Relevant bibliographies by topics / Temporal metrics

Academic literature on the topic 'Temporal metrics'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Temporal metrics"

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Foote, Mike. "Temporal variation in extinction risk and temporal scaling of extinction metrics." Paleobiology 20, no. 4 (1994): 424–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012914.

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Many areas of paleobiological research require reliable extinction metrics. Branching-and-extinction simulations and data on Phanerozoic marine families and genera are used to investigate the relationship between interval length and commonly used extinction metrics. Normalization of extinction metrics for interval length is problematic, even when interval length is known without error, because normalization implicitly assumes some model of variation in extinction risk within an interval. If extinction risk within an interval were constant, or if it varied but played no role in the definition of stratigraphic intervals, then Van Valen's time-normalized extinction metric would provide a measure of average extinction risk that is effectively unbiased by interval length. When extinction risk varies greatly within an interval and interval boundaries are drawn at times of heavy extinction, extinction metrics that normalize for interval length are negatively correlated with interval length. Despite its intuitive appeal, the per-taxon extinction rate (proportional extinction per million years) is biased by interval length under a wide range of extinction models.Empirically, time-normalized extinction metrics for Phanerozoic families and genera are negatively correlated with interval length. This is consistent with an extinction model in which many times of very low risk are punctuated by a few times of very high risk which in turn determine stage boundaries. Origination and extinction patterns are similar, but origination intensity varies less among stages than extinction intensity. This observation has at least two plausible explanations: that origination episodes are more protracted than extinction episodes, and that biologic groups do not respond in unison to origination opportunities the way they seem to respond during extinction events. For families and genera, there is enough variation in extinction intensity among stages that stage length can be ignored when studying certain extinction patterns over the entire Phanerozoic.
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Knight, Rachael-Anne. "Assessing the temporal reliability of rhythm metrics." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41, no. 3 (November 11, 2011): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100311000326.

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Despite the current popularity of rhythm metrics, there has been relatively little work aimed at establishing their validity or reliability, important characteristics of any empirical measure. The current paper focuses on the stability, or temporal reliability, of rhythm metrics by establishing if they give consistent results for the same speakers, in the same task, on successive occasions. Four speakers of Southern British English were recorded reading ‘The North Wind and the Sun’ (NWS) passage on three consecutive days. Results indicated that some measures correlate more highly across time than others, and the choice of a measure that is both reliable and valid is discussed. It is suggested that the metric that best fits these criteria is formulated in terms of the proportion of vowels within an utterance (%V).
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Warren, Joshua L., Montserrat Fuentes, Amy H. Herring, and Peter H. Langlois. "Air Pollution Metric Analysis While Determining Susceptible Periods of Pregnancy for Low Birth Weight." ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013 (January 30, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/387452.

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Multiple metrics to characterize air pollution are available for use in environmental health analyses in addition to the standard Air Quality System (AQS) pollution monitoring data. These metrics have complete spatial-temporal coverage across a domain and are therefore crucial in calculating pollution exposures in geographic areas where AQS monitors are not present. We investigate the impact that two of these metrics, output from a deterministic chemistry model (CMAQ) and from a spatial-temporal downscaler statistical model which combines information from AQS and CMAQ (DS), have on risk assessment. Using each metric, we analyze ambient ozone's effect on low birth weight utilizing a Bayesian temporal probit regression model. Weekly windows of susceptibility are identified and analyzed jointly for all births in a subdomain of Texas, 2001–2004, and results from the different pollution metrics are compared. Increased exposures during weeks 20–23 of the pregnancy are identified as being associated with low birth weight by the DS metric. Use of the CMAQ output alone results in increased variability of the final risk assessment estimates, while calibrating the CMAQ through use of the DS metric provides results more closely resembling those of the AQS. The AQS data are still preferred when available.
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Ibadah, Nisrine, Khalid Minaoui, Mohammed Rziza, Mohammed Oumsis, and César Benavente-Peces. "Deep Validation of Spatial Temporal Features of Synthetic Mobility Models." Computers 7, no. 4 (December 16, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers7040071.

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This paper analyzes the most relevant spatial-temporal stochastic properties of benchmark synthetic mobility models. Each pattern suffers from various mobility flaws, as will be shown by the models’ validation. A set of metrics is used to describe mobility features, such as the speed decay problem, the density wave phenomenon, the spatial node distribution, and the average neighbor percentage. These metrics have already been validated for the random waypoint mobility model (RWPMM), but they have not yet been verified for other mobility patterns that are most frequently used. For this reason, this investigation attempts to deeply validate those metrics for other mobility models, namely the Manhattan Grid mobility, the Reference Point Group mobility, the Nomadic Community mobility, the Self-Similar Least Action Walk, and SMOOTH models. Moreover, we propose a novel mobility metric named the “node neighbors range”. The relevance of this new metric is that it proves at once the set of outcomes of previous metrics. It offers a global view of the overall range of mobile neighbors during the experimental time. The current research aims to more rigorously understand mobility features in order to conduct a precise assessment of each mobility flaw, given that this fact further impacts the performance of the whole network. These validations aim to summarize several parameters into 18,126 different scenarios with an average of 486 validated files. An exhaustive analysis with details like those found in this paper leads to a good understanding of the accurate behaviors of mobility models by displaying the ability of every pattern to deal with certain topology changes, as well as to ensure network performances. Validation results confirm the effectiveness and robustness of our novel metric.
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Victor, J. D., and K. P. Purpura. "Nature and precision of temporal coding in visual cortex: a metric-space analysis." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 2 (August 1, 1996): 1310–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.2.1310.

