Journal articles on the topic 'Templeton soil'
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1
Di, HJ, and RA Kemp. "Variation in soil physical properties between and within morphologically defined series taxonomic units." Soil Research 27, no. 2 (1989): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890259.
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Eyre, Templeton and Wakanui series are morphologically defined taxonomic units which are used to partition alluvial soil variation across the Canterbury Plains near Lincoln College in New Zealand. The wider significance of the classification criteria is here assessed by quantifying the variability of physical properties of hydraulic significance ['field-saturated' hydraulic conductivity (Kfs), moisture content and bulk density] between and within the three taxonomic units. The overall effectiveness of the morphologically based classification system in partitioning variation in soil physical properties is considered by using analysis of variance. The classification of soils according to texture and mottling criteria is generally effective in separating soils in terms of the selected soil physical properties. Although some topsoil physical properties do not differ significantly between pairs of taxonomic units, all subsoil properties are clearly distinguishable between Templeton and Wakanui series. The differences are mainly attributable to spatial changes in soil texture and pore characteristics. Different amounts of variation in physical properties, however, are still present within each taxonomic unit. The variation in physical properties amongst the combined series taxonomic units is reduced to differing extents by the classification. More than half of the variance in moisture content at both topsoil and subsoil depths amongst Templeton and Wakanui taxonomic units, for instance, is accounted for by the classification, and is thus due to differences between the two series. Little contribution is made by the classification in reducing the heterogeneity of Kfs in topsoils. The classification is particularly effective in separating Wakanui from Templeton taxonomic units in terms of subsoil Kfs, an important property controlling water movement and storage.
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Webb, T. H., J. J. Claydon, and S. R. Harris. "Quantifying variability of soil physical properties within soil series to address modern land-use issues on the Canterbury Plains, New Zealand." Soil Research 38, no. 6 (2000): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99091.
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Lack of accurate data to estimate soil physical properties for soil types is limiting the wide application of simulation models to address modern environmental and land-use issues. In this study, systematic sampling of soil profiles for soil physical characteristics has provided an improved basis upon which to estimate a number of soil physical properties for 4 soil series. The selected soils form a soil drainage sequence on the post-glacial surface of the Canterbury Plains and vary from shallow sandy loam, well-drained soils to deep clay loam, poorly drained soils. Three profiles within 3 map units were sampled for each of 4 soil series. Three horizons in each soil profile were sampled for soil porosity values, particle size, and saturated and near-saturated hydraulic conductivity. Variability in all data, as shown by coefficient of variation, increased in the order: total porosity = field capacity < wilting point < total available water = clay content < readily available water < macroporosity < sand content < hydraulic conductivity. Hydraulic conductivity exhibited high variability within horizons, between profiles, and within soil series. Temuka subsoils had extremely high variability in saturated hydraulic conductivity and this could be explained by their coarse prismatic structure. Analysis of variance identified horizons that differed in soil physical properties between soil series. Horizons that do not differ between series may be given pooled soil property values for the pooled series. Total porosity, field capacity, wilting point, clay content, and near-saturated hydraulic conductivity had the greatest number of differences (60–70%) between series comparisons, while total available water had fewest differences (5%). The series with greatest differences in drainage class (Temuka compared with Eyre or Templeton soils) recorded the largest number of differences in water release characteristics and particle size. There were few differences between well-drained Eyre and moderately well-drained Templeton series. Subsoils of Eyre series differed in hydraulic conductivity from subsoils for the other 3 series, but few differences in hydraulic conductivity were found between horizons of Templeton, Wakanui, and Temuka series. Hydraulic conductivity estimates for these series can therefore be pooled.
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Vogeler, Iris, and Rogerio Cichota. "Effect of variability in soil properties plus model complexity on predicting topsoil water content and nitrous oxide emissions." Soil Research 56, no. 8 (2018): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18080.
