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Journal articles on the topic 'Temporal Phases'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Xu, Feng, Zhaofu Li, Shuyu Zhang, Naitao Huang, Zongyao Quan, Wenmin Zhang, Xiaojun Liu, Xiaosan Jiang, Jianjun Pan, and Alexander V. Prishchepov. "Mapping Winter Wheat with Combinations of Temporally Aggregated Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 Data in Shandong Province, China." Remote Sensing 12, no. 12 (June 26, 2020): 2065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12122065.

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Winter wheat is one of the major cereal crops in China. The spatial distribution of winter wheat planting areas is closely related to food security; however, mapping winter wheat with time-series finer spatial resolution satellite images across large areas is challenging. This paper explores the potential of combining temporally aggregated Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI data available via the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform for mapping winter wheat in Shandong Province, China. First, six phenological median composites of Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI reflectance measures were generated by a temporal aggregation technique according to the winter wheat phenological calendar, which covered seedling, tillering, over-wintering, reviving, jointing-heading and maturing phases, respectively. Then, Random Forest (RF) classifier was used to classify multi-temporal composites but also mono-temporal winter wheat development phases and mono-sensor data. The results showed that winter wheat could be classified with an overall accuracy of 93.4% and F1 measure (the harmonic mean of producer’s and user’s accuracy) of 0.97 with temporally aggregated Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 data were combined. As our results also revealed, it was always good to classify multi-temporal images compared to mono-temporal imagery (the overall accuracy dropped from 93.4% to as low as 76.4%). It was also good to classify Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI imagery combined instead of classifying them individually. The analysis showed among the mono-temporal winter wheat development phases that the maturing phase’s and reviving phase’s data were more important than the data for other mono-temporal winter wheat development phases. In sum, this study confirmed the importance of using temporally aggregated Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI data combined and identified key winter wheat development phases for accurate winter wheat classification. These results can be useful to benefit on freely available optical satellite data (Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI) and prioritize key winter wheat development phases for accurate mapping winter wheat planting areas across China and elsewhere.
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2

Birnbaum, Marvin L., Elaine K. Daily, and Ann P. O’Rourke. "Research and Evaluations of the Health Aspects of Disasters, Part III: Framework for the Temporal Phases of Disasters." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 30, no. 6 (November 11, 2015): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x15005336.

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AbstractEach of the elements described in the Conceptual Framework for disasters has a temporal designation; each has a beginning and end time. The Temporal Framework defines these elements as phases that are based on characteristics rather than on absolute times. The six temporal phases include the: (1) Pre-event; (2) Event; (3) Structural Damage; (4) Functional Damage (changes in levels of functions of the Societal Systems); (5) Relief; and (6) Recovery phases. Development is not a phase of a disaster. The use of the Temporal Framework in studying and reporting disasters allows comparisons to be made between similar phases of different disasters, regardless of the hazard involved and/or the community impacted. For research and evaluation purposes, assessments, plans, and interventions must be described in relation to the appropriate temporal phase.BirnbaumML, DailyEK, O’RourkeAP. Research and evaluations of the health aspects of disasters, part III: framework for the temporal phases of disasters. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(6):628–632.
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3

Fantinato, Edy, Silvia Del Vecchio, Carlo Gaetan, and Gabriella Buffa. "The resilience of pollination interactions: importance of temporal phases." Journal of Plant Ecology 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2018): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rty005.

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4

Calvert, Peter D., Victor I. Govardovskii, Vadim Y. Arshavsky, and Clint L. Makino. "Two Temporal Phases of Light Adaptation in Retinal Rods." Journal of General Physiology 119, no. 2 (January 17, 2002): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.119.2.129.

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Vertebrate rod photoreceptors adjust their sensitivity as they adapt during exposure to steady light. Light adaptation prevents the rod from saturating and significantly extends its dynamic range. We examined the time course of the onset of light adaptation in bullfrog rods and compared it with the projected onset of feedback reactions thought to underlie light adaptation on the molecular level. We found that adaptation developed in two distinct temporal phases: (1) a fast phase that operated within seconds after the onset of illumination, which is consistent with most previous reports of a 1–2-s time constant for the onset of adaptation; and (2) a slow phase that engaged over tens of seconds of continuous illumination. The fast phase desensitized the rods as much as 80-fold, and was observed at every light intensity tested. The slow phase was observed only at light intensities that suppressed more than half of the dark current. It provided an additional sensitivity loss of up to 40-fold before the rod saturated. Thus, rods achieved a total degree of adaptation of ∼3,000-fold. Although the fast adaptation is likely to originate from the well characterized Ca2+-dependent feedback mechanisms regulating the activities of several phototransduction cascade components, the molecular mechanism underlying slow adaptation is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that the slow adaptation phase is mediated by cGMP dissociation from noncatalytic binding sites on the cGMP phosphodiesterase, which has been shown to reduce the lifetime of activated phosphodiesterase in vitro. Although cGMP dissociated from the noncatalytic binding sites in intact rods with kinetics approximating that for the slow adaptation phase, this hypothesis was ruled out because the intensity of light required for cGMP dissociation far exceeded that required to evoke the slow phase. Other possible mechanisms are discussed.
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5

Valstar, M. F., and M. Pantic. "Fully Automatic Recognition of the Temporal Phases of Facial Actions." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics) 42, no. 1 (February 2012): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2011.2163710.

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6

Abbas, Abdul-Karim, Agnès Villers, and Laurence Ris. "Temporal phases of long-term potentiation (LTP): myth or fact?" Reviews in the Neurosciences 26, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 507–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2014-0072.

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AbstractLong-term potentiation (LTP) remains the most widely accepted model for learning and memory. In accordance with this belief, the temporal differentiation of LTP into early and late phases is accepted as reflecting the differentiation of short-term and long-term memory. Moreover, during the past 30 years, protein synthesis inhibitors have been used to separate the early, protein synthesis-independent (E-LTP) phase and the late, protein synthesis-dependent (L-LTP) phase. However, the role of these proteins has not been formally identified. Additionally, several reports failed to show an effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on LTP. In this review, a detailed analysis of extensive behavioral and electrophysiological data reveals that the presumed correspondence of LTP temporal phases to memory phases is neither experimentally nor theoretically consistent. Moreover, an overview of the time courses of E-LTP in hippocampal slices reveals a wide variability ranging from <1 h to more than 5 h. The existence of all these conflictual findings should lead to a new vision of LTP. We believe that the E-LTP vs. L-LTP distinction, established with protein synthesis inhibitor studies, reflects a false dichotomy. We suggest that the duration of LTP and its dependency on protein synthesis are related to the availability of a set of proteins at synapses and not to the de novo synthesis of plasticity-related proteins. This availability is determined by protein turnover kinetics, which is regulated by previous and ongoing electrical activities and by energy store availability.
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7

Ford, Lewis S. "Temporal and Nontemporal Becoming." Process Studies 38, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 5–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44799070.