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1. We recorded single-unit and multi-unit activity in response to transient presentation of texture and grating patterns at 25 sites within the parafoveal representation of V1, V2, and V3 of two awake monkeys trained to perform a fixation task. In grating experiments, stimuli varied in orientation, spatial frequency, or both. In texture experiments, stimuli varied in contrast, check size, texture type, or pairs of these attributes. 2. To examine the nature and precision of temporal coding, we compared individual responses elicited by each set of stimuli in terms of two families of metrics. One family of metrics, D(spike), was sensitive to the absolute spike time (following stimulus onset). The second family of metrics, D(interval), was sensitive to the pattern of interspike intervals. In each family, the metrics depend on a parameter q, which expresses the precision of temporal coding. For q = 0, both metrics collapse into the "spike count" metric D(Count), which is sensitive to the number of impulses but insensitive to their position in time. 3. Each of these metrics, with values of q ranging from 0 to 512/s, was used to calculate the distance between all pairs of spike trains within each dataset. The extent of stimulus-specific clustering manifest in these pairwise distances was quantified by an information measure. Chance clustering was estimated by applying the same procedure to synthetic data sets in which responses were assigned randomly to the input stimuli. 4. Of the 352 data sets, 170 showed evidence of tuning via the spike count (q = 0) metric, 294 showed evidence of tuning via the spike time metric, 272 showed evidence of tuning via the spike interval metric to the stimulus attribute (contrast, check size, orientation, spatial frequency, or texture type) under study. Across the entire dataset, the information not attributable to chance clustering averaged 0.042 bits for the spike count metric, 0.171 bits for the optimal spike time metric, and 0.107 bits for the optimal spike interval metric. 5. The reciprocal of the optimal cost q serves as a measure of the temporal precision of temporal coding. In V1 and V2, with both metrics, temporal precision was highest for contrast (ca. 10-30 ms) and lowest for texture type (ca. 100 ms). This systematic dependence of q on stimulus attribute provides a possible mechanism for the simultaneous representation of multiple stimulus attributes in one spike train. 6. Our findings are inconsistent with Poisson models of spike trains. Synthetic data sets in which firing rate was governed by a time-dependent Poisson process matched to the observed poststimulus time histogram (PSTH) overestimated clustering induced by D(count) and, for low values of q, D(spike)[q] and D(intervals)[q]. Synthetic data sets constructed from a modified Poisson process, which preserved not only the PSTH but also spike count statistics accounted for the clustering induced by D(count) but underestimated the clustering induced by D(spike)[q] and D(interval)[q].
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George, Scott D., Daniel S. Stich, and Barry P. Baldigo. "Considerations of variability and power for long-term monitoring of stream fish assemblages." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 78, no. 3 (March 2021): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0013.

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Little attention has been given to optimizing statistical power for monitoring stream fish assemblages. We explored the relationship between temporal variability and statistical power using 34 metrics from fish community data collected annually at six sites over 10 years via electrofishing. Metric variability differed by the life stage and group of species considered, use of abundance or mass data, and data standardization technique. Lower variability was associated with community data, abundance data, and time-based standardizations, while greater variability was associated with young-of-the-year data, mass data, and area-based standardizations. Simulation-based power analysis indicated metric choice, and to a lesser degree, monitoring design (annual, biennial, endpoints, or haphazard sampling) influenced power to detect change. Across a fixed number of surveys (N = 60), endpoints sampling performed best. The N needed to detect change was heavily dependent upon metric choice for all monitoring designs, with the most biologically specific metrics requiring greater N. Large savings in effort and resource expenditure can be obtained utilizing biologically relevant metrics that are robust to temporal noise within an appropriate sampling design.
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Stoller, Scott D., and Thang Bui. "Mining hierarchical temporal roles with multiple metrics." Journal of Computer Security 26, no. 1 (November 30, 2017): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcs-17989.

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Chockler, Hana, Orna Kupferman, and Moshe Y. Vardi. "Coverage metrics for temporal logic model checking*." Formal Methods in System Design 28, no. 3 (May 2006): 189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10703-006-0001-6.

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Ellenbogen, Michael I., Laura Prichett, Pamela T. Johnson, and Daniel J. Brotman. "Development of a Simple Index to Measure Overuse of Diagnostic Testing at the Hospital Level Using Administrative Data." Journal of Hospital Medicine 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12788/jhm.3547.