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Despite the importance of soil physical properties on water infiltration and redistribution, little is known about the effect of variability in soil properties and its consequent effect on contaminant loss pathways. To investigate the effects of uncertainty and heterogeneity in measured soil physical parameters on the simulated movement of water and the prediction of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, we set up the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) for different soil types in three different regions of New Zealand: the Te Kowhai silt loam and the Horotiu silt loam in the Waikato region, and the Templeton silt loam in the Canterbury region, and the Otokia silt loam and the Wingatui silt loam in the Otago region. For each of the soil types, various measured soil profile descriptions, as well as those from a national soils database (S-map) were used when available. In addition, three different soil water models in APSIM with different complexities (SWIM2, SWIM3, and SoilWat) were evaluated. Model outputs were compared with temporal soil water content measurements within the top 75mm at the various experimental sites. Results show that the profile description, as well as the soil water model used affected the prediction accuracy of soil water content. The smallest difference between soil profile descriptions was found for the Templeton soil series, where the model efficiency (NSE) was positive for all soil profile descriptions, and the RMSE ranged from 0.055 to 0.069m3/m3. The greatest difference was found for the Te Kowhai soil, where only one of the descriptions showed a positive NSE, and the other two profile descriptions overestimated measured topsoil water contents. Furthermore, it was shown that the soil profile description highly affects N2O emissions from urinary N deposited during animal grazing. However, the relative difference between the emissions was not always related to the accuracy of the measured soil water content, with soil organic carbon content also affecting emissions.
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Magat, S. S., and K. M. Goh. "Effects of chloride fertilizers on yield and uptake of chloride, potassium and sodium by fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in two New Zealand soils." Journal of Agricultural Science 111, no. 2 (October 1988): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600083155.
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summaryThe effects of applications of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) ranging from 0 to 720 kg Cl/ha on the yield and uptakes of chloride (Cl) potassium (K) and sodium (Na) by fodder beet were studied in field experiments at two sites in New Zealand. At 360 kg Cl/ha applied, both NaCl (590 kg/ha) and KC1 (758 kg/ha) increased significantly yields of fresh roots, dry roots and fresh sugar content of fodder beet over the minus-Cl plants. Compared with the sulphate anion, chloride application stimulated K uptake in tops and roots. Results indicated that in the beet crop, uptake of K is enhanced with the presence or addition of Cl (as NaCl) compared with SO4 (as NaSO4).In both soils, total (tops and roots) uptakes of K, Cl, and Na were significantly correlated with fresh roots, dry roots and fresh sugar content. Multiple regression analyses showed that total K uptake was the main nutritional factor which determined yields of fresh and dry roots in the Templeton soil, whilst in the Wakanui soil total Cl uptake and total K+total Cl uptakes determined fresh root and dry root yields, respectively. In both soils, high Cl uptake was required for increased sugar yields.
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Nguyen, M. L., and K. M. Goh. "Distribution, transformations and recovery of urinary sulphur and sources of plant-available soil sulphur in irrigated pasture soil–plant systems treated with 35sulphur-labelled urine." Journal of Agricultural Science 122, no. 1 (February 1994): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600065837.
