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Books on the topic 'Temporal meaning'
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1
The structure of time: Language, meaning, and temporal cognition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub., 2003.
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2
Sultan, Ahmad. Inter-temporal and inter-spatial comparisons of income: The meaning of relative prices. Washington, DC (1818 H St. NW Washington 20433): International Economics Dept., World Bank, 1993.
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Mreta, Abel Yamwaka. An analysis of tense and aspect in Chasu: Their form and meaning in the affirmative constructions. Hamburg: Lit, 1998.
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4
Cervantes, James. Temporary meaning: Poems. Maplewood, N.J: Hamilton Stone Editions, 2006.
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Dejan, Ničković, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems: 10th International Conference, FORMATS 2012, London, UK, September 18-20, 2012. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.
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6
Pratas, Fernanda. The Expression of Temporal Meaning in Caboverdean. De Gruyter, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110626629.
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Sullivan, Meghan. Neutrality and Meaning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812845.003.0011.
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This chapter considers and rejects the Temporal Argument for Nihilism: (1)The meaningfulness of an activity, at a time, depends upon it making a permanent difference in the world. (2) Nothing we can do will make a permanent difference in the world. (C) Nothing we can do has meaning now. Thechapter rejects (1) and proposes a way of finding meaning in life by appealing to temporal neutrality. First the chapter considers cases from Scheffler and Shiffrin which motivate (1). Next, the chapter considers two strategies for blocking this result: subjectivism about meaning and heavenly optimism. Both strategies are found wanting. However, if we embrace temporal neutrality then events can have meaning through connections with events either in the future or in the past. The chapter concludes with a temporally neutral response to nihilism.
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Evans, Vyvyan. Structure Of Time: Language, Meaning And Temporal Cognition (Human Cognitive Processing). John Benjamins Pub Co, 2004.
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Evans, Vyvyan. The Structure of Time: Language, meaning and temporal cognition (Human Cognitive Processing). John Benjamins Publishing Co, 2004.
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The Structure of Time: Language, Meaning And Temporal Cognition (Human Cognitive Processing). John Benjamins Publishing Co, 2006.
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11
Yust, Jason. Graph Theory for Temporal Structure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696481.003.0014.
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This chapter introduces mathematical graph theory and develops graph-theory concepts that are useful for temporal networks. By generating chord progressions from networks, the potential musical and temporal meaning of graph-theory concepts, especially cycles, is emphasized. A number of concepts related to trees are introduced to show hierarchical aspects of temporal structure, and to allow for a comparison of Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff’s prolongational trees to temporal structures. This suggests an enrichment of MOPs through spanning trees, and is channelled into a discussion of graph-theoretic algebras, cycle and edge-cut algebras, as they apply to temporal structures.
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Beavers, John, and Andrew Koontz-Garboden. The Roots of Verbal Meaning. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855781.001.0001.
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This book explores possible and impossible word meanings, with a specific focus on the meanings of verbs. It adopts the now common view that verb meanings consist at least partly of an event structure, made up of an event template describing the verb’s broad temporal and causal contours that occurs across lots of verbs and groups them into semantic and grammatical classes, plus an idiosyncratic root describing specific, real world states and actions that distinguish verbs with the same template. While much work has focused on templates, less work has addressed the truth conditional contributions of roots, despite the importance of a theory of root meaning in fully defining the predictions event structural approaches make. This book addresses this lacuna, exploring two previously proposed constraints on root meaning: The Bifurcation Thesis of Roots, whereby roots never introduce the meanings introduced by templates, and Manner/Result Complementarity, which has as a component that roots can describe either a manner or a result state but never both at the same time. Two extended case studies, on change-of-state verbs and ditransitive verbs of caused possession, show that neither hypothesis holds, and that ultimately there may be no constraints on what a root can mean. Nonetheless, the book argues that event structures still have predictive value, and it presents a new theory of possible root meanings and how they interact with event templates that produces a new typology of possible verbs, albeit one where not just templates but also roots determine systematic semantic and grammatical properties.
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van Hout, Angeliek. Lexical and Grammatical Aspect. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.25.