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OBJECTIVE: We developed a diagnostic overuse index that identifies hospitals with high levels of diagnostic intensity by comparing negative diagnostic testing rates for common diagnoses. METHODS: We prospectively identified candidate overuse metrics, each defined by the percentage of patients with a particular diagnosis who underwent a potentially unnecessary diagnostic test. We used data from seven states participating in the State Inpatient Databases. Candidate metrics were tested for temporal stability and internal consistency. Using mixed-effects ordinal regression and adjusting for regional and hospital characteristics, we compared results of our index with three Dartmouth health service area-level utilization metrics and three Medicare county-level cost metrics. RESULTS: The index was comprised of five metrics with good temporal stability and internal consistency. It correlated with five of the six prespecified overuse measures. Among the Dartmouth metrics, our index correlated most closely with physician reimbursement, with an odds ratio of 2.02 (95% CI, 1.11-3.66) of being in a higher tertile of the overuse index when comparing tertiles 3 and 1 of this Dartmouth metric. Among the Medicare county-level metrics, our index correlated most closely with standardized costs of procedures per capita, with an odds ratio of 2.03 (95% CI, 1.21-3.39) of being in a higher overuse index tertile when comparing tertiles 3 and 1 of this metric. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a novel overuse index that is preliminary in nature. This index is derived from readily available administrative data and shows some promise for measuring overuse of diagnostic testing at the hospital level.
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Yang, Chun Ting, Yang Liu, and Jing Yu. "Research on Video Sequences Quality Based on Motion Intensity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 20-23 (January 2010): 1476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.20-23.1476.

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Perception video sequences quality metrics are of great potential benefit to the video industry, as they promise the means to evaluate the performance of acquisition, display, coding and communication systems. Many researchers have focused on developing digital video sequences quality metrics which produce results that accurately emulate subjective responses. However, to be widely applicable a metric must also work over a wide range of quality, and be useful for in-service quality monitoring. We have developed novel video distortion metrics for video sequences. The temporal correlations of video frames and the visual interest feature are considered in this method. Meanwhile the metrics are capable of capturing spatial distortions in video sequences. The metrics correlate well with subjective video transmission quality measures because perception distortions of human were took account of. Results are presented that demonstrate our perceptual quality metric performs better than existing methods.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Temporal metrics"

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Berthold, Stefan. "Inter-temporal Privacy Metrics." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för matematik och datavetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-33972.

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Informational privacy of individuals has significantly gained importance after information technology has become widely deployed. Data, once digitalised, can be copied, distributed, and long-term stored at negligible costs. This has dramatic consequences for individuals that leave traces in the form of personal data whenever they interact with information technology, for instance, computers and phones; or even when information technology is recording the personal data of aware or unaware individuals. The right of individuals for informational privacy, in particular to control the flow and use of their personal data, is easily undermined by those controlling the information technology. The objective of this thesis is to study the measurement of informational privacy with a particular focus on scenarios where an individual discloses personal data to a second party which uses this data for re-identifying the individual within a set of other individuals. We contribute with privacy metrics for several instances of this scenario in the publications included in this thesis, most notably one which adds a time dimension to the scenario for modelling the effects of the time passed between data disclosure and usage. The result is a new framework for inter-temporal privacy metrics.
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Berthold, Stefan. "Towards Inter-temporal Privacy Metrics." Licentiate thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för datavetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-7319.

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Informational privacy of individuals has significantly gained importance after information technology has become widely deployed. Data, once digitalised, can be copied and distributed at negligible costs. This has dramatic consequences for individuals that leave traces in form of personal data whenever they interact with information technology. The right of individuals for informational privacy, in particular to control the flow and use of their personal data, is easily undermined by those controlling the information technology. The objective of this thesis is the measurement of informational privacy with a particular focus on scenarios where an individual discloses personal data to a second party, the data controller, which uses this data for re-identifying the individual within a set of others, the population. Several instances of this scenario are discussed in the appended papers, most notably one which adds a time dimension to the scenario for modelling the effects of the time passed between data disclosure and usage. This extended scenario leads to a new framework for inter-temporal privacy metrics. The common dilemma of all privacy metrics is their dependence on the information available to the data controller. The same information may or may not be available to the individual and, as a consequence, the individual may be misguided in his decisions due to his limited access to the data controller’s information when using privacy metrics. The goal of this thesis is thus not only the specification of new privacy metrics, but also the contribution of ideas for mitigating this dilemma. However a solution will rather be a combination of technological, economical and legal means than a purely technical solution.
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Aiello, Silvio. "Centrality metrics and epidemic spreading on persistent temporal networks." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22106/.