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Abstract Whitehead’s initial decision to treat actual occasions as unqualifiedly indivisible rendered the notion of succession in becoming highly problematic. Temporal phases would divide the indivisible. Thus Whitehead had originally recourse to genetic analysis. Many have interpreted this as nontemporal becoming, which is not clearly distinguished from the eternity of eternal objects. Besides, Whitehead reserved the term ’nontemporal’ for the primordial nature. Finally Whitehead came to see that the indivisibility of occasions meant only that they could not be divided into smaller actual occasions (PR 69), which allowed for genetic division.
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8

Murphy, Joanne. "Tracking change in Northern Ireland policing: temporal phases and key themes." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 38, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-10-2014-0106.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore and explain the change process in Northern Ireland policing through an analysis of temporally bracketed change phases and key change delivery themes ranging from 1996 to 2012. Design/methodology/approach – The research approach adopted is process based, longitudinal and multi-method, utilising “temporal bracketing” to determine phases of change and conjunctural reasoning to unravel the systematic factors interacting over time, within the case. Findings – The paper identifies and temporally brackets four phases of change: “Tipping point”; “Implementation, Symbolic Modification and Resistance”; “Power Assisted Steering”; and “A Return to Turbulence”, identifies four themes that emerge from RUC-PSNI experience: the role of adaptive leadership; pace and sequencing of change implementation; sufficient resourcing; and the impact of external agents acting as boundary spanners, and comments on the prominence of these themes through the phases. The paper goes on to reflect upon how these phases and themes inform our understanding of organisational change within policing organisations generally and within politically pressurised transition processes. Originality/value – The contribution of the paper lies in the documentation of an almost unique organisational case in an environmentally forced change process. In this it contains lessons for other organisations facing similar, if less extreme challenges and presents an example of intense change analysed longitudinally.
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9

Xu, Datao, Xuanzhen Cen, Meizi Wang, Ming Rong, Bíró István, Julien S. Baker, and Yaodong Gu. "Temporal Kinematic Differences between Forward and Backward Jump-Landing." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 13, 2020): 6669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186669.

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Backward jump-landing during sports performance will result in dynamic postural instability with a greater risk of injury, and most research studies have focused on forward landing. Differences in kinematic temporal characteristics between single-leg and double-leg backward jump-landing are seldom researched and understood. The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze lower extremity kinematic differences throughout the landing phases of forward and backward jumping using single-leg and double-leg landings (FS and BS, FD and BD). Kinematic data were collected during the landing phases of FS and BS, FD and BD in 45 participants. Through statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis, we found that the BS showed smaller hip and knee flexion and greater vertical ground reactive force (VGRF) than the FS during 0–37.42% (p = 0.031), 16.07–32.11% (p = 0.045), and 23.03–17.32% (p = 0.041) landing phases. The BD showed smaller hip and knee flexion than the FD during 0–20.66% (p = 0.047) and 0–100% (p < 0.001) landing phases. Most differences appeared within a time frame during the landing phase at 30–50 ms in which non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are thought to occur and are consistent with the identification of risk in biomechanical analysis. A landing strategy that consciously increases the knee and hip flexion angles during backward landing should be considered for people as a measure to avoid injury during the performance of this type of physical activity.
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10

KILAVIK, BJØRG ELISABETH, and JAN KREMERS. "Interactions between rod and L-cone signals in deuteranopes: Gains and phases." Visual Neuroscience 23, no. 2 (March 2006): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380623205x.

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The dynamics of interactions between rod and L-cone driven signals were studied psychophysically in two deuteranopic observers. Flicker detection thresholds for different ratios of rod to L-cone modulation were measured at temporal frequencies between 1 and 15 Hz. A model, which assumes that rod and L-cone driven signals are vector added, can describe the threshold data adequately. We found that up to about 8–10 Hz temporal frequency, rod and L-cone signals interact additively, whereas at higher frequencies the interaction is subtractive. Rod and L-cone signal strengths depend similarly on temporal frequency and are maximal between 3 and 5 Hz. The phase difference between rod and L-cone signals increases linearly with temporal frequency, indicating that their responses have a delay difference of about 20 to 30 ms, consistent with involvement of the faster rod pathway. The data would suggest a nearly complete additivity of the rod and cone driven signals when using flashed stimuli. But, literature data showed only partial additivity of the two, suggesting that different postreceptoral mechanisms are involved in the two tasks.
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11

ELLIOTT, C. J., and T. ANDREW. "TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF SNAIL FEEDING RHYTHMS: A THREE-PHASE RELAXATION OSCILLATOR." Journal of Experimental Biology 157, no. 1 (May 1, 1991): 391–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.157.1.391.

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1. Rhythmic fictive feeding was recorded from the motoneurones of the buccal ganglia of Lymnaea stagnalis. The times of the action potentials were recorded by microcomputer and the lengths of the three phases (Nl, N2 and N3) making up each feeding cycle were determined. 2. During spontaneous rhythmic fictive feeding in Lymnaea stagnalis the cycle period varied randomly. 3. Most of the variation in cycle period arose from alterations in the duration of the N3 (swallowing) phase of the rhythm; the Nl (protraction) and N2 (rasp) phases were fixed in length. 4. The firing rates of feeding motoneurones active in the Nl and N3 phases increased with feeding rate: this was not true of those active in the N2 phase. 5. In rhythms produced by stimulating the SO modulatory interneurone, both the Nl and N3 phases varied in duration. The N2 duration remained constant. 6. The temporal analysis is accounted for by the neuronal model based on the synaptic interactions recorded by Elliott and Benjamin (1985a,b; J. Neurophysiol. 54, 1396–1421). Note: Present address: The Institute of Psychiatry, 101 Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF.
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12

LIN, HSUAN-HUNG, YUNG-FU CHEN, TAINSONG CHEN, TZU-TUNG TSAI, and KUO-HSIEN HUANG. "TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF THE ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION PHASES FOR VISUAL SACCADES." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 16, no. 06 (December 25, 2004): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237204000499.

