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1
Cole, Martin J., and Steven G. Parker. "Dynamic Compilation of C++ Template Code." Scientific Programming 11, no. 4 (2003): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/306458.
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Generic programming using the C++ template facility has been a successful method for creating high-performance, yet general algorithms for scientific computing and visualization. However, adding template code tends to require more template code in surrounding structures and algorithms to maintain generality. Compiling all possible expansions of these templates can lead to massive template bloat. Furthermore, compile-time binding of templates requires that all possible permutations be known at compile time, limiting the runtime extensibility of the generic code. We present a method for deferring the compilation of these templates until an exact type is needed. This dynamic compilation mechanism will produce the minimum amount of compiled code needed for a particular application, while maintaining the generality and performance that templates innately provide. Through a small amount of supporting code within each templated class, the proper templated code can be generated at runtime without modifying the compiler. We describe the implementation of this goal within the SCIRun dataflow system. SCIRun is freely available online for research purposes.
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Hema, M., and C. Cheng Kao. "Template Sequence near the Initiation Nucleotide Can Modulate Brome Mosaic Virus RNA Accumulation in Plant Protoplasts." Journal of Virology 78, no. 3 (February 1, 2004): 1169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.3.1169-1180.2004.
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ABSTRACT Bromoviral templates for plus-strand RNA synthesis are rich in A or U nucleotides in comparison to templates for minus-strand RNA synthesis. Previous studies demonstrated that plus-strand RNA synthesis by the brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA replicase is more efficient if the template contains an A/U-rich template sequence near the initiation site (K. Sivakumaran and C. C. Kao, J. Virol. 73:6415-6423, 1999). These observations led us to examine the effects of nucleotide changes near the template's initiation site on the accumulation of BMV RNA3 genomic minus-strand, genomic plus-strand, and subgenomic RNAs in barley protoplasts transfected with wild-type and mutant BMV transcripts. Mutations in the template for minus-strand synthesis had only modest effects on BMV replication in barley protoplasts. Mutants with changes to the +3, +5, and +7 template nucleotides accumulated minus-strand RNA at levels similar to the the wild-type level. However, mutations at positions adjacent to the initiation cytidylate in the templates for genomic and subgenomic plus-strand RNA synthesis significantly decreased RNA accumulation. For example, changes at the third template nucleotide for plus-strand RNA3 synthesis resulted in RNA accumulation at between 18 and 24% of the wild-type level, and mutations in the third template nucleotide for subgenomic RNA4 resulted in accumulations at between 7 and 14% of the wild-type level. The effects of the mutations generally decreased as the mutations occurred further from the initiation nucleotide. These findings demonstrate that there are different requirements of the template sequence near the initiation nucleotide for BMV RNA accumulation in plant cells.
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Collado, Isidro, José Botubol-Ares, María Durán-Peña, James Hanson, and Rosario Hernández-Galán. "Cp2Ti(III)Cl and Analogues as Sustainable Templates in Organic Synthesis." Synthesis 50, no. 11 (May 3, 2018): 2163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591986.
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This short review aims to provide an overview of the use of Cp2Ti(III)Cl and other related titanocene(III) species as coordinating reagents in template reactions in the selective preparation of C–C and C–O bonds. These complexes are able to assemble two components to produce powerful reactions possessing high regio-, chemo-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity. The titanocene templates are divided into five structural types. The chemical transformations by these valuable templates, the substrate scope and mechanistic insights will also be described.1 Introduction2 Precedents for the Coordination of Ti(III) Species to Heteroatoms2.1 Coordination of Compounds with Hydrogen–Heteroatom Bonds to Ti(III) Species2.2 Coordination of Halogens to Ti(III) Species3 Types of Titanocene Templates4 Template Type I Mediated Organic Reactions4.1 Methylenecyclopropanation of Allylic Alcohols4.2 Base-Free O-Acylation of Alcohols and Phenol4.3 Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols5 Template Type II Mediated Organic Reactions5.1 Ketone–Nitrile Cross-Coupling Reactions5.2 Imine–Nitrile Cross-Coupling Reactions5.3 Reductive Alkylation of Enones with Activated Alkenes6 Template Type III Mediated Organic Reactions6.1 Pinacol Coupling of Ketones7 Template Type IV Mediated Organic Reactions7.1 Michael-Type Addition of Aldehydes to Conjugated Enals7.2 Allylation, Crotylation, and Prenylation7.3 Barbier-Type Progargylation and Allenylation8 Template Type V Mediated Organic Reactions8.1 Protection of Alcohols as 2-O-THF and 2-O-THP Ethers8.2 Pinacol Coupling of Aldehydes8.3 McMurry Couplings9 Conclusions and Perspectives
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Neelamani, Ramesh (Neelsh), Anatoly Baumstein, and Warren S. Ross. "Adaptive subtraction using complex-valued curvelet transforms." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 4 (July 2010): V51—V60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3453425.