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La dinamica di un’epidemia che si diffonde su una rete di contatti dipende dalla topologia della rete. In questa tesi si indaga la relazione tra proprietà topologiche dei nodi e loro ruolo nell’epidemia nel caso di reti temporali. Nello specifico, si studiano epidemie che si diffondono, secondo il modello Susceptible - Infected (SI), su reti temporali di tipo Discreto Autoregressivo di ordine 1 (DARN(1)). Questo modello di rete permette di controllare il ruolo della densità e della persistenza dei link sulla diffusione dell'epidemia. Per reti temporali, la Dynamic Broadcast Centrality di un nodo conta i cammini ordinati temporalmente che, da esso, portano a tutti gli altri nodi della rete. Nella tesi si mostra analiticamente che la Broadcast Centrality di un nodo fornisce una iniziale approssimazione dell'evoluzione dell'epidemia quando quel nodo è il primo infetto. L'esistenza di questa relazione suggerisce che la Broadcast Centrality sia la metrica che meglio può identificare i nodi più infettivi. La bontà dell'approssimazione è quantificata dalla correlazione tra la Broadcast Centrality di un nodo e il numero medio di nodi infetti quando l'epidemia parte da esso. Questa correlazione è inizialmente perfetta, poi diminuisce a una velocità maggiore per reti più dense o per maggior probabilità di infettare. Tramite un collasso delle curve di correlazione, ottenute per diversi valori dei parametri, otteniamo una relazione che permette di stimare quanto a lungo l'approssimazione rimane valida. Confrontiamo poi la Broadcast Centrality con metriche più statiche, per determinare se tenere conto della struttura temporale sia importante per predirre l'infettività dei nodi. Nel caso di reti con parametri omogenei, troviamo che la Broadcast Centrality prevede meglio l'andamento dell'epidemia rispetto alle metriche statiche. Quando invece la tendenza dei nodi a stabilire link è eterogenea, le performance delle diverse metriche diventano simili.
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Tang, John Kit. "Temporal network metrics and their application to real world networks." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610365.

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Khan, Hamzah I. "Evaluating Flexibility Metrics on Simple Temporal Networks with Reinforcement Learning." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/hmc_theses/116.

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Simple Temporal Networks (STNs) were introduced by Tsamardinos (2002) as a means of describing graphically the temporal constraints for scheduling problems. Since then, many variations on the concept have been used to develop and analyze algorithms for multi-agent robotic scheduling problems. Many of these algorithms for STNs utilize a flexibility metric, which measures the slack remaining in an STN under execution. Various metrics have been proposed by Hunsberger (2002); Wilson et al. (2014); Lloyd et al. (2018). This thesis explores how adequately these metrics convey the desired information by using them to build a reward function in a reinforcement learning problem.
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Mirkarimi, Hamed, and hamed mirkarimi@student rmit edu au. "Landscape ecological planning for protected areas using spatial and temporal metrics." RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080507.122506.

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The natural characteristics of protected areas have changed for a variety of reasons through time. Changes in protected area landscapes can occur because of natural and/or cultural processes. Natural processes such as geomorphological disturbance and climatic condition can permanently and/or temporarily change the characteristics of the environment. In addition, changes in human needs, knowledge and activities are the cultural driving forces behind changing characteristics of landscape through time. These changes can be studied both spatially and temporally. Spatially, protected area landscape structures such as shape, size and location with respect to their neighbourhood context can be studied to describe landscape configuration. Temporally, landscape functions such as different geographical locations and land characteristics can be studied to determine the rate of temporal variability in landscape. Any changes in temporal characteristics may lead to changes in spatial characteristics of protected areas and vice versa. This thesis has developed a framework to enhance the landscape ecological planning approach with attention to changes in landscapes of protected areas. Considering landscape ecological concepts, this framework draws upon spatial and temporal characteristics of protected areas. Initially, a basic model of the landscape ecological approach to protected area planning and data requirements for landscape ecological planning was developed according to the concept of landscape ecological planning. In order to examine the model in the real world, the data requirements for landscape ecological planning were implemented using a case study method. The basic list of data required for landscape ecological planning was further developed through the case study approach by highlighting the importance of road metrics in the process of planning. In addition, the case study approach proved that spatial and temporal metrics can be used in the interpretation of spatial configuration and temporal variability of protected areas th rough a quantitative method. The framework was developed for three case studies in Iran and three case studies in Australia. A number of metrics were applied in order to quantify spatial and temporal aspects of the protected areas. A list of spatial and temporal criteria was developed to assist interpretation of area compaction, spatial fragmentation and temporal variability of protected areas. Using the criteria list, a new framework for spatial and temporal evaluation of protected areas has been developed. This can be used to determine spatial and temporal management issues of protected areas at the landscape scale. Then planning scenarios for spatial and temporal issues of protected areas at the landscape scale can be suggested. The developed framework has the potential to be applied to all protected areas even where detailed ecological data and information are not available. In addition, when all data required are available, the developed framework using spatial and temporal metrics has the potential to suggest a flexible zoning plan for protected areas.
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Mcinerney, Ciaran. "Determining spatio-temporal metrics that distinguish play outcomes in field hockey." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2017. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/16599/.

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Rodríguez, Pupo Luis Enrique. "An Analytics Platform for Integrating and Computing Spatio-Temporal Metrics in Location-aware Games." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671588.