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Previous studies showed that the relation for product of peak velocity and duration against saccadic amplitude was highly linear correlated. The velocity profile was related as a triangular profile and referred to the saccadic amplitude as an integration of the profile, so that the amplitude is proportional to the product of peak velocity and duration. The saccadic amplitude can be described as a function of peak velocity and duration. In this study, in addition to the triangular profile, the rational power function was applied to explain the above linear relation. The acceleration and deceleration phases can be described, respectively, with the different shape parameters (n1 and n2). Finally, we described the product of peak velocity and acceleration time relating to the acceleration amplitude, and the product of peak velocity and deceleration time relating to the deceleration amplitude. The results show that the acceleration and deceleration phase parameters could be used to accurately delineate the saccadic characteristics.
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13

Mauerberg, Eliane, and Marlene Adrian. "Temporal Coupling between External Auditory Information and the Phases of Walking." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 3 (June 1995): 851–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.3.851.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an imposed external auditory constraint upon the temporal organization of walking. Ten subjects were videotaped walking normally (N) and with instructions to couple naturally, at mid-swing, or at toe-off to a metronome beat. Based upon an analysis of variance and post hoc Scheffé tests most temporal variables were not significantly different among conditions. The duration of swing phase was significantly different between natural coupling and toe-off. The deviation from the metronome beat was significantly different between the natural coupling and both mid-swing and toe-off. Subjects generally were not successful in achieving coupling during the latter conditions. Thigh and shank phase portraits were used to describe the system's organization to the external constraint.
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14

Naeve, Gregory S., Ajay Sharma, and Amy S. Lee. "Temporal events regulating the early phases of the mammalian cell cycle." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 3, no. 2 (April 1991): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0955-0674(91)90150-w.

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15

Oziel, Sandra, Alasdair Goodwill, and Eric Beauregard. "Variability in Behavioural Consistency Across Temporal Phases in Stranger Sexual Offences." Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 30, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11896-014-9150-5.

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16

Apkarian, Patricia. "Temporal frequency responsivity shows multiple maturational phases: State-dependent visual evoked potential luminance flicker fusion from birth to 9 months." Visual Neuroscience 10, no. 6 (November 1993): 1007–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800010117.

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AbstractMaturation of temporal resolution was investigated in a visual evoked potential study in 77 infants from birth to 9 months of age. Luminance evoked potential measures in response to homogeneous sinusoidal flickering light (1–64 Hz) were recorded under behavioral state-defined conditions. Behavioral state was determined by direct observation and by polygraphic recording of the electroencephalogram (EEG), eye movements (EOG), muscle activity (EMG), heart rate (ECG), and respiration. Temporal-frequency functions of the amplitude of the fundamental response across the temporal-frequency range were recorded during sleep and wakefulness. The highest temporal-frequency response recorded during wakefulness was accepted as a measure for inclusion in a growth function of temporal-frequency responsiveness. The resulting temporal resolution frequency vs. age function showed three separate maturational phases. Maturational phases were defined as (1) an initial slow phase from 1–32 days postnatal during which maturation of temporal vision is unremarkable; (2) an intermediate rapid phase of improvement from age 26 to 170 days; and (3) an overlapping but final slow phase from 151 to at least 270 days during which adult-like flicker resolution is approximated. This study suggests that the multiple maturational phases of the infant's responses to flickering light are due to maturational differences, which correspond with maturation of structural factors of brain function. Finally, across the age span tested, high-frequency responsivity was influenced significantly by the degree of infant arousal.
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17

Fadaie, Fatemeh, Neda Mohammadi Mobarakeh, Sayed Sohrab Hashemi Fesharaki, Mohammad Hossein Harirchian, Homayoun Hadizadeh Kharazi, Hamidreza Saligheh Rad, and Jafar Mehvari Habibabadi. "1H-MRS metabolite’s ratios show temporal alternation in temporal lobe seizure: Comparison between interictal and postictal phases." Epilepsy Research 128 (December 2016): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.08.015.

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18

MAZUMDAR, A. B. "Southwest monsoon rainfall in India : Part II - Principal components in temporal domain." MAUSAM 49, no. 3 (December 17, 2021): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v49i3.3635.

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An attempt has been made towards objective identification of phases of the southwest monsoon by principal component analysis (PCA) in temporal domain (T-mode). The method utilizes the relationship of weekly rainfall activities with principal components (PCs) of southwest monsoon. Based on the relationships, subgroup of weeks with similar spatial patterns have been identified. Synoptic features of these subgroups have been brought out with the help of synoptic charts. The first four significant PCs are associated with four kinds of active phases of the southwest monsoon when the low pressure systems have typical characteristics corresponding to each PC. Thus, the study suggests a method of interpretation of PCs with the help of synoptic charts by objective identification of phases of southwest monsoon.
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Zhang, Xu, Wenjie Jiang, Jinfeng Deng, Ke Wang, Jiachen Chen, Pengfei Zhang, Wenhui Ren, et al. "Digital quantum simulation of Floquet symmetry-protected topological phases." Nature 607, no. 7919 (July 20, 2022): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04854-3.

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AbstractQuantum many-body systems away from equilibrium host a rich variety of exotic phenomena that are forbidden by equilibrium thermodynamics. A prominent example is that of discrete time crystals1–8, in which time-translational symmetry is spontaneously broken in periodically driven systems. Pioneering experiments have observed signatures of time crystalline phases with trapped ions9,10, solid-state spin systems11–15, ultracold atoms16,17 and superconducting qubits18–20. Here we report the observation of a distinct type of non-equilibrium state of matter, Floquet symmetry-protected topological phases, which are implemented through digital quantum simulation with an array of programmable superconducting qubits. We observe robust long-lived temporal correlations and subharmonic temporal response for the edge spins over up to 40 driving cycles using a circuit of depth exceeding 240 and acting on 26 qubits. We demonstrate that the subharmonic response is independent of the initial state, and experimentally map out a phase boundary between the Floquet symmetry-protected topological and thermal phases. Our results establish a versatile digital simulation approach to exploring exotic non-equilibrium phases of matter with current noisy intermediate-scale quantum processors21.
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20

Endress, Peter K. "Structural and temporal modes of heterodichogamy and similar patterns across angiosperms." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 193, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boaa001.