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SUMMARYA field plot experiment of 271 days duration was conducted on New Zealand irrigated pastures, commencing in the summer (January) 1988, on a Templeton silt loam soil (Udic Ustochrept) by applying 35sulphur (35S)-labelled urine (250 μCi/g S with 1300 μg S/ml) to field plots (600 × 600 mm) at a rate equivalent to that normally occurring in sheep urine patches (150 ml/0·03 m2) to investigate the distribution, transformations and recovery of urinary S in pasture soil–plant systems and sources of plant-available soil S as influenced by the available soil moisture at the time of urine application and varying amounts of applied irrigation water. Results obtained showed that c. 55–90% of 35S-labelled urine was incorporated into soil sulphate (SO42−), ester SO42− and carbon (C)-bonded S fractions within the major plant rooting zone (0–300 mm), as early as 27 days after urine application. Hydriodic acid (Hl)-reducible and C-bonded soil S fractions showed no consistent trend of incorporation. On day 271, labelled-S was found in soil SO42−, Hl-reducible S and C-bonded S fractions to a soil depth of 500 mm, indicating that not only SO42− but also organic S fractions from soils and 35S-labelled urine were leached beyond the major rooting zone. A large proportion (c. 59–75%) of 35S-labelled urine was not recovered in pasture soil–plant systems over a 271-day period, presumably due to leaching losses beyond the 0–300 mm soil depth. This estimated leaching loss was comparable to that (75%) predicted using the S model developed by the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture. The recovery of urinary S in soil–plant systems over a 271-day period was not affected by different amounts of irrigation water applied 7 days after urine application to soil at either 50 or 75% available water holding capacity (AWHC). However, significantly lower S recovery occurred when urinary S was applied to the soil at 25% AWHC than at field capacity, suggesting that urinary S applied at field capacity might not have sufficient time to be adsorbed by soil particles, enter soil micropores or be immobilized by soil micro-organisms. Both soil ester SO42− and calcium phosphate-extractable soil S in urine-treated soils were found to be major S sources for pasture S uptake. Labelled S from 35S-labelled urine accounted for c. 12–47% of total S in pasture herbage.
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Carey, P. L., V. J. Bidwell, and R. G. McLaren. "Chromium(VI) leaching from large undisturbed soil lysimeters following application of a simulated copper-chromium-arsenic (CCA) timber preservative." Soil Research 40, no. 2 (2002): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01033.
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Copper, chromium, and arsenic (CCA) solutions are commonly used in New Zealand as a means of preserving softwood timbers such as Pinus radiata. With stock working solutions of CCA salts in timber treatment plants frequently 10% w/v or more, there exists a potential for spillage and leaching of these compounds to groundwater. High concentrations of Cr(VI) (up to 52 mg Cr/L) were found in the leachates of large undisturbed soil lysimeters where a Templeton sandy loam (Immature Pallic) had received surface applications of a simulated copper, chromium, and arsenic (CCA) timber preservative. Leaching was produced by using a combination of natural and imposed rainfall simulation over the lysimeters for a period of 102 days after CCA application. An average of 26% of the applied chromium was collected in the leachates after 102 days. Of the mean 74% of Cr(VI) still retained within the soil profile after leaching ended, almost half was located in the top 100 mm of the profile. No copper or arsenic was detected in any of the lysimeter leachates, with soil analysis indicating that these elements had been retained within the soil profile. In an incubation study, soil cores sampled from the same Templeton sandy loam and split into alternate 50-mm segments (to 450 mm) were stored at 10˚C for 102 days after addition of an identical CCA solution. These were periodically extracted for available chromium. Results showed that the reduction of dichromate/chromate anions (Cr2O72–/CrO42–) to the strongly sorbed chromic cation (Cr3+) was largely first-order and greatest in surface layers where soil organic matter contents were largest. After 102 days, <1% of the added Cr(VI) was still extractable in the 0–50 mm soil cores whilst ≈60% of Cr(VI) in the 400–450 mm cores (or deeper) was still extractable after the same period. A linear systems model comprising a series of conceptual mixing cells was used to describe the individual and mean Cr(VI) leaching breakthrough curves (BTCs). This State-Space Mixing Cell model proved effective in simulating the Cr(VI) leaching using first-order kinetics to quantify rate-limited local solute adsorption coupled to advective-dispersive transport. The solute mass involved in the model process was ≈30%. The bulk of the remaining 70% of applied dichromate was assumed to have undergone reduction to the non-mobile chromium cation. This study shows that there exists a significant potential for Cr(VI) to be a serious threat to groundwater in the event of a large uncontained spillage of a concentrated CCA solution. This potential can be significantly lessened if the Cr(VI) is reduced after retention in an organic matter rich layer.
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Carey, P. L., V. D. Bidwell, and R. G. McLaren. "Corrigendum to: Chromium(IV) leaching from large undisturbed soil lysimeters following application of a simulated copper-chromium-arsenic (CCA) timber preservative." Soil Research 40, no. 4 (2002): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01033_co.
