Books: 'Temporal constraints'

1

Yates, Abigail E. Reasoning with qualitative temporal constraints. Manchester: UMIST, 1996.

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2

Stergiou, K. Backtracking algorithms for checking the consistency of temporal constraints. Manchester: UMIST, 1997.

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3

Dutta, Soumitra. "Approximate reasoning about temporal constraints in real time planning and search. Fontainbleau: INSEAD, 1986.

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4

Dutta, Soumitra. "Approximate reasoning about temporal constraints in real time planning and search". Fontainbleau: INSEAD, 1986.

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5

Mavroedis, John. Update operations in indefinite temporal constraint databases. Manchester: UMIST, 1995.

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6

Papakammenos, Panagiotis. An SQL query language for indefinite temporal constraint databases. Manchester: UMIST, 1996.

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7

Hester, Todd. TEXPLORE: Temporal Difference Reinforcement Learning for Robots and Time-Constrained Domains. Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01168-4.

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8

Hester, Todd. TEXPLORE: Temporal Difference Reinforcement Learning for Robots and Time-Constrained Domains. Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing, 2013.

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9

Lips, Adrianus Leonardus Wilhelmus. Temporal constraints on the kinematics of the destabilization of an orogen: Syn- to post-orogenic extensional collapse of the northern Aegean Region = Tijdscontrole op de kinematiek van de destabilisiering van een orogeen : syn- en post-orogene, extensie gedomineerde, instorting van het noordelijk Egeïsch gebied. [Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht, 1998.

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10

Gao, Hong. Building robust schedules using temporal protection - an empirical study of constraint based scheduling under machine failure uncertainty. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1996.

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11

V, Gaede, and CP Workshop on Constraints and Databases (1996 : Cambridge, Mass.), eds. Constraint databases and applications: Second International Workshop on Constraint Database and Systems, CDB '97, Delphi, Greece, January 11-12, 1997, CP '96 Workshop on Constraints and Databases, Cambridge, MA, USA, August 19, 1996 : selected papers. Berlin: Springer, 1996.

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12

V, Gaede, International Workshop on Constraint Databases and Applications, (2nd : 1997 : Delphi, Greece), and CP Workshop on Constraints and Databases (1996 : Cambridge, Mass.), eds. Constraint databases and applications: Second International Workshop on Constraint Database and Systems, CDB '97, Delphi, Greece, January 11-12, 1997, CP '96 Workshop on Constraints and Databases, Cambridge, MA, USA, August 19, 1996 : selected papers. Berlin: Springer, 1996.

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13

1968-, Schwindt Christoph, and Zimmermann Jürgen 1963-, eds. Project scheduling with time windows and scarce resources: Temporal and resource-constrained project scheduling with regular and nonregular objective functions. Berlin: Springer, 2002.

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14

Shapiro, Kimron. The Limits of Attention: Temporal Constraints in Human Information Processing. Oxford University Press, USA, 2001.

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15

The limits of attention: Temporal constraints in human information processing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

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16

Shapiro, Kimron. The Limits of Attention: Temporal Constraints on Human Information Processing. Oxford University Press, USA, 2001.

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17

Gruber, Wolfgang. Modeling and Transformation of Workflows With Temporal Constraints ((Disdbis) Dissertationen Zu Datenbanken Und Informationssystemen). Ios Pr Inc, 2004.

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18

Meir, Roman, and Robert A. Vorobeychik. Introduction to Constraint-Based Temporal Reasoning. Springer International Publishing AG, 2014.

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19

Barták, Roman, K. Brent Venable, and Robert A. Morris. Introduction to Constraint-Based Temporal Reasoning. Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2014.

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20

Young, Emma. Motherhood. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427739.003.0003.

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This chapter commences by contextualising the politics of motherhood in light of the feminist writings of Shulamith Firestone, Adrienne Rich and Julia Kristeva. The literary analysis focuses on the control of women’s bodies and societal expectations in the work of Roberts and how the critique of motherhood apparent in these narratives reflects a tendency of much second-wave feminist thought. The second section considers the writings of Simpson and how she invokes the narrative brevity of the short story to heighten the sense of spatial constraint the female protagonist’s, who are mothers, experience; but also the temporal constraints felt by those without a child, who are aware of their ageing bodies. ‘Maternal Loss’ explores the ambivalence at the heart of motherhood and feminism while questioning how understandings of the maternal contain broader meanings and significance across cultures and in the context of migration narratives. The concluding commentary engages with the topic of feminist generations and reflects on the ways in which motherhood has been explored and re-worked as a central feminist motif across various cultural moments since the 1980s.