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We propose a complex-valued curvelet transform-based (CCT-based) algorithm that adaptively subtracts from seismic data those noises for which an approximate template is available. The CCT decomposes a geophysical data set in terms of small reflection pieces, with each piece having a different characteristic frequency, location, and dip. One can precisely change the amplitude and shift the location of each seismic reflection piece in a template by controlling the amplitude and phase of the template's CCT coefficients. Based on these insights, our approach uses the phase and amplitude of the data's and template's CCT coefficients to correct misalignment and amplitude errors in the noise template, thereby matching the adapted template with the actual noise in the seismic data, reflection event-by-event. We also extend our approach to subtract noises that require several templates to be approximated. By itself, the method can only correct small misalignment errors ([Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] data) in the template; it relies on conventional least-squares (LS) adaptation to correct large-scale misalignment errors, such as wavelet mismatches and bulk shifts. Synthetic and real-data results illustrate that the CCT-based approach improves upon the LS approach and a curvelet-based approach described by Herrmann and Verschuur.
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Kahsen, Jeremy, Sonia K. Sherwani, Ankur Naqib, Trisha Jeon, Lok Yiu Ashley Wu, and Stefan J. Green. "Quantitating primer-template interactions using deconstructed PCR." PeerJ 12 (August 8, 2024): e17787. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17787.
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When the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to amplify complex templates such as metagenomic DNA using single or degenerate primers, preferential amplification of templates (PCR bias) leads to a distorted representation of the original templates in the final amplicon pool. This bias can be influenced by mismatches between primers and templates, the locations of mismatches, and the nucleotide pairing of mismatches. Many studies have examined primer-template interactions through interrogation of the final products of PCR amplification with controlled input templates. Direct measurement of primer-template interactions, however, has not been possible, leading to uncertainty when optimizing PCR reactions and degenerate primer pools. In this study, we employed a method developed to reduce PCR bias (i.e., Deconstructed PCR, or DePCR) that also provides empirical data regarding primer-template interactions during the first two cycles of PCR amplification. We systematically examined interactions between primers and templates using synthetic DNA templates and varying primer pools, amplified using standard PCR and DePCR protocols. We observed that in simple primer-template systems, perfect match primer-template interactions are favored, particularly when mismatches are close to the 3′ end of the primer. In more complex primer-template systems that better represent natural samples, mismatch amplifications can dominate, and heavily degenerate primer pools can improve representation of input templates. When employing the DePCR methodology, mismatched primer-template annealing led to amplification of source templates with significantly lower distortion relative to standard PCR. We establish here a quantitative experimental system for interrogating primer-template interactions and demonstrate the efficacy of DePCR for amplification of complex template mixtures with complex primer pools.
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Navarrete, Karla, Gordon A. Dale, Matthew C. Woodruff, Christopher D. Scharer, Jeremy M. Boss, Ignacio Sanz, and Joshy Jacob. "Templated mutagenesis in B cell non-Ig genes." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 153.10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.153.10.