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Copper, chromium, and arsenic (CCA) solutions are commonly used in New Zealand as a means of preserving softwood timbers such as Pinus radiata. With stock working solutions of CCA salts in timber treatment plants frequently 10% w/v or more, there exists a potential for spillage and leaching of these compounds to groundwater. High concentrations of Cr(VI) (up to 52 mg Cr/L) were found in the leachates of large undisturbed soil lysimeters where a Templeton sandy loam (Immature Pallic) had received surface applications of a simulated copper, chromium, and arsenic (CCA) timber preservative. Leaching was produced by using a combination of natural and imposed rainfall simulation over the lysimeters for a period of 102 days after CCA application. An average of 26% of the applied chromium was collected in the leachates after 102 days. Of the mean 74% of Cr(VI) still retained within the soil profile after leaching ended, almost half was located in the top 100 mm of the profile. No copper or arsenic was detected in any of the lysimeter leachates, with soil analysis indicating that these elements had been retained within the soil profile. In an incubation study, soil cores sampled from the same Templeton sandy loam and split into alternate 50-mm segments (to 450 mm) were stored at 10˚C for 102 days after addition of an identical CCA solution. These were periodically extracted for available chromium. Results showed that the reduction of dichromate/chromate anions (Cr2O72–/CrO42–) to the strongly sorbed chromic cation (Cr3+) was largely first-order and greatest in surface layers where soil organic matter contents were largest. After 102 days, <1% of the added Cr(VI) was still extractable in the 0–50 mm soil cores whilst ≈60% of Cr(VI) in the 400–450 mm cores (or deeper) was still extractable after the same period. A linear systems model comprising a series of conceptual mixing cells was used to describe the individual and mean Cr(VI) leaching breakthrough curves (BTCs). This State-Space Mixing Cell model proved effective in simulating the Cr(VI) leaching using first-order kinetics to quantify rate-limited local solute adsorption coupled to advective-dispersive transport. The solute mass involved in the model process was ≈30%. The bulk of the remaining 70% of applied dichromate was assumed to have undergone reduction to the non-mobile chromium cation. This study shows that there exists a significant potential for Cr(VI) to be a serious threat to groundwater in the event of a large uncontained spillage of a concentrated CCA solution. This potential can be significantly lessened if the Cr(VI) is reduced after retention in an organic matter rich layer.
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Cameron, K. C., and H. J. Di. "Nitrogen leaching losses from different forms and rates of farm effluent applied to a Templeton soil in Canterbury, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 4 (December 2004): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2004.9513611.
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Silva, R. G., K. C. Cameron, H. J. Di, N. P. Smith, and G. D. Buchan. "Effect of macropore flow on the transport of surface-applied cow urine through a soil profile." Soil Research 38, no. 1 (2000): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99016.
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A field lysimeter experiment was conducted to determine the effect of macropore flow on the transport of surface-applied cow urine N through soil. The lysimeters (500 mm diameter by 700 mm depth) used for this experiment were collected from Templeton fine sandy loam soil (Udic Ustochrept), which had been under ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture for 9–10 years. The effect of macropore flow on urine-N leaching was determined by leaching experiments under 0.5 kPa and 0 kPa water tensions (suctions) imposed on top of the lysimeter using a disc tension infiltrometer. The 0.5 kPa suction prevented soil pores >600 µm diameter from conducting water and solutes, while the 0 kPa suction allowed conduction under ‘field saturated’ condition. Pores >600 µm diameter transmitted about 98% of the total nitrogen (N) leached below 700 mm depth. The main form of N transmitted under 0 kPa was ammonium (NH4 -N), accounting for 10.5% of the total N applied at 0 kPa suction. This was significantly higher than the amount of NH 4 -N leached at 0.5 kPa suction, which accounted for 0.17% of N applied. The urea-N in the leachate reached 16 mg/L at 0 kPa suction, and accounted for 1.6% of the total N applied. No urea was detected in the leachate at the 0.5 kPa suction. The concentrations and amounts of nitrate (NO3 -N) leached were very low and did not differ between the two suctions. The forms and amounts of N leached were affected by the interactions of macropore flow and N transformations in the soil, and the environmental conditions during the two leaching events. From this work, it is recommended that stock should be removed 1–2 days before irrigation water is applied as this will allow animal urine to diffuse into soil micropores and thus decrease N leaching by macropore flow.