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21

Calhoun, Cheshire. Living with Boredom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851866.003.0006.

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Rejecting the standard focus on boredom as a cultural or personal problem, this chapter examines how boredom illuminates the kinds of problems that evaluators face just in being evaluators. The chapter explores five reasons for boredom: (1) loss of temporal meaning; (2) normative constraints; (3) disappointment with present value qualities given the standards of what is worth attending to that one sets for oneself; (4) value satiety when spending extended time with a particular value quality exhausts one’s capacities to do anything more with it; and (5) leisure, whereby the agent is burdened with the task of finding things to do with herself.

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22

Murnaghan, Sheila, and Deborah H. Roberts. Ancient History for Girls. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199583478.003.0006.

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This chapter considers the strategies used to make history texts and works of historical fiction set in antiquity appealing to girl readers of the first half of the twentieth century, who were increasingly exposed to books with active girl heroines. Despite the severe constraints on ancient women and girls, such writers as Dorothy Mills, Caroline Dale Snedeker, Erick Berry, and Naomi Mitchison contrive to provide their readers with independent, resourceful ancient counterparts. They achieve this by filling in the silences of the ancient record, setting their stories on the spatial and temporal margins of the classical world, and devising plots in which girls act in the place of absent or inadequate brothers.

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23

Hester, Todd. TEXPLORE: Temporal Difference Reinforcement Learning for Robots and Time-Constrained Domains. Springer, 2016.

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24

Hester, Todd. TEXPLORE: Temporal Difference Reinforcement Learning for Robots and Time-Constrained Domains. Springer, 2013.

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25

Hester, Todd. TEXPLORE: Temporal Difference Reinforcement Learning for Robots and Time-Constrained Domains. Springer, 2013.

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26

Papanicolaou, Andrew C., Nicole Shay, and Christen M. Holder. Imaging the Networks of Encoding, Consolidation, and Retrieval. Edited by Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.21.

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In this chapter, the authors examine the contributions of the functional neuroimaging literature to the specification of the neuronal networks of the mnemonic operations of encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. Although the most basic expectation regarding the involvement of parts of the medial temporal lobes, such as the hippocampus, in these operations was not consistently supported by the results of the neuroimaging studies reviewed, other expectations, such as the material-specific lateralization of activation were adequately supported. The several reasons that account for the limited contributions of neuroimaging to the neurophysiology of memory thus far, ranging from constraints imposed by the nature of the mnemonic operations (e.g., the fact that encoding and retrieval occur in tandem) to practical ones (e.g., difficulties in studying spontaneous retrieval), are outlined.

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27

Johnson, Samuel G. B., and Woo-kyoung Ahn. Causal Mechanisms. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.12.

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This chapter reviews empirical and theoretical results concerning knowledge of causal mechanisms—beliefs about how and why events are causally linked. First, it reviews the effects of mechanism knowledge, showing that mechanism knowledge can override other cues to causality (including covariation evidence and temporal cues) and structural constraints (the Markov condition), and that mechanisms play a key role in various forms of inductive inference. Second, it examines several theories of how mechanisms are mentally represented—as associations, forces or powers, icons, abstract placeholders, networks, or schemas—and the empirical evidence bearing on each theory. Finally, it describes ways that people acquire mechanism knowledge, discussing the contributions from statistical induction, testimony, reasoning, and perception. For each of these topics, it highlights key open questions for future research.

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28

Hu, Xuhui. The syntax and semantics of English resultatives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.003.0003.

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This chapter argues that the English resultative construction denotes a single event involving two predicates. Therefore, only a single EP is involved in the syntactic derivation. The special thematic relationship is due to constraints imposed by the Integration Conditions proposed in Chapter 2. Dispensing with the CAUSE head of the event decomposition approach, this chapter explains the possible lack of causative meaning in English resultatives. A secondary predicate in a resultative can get a dynamic BECOME meaning (such as flat in John hammered the metal flat) because the secondary predicate shares the dynamic [iDiv] feature provided by V. Since both the activity denoted by the matrix V and the dynamic change of state take place in the same temporal scope of EP, the interpretation of a potential (and cancellable) culmination point is derived.

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29

Bernasco, Wim. Mobility and Location Choice of Offenders. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.17.