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Abstract Different kinds of synchronization of flowering, and of male and female function, have evolved in many angiosperms. The most complex patterns are heterodichogamy, pseudoheterodichogamy and duodichogamy. In this review, their occurrence across angiosperms is shown and the diversity in heterodichogamy and duodichogamy is outlined. Heterodichogamy is characterized by the occurrence of two temporally complementary genetic morphs, whereas in peudoheterodichogamy and duodichogamy only one morph occurs. In duodichogamy, the two phases result from alternating periods of several days of the same phase three or more times during a flowering season; however, they are of irregular length. In pseudoheterodichogamy, the two phases result from repeated flushes of flowering within individuals always with one or two flowerless days in between. In contrast to duodichogamy, the male and female phases alternate in a daily rhythm coordinated with the day-night rhythm. Heterodichogamy and similar patterns of synchronization are scattered across angiosperms; however, they are especially common in the Magnoliales, Laurales, Canellales, Zingiberales, Ranunculales, Trochodendrales, Fagales, Rosales, Malpighiales, Malvales, Sapindales, Caryophyllales and Apiales.
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21

Oliveira, Mônica Rocha de, and Sathyabama Chellappa. "Temporal Dynamics of Reproduction inHemiramphus brasiliensis(Osteichthyes: Hemiramphidae)." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/837151.

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The reproductive aspects ofHemiramphus brasiliensiswere analyzed with a view to verify the temporal dynamics of reproduction. This paper presents data on sex ratio, length at first sexual maturity, macroscopic and histological aspects of gonad development, gonadosomatic index (GSI), reproductive period, and fecundity ofH. brasiliensis. The fishes were captured from the coastal waters of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. Females of this species predominated in the sampled population and were larger in size than the males. The length at the first sexual maturation of males was 20.8 cm and that of females was 21.5 cm. The macroscopic characteristics of the gonads indicated four maturation stages. Histological studies of gonads ofH. brasiliensisshowed six phases of oocyte development and four phases of spermatocyte development. The batch fecundity of this species was 1153 (±258.22) mature oocytes for 50 g body weight of female. The microscopic characteristics of gonad development indicate thatH. brasiliensisis a multiple spawner, presenting a prolonged reproductive period during the whole year, with a peak in the month of April, and is considered as an opportunistic strategist.
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KREMERS, JAN, and HENDRIK P. N. SCHOLL. "Rod-/L-cone and rod-/M-cone interactions in electroretinograms at different temporal frequencies." Visual Neuroscience 18, no. 3 (May 2001): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380118301x.

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We recorded electroretinograms (ERGs) under stimulus conditions that only modulated one cone type: either the L- or the M-cones. In these conditions the rods were also modulated. We measured the ERG responses at different temporal frequencies. A simple model that assumes that the first harmonic components of the responses are the result of a vector addition of rod- and cone-driven ERG responses can explain the data satisfactorily for temporal frequencies at and above 6 Hz. From fits of the model to the data, estimates of the gains and phases of the rod- and cone-driven responses can be obtained. At 6 Hz, the fundamental responses originate exclusively in the rods. The gains of the cone-driven responses are substantial at the other temporal frequencies, are maximal at 12 or 18 Hz, and then decrease with increasing temporal frequencies. The gains of the rod-driven responses decrease more steeply with increasing temporal frequencies than the cone gains. Furthermore, the rod and cone phases decrease approximately linearly with temporal frequency, suggesting that they are mainly determined by a response delay. The response delay in the rod-driven ERGs is larger than in the cone-driven ERGs.
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23

Steiner, Wolfgang, Eva Maria Schöll, Friedrich Leisch, and Klaus Hackländer. "Temporal patterns of roe deer traffic accidents: Effects of season, daytime and lunar phase." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): e0249082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249082.

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Wildlife-related accidents, especially deer-vehicle accidents, pose a serious problem for road safety and animal protection in many countries. Knowledge of spatial and temporal patterns of deer-vehicle accidents is inevitable for accident analysis and mitigation efforts with temporal deer-vehicle accident data being much more difficult to obtain in sufficient data quality. We described the temporal patterns of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) roadkills occurring in the period 2002–2006 in southeastern Austria. Using a comprehensive dataset, consisting of 11.771 data points, we examined the influence of different time units (i.e. season, month, day of week, day of year), illumination categories (coarse and fine temporal resolution) and lunar phases on deer-vehicle accidents by performing linear and generalized additive models. Thereby, we identified peak accident periods within the analyzed time units. Highest frequencies of deer-vehicle accidents occurred in November, May and October, on Fridays, and during nights. Relationships between lunar phases and roe deer-vehicle accidents were analysed, providing evidence for high frequencies of deer-vehicle accidents during full moon phases. We suggest that deer-vehicle accidents are dependent both on human activity in traffic and wildlife activity, which is in turn affected by phenology, intra- and interspecific competition, climatic and astronomical events. Our results highlight, that short-term mitigation measures (e.g. traffic controls and speed limits) can be highly effective to reduce deer-vehicle accidents, but should be flexibly adapted to specific temporal periods.
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Badrul Hisham, Nurul Hasniati, Nurhanisah Hashim, Noraain Mohamed Saraf, and Noorfatekah Talib. "Monitoring of Rice Growth Phases Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-2 Satellite Image." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1051, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1051/1/012021.

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Abstract Rice is the primary source of nutrition food of more than half of the world’s population, and it is hugely important in the global economic growth, food security, water use, and climate change. The need for satellite systems to monitor rice crops and assist in rice crop management is gaining in popularity. The European Space Agency’s (ESA) launched Sentinel-2 A + B twin platform’s which enhanced the temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution, opening the way for their widely use in crop monitoring. Aside from the technical features of the Sentinel-2 A and B constellation, the easily accessible type of information they generate as well as the appropriate support software have been significant improvements for rice crop monitoring. In this study, the spectral reflectance has been analysed to find how far their potential in determining rice growth phases. The highest spectrum in reflectance was observed in the near infrared (NIR) region (842 nm). Because of the structure of mesophyll cells tissues and the inner backscatter of air spaces, moisture content, and air–water abstraction layers within the leaves, the reflectance in the NIR region seems to be much larger than in the visible band. The multi-temporal vegetation index namely Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) have derived from ten Sentinel-2 images cover the entire rice season. These indices have been tested to determine the rice growth phases over the rice season. The spatial distribution of each tested indices is displayed in the map output. The maps are then analysed and compared to determine the potential of each index in determining rice growth phases. It was discovered in this study that there was a quadratic correlation between all of the tested indices and rice age. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is the most accurate vegetation index for estimating rice growth phases, followed by SAVI and NDMI.
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Persuh, Marjan, and Tony Ro. "Unconscious Priming Requires Early Visual Cortex at Specific Temporal Phases of Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 9 (September 2013): 1493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00423.