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This thesis presents an analytics platform for calculating spatio-temporal metrics in the context of geogames and context-based applications. It is based on an underlying conceptual model for spatio-temporal metrics, which consists of dimensions and variables to describe spatial and temporal phenomena, metrics functions to calculate application-relevant information and conditions using these data models, and actions to be triggered when certain conditions are met. The analytics platform is implemented as a cloud-based, distributed application that allows developers to define data requirements, collect required (client-generated) data, and define and execute spatio-temporal metrics. It is designed to handle large amounts of (streaming) data and to scale well under increasing amounts of data and metrics computations. The platform is validated in two experiments: a location-aware game for collecting noise data in a city and a mobile application for location-based mental health treatments, which shows its usability, versatility and feasibility in real-world scenario
Esta tesis presenta una plataforma de análisis para calcular métricas espacio-temporales en el contexto de geojuegos y aplicaciones basadas en el contexto. Se basa en un modelo conceptual para métricas espacio-temporales compuesto de dimensiones y variables para describir fenómenos con componentes espaciales y temporales, funciones de métricas para calcular información relevante para la aplicación, y acciones activadas cuando se cumplan ciertas condiciones. La implementación consiste en una aplicación distribuida basada en la nube que permite a los desarrolladores definir los requisitos de datos, recopilarlos en el cliente y ejecutar métricas espacio-temporales. Está diseñada para ser escalable en cuanto a los datos y al cómputo de las métricas. La plataforma está validada en dos experimentos: un geo-juego para recopilar datos de ruido en una ciudad y una aplicación móvil para tratamientos de salud mental basados en la ubicación, que muestra su usabilidad, versatilidad y viabilidad en escenarios del mundo real.
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Watson, Eric Craig. "Use of Distance Weighted Metrics to Investigate Landscape-Stream Temperature Relationships Across Different Temporal Scales." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3117.

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Stream ecosystems have experienced significant negative impacts from land use, resource exploitation, and urban development. Statistical models allow researchers to explore the relationships between these landscape variables and stream conditions. Weighting the relevant landscape variables based on hydrologically defined distances offers a potential method of increasing the predictive capacity of statistical models. Using observations from three grouped watersheds in the Portland Metro Area (n=66), I have explored the use of three different weighting schemes against the standard method of taking an areal average. These four different model groups were applied to four stream temperature metrics: mean seven-day moving average maximum daily temperature (Mean7dTmax), number of days exceeding 17.8 °C (Tmax7d>17.8), mean daily range in stream temperature (Range_DTR), and the coefficient of variation in maximum daily temperature (CV_Tmax). These metrics were quantified for the 2011 dry season. The strength of these model groups were also examined at a monthly basis for each of the four months within the dry season. The results demonstrate mixed effectiveness of the weighting schemes, dependent on both the stream temperature metric being predicted as well as the time scale under investigation. Models for Mean7dTmax showed no benefit from the inclusion of distance weighted metrics, while models for Range_DTR consistently improved using distance weighted explanatory variables. Trends in the models for 7dTmax>17.8 and CV_Tmax varied based on temporal scale. Additionally, all model groups demonstrated greater explanatory power in early summer months than in late summer months.
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Cooke, Richard Jeremy Edwin. "Link prediction and link detection in sequences of large social networks using temporal and local metrics." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6388.

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Includes bibliographical references.
This dissertation builds upon the ideas introduced by Liben-Nowell and Kleinberg in The Link Prediction Problem for Social Networks [42]. Link prediction is the problem of predicting between which unconnected nodes in a graph a link will form next, based on the current structure of the graph.
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Books on the topic "Temporal metrics"

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Grazioli, Erica, Channa Kolb, and Bianca Weinstock-Guttman. Temporal and Clinical Course of Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0010.

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The temporal and clinical course of multiple sclerosis is heterogeneous, varying among patients as well as over time in the same individual. Greater specificity in describing disease classification and course is important for conduct of clinical trials as well as prognosis for individual patients. This chapter reviews the results of recent consensus panels that have further defined the relapsing and progressive forms of multiple sclerosis through clarification of clinical relapse, subclinical relapse, active disease, and progressive disease. Clinical characteristics, conventional and nonconventional magnetic resonance imaging metrics, and immunologic and genetic biomarkers that can be used to predict disease severity and course are also discussed.
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Tenney, James. Hierarchical Temporal Gestalt Perception in Music. Edited by Larry Polansky, Lauren Pratt, Robert Wannamaker, and Michael Winter. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038723.003.0009.

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James Tenney talks about hierarchical temporal gestalt perception in music based on a metric space model, which he applied to compositions by Anton Webern, Edgard Varèse, and Claude Debussy. He begins with a discussion of temporal gestalt-units (TGs), using the terms “element,” “clang,” and “sequence” to designate TGs at the first three hierarchical levels of perceptual organization. He then considers a number of questions that might be the most relevant to musical perception, such as: how the perceptual boundaries of a TG are determined; or the extent to which the factors involved in temporal gestalt perception are objective. In an effort to provide some tentative answers to such questions, Tenney proposes a hypothesis of temporal gestalt perception and presents some results of a computer analysis program based on this hypothesis. The program, written by Larry Polansky, represents a simplified model of this aspect of musical perception, and Tenney describes some of the implications, limitations, and possible extensions of this model.
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Germana, Michael. “Modulate, Daddy, Modulate!”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682088.003.0005.