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Abstract The immunoglobulin genes of germinal center B cells (GCB) undergo somatic hypermutation in order to generate antibody diversity. Additionally, several non-immunoglobulin (non-Ig) genes are known to accumulate mutations in the germinal center. There are two methods by which mutations are introduced at the Ig and non-Ig loci. The first is through the accumulation of pseudorandom point mutations as a result of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-dependent double stranded breaks (DSB). The second is through the process of gene conversion, which involves the use of a template sequence to repair a DSB resulting in the template being copied at the site of repair. Findings from our lab suggest that some mutations in the non-Ig genes of human GCB arise through a gene conversion-like mechanism, referred to as templated mutagenesis. We sorted 4 B cell populations, including light zone and dark zone GCB from a young human tonsil and sequenced ~500bp sections from non-Ig genes including FAS, RHOH, and BTG1 via Illumina MiSeq. Previously, our lab has developed a computational pipeline called TRACE, that is able to match mutation clusters within an input sequence to partially homologous donor templates elsewhere in the genome. TRACE-identified donor templates are statistically likely to have been used in a templated mutagenesis event which led to the mutation of the gene. Through this analysis, we found that unlike gene conversion observed in chickens, human templated mutagenesis occurs between sequences on different chromosomes. Furthermore, donor template sequences tend to originate in introns and intergenic regions, not exons. These findings have opened an avenue into the study of non-Ig templated mutagenesis in human B cells.
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Gao, Qinghai. "Toward Constructing Cancellable Templates using K-Nearest Neighbour Method." International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijcnis.2017.05.01.
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The privacy of biometric data needs to be protected. Cancellable biometrics is proposed as an effective mechanism of protecting biometric data. In this paper a novel scheme of constructing cancellable fingerprint minutiae template is proposed. Specifically, each real minutia point from an original template is mapped to a neighbouring fake minutia in a user-specific randomly generated synthetic template using the k-nearest neighbour method. The recognition template is constructed by collecting the neighbouring fake minutiae of the real minutiae. This scheme has two advantages: (1) An attacker needs to capture both the original template and the synthetic template in order to construct the recognition template; (2) A compromised recognition template can be cancelled easily by replacing the synthetic template. Single-neighboured experiments of self-matching, nonself-matching, and imposter matching are carried out on three databases: DB1B from FVC00, DB1B from FVC02, and DB1 from FVC04. Double-neighboured tests are also conducted for DB1B from FVC02. The results show that the constructed recognition templates can perform more accurately than the original templates and it is feasible to construct cancellable fingerprint templates with the proposed approach.
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Acquah, Moses Arhinful, Na Chen, Jeng-Shyang Pan, Hong-Mei Yang, and Bin Yan. "Securing Fingerprint Template Using Blockchain and Distributed Storage System." Symmetry 12, no. 6 (June 4, 2020): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12060951.
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Biometrics, with its uniqueness to every individual, has been adapted as a security authentication feature by many institutions. These biometric data are processed into templates that are saved on databases, and a central authority centralizes and controls these databases. This form of storing biometric data, or in our case fingerprint template, is asymmetric and prone to three main security attacks, such as fake template input, template modification or deletion, and channel interception by a malicious attacker. In this paper, we secure an encrypted fingerprint template by a symmetric peer-to-peer network and symmetric encryption. The fingerprint is encrypted by the symmetric key algorithm: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm and then is uploaded to a symmetrically distributed storage system, the InterPlanetary File system (IPFS). The hash of the templated is stored in a decentralized blockchain. The slow transaction speed of the blockchain has limited its use in real-life applications, such as large file storage, hence, the merge with IPFS to store just the hashes of large files. The encrypted template is uploaded to the IPFS, and its returned digest is stored on the Ethereum network. The implementation of IPFS prevents storing the raw state of the fingerprint template on the Ethereum network in order to reduce cost and also prevent identity theft. This procedure is an improvement of previous systems. By adopting the method of template hashing, the proposed system is cost-effective and efficient. The experimental results depict that the proposed system secures the fingerprint template by encryption, hashing, and decentralization.
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Wang, F. J., and L. S. Ripley. "DNA sequence effects on single base deletions arising during DNA polymerization in vitro by Escherichia coli Klenow fragment polymerase." Genetics 136, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/136.3.709.