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The topic of this chapter is the acquisition of lexical and grammatical aspect. Given wide cross-linguistic variation in aspect expression, the learnability issues center around form-meaning associations: how do learners determine the meaning of a certain aspectual form? Focusing on the literature on telicity and on the perfective-imperfective distinction, two main results stand out. Predicate telicity is easier than compositional telicity. The completion entailment of perfective is acquired at different ages across different languages, somewhere between 2.6 and 5. One novel direction of research asks whether aspect is acquired easier in some languages than in others. The answers will uncover possibly universal aspectual primitives and heuristics that guide children with their task of acquiring temporal meanings.
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Any Time Is Trinidad Time: Social Meanings and Temporal Consciousness. University Press of Florida, 1999.
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Birth, Kevin K. Any Time Is Trinidad Time: Social Meanings and Temporal Consciousness. University Press of Florida, 1999.
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16
Jones, Geoffrey. Corporate Environmentalism and the Boundaries of Sustainability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198706977.003.0010.
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This chapter reviews the history of green entrepreneurship, arguing that green entrepreneurship was shaped by four different temporal contexts between the mid-nineteenth century and the present day. Although there were significant achievements over the entire period, it was only in the most recent era that green business achieved legitimacy and scale. Green entrepreneurs often had religious and ideological motivations, but they were shaped by their institutional and temporal context. They created new markets and categories through selling their ideas and products, and by imagining the meaning of sustainability. They faced hard challenges, which encouraged clustering which provided proximity advantages and higher trust levels. Combining profits and sustainability has always been difficult, and the spread of corporate environmentalism in recent decades has not helped. Although commercial success often eluded pioneers, by a willingness to think outside of traditional boxes, they have opened up new ways of thinking about sustainability.
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Hu, Xuhui. The syntax and semantics of English resultatives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.003.0003.
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This chapter argues that the English resultative construction denotes a single event involving two predicates. Therefore, only a single EP is involved in the syntactic derivation. The special thematic relationship is due to constraints imposed by the Integration Conditions proposed in Chapter 2. Dispensing with the CAUSE head of the event decomposition approach, this chapter explains the possible lack of causative meaning in English resultatives. A secondary predicate in a resultative can get a dynamic BECOME meaning (such as flat in John hammered the metal flat) because the secondary predicate shares the dynamic [iDiv] feature provided by V. Since both the activity denoted by the matrix V and the dynamic change of state take place in the same temporal scope of EP, the interpretation of a potential (and cancellable) culmination point is derived.
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Sullivan, Meghan. Time Biases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812845.001.0001.
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You are time-biased if you have systematic preferences about when events happen. There are different varieties of time bias. Near-biased agents discount events as they are scheduled further in the future. Future-biased agents discount events because they have already occurred. This book argues that it is irrational to be time-biased. In the process it develops the theory of temporal neutrality for rational planning. The first part (Chapters 1–4) describes two arguments against near bias: one based on well-being and one based on arbitrariness. It also develops a theory of egoistic concern. The second part (Chapters 5–7) argues that structurally similar arguments can be mounted against future bias. In the process it diagnoses issues we have understanding and measuring past discounting. The final part (Chapters 8–11) explains why we are time-biased and shows how the theory of temporal neutrality can help us determine when to stick to our past commitments, how to value an afterlife, and how to discover meaning in life even if we cannot make a permanent difference in the world.
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Calhoun, Cheshire. Living with Boredom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851866.003.0006.
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Rejecting the standard focus on boredom as a cultural or personal problem, this chapter examines how boredom illuminates the kinds of problems that evaluators face just in being evaluators. The chapter explores five reasons for boredom: (1) loss of temporal meaning; (2) normative constraints; (3) disappointment with present value qualities given the standards of what is worth attending to that one sets for oneself; (4) value satiety when spending extended time with a particular value quality exhausts one’s capacities to do anything more with it; and (5) leisure, whereby the agent is burdened with the task of finding things to do with herself.
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Peacocke, Christopher. The Primacy of Metaphysics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835578.001.0001.