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Chapter 4 examines Ellison’s use of rhythm—specifically his incorporation of polyrhythms and his application of an advanced rhythmic concept called metric modulation—to express his beliefs about virtual temporalities and social change. The chapter illustrates how Ellison often places temporal constructs, including the static time of official history and the dynamic time of duration, into polyrhythmic relation in order to challenge an entrenched ideology of historical determinism. This process, and the critique that emerges from it, depend upon a related rhythmic concept, metric modulation, which creates metronomic instability within a musical composition and, in so doing, produces nodes of temporal bifurcation. Ellison’s use of polyrhythms and metric modulation are, like his ekphrastic references to the visual media examined in Chapters 2 and 3, expressions of his commitment to dynamic time and to the promotion of social changes that the actualization of hitherto virtual temporalities makes possible.
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Sudra, Paweł. Rozpraszanie i koncentracja zabudowy na przykładzie aglomeracji warszawskiej po 1989 roku = Dispersion and concentration of built-up areas on the example of the Warsaw agglomeration after 1989. Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego, Polska Akademia Nauk, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/9788361590057.

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The research problem undertaken in the study is the occurrence of dispersed and concentrated built-up (in particular residential) area patterns caused by suburbanisation processes in a large urban agglomeration, on the example of the Warsaw metropolitan area. The research concerned the period after 1989, when the political and economic transformation in Poland began. The historical and contemporary socio-economic conditions of suburbanization and urban sprawl are described, which have the features of a spontaneous, chaotic dispersion, quite different than in Western countries. It is partly to blame for faulty spatial planning. The succession of urban development into rural areas is subordinated to the factors of the construction market. In the empirical part of the analysis, topographic data on all buildings in the urban agglomeration and databases on land use derived from satellite images were used to investigate settlement changes. A multidimensional study was carried out relating to various spatial scales, types of spatial relations and territorial units. Measures of spatial concentration of point patterns as well as landscape metrics were used for this purpose. The indicators used were subject to critical methodological evaluation afterwards. The study was performed in several temporal cross-sections. The locations of new development in agricultural, forest and wasteland areas have been identified. Finally, recommendations for the implementation of appropriate spatial policy and improvement of the spatial order in the Warsaw agglomeration were formulated
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Lefroy, Ted, Allan Curtis, Anthony Jakeman, and James McKee, eds. Landscape Logic. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643103559.

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In 2005, researchers from four Australian universities and CSIRO joined forces with environmental managers from three state agencies and six regional catchment management authorities to answer the question: 'Can we detect the influence of public environmental programs on the condition of our natural resources?' This was prompted by a series of national audits of Australia's environmental programs that could find no evidence of public investment improving the condition of waterways, soils and native vegetation, despite major public programs investing more than $4.2 billion in environmental repair over the last 20 years. Landscape Logic describes how this collaboration of 42 researchers and environmental managers went about the research. It describes what they found and what they learned about the challenge of attributing cause to environmental change. While public programs had been responsible for increase in vegetation extent, there was less evidence for improvement in vegetation condition and water quality. In many cases critical levels of intervention had not been reached, interventions were not sufficiently mature to have had any measurable impact, monitoring had not been designed to match the spatial and temporal scales of the interventions, and interventions lacked sufficiently clear objectives and metrics to ever be detectable. In the process, however, new knowledge emerged on disturbance thresholds in river condition, diagnosing sources of pollution in river systems, and the application and uptake of state-and-transition and Bayesian network models to environmental management. The findings discussed in this book provide valuable messages for environmental managers, land managers, researchers and policy makers.
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Rao, Prasada. Welfare Comparisons with Heterogeneous Prices, Consumption, and Preferences. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.25.

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The chapter provides an overview of the methods and techniques employed by economic statisticians in compiling measures of real expenditure for use in making temporal and spatial comparisons of economic welfare. The role of money-metric utility in making price and welfare comparisons is explored. Temporal measures of price change based on the Konus cost-of-living index and the associated measures of welfare change for individuals and groups of individuals are discussed. Links between the commonly used Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher, and Tornqvist index numbers and the Konus index-based measures of price and real expenditure change are established. A section of the chapter is devoted to spatial price comparisons where heterogeneity in prices, consumption, and preferences poses challenges for statisticians. Multilateral index number methods based on the money-metric utility used in spatial and cross-country price and welfare comparisons including the Geary, Gini-Éltetö-Köves-Szulc, and spatial chaining methods are canvassed.
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Sklar, Lawrence. Time in Classical Dynamics. Edited by Craig Callender. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298204.003.0020.

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Time in even classical mechanics has yet to be fully appreciated by philosophers. This chapter begins with time as it is presented to us in Newton's famous “Scholium.” It shows how and why Newton developed a notion that has various specific features, namely, those needed for time to play the role it does in classical dynamics, and, first, asks the question of why Newton needed his “absolute” time. The chapter then deals with refining the concept of time; temporal metric and dynamical laws; and the place of time in foundational physics.
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Koslowski, Rey. Shifts in Selective Migration Policy Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815273.003.0006.