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This chapter analyzes the main topics and questions about offender mobility and crime location choice in terms of individual motivations, resources, constraints, and decisions. It begins with a brief overview of the four main frameworks that have been used to theorize offender mobility and crime location choice. This is followed by a characterization of general human mobility as a series of cyclical movements between a limited set of anchor points, and a review of two research initiatives that collected detailed spatial and temporal information on offender mobility. The subsequent section addresses the extent to which offenders plan and prepare their crimes. The chapter also discusses two core elements in crime pattern theory, namely the facilities that attract offenders and offenses (crime generators and attractors) and awareness space. The final section discusses the spatial unit of analysis in offender mobility and location choice.

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30

Dubber, Markus D. The Dual Penal State. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744290.001.0001.

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Dual Penal State: The Crisis of Criminal Law in Comparative-Historical Perspective addresses one of today’s most pressing social and political issues: the rampant, at best haphazard, and ever-expanding use of penal power by states ostensibly committed to the enlightenment-based legal-political project of Western liberal democracy. Penal regimes in these states operate in a wide field of ill-considered and little constrained violence, where radical and prolonged interference with the autonomy of the very persons upon whose autonomy the legitimacy of state power is supposed to rest has been utterly normalized. At bottom, this crisis of modern penality is a crisis of the liberal project itself; the penal paradox is merely the sharpest formulation of the general paradox of power in a liberal state: the legitimacy of state sovereignty in the name of personal autonomy. To capture the depth and range of the crisis of contemporary penality in ostensibly liberal states, Dual Penal State leaves behind customary temporal and parochial constraints, and turns to historical and comparative analysis instead. This approach reveals a fundamental distinction between two conceptions of penal power, penal law and penal police, that run through Western legal-political history, one rooted in autonomy, equality, and interpersonal respect, and the other in heteronomy, hierarchy, and patriarchal power. Dual penal state analysis illuminates how this distinction manifests itself in the history of the present of various penal systems, from the malign neglect of the American war on crime to the ahistorical self-satisfaction of German criminal law science.

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31

Beavers, John, and Andrew Koontz-Garboden. The Roots of Verbal Meaning. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855781.001.0001.

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This book explores possible and impossible word meanings, with a specific focus on the meanings of verbs. It adopts the now common view that verb meanings consist at least partly of an event structure, made up of an event template describing the verb’s broad temporal and causal contours that occurs across lots of verbs and groups them into semantic and grammatical classes, plus an idiosyncratic root describing specific, real world states and actions that distinguish verbs with the same template. While much work has focused on templates, less work has addressed the truth conditional contributions of roots, despite the importance of a theory of root meaning in fully defining the predictions event structural approaches make. This book addresses this lacuna, exploring two previously proposed constraints on root meaning: The Bifurcation Thesis of Roots, whereby roots never introduce the meanings introduced by templates, and Manner/Result Complementarity, which has as a component that roots can describe either a manner or a result state but never both at the same time. Two extended case studies, on change-of-state verbs and ditransitive verbs of caused possession, show that neither hypothesis holds, and that ultimately there may be no constraints on what a root can mean. Nonetheless, the book argues that event structures still have predictive value, and it presents a new theory of possible root meanings and how they interact with event templates that produces a new typology of possible verbs, albeit one where not just templates but also roots determine systematic semantic and grammatical properties.

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32

Project Scheduling with Time Windows and Scarce Resources: Temporal and Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling with Regular and Nonregular Objective Functions. 2nd ed. Springer, 2003.

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33

Schwindt, Christoph, Jürgen Zimmermann, and Klaus Neumann. Project Scheduling with Time Windows and Scarce Resources: Temporal and Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling with Regular and Nonregular Objective Functions. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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34

Schwindt, Christoph, Jürgen Zimmermann, and Klaus Neumann. Project Scheduling with Time Windows and Scarce Resources: Temporal and Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling with Regular and Nonregular Objective Functions. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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35

Wallace, M., V. Vianu, D. Srivastava, and O. P. Gunther. Constraint Databases and Applications: Second International Workshop on Constraint Database Systems, CDB '97, Delphi, Greece, January 11-12, 1997, CP'96 ... papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 1997.

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36

Biewener, Andrew, and Sheila Patek. Animal Locomotion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743156.001.0001.