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Is the metaphysics of a domain prior in the order of philosophical explanation to a theory of intentional contents and meanings about that domain? Or is the opposite true? This book argues from the nature of meaning and intentional content to the conclusion that content and meaning are never prior to the metaphysics. For every domain, either a metaphysics-first view or a no-priority view is correct. Metaphysics-first views are developed for several specific domains. For extensive magnitudes, a new realistic metaphysics is developed, and this metaphysics is used to explain features of the perception of magnitudes, and to elucidate analogue computation and analogue representation. A metaphysics-first treatment of time is developed and used to develop new accounts of temporal representation, and to address some puzzles about time and present-tense content. A metaphysics-first treatment of subject and the first person develops a new account of the ownership of mental events by subjects, and argues for a greater role of agency in the first person than in earlier accounts. A noncausal metaphysics-first view is developed for the natural numbers and the real numbers. The account gives an explanatory priority to the application of numbers to properties and to ratios of magnitudes. The final chapter of the book argues the materials earlier in the book permit a new account of the limits of intelligibility. Spurious concepts, such as absolute space, are ones for which there is no account of the relation that would have to hold for a thinker to latch onto it.
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Budick, Sanford. Hamlet’s “Now” of Inward Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698515.003.0006.
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This essay proposes that the key element in Hamlet’s experience of a self “within that passes show” is his systematic achievement of a transformed temporality. His instrument for achieving this other temporality is recurrent representation of a chiasmus of theatricalization—an interminable interchange between kinds of role playing—that propels the imagination’s quest for authenticity. Harnessing the power of that chiasmus momentarily brackets or suspends external reality and transforms time into an internal “now” or “presence” where inward being is disclosed. Husserl’s meditative model of the epoché and Kant’s account of the sublime are levied upon to aid in explaining the achievement of this temporal transformation and the meaning of the resultant inward “now.”
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de Warren, Nicolas. The Inquietude of Time and the Instance of Eternity. Edited by Dan Zahavi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755340.013.30.
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This chapter explores the meaning and importance of the question “What is time?” in the phenomenological philosophies of Husserl, Heidegger, and Levinas. As developed in this chapter, the question of time is for each of these thinkers inseparable from the question of subjectivity. To pose the question “What is time?” is equally to pose the question “Who is the subject in time?” In addition to a discussion of the relation between time and subjectivity, this chapter further examines how for each of these thinkers their respective understanding of time is configured around a twofold sense of temporal difference: the difference between past, present, and future within time; and the difference between time and eternity.
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Munson, Marit K., and Kelley Hays-Gilpin. Iconography. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.35.
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Images from archaeological sites are often engaging, sometimes mysterious, and always seem full of potential for insight into the lives and thoughts of people from the past. Unfortunately, most research into archaeological images relies on a narrow range of art historical methods and on parallels with ethnographic information. These approaches are valuable, but unnecessarily limited. In this chapter, we encourage researchers to expand their understanding of images, exploring how perceptual and social theories of pictures shape our understanding of meaning and discussing the benefits and drawbacks of formal, informed, and artifactual approaches to studying pictures. We also review major temporal and cultural patterns in image traditions in the Southwest, illustrating how iconography yields important insights into cosmologies, values, the advent and spread of religious movements, macro regional interactions, and social dynamics in the past.
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Liu, James H., and Felicia Pratto. Colonization, Decolonization, and Power: Ruptures and Critical Junctures Out of Dominance. Edited by Phillip L. Hammack. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199938735.013.11.
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Colonization and decolonization are theorized at the intersection of Critical Junctures Theory and Power Basis Theory. This framework allows human agency to be conceptualized at micro-, meso-, and macro-levels, where individuals act on behalf of collectives. Their actions decide whether critical junctures in history (moments of potential for substantive change) result in continuity (no change), anchoring (continuity amid change with new elements), or rupture. We apply this framework to European colonization of the world, which is the temporal scene for contemporary social justice. Several critical junctures in New Zealand history are analyzed as part of its historical trajectory and narrated through changes in its symbology (system of meaning) and technology of state, as well as the identity space it encompasses (indigenous Māori and British colonizers). The impact of this historical trajectory on the social structure of New Zealand, including its national identity and government, is considered and connected to the overarching theoretical framework.
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McAdams, Dan P. Life Authorship in Emerging Adulthood. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.004.