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Selective migration policies can be grouped into three ideal-typical models: the Canadian ‘human capital’ model based on state selection of permanent immigrants using a points system; the Australian ‘neo-corporatist’ model based on state selection using a points system with extensive business and labour participation; and the market-oriented, demand-driven model based primarily on employer selection of migrants, as practised by the US. This chapter compares the selective migration polices of the three countries in terms of policy outcomes measured by varying metrics, examines policy implementation that diverges from the models, and explores a trend in all three countries towards recruiting foreign students to become immigrants. It finds that Canadian and Australian practices are shifting towards the US demand-driven model as employers rather than government officials are selecting increasing percentages of permanent immigrants from pools of temporary foreign workers and foreign students already in Canada and Australia rather than from abroad.
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Book chapters on the topic "Temporal metrics"

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Nicosia, Vincenzo, John Tang, Cecilia Mascolo, Mirco Musolesi, Giovanni Russo, and Vito Latora. "Graph Metrics for Temporal Networks." In Understanding Complex Systems, 15–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36461-7_2.

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Vega, Davide, and Matteo Magnani. "Metrics for Temporal Text Networks." In Computational Social Sciences, 147–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23495-9_8.

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Chockler, Hana, Orna Kupferman, and Moshe Y. Vardi. "Coverage Metrics for Temporal Logic Model Checking." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 528–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45319-9_36.

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Stoller, Scott D., and Thang Bui. "Mining Hierarchical Temporal Roles with Multiple Metrics." In Data and Applications Security and Privacy XXX, 79–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41483-6_6.

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Tang, John, Ilias Leontiadis, Salvatore Scellato, Vincenzo Nicosia, Cecilia Mascolo, Mirco Musolesi, and Vito Latora. "Applications of Temporal Graph Metrics to Real-World Networks." In Understanding Complex Systems, 135–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36461-7_7.

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Vizzari, Marco. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis Using Urban-Rural Gradient Modelling and Landscape Metrics." In Computational Science and Its Applications - ICCSA 2011, 103–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21928-3_8.

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Bordel, Borja, Ramón Alcarria, and Tomás Robles. "Supervising Industrial Distributed Processes Through Soft Models, Deformation Metrics and Temporal Logic Rules." In Trends and Innovations in Information Systems and Technologies, 125–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45691-7_12.

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Pinto-Ledezma, Jesús N., and Jeannine Cavender-Bares. "Using Remote Sensing for Modeling and Monitoring Species Distributions." In Remote Sensing of Plant Biodiversity, 199–223. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33157-3_9.

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AbstractInterpolated climate surfaces have been widely used to predict species distributions and develop environmental niche models. However, the spatial coverage and density of meteorological sites used to develop these surfaces vary among countries and regions, such that the most biodiverse regions often have the most sparsely sampled climatic data. We explore the potential of satellite remote sensing (S-RS) products—which have consistently high spatial and temporal resolution and nearly global coverage—to quantify species-environment relationships that predict species distributions. We propose several new environmental metrics that take advantage of high temporal resolution in S-RS data and compare these approaches to classic climate-only approaches using the live oaks (Quercus section Virentes) as a case study. We show that models perform similarly but for some species, particularly in understudied regions, show less precision in predicting spatial distribution. These results provide evidence supporting efforts to enhance environmental niche models and species distribution models (ENMs/SDMs) with S-RS data and, when combined with other approaches for species detection, will likely enhance our ability to monitor biodiversity globally.
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Bertazzon, Stefania, and Scott Olson. "Evaluating the Use of Alternative Distance Metrics in Spatial Regression Analysis of Health Data: A Spatio-temporal Comparison." In Transactions on Computational Science VI, 267–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10649-1_16.

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Matthews, Geoffrey, and Pamela Buxton. "Museums, art galleries and temporary exhibition spaces." In Metric Handbook, 543–51. Sixth edition. | New York: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315230726-29.

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Conference papers on the topic "Temporal metrics"

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Wang, Ju An, Fengwei Zhang, and Min Xia. "Temporal metrics for software vulnerabilities." In the 4th annual workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1413140.1413191.

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Madsen, Curtis, Prashant Vaidyanathan, Sadra Sadraddini, Cristian-Ioan Vasile, Nicholas A. DeLateur, Ron Weiss, Douglas Densmore, and Calin Belta. "Metrics for Signal Temporal Logic Formulae." In 2018 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2018.8619541.

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Yang, Chunting, Lian Zhao, and Zaiyi Liao. "Spatial-Temporal Distortion Metrics for Video." In 2009 WRI World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csie.2009.606.

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Tang, John, Mirco Musolesi, Cecilia Mascolo, and Vito Latora. "Temporal distance metrics for social network analysis." In the 2nd ACM workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1592665.1592674.

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Hulse, Daniel, Christopher Hoyle, Irem Y. Tumer, Kai Goebel, and Chetan Kulkarni. "Temporal Fault Injection Considerations in Resilience Quantification." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22154.