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Chakwizira, E., J. M. De Ruiter, S. Maley, S. J. Dellow, M. J. George, and A. J. Michel. "Water use efficiency of fodder beet crops." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 76 (January 1, 2014): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2014.76.2969.
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Abstract In New Zealand, summer rainfall is unpredictable and usually insufficient to meet crop water requirements. The impact of water availability on yield potential of fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is unknown. A single year, single site replicated field experiment investigating biomass production, water use (WU) and water use efficiency (WUE) was carried out on a deep Templeton silt loam soil at Lincoln in 2013. The experiment had four water treatments: 1: Rain fed control, 2: Full potential evapotranspiration (ETo) replaced weekly, 3: 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks and 4: 50% of ETo replaced weekly. Final dry matter (DM) yield differed with treatments, increasing from an average of 24 t/ha for the rain fed crops and those receiving 50% of ETo weekly to 28 t/ha for the full ETo replacement crops and those receiving 50% of ETo once every 3 weeks. Water use more than doubled with full irrigation compared with the rain fed crops (774 vs 316 mm). The WU for the intermediate crops was 483 mm. However, DM yield was higher for the treatment with 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks rather than weekly. Water use was related to DM yield and accounted for the observed variation (R2=0.75) in final yield. The WUE decreased with water supply, from 80 kg DM/ha/mm for the rain fed crops to 46 kg DM/ha/mm for the full ETo replacement treatments, and 64 and 57 kg DM/ha/mm for the 50% of ETo replaced weekly and every 3 weeks, respectively. Similar DM yield and marginal WUE for the full ETo treatments and those receiving 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks, meant that the most economic WUE was 57 kg DM/ha/mm. Although these results are from a single and site, they suggest that full ETo replacement was uneconomic in this type of soil and therefore partial irrigation to 50% of ETo replaced every 3 weeks may be the optimum for this type of soil. It is recommended to investigate similar treatments on shallow and stony soils. Keywords: Beta vulgaris L., evapotranspiration, water use, water use efficiency, water extraction pattern, water extraction depth.
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Jiang, Shuang, Graeme D. Buchan, Mike J. Noonan, Neil Smith, Liping Pang, and Murray Close. "Bacterial leaching from dairy shed effluent applied to a fine sandy loam under irrigated pasture." Soil Research 46, no. 7 (2008): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07216.
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This experiment investigated bacterial transport from land-applied dairy shed effluent (DSE), via field lysimeter studies, using 2 contrasting irrigation methods. Transient water flow and bacterial transport were studied, and the factors controlling faecal coliform (FC) transport are discussed. Two trials (Trial 1, summer; Trial 2, autumn) were carried out, using 6 undisturbed soil monolith lysimeters, 500 mm diameter by 700 mm deep, with a free-draining, Templeton fine sandy loam. DSE with inert chemical tracers was applied at the start of both trials using the same method, followed with repeated 14-day cycles of either flood or spray irrigation of water. A bacterial tracer, antibiotic-resistant faecal coliform, was added to the DSE in Trial 2 only, to distinguish applied FC from external or resident FC. Leachates were collected after each water application (or heavy rainfall when applicable) for enumeration of FC and measurement of tracers. All lysimeters were instrumented for monitoring volumetric water content, matric potential, and soil temperature at 4 depths (100, 250, 450, and 600 mm). The results showed that bacteria could readily penetrate through 700-mm-deep soil columns, when facilitated by water flow. The highest post-water irrigation concentration was 3.4 × 103 cfu/100 mL under flood irrigation, which resulted in more bacterial and Br– leaching than spray irrigation. Trial 2 (autumn) results also showed significant differences between irrigation treatments in lysimeters sharing similar drainage class (moderate or moderately rapid), flood irrigation again gave more bacterial and tracer (Cl–) leaching. In the summer trial, FC in leachate as high as 1.4 × 106 cfu/100 mL, similar to the concentration of DSE, was detected in one lysimeter that had a higher clay content in the topsoil immediately after DSE application, and before any water irrigation. This indicates that applied DSE leached through preferential flow paths without any dilution. Bacterial concentration in the leachate was positively correlated with both volumetric water content and water potential, and sometimes drainage rate. Greater bacterial leaching was found in the lysimeter with rapid whole-column effective hydraulic conductivity, Keff, for both flood and spray treatments. Occasionally, the effect of Keff on water movement and bacterial transport overrode the effect of irrigation. The ‘seasonal condition’ of the soil (including variation in initial water content) also influenced bacterial leaching, with less risk of leaching in autumn than in summer. These findings contribute to our increased understanding of bacterial transport processes on the field scale.