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Although examples of unconscious shape priming have been well documented, whether such priming requires early visual cortex (V1/V2) has not been established. In the current study, we used TMS of V1/V2 at varying temporal intervals to suppress the visibility of preceding shape primes while the interval between primes and targets was kept constant. Our results show that, although conscious perception requires V1/V2, unconscious priming can occur without V1/V2 at an intermediate temporal interval but not at early (5–25 msec) or later (65–125 msec) stages of processing. Because the later time window of unconscious priming suppression has been proposed to interfere with feedback processing, our results further suggest that feedback processing is also essential for unconscious priming and may not be a sufficient condition for conscious vision.
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Persuh, M., and T. Ro. "Unconscious priming requires primary visual cortex at specific temporal phases of processing." Journal of Vision 12, no. 9 (August 10, 2012): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/12.9.133.

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Vidal, Manuel. "Audiovisual temporal integration: A freezing effect from rhythms with continuously shifting phases." Multisensory Research 26, no. 1-2 (2013): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-000s0172.

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Liu, Ruolan, Ying Bai, Timothy L. Vollmer, Xue-Feng Bai, Youngheun Jee, Yi-yuan Tang, Denise I. Campagnolo, et al. "IL-21 receptor expression determines the temporal phases of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis." Experimental Neurology 211, no. 1 (May 2008): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.11.004.

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Joshi, Gaurav R., Karyn Cooper, Xiangli Zhong, Anthony B. Cook, Ehsan A. Ahmad, Nicholas M. Harrison, Dirk L. Engelberg, and Robert Lindsay. "Temporal evolution of sweet oilfield corrosion scale: Phases, morphologies, habits, and protection." Corrosion Science 142 (September 2018): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.07.009.

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LANKHEET, MARTIN J. M., PETER LENNIE, and JOHN KRAUSKOPF. "Temporal-chromatic interactions in LGN P-cells." Visual Neuroscience 15, no. 1 (January 1998): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523898151015.

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We studied the interaction between the chromatic and temporal properties of parvocellular (P) neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of macaque monkeys. We measured the amplitudes and phases of responses to stimulation by spatially uniform fields modulated sinusoidally about a white point in a three-dimensional color space, at a range of temporal frequencies between 1 and 25 Hz. Below about 4 Hz, temporal frequency had relatively little effect on chromatic tuning. At higher frequencies chromatic opponency was weakened in almost all cells. The complex interactions between temporal and chromatic properties are represented by a linear filter model that describes response amplitude and phase as a function of temporal frequency and direction in color space along which stimuli are modulated. The model stipulates the cone inputs to center and surround, their temporal properties, and the linear combination of center and surround signals. It predicts the amplitudes and phases of responses of P-cells, and the change of chromatic properties with temporal frequency. We used the model to investigate whether or not the chromatic signature of the surround in a red–green cell could be estimated from the change in the cell's chromatic properties with temporal frequency. Our findings could be equally well described by mixed cone surrounds as by pure cone surrounds, and we conclude that, with regard to temporal properties, there is no benefit to be gained by segregating cone classes in center and surround.
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Jayasimhan, Chaithra Shree, and Pramod Padmanabhan. "Diversity and temporal variation of the bird community in paddy fields of Kadhiramangalam, Tamil Nadu, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 10 (August 25, 2019): 14279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4241.11.10.14279-14291.

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Paddy, a major food crop of India, provides a variety of habitats in a short period of time and supports diverse organisms. Paddy fields also harbour many birds with varying species composition across the different cultivation phases of paddy. This study, conducted in the paddy fields of Kadhiramangalam, Tamil Nadu, India, recorded the bird community composition there during the various cultivation phases of paddy. The bird community data was analysed and a total of 87 bird species were recorded from the study area belonging to 41 families and 13 orders. The growth phase (PS 3) is the most diverse phase. The bird composition showed a significant variation across the paddy cultivation phases with overall average dissimilarity of 71.41%. The patterns shown by graphs of bird species composition across the paddy cultivation phases is based on guild, habitat usage and order overlap and elucidates that the change in bird community composition temporally can be attributed to the niche variability across the paddy cultivation phases. The major species contributing to these changes observed are Black-headed Munia, Baya Weaver, Common Sandpiper, Barn Swallow, Common Myna, and Black Drongo in this region.
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PRAKASH, RAJESH, S. K. SRIVASTAV, H. V. GUPTA, and H. N. SRIVASTAVA. "Spatio temporal seismicity variation in earthquakes of Uttaranchal region." MAUSAM 55, no. 4 (January 19, 2022): 681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v55i4.1402.

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The spatio temporal variations of seismicity preceding Uttarkashi, 1991 and Chamoli, 1999 earthquakes were studied based on the data during the period 1981 to 2000 using the catalogues of earthquakes prepared by the India Meteorological Department. Two scenarios were examined. In one case the epicentral distance from the respective impending earthquakes were worked out for all the earthquakes recorded during a ten years period prior to the earthquake of Uttarkashi and Chamoli respectively. In the other case, the epicenter near latitude 30.2° N and longitude 80.2° E near India Nepal border (where earthquakes of 1966 and 1980 occurred) were considered to compute the epicentral distance. The second case was included because it is a seismically active region where Dharachulla earthquake of 1916 (magnitude 7.5) occurred. The earthquakes of 1999, 1991 and 1980 in Uttaranchal were characterised by six phases of seismic activity namely (i) first quiescence or gap, (ii) swarm, (iii) second quiescence or gap, (iv) foreshocks, (v) main shock and (vi) aftershocks. Some differences among these phases could however, be noticed which were explained through source mechanism, isoseismals, ‘b’ (Gutenberg Richter’s relationship), ‘h’ values (Omori’s law ) and fractal dimension. It is interesting to point out that prior to the occurrence of earthquake swarms (second phase) the seismic pattern exhibits the development of a seismic gap (first phase) after the decay of the aftershock activity associated with a previous large earthquake of magnitude greater than or equal to M: 6.0 in this region. We infer that this second ‘gap’ (third phase) is a characteristic of the complexity of the tectonics in the Uttaranchal. Thus, the simple Kanamori’s asperity model could be modified to consist of six phases of seismic activity in the complex tectonic zone of Garhwal Himalaya. Detailed difference in the seismicity patterns prior to the earthquake were explained by the fractal dimensions estimated from the ‘b’values.
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Yao, Jiayuan, Dongdong Tian, Li Sun, and Lianxing Wen. "Temporal Change of Seismic Earth's Inner Core Phases: Inner Core Differential Rotation or Temporal Change of Inner Core Surface?" Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 124, no. 7 (July 2019): 6720–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jb017532.