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A central psychological challenge of emerging adulthood is the construction and internalization of a self-defining life story or narrative identity. In authoring one’s own life, the emerging adult develops a personal narrative that selectively reconstructs the past and imagines the future in such a way as to provide life with purpose, meaning, and a sense of temporal coherence. This article sketches the main themes and processes involved in the development of narrative identity in emerging adulthood by briefly reviewing empirical studies and describing two notable case examples. Both Barack Obama and George W. Bush sought to create self-defining life narratives during their emerging adulthood years and, despite their many differences, both drew on important social relationships and deep cultural sources to develop powerful stories of personal redemption. As illustrated in the case examples, the development of narrative identity sets the psychological stage for meeting life challenges of the 30s and midlife.
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Mason, Peggy. Electrical Communication Within a Neuron. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0010.
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Postsynaptic potentials integrate across time and space within a single neuron. The influence of the length constant on spatial summation and of the time constant on temporal summation is described. Whereas passive properties give rise to graded potentials, the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) supports the all-or-none action potential. The action potential can be used to conduct information across long distances and is therefore used in the majority of neurons that have axons. How the inactivated state of VGSCs gives rise to the refractory period and dynamic polarization is described. The meaning of the action potential threshold is fully considered and then applied to understand the clinical condition of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Trains of action potentials carry information, and degradation of the spike train compromises the message. The speed of action potential conduction along both unmyelinated and myelinated axons is explored. In closing, an overview of demyelinating diseases is offered.
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Watson, Jay, and Jr ,. James G. Thomas, eds. Faulkner and History. University Press of Mississippi, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496809971.001.0001.
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William Faulkner remains a historian's writer. A distinguished roster of historians has referenced Faulkner in their published work. They are drawn to him as a fellow historian, a shaper of narrative reflections on the meaning of the past; as a historiographer, a theorist, and dramatist of the fraught enterprise of doing history; and as a historical figure himself, especially following his mid-century emergence as a public intellectual after winning the Nobel Prize for Literature. This volume brings together historians and literary scholars to explore the many facets of Faulkner's relationship to history: the historical contexts of his novels and stories; his explorations of the historiographic imagination; his engagement with historical figures from both the regional and national past; his influence on professional historians; his pursuit of alternate modes of temporal awareness; and the histories of print culture that shaped the production, reception, and criticism of Faulkner's work. The chapters draw on the history of development in the Mississippi Valley, the construction of Confederate memory, the history and curriculum of Harvard University, twentieth-century debates over police brutality and temperance reform, the history of modern childhood, and the literary histories of anti-slavery writing and pulp fiction to illuminate Faulkner's work. Others explore the meaning of Faulkner's fiction for such professional historians as C. Vann Woodward and Albert Bushnell Hart. In these ways and more, the book offers fresh insights into one of the most persistent and long-recognized elements of the Mississippian's artistic vision.
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Grethlein, Jonas. The Dynamics of Time. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803614.003.0010.
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The paper starts with re-assessing Fornara’s thesis that that the account of the Persian Wars in the Histories ought to be seen in light of the intra-Hellenic conflicts of the second half of the fifth century. There is irony in that a thesis which proved path-breaking for Herodotean scholarship at the end of the twentieth century was actually part of an investigation engaged with a question of nineteenth-century scholarship. The paper then takes up Fornara’s seminal observations about Herodotus and contemporary Athens and develops them further into a direction which ultimately leads to a Herodotus very different from Fornara’s Herodotus. The Histories’ concern with contemporary events, it is proposed, also reveals Herodotus’ profound understanding of the temporal dynamics of writing history. The oblique fashion in which Herodotus comments on Zeitgeschichte reflects an awareness that it is impossible to narrate events which are still in flux. Moreover, due to the dynamics of time historical meaning is inherently instable. Acknowledging that historiography itself is part of history, Herodotus historicizes himself.
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Aradau, Claudia. Articulations of Sovereignty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.375.