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Baayen, Robert P., Kerry O'Donnell, Suzanne Breeuwsma, David M. Geiser, and Cees Waalwijk. "Molecular Relationships of Fungi Within the Fusarium redolens-F. hostae Clade." Phytopathology® 91, no. 11 (November 2001): 1037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.11.1037.
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The evolutionary relationships of fungi in the Fusarium redolens-F. hostae clade were investigated by constructing nuclear and mitochondrial gene genealogies for 37 isolates representing the known genetic and pathogenic diversity of this lineage, together with 15 isolates from putative sister groups that include the Gibberella fujikuroi and F. oxysporum species complexes and related species. Included in the analyses were 29 isolates of F. redolens from Asparagus, Convallaria, Dianthus, Fritillaria, Hebe, Helleborus, Hordeum, Linum, Pisum, Pseudotsuga, and Zea spp., and from soil. Isolates of F. hostae analyzed included two reference isolates from Hosta spp. and six isolates from Hyacinthus spp. that originally were classified as F. oxysporum f. sp. hyacinthi. DNA sequences from a portion of the nuclear translation elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) gene and the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) were analyzed individually and as a combined data set based on results of the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed ranks Templeton combinability test. Maximum parsimony analysis of the combined data set identified the F. redolens-F. hostae clade as a sister group to a phylogenetically diverse clade in which the G. fujikuroi species complex formed the most basal lineage. Also included in this latter clade were two unnamed Fusarium spp. that are morphologically similar to F. oxysporum and putative sister taxa comprising the F. oxysporum complex and a F. nisikadoi-F. miscanthi clade. Phylogenetic diversity in F. redolens was small; all isolates were represented by only three EF-1α and two mtSSU rDNA haplotypes. Both the isolates of F. redolens f. sp. asparagi and those of F. redolens f. sp. dianthi were nearly evenly distributed in the combined molecular phylogeny between the two major subclades within F. redolens.
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Pérez-Fernández, María A., and Byron B. Lamont. "Nodulation and performance of exotic and native legumes in Australian soils." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 5 (2003): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03053.
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Six Spanish legumes, Cytisus balansae, C. multiflorus, C. scoparius, C. striatus, Genista hystrix and Retama sphaerocarpa, were able to form effective nodules when grown in six south-western Australian soils. Soils and nodules were collected from beneath natural stands of six native Australian legumes, Jacksonia floribunda, Gompholobium tomentosum, Bossiaea aquifolium, Daviesia horrida, Gastrolobium spinosum and Templetonia retusa. Four combinations of soils and bacterial treatments were used as the soil treatments: sterile soil (S), sterile inoculated soils (SI), non-treated soil (N) and non-treated inoculated soils (NI). Seedlings of the Australian species were inoculated with rhizobia cultured from nodules of the same species, while seedlings of the Spanish species were inoculated with cultures from each of the Australian species. All Australian rhizobia infected all the Spanish species, suggesting a high degree of 'promiscuity' among the bacteria and plant species. The results from comparing six Spanish and six Australian species according to their biomass and total nitrogen in the presence (NI) or absence (S) of rhizobia showed that all species benefitted from nodulation (1.02–12.94 times), with R.�sphaerocarpa and C. striatus benefiting more than the native species. Inoculation (SI and NI) was just as effective as, or more effective than the non-treated soil (i.e. non-sterile) in inducing nodules. Nodules formed on the Spanish legumes were just as efficient at fixing N2 as were those formed on the Australian legumes. Inoculation was less effective than non-treated soil at increasing biomass but just as effective as the soil at increasing nitrogen content. Promiscuity in the legume–bacteria symbiosis should increase the ability of legumes to spread into new habitats throughout the world.