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This book provides a synthesis of the physical, physiological, evolutionary, and biomechanical principles that underlie animal locomotion. An understanding and full appreciation of animal locomotion requires the integration of these principles. Toward this end, we provide the necessary introductory foundation that will allow a more in-depth understanding of the physical biology and physiology of animal movement. In so doing, we hope that this book will illuminate the fundamentals and breadth of these systems, while inspiring our readers to look more deeply into the scientific literature and investigate new features of animal movement. Several themes run through this book. The first is that by comparing the modes and mechanisms by which animals have evolved the capacity for movement, we can understand the common principles that underlie each mode of locomotion. A second is that size matters. One of the most amazing aspects of biology is the enormous spatial and temporal scale over which organisms and biological processes operate. Within each mode of locomotion, animals have evolved designs and mechanisms that effectively contend with the physical properties and forces imposed on them by their environment. Understanding the constraints of scale that underlie locomotor mechanisms is essential to appreciating how these mechanisms have evolved and how they operate. A third theme is the importance of taking an integrative and comparative evolutionary approach in the study of biology. Organisms share much in common. Much of their molecular and cellular machinery is the same. They also must navigate similar physical properties of their environment. Consequently, an integrative approach to organismal function that spans multiple levels of biological organization provides a strong understanding of animal locomotion. By comparing across species, common principles of design emerge. Such comparisons also highlight how certain organisms may differ and point to strategies that have evolved for movement in diverse environments. Finally, because convergence upon common designs and the generation of new designs result from historical processes governed by natural selection, it is also important that we ask how and why these systems have evolved.

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37

Schwindt, Christoph, Jurgen Zimmermann, and Klaus Neumann. Project Scheduling With Time Windows and Scarce Resources: Temporal and Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling With Regular and Nonregular Objective Functions ... Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems). Springer-Verlag Telos, 2001.

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38

Garrett, Merrill F. Exploring the Limits of Modularity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0003.

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Psycholinguistic studies of language processing have revolved historically around “modular” and “interactive” accounts of language use. Experimental reports diverge in claims for the penetration of non-linguistic background information on processing for sentence comprehension. Syntactic processing effects can persist despite available contextual constraints that are sufficient to resolve temporary ambiguity or garden path errors. Nevertheless, there are multiple reports of interactive effects between basic sentence processing and both semantic and non-linguistic contextual information. The chapter suggests a rationalization of such conflicting findings in standard psycholinguistic and experimental pragmatic research, relying on interactions between language comprehension systems and language production systems. Production processes are designed to incorporate discourse and environmental constraints on linguistic formulation. These may be used to filter the products of comprehension mechanisms. A key feature of the argument for complementary roles of the two systems is a degree of modular processing for syntax to be found in both systems.

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39

Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Matter in curved spacetime. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0043.

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This chapter is concerned with the laws of motion of matter—particles, fluids, or fields—in the presence of an external gravitational field. In accordance with the equivalence principle, this motion will be ‘free’. That is, it is constrained only by the geometry of the spacetime whose curvature represents the gravitation. The concepts of energy, momentum, and angular momentum follow from the invariance of the solutions of the equations of motion under spatio-temporal translations or rotations. The chapter shows how the action is transformed, no longer under a modification of the field configuration, but instead under a displacement or, in the ‘passive’ version, under a translation of the coordinate grid in the opposite direction.

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40

Beaugrand, Gregory. Plankton Biodiversity and Biogeography. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199233267.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the biodiversity and main biogeographic patterns of marine plankton, the causes of such patterns, as well as factors that influence spatial and temporal plankton distribution. Plankton are influenced by a large number of environmental factors and as a result are not distributed randomly in the oceans and seas. Plankton biodiversity is constrained by hydroclimatic parameters such as temperature, bathymetry, and oceanic surface currents or large-scale hydrodynamic features such as the subarctic gyre. Plankton also follow most of the main divisions of the pelagic realm. The marine ecosphere can be divided into three main ecomes: (1) cold regions (Arctic and Antarctic), (2) cold-temperate regions, and (3) warm-temperate regions.

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41

Stang, Nicholas F. Transcendental Idealism Without Tears. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746973.003.0006.

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This chapter is an attempt to explain Kantian transcendental idealism to contemporary metaphysicians and make clear its relevance to contemporary debates in what is now called ‘meta-ontology.’ It first introduces some Kantian ideas about what objects are and argues that we understand the concept <object> through understanding what can be the referent of singular mental reference by some intellect (what Kant calls an ‘intuition’), human or otherwise. It then argues that explanatory understanding requires the ability to understand instances of relevant concepts, which in turn requires the ability to intuit objects that instantiate relevant concepts. This places a constraint on our ontology: we can have explanatory understanding only if our quantifiers are restricted to objects we can intuit (so-called ‘phenomena’). We can speculate about some of the recherché objects of contemporary metaphysics (e.g. physical simples, instantaneous temporal parts) but we cannot understand them.