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Sovereignty has been variously understood as the given principle of international relations, an institution, a social construct, a performative discourse subject to historical transformation, or a particular practice of power. The “articulations” of sovereignty refer to sovereignty as a practice that is worked on and in turn works with and against other practices. Alongside territory and supreme authority, sovereignty is characterized by the capacity to make and enforce laws. Sovereignty has also been defined in opposition to rights, as the spatiotemporal limits it instantiates are also the limits of rights. Another conceptualization of sovereignty has been revived in international relations, partly in response to the question of exclusions and limits that sovereign practices enacted. In addition, sovereignty is not inextricably tied up with the state but is articulated with heterogeneous and contradictory discourses and practices that create meaning about the international, and has consequences for the kind of community, politics, and agency that are possible. There are three effects of the logic of sovereignty in the international system: the ordering of the domestic and the international, the spatio-temporal limits to politics, and the exclusions from agency. In addition, there are three renditions of the international as a “thick” social space: those of globalization theories, of biopolitics, and of empire.
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Lorino, Philippe. Postface: A few lines of temporary, exploratory, and practical conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753216.003.0011.
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The potential to process more abundant data through more sophisticated algorithms reinforces the expectation that situations can be controlled. However, what slips through the net of massive data processing and sophisticated algorithms is a distilled concentrate of radical novelty, puzzling uncertainty, and tangled complexity, for which we might be little prepared since ordinary riddles are increasingly systematically solved by systems and not by us. More than ever, we need to consider situated action as a central object of study, taking seriously its disruptive power and complexity. Pragmatism teaches us how to use sophisticated models without ever forgetting that they are not ontological representations but semiotic mediations, that novelty always pops up when least expected, that there is no susbtitute for life experience, and that others are always the challenging expression of otherness. Governing (rather than controlling) collective action is therefore an endless and often challenging collective meaning-making effort.
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Begiato, Joanne. Moving Objects. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802648.003.0014.
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The final chapter explores ideas of movement and the act of being moved in relation to materiality and history, in order to reflect on potential future directions of emotions and material culture as a field. From imaginative and supernatural movement, physical and temporal movement, to psychological and physiological movement, it considers the roles of a range of objects—both real and imagined—in constructing feelings and identities for individuals, families, communities, and nations. The chapter presents objects as time travellers, exploring how their emotional meanings are created in and across time periods, and asking when these meanings might come to an end.
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Johnson-Laird, P. N., and Sangeet S. Khemlani. Mental Models and Causation. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.4.
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The theory of mental models accounts for the meanings of causal relations in daily life. They refer to seven temporally-ordered deterministic relations between possibilities, which include causes, prevents, and enables. Various factors—forces, mechanisms, interventions—can enter into the interpretation of causal assertions, but they are not part of their core meanings. Mental models represent only salient possibilities, and so they are identical for causes and enables, which may explain failures to distinguish between their meanings. Yet, reasoners deduce different conclusions from them, and distinguish between them in scenarios, such as those in which one event enables a cause to have its effect. Neither causation itself nor the distinction between causes and enables can be captured in the pure probability calculus. Statistical regularities, however, often underlie the induction of causal relations. The chapter shows how models help to resolve inconsistent causal scenarios and to reverse engineer electrical circuits.
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Greenland, Thomas H. Hear and Now. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040115.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the communication between musicians and listeners during jazz performances: how performers engage listeners, how jazz audiences express agency, and how both derive deep meanings from reciprocal interactions that culminate in collective improvisations. The discussion shifts between the views of musician-performers and that of audience-performers, with special attention given to avant-jazz concertgoers. The chapter first considers how jazz musicians engage with lay audiences during performances and how listeners, as coagents and co-performers, engender and elaborate collective sociomusical improvisations. It then describes jazz's extramusical and metaphysical aspects and explains how it derives deep meanings from its racial and cultural heritage. It shows that the realization of jazz's profound intellectual, emotional, aesthetic, and metaphysical “truths” transcends the here/hear and now, the place and time of music-making, to create a temporary state of social and spiritual synergy.
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Stevens, Catherine, and Tim Byron. Universale in music processing. Edited by Susan Hallam, Ian Cross, and Michael Thaut. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199298457.013.0002.