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Larivée, Serge. "Quelle histoire!" Revue de psychoéducation 45, no. 2 (February 23, 2017): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1039058ar.
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L’impossible dialogue. Sciences et religionsd’Yves Gingras est un ouvrage magistral qui comprend sept chapitres d’inégale longueur. Les chapitres 1 et 2 sont consacrés aux péripéties de l’histoire de Galilée, alors que dans le chapitre 3, l’auteur fait état de l’émergence d’autres sciences qui feront également l’objet de discorde entre la science et la religion. Le chapitre 4 rappelle les nombreux cas de censure d’ouvrages scientifiques et l’opposition de plus en plus organisée de l’Église contre la science dont témoignent les mises à l’Index et l’Inquisition. Les chapitres 5 et 6 plongent le lecteur au coeur même de l’interrogation qui a donné naissance à cet ouvrage : « Comment expliquer le retour en force, depuis les années 1980-1990, de la question des relations entre science et religion et des appels au ‘‘dialogue’’ entre les deux domaines » (p.9). J’insiste ici sur trois éléments, deux abordés par Gingras, soit la notion de miracle et le rôle de la Fondation John Templeton, ainsi qu’un autre dont il ne traite pas, le principe du NOMA (Non-Overlapping Magisteria). Dans le chapitre 7, Gingras fait état de la montée des spiritualités autochtones et des croyances aux médecines traditionnelles dont les défenseurs s’acharnent à faire passer leurs convictions spirituelles et idéologiques avant la recherche scientifique.
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Chakwizira, E., D. J. Moot, W. R. Scott, and A. Fletcher. "Effect of rate and method of phosphorus application on the growth and development of 'Pasja' crops." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, January 1, 2009, 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2009.71.2780.
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'Pasja' (Brassica campestris x napus) was grown at Lincoln in 2008, with banded or broadcast phosphorus (P) fertiliser applied at 0, 20, 40 or 60 kg/ha at establishment on a Templeton silt loam soil of moderate fertility (Olsen P of 9-17 mg/ kg range for individual plots). Keywords: Brassica campestris, critical leaf area index, DM accumulation, leaf area index, leaf to stem ratio, solar radiation
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Mckenzie, B. A., P. Gyamtsho, and R. J. Lucas. "Productivity and water use of lucerne and two lucerne-grass mixtures in Canterbury." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, January 1, 1990, 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.1990.52.1956.