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Abstract Most single base deletions detected after DNA polymerization in vitro directed by either Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I or its Klenow fragment are opposite Pu in the template. The most frequent mutations were previously found to be associated with the consensus template context 5'-PyTPu-3'. In this study, the predictive power of the consensus sequence on single base deletion frequencies was directly tested by parallel comparison of mutations arising in four related DNAs differing by a single base. G, a deletion hotspot within the template context 5'-TTGA-3', was substituted by each of the 3 other bases. Previous studies had shown that deletions opposite the G were frequent but that deletions opposite its neighboring A were never detected. Based on the predictions of the consensus, the substitution of T for G should produce frequent deletions opposite the neighboring A due to its new 5'-TTTA-3' template context. This prediction was fulfilled; no deletions of this A were detected in the other templates. The consensus further predicted that deletions opposite template C would be lower than those opposite either A or G at the same site and this prediction was also fulfilled. The C substitution also produced a new hotspot for 1 bp deletions 14 bp away. The new hotspot depends on quasi-palindromic misalignment of the newly synthesized DNA strand during polymerization; accurate, but ectopically templated synthesis is responsible for this mutagenesis. Mutations templated by quasi-palindromic misalignments have previously been recognized when they produced complex sequence changes; here we show that this mechanism can produce frequent single base deletions. The unique stimulation of misalignment mutagenesis by the C substitution in the template is consistent with the singular ability of C at that site to contribute to extended complementary pairing during the DNA misalignment that precedes mutagenesis.
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Bum Kim, Jong. "Article: Harmonization of FTA Rules of Origin: Examination of General Provisions." Journal of World Trade 58, Issue 3 (April 1, 2024): 411–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2024025.
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This paper explores whether rules of origin (ROOs) of free-trade agreements (FTAs) are on a path to convergence or divergence. It identifies three major ROOs templates associated with the United States (US), the European Union (EU), and the Association of the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The study reveals a growing divergence in the general provisions of these templates, with the EU’s template growing more flexible through the introduction of lenient tolerance rules in its FTAs, and the North American template becoming more restrictive, as exemplified by the Net Cost (NC) method and the core-parts rule for automotive products in the ROOs of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Furthermore, the study reveals that the ROOs of the cross-template FTAs that include parties associated with distinct templates adopt the template of the larger economic participant. These cross-template FTAs also introduce novel variations in their general provisions such as the focused-value (FV) method of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The alignment of cross-template FTAs with the major ROOs templates and the introduction of novel variations in cross-template FTAs pose challenges to the global harmonization of FTA ROOs.
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Kopp, Oliver. "The LaTeX template generator: How micro-templates reduce template maintenance effort." TUGboat 44, no. 2 (2023): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.47397/tb/44-2/tb137kopp-microtemplates.
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Akbar, Samina, Joanne M. Elliott, Adam M. Squires, and Aneela Anwar. "Use of cubic structure with primitive nanochannels for fabrication of free standing 3D nanowire network of Pt with Pm3m symmetry." Nanotechnology 33, no. 19 (February 15, 2022): 195602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac4f16.
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Abstract In this work, we developed a lipid mixture based on phytantriol / polyoxyethylene surfactant (Brij-56) that forms a Im3m symmetry bicontinuous cubic phase based on the Schwartz primitive surface (Q II P ), from which we templated highly ordered 3D nanoporous platinum with a novel ‘single primitive’ morphology (Pm3m symmetry). The Q II P template phase is obtained by incorporation of 17.5% w/w Brij-56 (C16EO10) (a type-I surfactant) into phytantriol under excess hydration conditions. Phytantriol alone forms the double diamond Q II D (Pn3m) phase, and in previous studies incorporating Brij-56 at different compositions the cubic phase maintained this morphology, but increased its lattice parameter; mesoporous metals templated from these Q II D lipid templates all exhibited the ‘single diamond’ (Fd3m) morphology. In contrast, the current paper presents the availability of our Q II P cubic phases to template nanoporous materials of single primitive Pm3m morphology via chemical and electrochemical methods. To explore the structure porosity and morphological features of the templated Pt material, x-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy are used. The resulting 3D nanoporous Pt materials are found to exhibit a regular network of Pt nanowires of ∼4 nm in diameter with a unit cell dimension of 14.8 ± 0.8 nm, reflecting the aqueous network within the Q II P template.