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This article outlines areas of musical processing that may be universal to humans. Music here refers to temporally structured human activities, social and individual, in the production and perception of sound organized in patterns that convey non-linguistic meaning. Music processing refers to the neural contribution in perception, cognition, and production of music. The universal music processes discussed are hypotheses that require investigation and falsification in as many and varied cultural contexts as possible. The discussion begins with processes of grouping and segmentation, then moves on to statistically universal features of musical environments, and ends with more general-purpose psychological processes. It illustrates some processes drawing on examples of production of song from particular Australian Aboriginal cultures.
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Gray, Barbara, and Jill Purdy. Cross-Level Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782841.003.0010.
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To adequately characterize partnerships, we need to view them as cross-level phenomena (i.e. involving partners from different geographical or jurisdictional levels) because agreements that make sense at one level do not necessarily translate to levels above or below the original one. Scale of organizing refers to the spatial or temporal dimensions of a partnership and plays an important role in shaping how issue fields are defined. When partners frame issues at different scale, this can pose difficulties for partnership formation, representation, and design and also for evaluating outcomes. Several examples illustrate how scale differences add complexity and may create tradeoffs among desired partnership outcomes. The chapter distinguishes between the physical setting (space) and place (which has meanings, symbols, memories, narratives, norms, and power relations attached). Level of analysis (micro, meso, macro) is also important for studying partnerships and understanding how they change institutional fields.
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Young, Emma. Motherhood. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427739.003.0003.
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This chapter commences by contextualising the politics of motherhood in light of the feminist writings of Shulamith Firestone, Adrienne Rich and Julia Kristeva. The literary analysis focuses on the control of women’s bodies and societal expectations in the work of Roberts and how the critique of motherhood apparent in these narratives reflects a tendency of much second-wave feminist thought. The second section considers the writings of Simpson and how she invokes the narrative brevity of the short story to heighten the sense of spatial constraint the female protagonist’s, who are mothers, experience; but also the temporal constraints felt by those without a child, who are aware of their ageing bodies. ‘Maternal Loss’ explores the ambivalence at the heart of motherhood and feminism while questioning how understandings of the maternal contain broader meanings and significance across cultures and in the context of migration narratives. The concluding commentary engages with the topic of feminist generations and reflects on the ways in which motherhood has been explored and re-worked as a central feminist motif across various cultural moments since the 1980s.
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Hinton, David A. The Medieval Workshop. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.21.
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Archaeological evidence of medieval production is mostly in the form of residues rather than of workshops, although pits and hearths have been excavated. Apart from bone and antler, few organic products survive, unlike metal objects. This chapter considers the evidence for agricultural processing and production, textiles, metal-working, carcass products such as tanning, shoe-making, and bone-working, as well as stone, mineral (e.g. salt), and the more familiar clay products of pottery and tile production. Most recent developments have been in analyses, distribution studies, and considerations of the financial values and personal meanings of medieval objects. Most workshops were small scale and often temporary; only the cloth industry had the capacity to raise the capital required for substantial investment.
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Smith, Mark M., and Robert L. Paquette, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227990.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas offers authoritative articles on the history and historiography of the institution of slavery in the New World. With articles on colonial and antebellum America, Brazil, the Caribbean, the Indies, and South America, this book has impressive geographic and temporal coverage. It also includes a generous range of thematic articles on comparative slavery, the economics of slavery, and historical methodology in the field, slavery, and the law, for instance. While obviously indebted to the foundational works of the 1960s and 1970s, current writing on the history of slavery and forms of un-free labour in the Americas has taken decidedly original, new, often ingenious turns. A younger generation of scholars has shown a healthy respect for that tradition while posing new, often interdisciplinary, and theoretically informed questions, considering, for example, the nature and definition of slave resistance in the Americas, evolving meanings of gender and race under slavery, the complicated nature of class formation in un-free societies, the elaboration of proslavery and antislavery ideologies, the origins and subsequent elaboration of race-based slavery, and mechanisms of emancipation.
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Kesselring, K. J. ‘Murder’s Crimson Badge’. Edited by Malcolm Smuts. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660841.013.31.
