the X-cell center for photopic and scotopic conditions.
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46

Aspinall, Sasha L., Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde, Sarah J. Etherington, and Bruce F. Walker. "Feasibility of using the Neuropen for temporal summation testing." Pain Management 9, no. 4 (July 2019): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2018-0063.

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47

Blumenthal, Terry D., and W. Keith Berg. "The startle response as an indicator of temporal summation." Perception & Psychophysics 40, no. 1 (January 1986): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03207595.

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48

Bet, A., J. Acosta-Guille, R. Lecybyl, and M. Hanna. "283 TEMPORAL SUMMATION OF PAIN REPRODUCIBILITY IN NORMAL VOLUNTEERS." European Journal of Pain 10, S1 (September 2006): S76a—S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3801(06)60286-3.

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49

Valencia, C., C. Gay, G. Zeppieri, and S. George. "Inducing temporal summation: the importance of relevant stimulus parameters." Journal of Pain 14, no. 4 (April 2013): S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2013.01.067.

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Sarlani, Eleni, and Joel D. Greenspan. "Gender differences in temporal summation of mechanically evoked pain." Pain 97, no. 1 (May 2002): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00015-5.

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