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Vrljicak, Pavle, Alex C. Y. Chang, Olena Morozova, Elizabeth D. Wederell, Kyle Niessen, Marco A. Marra, Aly Karsan, and Pamela A. Hoodless. "Genomic analysis distinguishes phases of early development of the mouse atrio-ventricular canal." Physiological Genomics 40, no. 3 (February 2010): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00142.2009.

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Valve formation during embryonic heart development involves a complex interplay of regional specification, cell transformations, and remodeling events. While many studies have addressed the role of specific genes during this process, a global understanding of the genetic basis for the regional specification and development of the heart valves is incomplete. We have undertaken genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the developing heart valves in the mouse. Four Serial Analysis of Gene Expression libraries were generated and analyzed from the mouse atrio-ventricular canal (AVC) at embryonic days 9.5–12.5, covering the stages from initiation of endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) through to the beginning of endocardial cushion remodeling. We identified 14 distinct temporal patterns of gene expression during AVC development. These were associated with specific functions and signaling pathway members. We defined the temporal distribution of mesenchyme genes during the EMT process and of specific Notch and transforming growth factor-β targets. This work provides the first comprehensive temporal dataset during the formation of heart valves. These results identify molecular signatures that distinguish different phases of early heart valve formation allowing gene expression and function to be further investigated.
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Nasrallah, Ali, Nicolas Baghdadi, Mohammad El Hajj, Talal Darwish, Hatem Belhouchette, Ghaleb Faour, Salem Darwich, and Mario Mhawej. "Sentinel-1 Data for Winter Wheat Phenology Monitoring and Mapping." Remote Sensing 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11192228.

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The ability of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Sentinel-1 data to detect the main wheat phenological phases was investigated in the Bekaa plain of Lebanon. Accordingly, the temporal variation of Sentinel-1 (S1) signal was analyzed as a function of the phenological phases’ dates observed in situ (germination; heading and soft dough), and harvesting. Results showed that S1 data, unlike the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data, were able to estimate the dates of theses phenological phases due to significant variations in S1 temporal series at the dates of germination, heading, soft dough, and harvesting. Particularly, the ratio VV/VH at low incidence angle (32–34°) was able to detect the germination and harvesting dates. VV polarization at low incidence angle (32–34°) was able to detect the heading phase, while VH polarization at high incidence angle (43–45°) was better than that at low incidence angle (32–34°), in detecting the soft dough phase. An automated approach for main wheat phenological phases’ determination was then developed on the western part of the Bekaa plain. This approach modelled the S1 SAR temporal series by smoothing and fitting the temporal series with Gaussian functions (up to three Gaussians) allowing thus to automatically detect the main wheat phenological phases from the sum of these Gaussians. To test its robustness, the automated method was applied on the northern part of the Bekaa plain, in which winter wheat is harvested usually earlier because of the different weather conditions. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the estimation of the phenological phases’ dates was 2.9 days for germination, 5.5 days for heading, 5.1 days soft dough, 3.0 days for West Bekaa’s harvesting, and 4.5 days for North Bekaa’s harvesting. In addition, a slight underestimation was observed for germination and heading of West Bekaa (−0.2 and −1.1 days, respectively) while an overestimation was observed for soft dough of West Bekaa and harvesting for both West and North Bekaa (3.1, 0.6, and 3.6 days, respectively). These results are encouraging, and thus prove that S1 data are powerful as a tool for crop monitoring, to serve enhanced crop management and production handling.
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Harmon, Justin, and Rudy Dunlap. "The Temporal Phases of Leisure Experience: Expectation, Experience and Reflection of Leisure Participation." Leisure Sciences 40, no. 5 (February 26, 2017): 326–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2016.1274246.

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Frisbee, Jefferson C., Adam G. Goodwill, Stephanie J. Frisbee, Joshua T. Butcher, Robert W. Brock, I. Mark Olfert, Evan R. DeVallance, and Paul D. Chantler. "Distinct temporal phases of microvascular rarefaction in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 307, no. 12 (December 15, 2014): H1714—H1728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00605.2014.

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Evolution of metabolic syndrome is associated with a progressive reduction in skeletal muscle microvessel density, known as rarefaction. Although contributing to impairments to mass transport and exchange, the temporal development of rarefaction and the contributing mechanisms that lead to microvessel loss are both unclear and critical areas for investigation. Although previous work suggests that rarefaction severity in obese Zucker rats (OZR) is predicted by the chronic loss of vascular nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, we have determined that this hides a biphasic development of rarefaction, with both early and late components. Although the total extent of rarefaction was well predicted by the loss in NO bioavailability, the early pulse of rarefaction developed before a loss of NO bioavailability and was associated with altered venular function (increased leukocyte adhesion/rolling), and early elevation in oxidant stress, TNF-α levels, and the vascular production of thromboxane A2 (TxA2). Chronic inhibition of TNF-α blunted the severity of rarefaction and also reduced vascular oxidant stress and TxA2 production. Chronic blockade of the actions of TxA2 also blunted rarefaction, but did not impact oxidant stress or inflammation, suggesting that TxA2 is a downstream outcome of elevated reactive oxygen species and inflammation. If chronic blockade of TxA2 is terminated, microvascular rarefaction in OZR skeletal muscle resumes, but at a reduced rate despite low NO bioavailability. These results suggest that therapeutic interventions against inflammation and TxA2 under conditions where metabolic syndrome severity is moderate or mild may prevent the development of a condition of accelerated microvessel loss with metabolic syndrome.
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Fernández-Pousa, Carlos R., Haroldo Maestre, Adrian J. Torregrosa, and Juan Capmany. "Hilbert and Blaschke phases in the temporal coherence function of stationary broadband light." Optics Express 16, no. 22 (October 24, 2008): 18397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.018397.

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Raz, A., A. Wyche, and P. Needleman. "Temporal and pharmacological division of fibroblast cyclooxygenase expression into transcriptional and translational phases." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86, no. 5 (March 1, 1989): 1657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.5.1657.

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Berg, Thomas B., Shin-dug Kim, and Howard Jay Siegel. "Limitations imposed on mixed-mode performance of optimized phases due to temporal juxtaposition." Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 13, no. 2 (October 1991): 154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-7315(91)90085-n.