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Shakespeare’s active life appears to have coincided with a temporary increase in both the homicide rate and numbers of people executed for murder in England. Drawing upon both print and manuscript sources, this chapter historicizes homicide in late sixteenth and early seventeenth-century England examining changes in murder’s incidence, legal definitions, and reporting in ‘true crime’ pamphlets. In addition to surveying the punishment of such relatively new forms of homicide as death by witchcraft and by dueling, it traces the developing distinctions between murder and manslaughter, including the new emphasis jurists placed on provocation over hotbloodedness. Highlighting novelties in a story that can seem unchanging, it argues that murder’s meanings proved particularly malleable in these years, not least in becoming clothed more completely in a rhetoric of ‘public’ interests.
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Richardson, John. The Neosurrealist Musical and Tsai Ming-Liang’s the Wayward Cloud. Edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733866.013.0034.
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This article appears in theOxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aestheticsedited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. This chapter theorizes an important new development in auteur cinema, the neosurrealist metamusical, through Jan Assman’s idea of “figures of memory,” which are aspects of cultural memory that are differentiated from everyday experiences by their ritualized and temporally displaced nature. Musical numbers in this view become figures of memory that highlight reflectivity. Tsai Ming-Liang’sThe Wayward Cloud (Tian bian yi duo yun, 2005) is a classic example of a neosurrealist metamusical, a surrealist sensibility manifesting itself in the film’s collage-like assemblage of genres-art house cinema, film musicals, and hard-core pornography-combined with an element of absurdism. The use of vintage popular songs as found objects is central in negotiating cultural meanings, including tensions between local Taiwanese culture and mainland China, the mediatized West and the local everyday. Although the film contains potent critical messages, its dominant modality is playful camp aestheticism, which is theorized by means of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s idea of “reparative reading.”
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Inayatullah, Naeem, and David L. Blaney. Units, Markets, Relations, and Flow: Beyond Interacting Parts to Unfolding Wholes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.272.
Full textAbstract:
Heterodox work in Global Political Economy (GPE) finds its motive force in challenging the ontological atomism of International Political Economy (IPE) orthodoxy. Various strains of heterodoxy that have grown out of dependency theory and World-Systems Theory (WST), for example, emphasize the social whole: Individual parts are given form and meaning within social relations of domination produced by a history of violence and colonial conquest. An atomistic approach, they stress, seems designed to ignore this history of violence and relations of domination by making bargaining among independent units the key to explaining the current state of international institutions. For IPE, it is precisely this atomistic approach, largely inspired by the ostensible success of neoclassical economics, which justifies its claims to scientific rigor. International relations can be modeled as a market-like space, in which individual actors, with given preferences and endowments, bargain over the character of international institutional arrangements. Heterodox scholars’ treatment of social processes as indivisible wholes places them beyond the pale of acceptable scientific practice. Heterodoxy appears, then, as the constitutive outside of IPE orthodoxy.Heterodox GPE perhaps reached its zenith in the 1980s. Just as heterodox work was being cast out from the temple of International Relations (IR), heterodox scholars, building on earlier work, produced magisterial studies that continue to merit our attention. We focus on three texts: K. N. Chaudhuri’s Asia Before Europe (1990), Eric Wolf’s Europe and the People Without History (1982), and L. S. Stavrianos’s Global Rift (1981). We select these texts for their temporal and geographical sweep and their intellectual acuity. While Chaudhuri limits his scope to the Indian Ocean over a millennium, Wolf and Stavrianos attempt an anthropology and a history, respectively, of European expansion, colonialism, and the rise of capitalism in the modern era. Though the authors combine different elements of material, political, and social life, all three illustrate the power of seeing the “social process” as an “indivisible whole,” as Schumpeter discusses in the epigram below. “Economic facts,” the region, or time period they extract for detailed scrutiny are never disconnected from the “great stream” or process of social relations. More specifically, Chaudhuri’s work shows notably that we cannot take for granted the distinct units that comprise a social whole, as does the IPE orthodoxy. Rather, such units must be carefully assembled by the scholar from historical evidence, just as the institutions, practices, and material infrastructure that comprise the unit were and are constructed by people over the longue durée. Wolf starts with a world of interaction, but shows that European expansion and the rise and spread of capitalism intensified cultural encounters, encompassing them all within a global division of labor that conditioned the developmental prospects of each in relation to the others. Stavrianos carries out a systematic and relational history of the First and Third Worlds, in which both appear as structural positions conditioned by a capitalist political economy. By way of conclusion, we suggest that these three works collectively inspire an effort to overcome the reification and dualism of agents and structures that inform IR theory and arrive instead at “flow.”