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Fisher, Timothy S., Tom Darden, and Vinayaka R. Prasad. "Mutations Proximal to the Minor Groove-Binding Track of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Differentially Affect Utilization of RNA versus DNA as Template." Journal of Virology 77, no. 10 (May 15, 2003): 5837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.10.5837-5845.2003.
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ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT), like all retroviral RTs, is a versatile DNA polymerase that can copy both RNA and DNA templates. In spite of extensive investigations into the structure-function of this enzyme, the structural basis for this dual template specificity is poorly understood. Biochemical studies with two mutations in HIV-1 RT that affect residues contacting the template-primer now provide some insight into this specialized property. The mutations are N255D and N265D, both adjoining the minor groove-binding track, in the thumb region. The N265D substitution led to a loss of processive polymerization on DNA but not on RNA, whereas N255D drastically reduced processive synthesis on both templates. This differential template usage was accompanied by a rapid dissociation of the N265D variant on DNA but not RNA templates, whereas the N255D variant rapidly dissociated from both templates. Molecular dynamics modeling suggested that N265D leads to a loss of template strand-specific hydrogen bonding, indicating that this is a key determinant of the differential template affinity. The N255D substitution caused local changes in conformation and a consequent loss of interaction with the primer, leading to a loss of processive synthesis with both templates. We conclude that N265 is part of a subset of template-enzyme contacts that enable RT to utilize DNA templates in addition to RNA templates and that such residues play an important role in facilitating processive DNA synthesis on both RNA and DNA templates.
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Jiao, Jian, Yong Hong Cui, Yu Cai, and Pan Pan Lv. "Effects of Mixed Template on Pore Structure of Order of Crack-Free Monolithic Mesoporous Carbon." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.85.
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Crack-free monolithic mesoporous carbon with worm-like structure has been synthesized by low-temperature autoclaving that use triblock copolymer F127 or P123 as composite template, and resorcinol-formaldehyde resol as carbon precursor. The effects of the composite template ratio on the structure of mesoporous carbon were studied by transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption measurements and element analysis. The results indicated that mesoporous carbon are worm-like structure when use F127/P123 as composite template. Compared mesoporous carbon synthesized by a single template, the pore size distribution of the mesoporous carbon synthesized by the composite template are directly affected by the molar ratio of P123 in the composite templates, however, the pore size is significantly enlarged when using F127/P123 as template. The pore size of mesoporous carbon increased to 12.0nm when the molar ratio of P123 in the composite templates is 67%. We achieved adjustable pore diameter by use F127/P123 changing the molar ratio of P123 in the composite templates.
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Li, Zhiyong, Pengfei Li, Xiaoping Yu, and Mervat Hashem. "Real-Time Tracking by Double Templates Matching Based on Timed Motion History Image with HSV Feature." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/793769.
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It is a challenge to represent the target appearance model for moving object tracking under complex environment. This study presents a novel method with appearance model described by double templates based on timed motion history image with HSV color histogram feature (tMHI-HSV). The main components include offline template and online template initialization, tMHI-HSV-based candidate patches feature histograms calculation, double templates matching (DTM) for object location, and templates updating. Firstly, we initialize the target object region and calculate its HSV color histogram feature as offline template and online template. Secondly, the tMHI-HSV is used to segment the motion region and calculate these candidate object patches’ color histograms to represent their appearance models. Finally, we utilize the DTM method to trace the target and update the offline template and online template real-timely. The experimental results show that the proposed method can efficiently handle the scale variation and pose change of the rigid and nonrigid objects, even in illumination change and occlusion visual environment.