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Newman, Bobby, Mairead A. O'Grady, Carolyn S. Ryan, and Nancy S. Hemmes. "Pavlovian Conditioning of the Tickle Response of Human Subjects: Temporal and Delay Conditioning." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 3 (December 1993): 779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.3.779.

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Previous studies of the human response to a tickle have demonstrated that subjects will respond to a gesture that signals the onset of a tickle in the same way as to a tickle. Researchers have described this anticipatory response as an “expectation.” In the current study, we investigated, from the Pavlovian framework, the response to a verbal stimulus preceding the tickle stimulus. We exposed subjects to experimental phases which included the Neutral Stimulus Alone, 100% Pairing of the Neutral and Unconditioned Stimuli (tickle strokes to the foot), Random Presentation, Partial (75%) Reinforcement, and Temporal Conditioning. Pavlovian conditioning was observed in all phases, suggesting a parsimonious explanation for the expectation effect described by others.
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Shao, Qihui, Rendong Li, Yifei Han, Dongfeng Han, and Juan Qiu. "Temporal and Spatial Evolution of the African Swine Fever Epidemic in Vietnam." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 8001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138001.

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African swine fever (ASF) is a severe infectious disease affecting domestic and wild suids. Spatiotemporal dynamics analysis of the ASF is crucial to understanding its transmission. The ASF broke out in Vietnam in February 2019. The research on the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of ASF in Vietnam is lacking. Spatiotemporal statistical methods, including direction analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and spatiotemporal scan statistics were used to reveal the dynamics of the spatial diffusion direction and spatiotemporal aggregation characteristics of ASF in Vietnam. According to the cessation of the epidemic, it was divided into three phases: February to August 2019 (phase 1), April to December 2020 (phase 2), and January 2021 to March 2022 (phase 3). The ASF showed a significant spread trend from north to south in phase 1. The occurrence rate of the ASF aggregated spatially in phase 1 and became random in phases 2 and 3. The high−high ASF clusters (the province was a high cluster and both it and its neighbors had a high ASF occurrence rate) were concentrated in the north in phases 1 and 2. Four spatiotemporal high-risk ASF clusters were identified with a mean radius of 121.88 km. In general, there were significant concentrated outbreak areas and directional spread in the early stage and small-scale, high-frequency, and randomly scattered outbreaks in the later stage. The findings could contribute to a deeper understanding of the spatiotemporal spread of the ASF in Vietnam.
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Du, Xiao-Peng, Zhong-Hua Cai, Ping Zuo, Fan-Xu Meng, Jian-Ming Zhu, and Jin Zhou. "Temporal Variability of Virioplankton during a Gymnodinium catenatum Algal Bloom." Microorganisms 8, no. 1 (January 12, 2020): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010107.

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Viruses are key biogeochemical engines in the regulation of the dynamics of phytoplankton. However, there has been little research on viral communities in relation to algal blooms. Using the virMine tool, we analyzed viral information from metagenomic data of field dinoflagellate (Gymnodinium catenatum) blooms at different stages. Species identification indicated that phages were the main species. Unifrac analysis showed clear temporal patterns in virioplankton dynamics. The viral community was dominated by Siphoviridae, Podoviridae, and Myoviridae throughout the whole bloom cycle. However, some changes were observed at different phases of the bloom; the relatively abundant Siphoviridae and Myoviridae dominated at pre-bloom and peak bloom stages, while at the post-bloom stage, the members of Phycodnaviridae and Microviridae were more abundant. Temperature and nutrients were the main contributors to the dynamic structure of the viral community. Some obvious correlations were found between dominant viral species and host biomass. Functional analysis indicated some functional genes had dramatic response in algal-associated viral assemblages, especially the CAZyme encoding genes. This work expands the existing knowledge of algal-associated viruses by characterizing viral composition and function across a complete algal bloom cycle. Our data provide supporting evidence that viruses participate in dinoflagellate bloom dynamics under natural conditions.
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Sohmiya, Tamotsu, and Kazuko Sohmiya. "Analysis of Temporal Suppression Mechanism in Binocular Rivalry." Perceptual and Motor Skills 60, no. 3 (June 1985): 995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.60.3.995.

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A method for analyzing the temporal suppression mechanism in binocular rivalry is described. A test pattern was presented to one eye and a suppressing pattern to the other eye after varying time intervals. The subject was instructed to report the frequency of nonsuppression phases of the test pattern immediately after presentation of the suppressing pattern. Analysis indicated that the test pattern was never suppressed at the 0-msec. stimulus onset asynchrony and the nonsuppression probabilities decreased as the onset asynchrony increased. Moreover, resistivity to contralateral suppression was greater when the test pattern was projected to the dominant eye.
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GRÜNDER-FAHRER, SABINE, ANTJE SCHLAF, GREGOR WIEDEMANN, and GERHARD HEYER. "Topics and topical phases in German social media communication during a disaster." Natural Language Engineering 24, no. 2 (February 14, 2018): 221–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324918000025.

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AbstractSocial media are an emerging new paradigm in interdisciplinary research in crisis informatics. They bring many opportunities as well as challenges to all fields of application and research involved in the project of using social media content for an improved disaster management. Using the Central European flooding 2013 as our case study, we optimize and apply methods from the field ofnatural language processingand unsupervised machine learning to investigate the thematic and temporal structure of German social media communication. By means of topic model analysis, we will investigate which kind of content was shared on social media during the event. On this basis, we will, furthermore, investigate the development of topics over time and apply temporal clustering techniques to automatically identify different characteristic phases of communication. From the results, we, first, want to reveal properties of social media content and show what potential social media have for improving disaster management in Germany. Second, we will be concerned with the methodological issue of finding and adapting natural language processing methods that are suitable for analysing social media data in order to obtain information relevant for disaster management. With respect to the first, application-oriented focal point, our study reveals high potential of social media content in the factual, organizational and psychological dimension of the disaster and during all stages of the disaster management life cycle. Interestingly, there appear to be systematic differences in thematic profile between the different platforms Facebook and Twitter and between different stages of the event. In context of our methodological investigation, we claim that if topic model analysis is combined with appropriate optimization techniques, it shows high applicability for thematic and temporal social media analysis in disaster management.
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Shoaib-ul-Hasan, Sayyed, Malvina Roci, Farazee M. A. Asif, Niloufar Salehi, and Amir Rashid. "Analyzing Temporal Variability in Inventory Data for Life Cycle Assessment: Implications in the Context of Circular Economy." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010344.