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42

McLaughlin, Robert L. Sondheim and Postmodernism. Edited by Robert Gordon. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195391374.013.0002.

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This chapter places the musical theater of Stephen Sondheim and his collaborators in two contexts: the late-1960s aesthetic exhaustion of the integrated musical play and the rise of postmodernism as a cultural dominant. Self-referentially unintegrated and self-consciously performative, Sondheim’s musicals move beyond the constraints of the musical play and participate in the postmodern critique of narrative as an aesthetic, epistemological, and ontological structure.Company(1970) andFollies(1971) use a formal critique of narrative to disconnect identity from the structure of the life story.Merrily We Roll Along(1981) employs a backward-moving narrative to problematize a structure-completing, progressive conception of time.Road Show(2008) replaces the exhausted master narrative of the American Dream with multiple temporary and contingent narratives.

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43

Gao, Xiuping, and Chun Lan. Buddhist Metaphors in the Diamond Sutra and the Heart Sutra. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0010.

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This is a study of the metaphorical expressions in the Diamond Sutra and the Heart Sutra from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, with a special emphasis on five concepts, SPACE, TIME, LIFE, BUDDHIST PRACTICE and EMPTINESS. It is found that the Buddhist SPACE is AN UNSUBSTANTIAL EMPTINESS, structured along ten directions and filled with an immeasurable number of dusts, which in turn constitute an immeasurable number of SHI-JIE (WORLD) on four different levels. The Buddhist TIME follows the root TIME-AS-SPACE metaphor. The Buddhist LIFE, constrained along both the temporal dimension and the spatial dimension, is A CYCLIC JOURNEY IN THE WHEEL OF SIX PATHS. BUDDHIST PRACTICE is A JOURNEY FROM REINCARNATION TO NIRVANA. These metaphors help construct a Buddhist world which is distinct from but also related to the mundane world that we all dwell in.

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44

Nachtomy, Ohad. Modal Adventures between Leibniz and Kant. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786436.003.0004.

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This paper explores the philosophical transitions in the relations between existence and possibility in Leibniz and Kant. It begins with Leibniz’s formulation of a strictly logical notion of possibility; proceeds with Kant’s pre-critical statement in 1763 that existence is not a predicate; and ends with the Critique of Pure Reason in which the theory of possibility is constrained by the subjective conditions of experience (to supply the material for thinking possibilities) and is thus relativized to the human mind. I present Leibniz’s view of possibility against the traditional view of temporal modalities; and, in this light, his dual notion of existence. I then argue that, in Kant’s pre-critical essay of 1763, the view that existence is not a predicate is strongly related to the logical view of possibility advanced by Leibniz. I conclude with Kant’s transition to the critical period and its implications on the analysis of modality.

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45

Han, Shihui. Cultural priming on cognition and underlying brain activity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198743194.003.0006.

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Chapter 6 examines the effects of cultural priming on cognition and brain activity by reviewing brain imaging evidence that temporary shifts of cultural knowledge systems toward independence or interdependence can significantly modulated brain activities involved in pain-related sensory processing, visual perception, self-face recognition and self-reflection, monetary reward, empathy, and a resting state. These findings provide evidence for a causal relationship between cultural belief/value and functional organization of the human brain. The findings further suggest that functional brain activity is constrained by both the sustained cultural frameworks formulated during long-term cultural experiences and the transient cultural frameworks induced by short-term exposure to cultural values.

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46

Mills, Caitlin, Arianne Herrera-Bennett, Myrthe Faber, and Kalina Christoff. Why the Mind Wanders. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.42.

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This chapter offers a functional account of why the mind—when free from the demands of a task or the constraints of heightened emotions—tends to wander from one topic to another, in a ceaseless and seemingly random fashion. We propose the default variability hypothesis, which builds on William James’s phenomenological account of thought as a form of mental locomotion, as well as on recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and computational modeling. Specifically, the default variability hypothesis proposes that the default mode of mental content production yields the frequent arising of new mental states that have heightened variability of content over time. This heightened variability in the default mode of mental content production may be an adaptive mechanism that (1) enhances episodic memory efficiency through de-correlating individual episodic memories from one another via temporally spaced reactivations, and (2) facilitates semantic knowledge optimization by providing optimal conditions for interleaved learning.

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47

Pinto, Jeff. Managing Projects. Edited by Adrian Wilkinson, Steven J. Armstrong, and Michael Lounsbury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198708612.013.11.