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Nygard, Stefan, ed. The Politics of Debt and Europe's Relations with the 'South'. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474461405.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
While debt has the capacity to sustain social relations by joining together the two parties of a debt relation, it also contains the risk of deteriorating into domination and bargaining. Throughout history, different understandings of debt have therefore gravitated between reciprocity and domination, making it a key concept for understanding the dynamics of both social cohesion and fragmentation. The book considers the social, spatial and temporal meanings of this ambiguity and relates them to contemporary debates over debts between North and South in Europe, which in turn are embedded in a longer global history of North-South relations. The individual chapters discuss how debts incurred in the past are mobilised in political debates in the present. This dynamic is highlighted with regard to regional and global North-South relations. An essential feature in debates on this topic is the difficult question of retribution and possible ways of “paying” – a term that is etymologically connected to “pacification” – for past injustice. Against this backdrop, the book combines a discussion of the multi-layered European and global North-South divide with an effort to retrieve alternatives to the dominant and divisive uses of debt for staking out claims against someone or something. Discovering new and forgotten ways of thinking about debt and North-South relations, the chapters are divided into four sections that focus on 1) debt and social theory, 2) Greece and Germany as Europe’s South and North, 3) the ‘South’ between the local, the regional and the global, and 4) debt and the politics of history.
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Forter, Greg. Critique and Utopia in Postcolonial Historical Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830436.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Postcolonial historical fiction offers readers valuable resources for thinking the prehistory of our present. The genre’s treatment of colonialism as geographically omnivorous yet temporally “out of joint” with itself gives it a special purchase on the continuities between the colonial era and our own. These features also enable the genre to distill from our colonial pasts the evanescent, utopian intimations of a properly postcolonial future. Critique and Utopia in Postcolonial Historical Fiction arrives at these insights by juxtaposing novels from the Atlantic world with books from the Indian subcontinent. Attending to the links across these regions, Forter develops luminous readings of novels by Patrick Chamoiseau, J. G. Farrell, Amitav Ghosh, Marlon James, Hari Kunzru, Toni Morrison, Marlene van Niekerk, Arundhati Roy, Kamila Shamsie, and Barry Unsworth. He shows how these works not only transform our understanding of the colonial past and the futures that might issue from it, but also contribute to pressing debates in postcolonial theory—debates about the politics of literary forms, the links between cycles of capital accumulation and the emergence of new genres, the meaning of “working through” traumas in the postcolonial context, the relationship between colonial and panoptical power, the continued salience of hybridity and mimicry for the study of colonialism, and the tension between national liberation struggles and transnational forms of solidarity. Beautifully written and meticulously theorized, Critique and Utopia in Postcolonial Historical Fiction will be of interest to students of world literature, Marxist critics, postcolonial theorists, and thinkers of the utopian.
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Pedulla, David. Making the Cut. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691175102.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Millions of workers today labor in nontraditional situations involving part-time work, temporary agency employment, and skills underutilization or face the precariousness of long-term unemployment. To date, research has largely focused on how these experiences shape workers' well-being, rather than how hiring agents perceive and treat job applicants who have moved through these positions. Shifting the focus from workers to hiring agents, this book explores how key gatekeepers evaluate workers with nonstandard, mismatched, or precarious employment experience. Factoring in the social groups to which workers belong—such as their race and gender—the book shows how workers get jobs, how the hiring process unfolds, who makes the cut, and who does not. The book documents and unpacks three important discoveries. Hiring professionals extract distinct meanings from different types of employment experiences; the effects of nonstandard, mismatched, and precarious employment histories for workers' job outcomes are not all the same; and the race and gender of workers intersect with their employment histories to shape which workers get called back for jobs. Indeed, hiring professionals use group-based stereotypes to weave divergent narratives or “stratified stories” about workers with similar employment experiences. The result is a complex set of inequalities in the labor market. Looking at bias and discrimination, social exclusion in the workplace, and the changing nature of work, the book probes the hiring process and offers a clearer picture of the underpinnings of getting a job in the new economy.