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Abstract Resilience models assess a system’s ability to withstand disruption by quantifying the value of metrics (e.g. expected cost or loss) over time. When such a metric is the result of injecting faults in a dynamic model over an interval of time, it is important that it represent the statistical expectation of fault responses rather than a single response. Since fault responses vary over fault injection times, representing the statistical expectation of responses requires sampling a number of points. However, fault models are often built around computationally expensive dynamic simulations, and it is desirable to be able to iterate over designs as quickly as possible to improve system resilience. With this in mind, this paper explores approaches to sample fault injection times to minimize computational cost while accurately representing the expectation of fault resilience metrics over the set possible occurrence times. Two general approaches are presented: an a priori approach that attempts to minimize error without knowing the underlying cost function, and an a posteriori approach that minimizes error when the cost function is known. Among a priori methods, numerical integration minimizes error and computational time compared to Monte Carlo sampling, however both are prone to error when the metric’s fault response curve is discontinuous. While a posteriori approaches can locate and correct for these discontinuities, the resulting error reduction is not robust to design changes that shift the underlying location of discontinuities. The ultimate decision to use an a priori or a posteriori approach to quantify resilience is thus dependent on a number of considerations, including computational cost, the robustness of the approximation to design changes, and the underlying form of the resilience function.
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Barz, Christoph, Markus Pilz, and Andr Wichmann. "Temporal Routing Metrics for Networks with Advance Reservations." In 2008 8th IEEE International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGrid). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccgrid.2008.93.

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Henry, Elise, Loic Bonnetain, Angelo Furno, Nour-Eddin El Faouzi, and Eugenio Zimeo. "Spatio-temporal Correlations of Betweenness Centrality and Traffic Metrics." In 2019 6th International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems (MT-ITS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mtits.2019.8883379.

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Santoro, Maurizio, and Urs Wegmuller. "Multi-temporal SAR metrics applied to map water bodies." In IGARSS 2012 - 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6352430.

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Cito, Jürgen, Genc Mazlami, and Philipp Leitner. "TemPerf: temporal correlation between performance metrics and source code." In ISSTA '16: International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2945408.2945420.

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Tang, John, Cecilia Mascolo, Mirco Musolesi, and Vito Latora. "Exploiting temporal complex network metrics in mobile malware containment." In 2011 IEEE International Symposium on "A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks" (WoWMoM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wowmom.2011.5986463.

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Reports on the topic "Temporal metrics"

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Fraser, R., R. Fernandes, and R. Latifovic. Multi-temporal Burned area Mapping Using Logistic Regression Analysis and Change Metrics. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219870.

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Fraser, R., R. A. Fernandes, and R. Latifovic. Multi-temporal mapping of burned forest over Canada using satellite-based change metrics. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/219911.

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Watson, Eric. Use of Distance Weighted Metrics to Investigate Landscape-Stream Temperature Relationships Across Different Temporal Scales. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3113.

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Diggs-McGee, Brandy, Eric Kreiger, Megan Kreiger, and Michael Case. Print time vs. elapsed time : a temporal analysis of a continuous printing operation. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41422.

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In additive construction, ambitious goals to fabricate a concrete building in less than 24 hours are attempted. In the field, this goal relies on a metric of print time to make this conclusion, which excludes rest time and delays. The task to complete a building in 24 hours was put to the test with the first attempt at a fully continuous print of a structurally reinforced additively constructed concrete (ACC) building. A time series analysis was performed during the construction of a 512 ft2 (16’x32’x9.25’) building to explore the effect of delays on the completion time. This analysis included a study of the variation in comprehensive layer print times, expected trends and forecasting for what is expected in future prints of similar types. Furthermore, the study included a determination and comparison of print time, elapsed time, and construction time, as well as a look at the effect of environmental conditions on the delay events. Upon finishing, the analysis concluded that the 3D-printed building was completed in 14-hours of print time, 31.2- hours elapsed time, a total of 5 days of construction time. This emphasizes that reports on newly 3D-printed constructions need to provide a definition of time that includes all possible duration periods to communicate realistic capabilities of this new technology.
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Downing, W. Logan, Howell Li, William T. Morgan, Cassandra McKee, and Darcy M. Bullock. Using Probe Data Analytics for Assessing Freeway Speed Reductions during Rain Events. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317350.

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Rain impacts roadways such as wet pavement, standing water, decreased visibility, and wind gusts and can lead to hazardous driving conditions. This study investigates the use of high fidelity Doppler data at 1 km spatial and 2-minute temporal resolution in combination with commercial probe speed data on freeways. Segment-based space-mean speeds were used and drops in speeds during rainfall events of 5.5 mm/hour or greater over a one-month period on a section of four to six-lane interstate were assessed. Speed reductions were evaluated as a time series over a 1-hour window with the rain data. Three interpolation methods for estimating rainfall rates were tested and seven metrics were developed for the analysis. The study found sharp drops in speed of more than 40 mph occurred at estimated rainfall rates of 30 mm/hour or greater, but the drops did not become more severe beyond this threshold. The average time of first detected rainfall to impacting speeds was 17 minutes. The bilinear method detected the greatest number of events during the 1-month period, with the most conservative rate of predicted rainfall. The range of rainfall intensities were estimated between 7.5 to 106 mm/hour for the 39 events. This range was much greater than the heavy rainfall categorization at 16 mm/hour in previous studies reported in the literature. The bilinear interpolation method for Doppler data is recommended because it detected the greatest number of events and had the longest rain duration and lowest estimated maximum rainfall out of three methods tested, suggesting the method balanced awareness of the weather conditions around the roadway with isolated, localized rain intensities.
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