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Projects, defined as temporary endeavours undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result, have become a common method for initiating and managing change in modern organizations. Once viewed as a specialized organizational operation within some well-understood settings (construction, new product development, oil and gas exploration, and so forth), projects have evolved to becoming the principle means by which both public and private organizations can make positive changes to their operating environment. Hence, the need for project management skills has never been greater, as more and more organizations seek to adopt project-based work as a proactive method for engaging their customer bases. This chapter highlights the key features of projects, including their critical constraints and management challenges. It focuses in particular on both the promising results that effective project management affords organizations as well as the myriad challenges that project managers face as firms adopt project-based work in their operations.

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48

Houlihan, Erin, and William Underwood. Emergency Law Responses and the Covid-19 Pandemic (Global State of Democracy Thematic Paper 2021). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.84.

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In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, governments have implemented a variety of extraordinary legal and policy measures to protect lives, mitigate the spread of the virus, and prevent health systems from breaking down. These measures have often included curbing some human rights, restricting travel, shuttering up classrooms, suspending government services, ordering the temporary closure of businesses, controlling or curtailing news reporting, and sometimes delaying elections. To do this, many governments have activated emergency legal frameworks that provide for the assumption of emergency powers by the executive and, in some cases the weakening or setting aside of ordinary democratic checks and balances. It is helpful to understand the different types of laws relied upon (or not) by governments to justify their assumption of emergency powers and their imposition of emergency measures. This paper examines and compares different types of legal bases for emergency powers, built-in safeguards and constraints specific to each type of emergency regime, the factors that may influence choices about which emergency legal response to apply, and the associated advantages and risks

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49

Reinecke, Juliane, Roy Suddaby, Ann Langley, and Haridimos Tsoukas, eds. Time, Temporality, and History in Process Organization Studies. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870715.001.0001.

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Process studies of organizations focus attention on how and why organizational actions and structures emerge, develop, grow or terminate over time. Time, timing, and temporality, are inherent to organizational process studies, yet time remains an under-theorized construct that has struggled to move beyond chronological conceptions of “clock” time. Missing from this linear view are ongoing debates about objectivity versus subjectivity in the experience of time, linear versus alternative structures of time, or an appreciation of collective or culturally determined inferences of temporality. This is critical because our understanding of time and temporality can shape how we view and relate to organizational phenomena—as unfolding processes or stable objects. History is an equally important but under-theorized concept in organization studies. Organizational theorists have struggled to move beyond two limited conceptualizations of historical processes: history as a constraint on organizations’ capacity for change, or history as a unique source of competitive advantage. Both approaches suffer from the restrictive view of history as an objective set of “brute facts” that are exterior to the individuals, organizations, and collectives that experience them. The historical turn in management has triggered an effort to re-theorize history in organizations in a more nuanced manner, and management theory is acquiring a “historical consciousness”—an awareness of time, history, and memory as critical elements in processes of organizing. This volume draws together emerging strands of interest in adopting a more nuanced orientation toward time and history to better understand the temporal aspects of organizational processes.

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50

Clack, Timothy, and Marcus Brittain, eds. Archaeologies of Cultural Contact. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199693948.001.0001.

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Abstract Archaeologies of Cultural Contact undertakes an exploration of cultural contact and cultural transfer, with a particular focus on the combination and modification of material and behavioural attributes under conditions of contact. From globalization and displacement to cultural legitimization and identity politics, the modern world is characterized by and articulated through dynamics of contact and transfer. The book recognizes that creolization, ethnogenesis, hybridity, and syncretism are analytical concepts and social processes not only of relevance to the postcolonial contexts of the twentieth century but to wide-ranging instances where contact is made between cultural groups. Indeed, in representing the re-working of pre-existing cultural elements, they were crucial and ever-present features of the human past. Characterized as passive, agentless, and unidirectional, this volume exposes and overcomes various limitations of competing models of cultural change. Ranging in their analytical frame, scale, and geographical and temporal location, the thirteen chapters in this volume demonstrate the diverse understandings that can be gained from explorations into the material remains of past contact. The volume permits insights not only into cultural change and difference but also the processes of appropriation, resistance, redefinition, and incorporation. Together, the contributions articulate the perspectives that concern practices in relations to people, places, and things and note how power dynamics mediate social interactions and sustain and constrain forms of cultural contact. This book will be of interest to researchers and students in archaeology and also those from cognate disciplines, particularly anthropology and history.

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Books on the topic 'Temporal constraints'

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