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The long term trial, on a Templeton fine sandy loam, is a factorial combination of 3 pasture swards (pure WL320 lucerne, lucerne-'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass and lucerne-'Grasslands Maru' phalaris) and 2 grazing durations (long and short). The 0.04ha plots were sown in November 1986 with lucerne drilled across the grass rows. For the water use study, in 1988-89, 8 m* mini plots of pure lucerne, lucerne-phalaris, and lucerne-prairie in deep or shallow soil were selected. Pure lucerne plots produced annual dry matter (DM) yields of 12700 kg/ha, lucerne-phalaris 11600 and lucerne-prairie 10400. Deep soils had higher production (12600 kg/ha) than did shallow soils (10900 kg/ha). The lucerne-phalaris mixture had about 75-95% lucerne, while lucerne in the lucerne-prairie mixture ranged from 25% in winter to 65% in summer. The lucerne-prairie plots with deep soils had at last 60% lucerne while shallow soils had as little as 25%. Mean water use efficiency (WUE) was 25, 22 and 20 kg DM/ha/mm for pure lucerne, lucern-ephalaris and lucetne-prairie, respectively. Shallow soils had WUE of 21 kg DM/ha/mm H,O and deep soils 24 kg DM/ha/mm. Soil water extraction 'patterns differed little in shallow soils, but in deep soils pure lucerne extracted water to at least 100 cm while lucerne-phalaris and lucerne-prairie extracted soil moisture down to about 80 cm. Lucerne and phalaris roots were both found down to 90 cm and from O-20 cm most of the root mass was lucerne. With the lucerne-prairie mixture from O-20 cm, root mass was about 50% for each species and lucerne root mass was significantly reduced below 50 cm. Keywords: lucerne, alfalfa, prairie grass, lucerne-grass mixtures, water use, yield, roots, Medicago saliva, Bromus willdenowii, Phalaris aquatica
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Black, D. B. S., and D. J. Moot. "Autumn establishment of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) inoculated with four different carriers of Ensifer meliloti at four sowing dates." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, January 1, 2013, 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2013.75.2912.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of autumn sowing dates (26 January 2012, 21 February 2012, 15 March 2012, 3 April 2012) and inoculant carriers (ALOSCA®, coated seed, Nodulator® and peat slurry) on lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) establishment and yield were studied at Lincoln University on a variable Templeton silt loam soil. For the 2012/13 regrowth season the January (14.7 t/ha) sowing date yielded more dry matter (DM) than the March (11.2 t/ha) and April (7.3 t/ha) sowing dates, and February (13.2 t/ha) was intermediate. All four inoculation carriers resulted in increased DM and nitrogen (N) yields compared with the bare seed control. A comparison of the peat inoculated and bare seed treatments indicated an extra 335 kg N/ha was removed in herbage from the inoculated treatments. Results highlight the importance of rhizobia, biological nitrogen fixation, and seed inoculation when sowing lucerne into soil with no paddock history of lucerne. Keywords: alfalfa, ALOSCA®, bare seed, biological nitrogen fixation, coated seed Nodulator®, peat slurry treated seed, rhizobia.
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Goh, K. M., and M. L. Nguyen'J. "Effects of grazing animals on the plant availability of sulphur fertilisers in grazed pastures." Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, January 1, 1990, 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.1990.52.1943.
Full textAbstract:
Most field trials conducted in New Zealand for assessing pasture plant sulphur (S) requirements use the mowing and clipping return technique without the inclusion of grazing animals. A rotational grazing experiment and a field plot trial were conducted on a Templeton silt loam soil (Udic Ustochrept) in Canterbury using radioactive S35-labelled fertilisers to examine the effects of grazed sheep on the plant availability and cycling of applied S fertilisers. An additional plot trial was conducted to determine leaching losses of S35-labelled urine applied to pastures. The results obtained showed that maximum 3sS concentration in pastures treated with elemental S occurred 3 months earlier in the grazed trials compared with that of ungrazed plots. This increased herbage S was also reflected in the wool 35S of ewes which grazed the pastures. In addition, the amount of residual elemental S remaining in the soil after 3 months of its application was significantly lower in grazed than in ungrazed pastures. These results suggest that grazing animals enhanced the plant availability of elemental S probably because of the effects of animal trampling and the return of animal faeces. It was also found that about 36-44% of the applied 35S fertilisers and up to 68% of the applied urinary s35 were not recovered in the soil within one growing season in the field. __ Thus grazing animals enhanced not only the availability of elemental S, but were also responsible for substantial losses of S from pastures through animal excreta. The present data suggest that field trial results obtained from mowing plot trials without the inclusion of grazing animals are unlikely to assess adequately the plant availability of elemental S. Keywords sulphur, nutrient cycling, urine, sulphur leaching, recovery, fertiliser, elemental sulphur, oxidation, sheep grazing, mowing, grazing