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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used frequently as a decision support tool for evaluating different design choices for products based on their environmental impacts. A life cycle usually comprises several phases of varying timespans. The amount of emissions generated from different life cycle phases of a product could be significantly different from one another. In conventional LCA, the emissions generated from the life cycle phases of a product are aggregated at the inventory analysis stage, which is then used as an input for life cycle impact assessment. However, when the emissions are aggregated, the temporal variability of inventory data is ignored, which may result in inaccurate environmental impact assessment. Besides, the conventional LCA does not consider the environmental impact of circular products with multiple use cycles. It poses difficulties in identifying the hotspots of emission-intensive activities with the potential to mislead conclusions and implications for both practice and policy. To address this issue and to analyze the embedded temporal variations in inventory data in a CE context, the paper proposes calculating the emission intensity for each life cycle phase. It is argued that calculating and comparing emission intensity, based on the timespan and amount of emissions for individual life cycle phases, at the inventory analysis stage of LCA offers a complementary approach to the traditional aggregate emission-based LCA approach. In a circular scenario, it helps to identify significant issues during different life cycle phases and the relevant environmental performance improvement opportunities through product, business model, and supply chain design.
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Gannon, Timothy, Daniel Landers, Karla Kubitz, Walter Salazar, and Steven Petruizello. "An Analysis of Temporal Electroemeeptialograpliic Patterning Prior to Initiation of the Arm Curl." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 14, no. 1 (March 1992): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.14.1.87.

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To determine if the different EEG patterns noted in previous studies were due to between-task differences in muscular exertion, the present study examined the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in the seconds prior to either holding the weight (without lifting) or executing an arm lift at either 25% or 95% of the subject's one-repetition maximum value. Temporal EEG and tempomandibular and trapezius electromyography (EMG) measures were obtained from subjects (N=20) in the half-second period during the holding of the weight or immediately before lifting the weight. The degree of attentional focus on the task was quantified through self-report measures after each set of trials. EMG activity was not significantly different between the hold and lift phases. The self-report degree of attentional focus was higher in the lift phase, compared to the hold phase, for both 25% and 95% conditions (p<.01). Increases in EEG activity for the 25% condition were observed between the hold and lift phases at 4 Hz (p<.003). This extended to 10 additional frequencies in the 95% condition (p<.004), with beta (13 to 30 Hz) activity greater in the right hemisphere (p<.004). Because there were no EMG differences between phases or conditions» it was concluded that the EEG changes were reflective of cognitive differences associated with attending to tasks that differed in level of muscular exertion.
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48

Parsons, Jeffrey R., Elizabeth Brumfiel, and Mary Hodge. "Developmental Implications of Earlier Dates for Early Aztec in the Basin of Mexico." Ancient Mesoamerica 7, no. 2 (1996): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100001437.

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AbstractArchaeologists working in the Basin of Mexico have long accepted a chronology in which sequential ceramic phases (Metepec, Coyotlatelco, Mazapan, Aztec I, and Aztec II) define the period between the last stages of Classic Teotihuacan and the immediate antecedents of Late Postclassic Tenochtitlan. The absolute chronology of these phases has remained tentative, and there have been hints of possible temporal overlap between some of them. A series of 37 new radiocarbon dates from three deep, stratified sites in the Basin of Mexico suggest (1) that the traditional sequence of phases is essentially valid; (2) that both Coyotlatelco and Aztec I may have begun significantly earlier than traditionally believed; (3) that there may have been partial chronological overlap between Late Coyotlatelco and Early Aztec I in some parts of the basin; (4) that there was probably little significant temporal overlap between Aztec I and Aztec II; and (5) that the ethnohistorically recognized sociopolitical complexity of the long era in question is amply reflected in a regional ceramic sequence that still requires considerable refinement in both time and space.
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Lawlor, Leonard. "Is it Happening? or, The Implications of Immanence." Research in Phenomenology 44, no. 3 (October 9, 2014): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691640-12341292.

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The most basic idea behind this essay is the reversal of Platonism in which the difference between the real world and this world (of appearance) becomes blurred. The reversal results in time being conceived as without beginning and without end. In other words, the blurred world is equivalent to what Husserl calls temporalization (immanence, life). According to Husserl, the structure of temporalization implies the limit between temporal phases cannot be determined. Therefore, the limit cannot be closed, and the temporal phases necessarily pass into one another and contaminate one another. Since the limit between the phases cannot be closed, the limit is always violated. Temporalization (absolute consciousness, as Husserl would say) therefore involves irreducible violence. The question is: how to react to this fundamental violence? If one reacts by attempting to repress the violence completely (peace), that reaction seems to be worse than the original violence, the worst violence; it would amount to the complete elimination of life. The reaction of letting the violence be, while still violent, seems to be less violent than the complete repression reaction.
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Kho, Alvin T., Kaifeng Liu, Gary Visner, Thomas Martin, and Francis Boudreault. "Identification of dedifferentiation and redevelopment phases during postpneumonectomy lung growth." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 305, no. 8 (October 15, 2013): L542—L554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00403.2012.

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Surgical resection of pulmonary tissue exerts a proregenerative stretch stimulus in the remaining lung units. Whether this regeneration process reenacts part or whole of lung morphogenesis developmental program remains unclear. To address this question, we analyzed the stretch-induced regenerating lung transcriptome in mice after left pneumonectomy (PNX) in its developmental context. We created a C57BL/6 mice lung regeneration transcriptome time course at 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days post-PNX, profiling the cardiac and medial lobes and whole right lung. Prominent expression at days 3 and 7 of genes related to cell proliferation (Ccnb1, Bub1, and Cdk1), extracellular matrix (Col1a1, Eln, and Tnc), and proteases (Serpinb2 and Mmp9) indicated regenerative processes that tapered off after 56 days. We projected the post-PNX transcriptomic time course into the transcriptomic principal component space of the C57BL/6 mouse developing lungs time series from embryonic day 9.5 to postnatal day 56. All post-PNX samples were localized around the late postnatal stage of developing lungs. Shortly after PNX, the temporal trajectory of regenerating lobes and right lung reversed course relative to the developing lungs in a process reminiscent of dedifferentiation. This reversal was limited to the later postnatal stage of lung development. The post-PNX temporal trajectory then moves forward in lung development time close to its pre-PNX state after days 28 to 56 in a process resembling redevelopment. A plausible interpretation is that remaining pulmonary tissue reverts to a more primitive stage of development with higher potential for growth to generate tissue in proportion to the loss.
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