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van Galen, Martijn, Ruben Higler, and Joris Sprakel. "Allosteric pathway selection in templated assembly." Science Advances 5, no. 10 (October 2019): eaaw3353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw3353.
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Assembling large numbers of molecular building blocks into functional nanostructures is no trivial task. It relies on guiding building blocks through complex energy landscapes shaped by synergistic and antagonistic supramolecular interactions. In nature, the use of molecular templates is a potent strategy to navigate the process to the desired structure with high fidelity. Yet, nature’s templating strategy remains to be fully exploited in man-made nanomaterials. Designing effective template-guided self-assembling systems can only be realized through precise insight into how the chemical design of building blocks and the resulting balance of repulsive and attractive forces give rise to pathway selection and suppression of trapped states. We develop a minimal model to unravel the kinetic pathways and pathway selection of the templated assembly of molecular building blocks on a template. We show how allosteric activation of the associative interactions can suppress undesired solution-aggregation pathways and gives rise to a true template-assembly path.
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Xie, Yadian, Duygu Kocaefe, Chunying Chen, and Yasar Kocaefe. "Review of Research on Template Methods in Preparation of Nanomaterials." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2302595.
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The nanomaterials have been widely used in various fields, such as photonics, catalysis, and adsorption, because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Therefore, their production methods are of utmost importance. Compared with traditional synthetic methods, the template method can effectively control the morphology, particle size, and structure during the preparation of nanomaterials, which is an effective method for their synthesis. The key for the template method is to choose different templates, which are divided into hard template and soft template according to their different structures. In this paper, the effects of different types of templates on the morphology of nanomaterials during their preparation are investigated from two aspects: hard template and soft template, combined with the mechanism of action.
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Duggal, Nisha K., Leslie Goo, Steven R. King, and Alice Telesnitsky. "Effects of Identity Minimization on Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Template Recognition and Frequent Tertiary Template-Directed Insertions during Nonhomologous Recombination." Journal of Virology 81, no. 22 (September 5, 2007): 12156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01591-07.
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ABSTRACT Homology requirements for Moloney murine leukemia virus recombination were addressed in this study by monitoring titer defects observed when acceptor/donor template identity lengths were systematically reduced. Recombination acceptors with at least 16 contiguous bases of donor template identity were recognized as efficiently as longer acceptors. In contrast, a sharp 1-log titer drop was observed for an acceptor of only 15 bases long, with an additional 1-log titer decline for an 8-base acceptor and further decreases for shorter acceptors. Eighty-three independent nonhomologous recombination products were sequenced to examine recombination template selection in the absence of significant sequence identity. These replication products contained a total of 152 nonhomologous crossover junctions. Forced copy choice models predict that forced nonhomologous recombination should result in DNA synthesis to the donor template's 5′ end, followed by microidentity-guided acceptor template selection. However, only a single product displayed this structure. The majority of examined nonhomologous recombination products contained junction-associated sequence insertions. Most insertions resulted from the use of one or more tertiary templates, recognizable as discontiguous portions of viral or host RNA or minus-strand DNA. The donor/acceptor template microidentity evident at most crossovers reconfirmed the remarkable capability of the reverse transcription machinery to recognize short regions of sequence identity. These results demonstrate that recruitment of discontiguous host or viral sequences is a common way for retroviruses to resolve nonhomologous recombination junctions and provide experimental support for the role of splinting templates in the generation of retroviral insertions.
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Guekguezian, Peter Ara. "Templates as the interaction of recursive word structure and prosodic well-formedness." Phonology 34, no. 1 (May 2017): 81–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675717000045.
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Templatic morphology involves the appearance of a fixed shape on a morpheme in a specific morphological context. This paper makes two claims: the morphological context of a template is syntactically cyclic, resulting in recursive prosodic word structure, and the shape of a template results from prosodic well-formedness conditions on the internal prosodic word. Templatic morphology in Chukchansi Yokuts illustrates these claims: affixes that trigger templates transfer the root to the phonology before other material is transferred, so that the root forms a prosodic word which is internal to the whole word. Roots with one underlying vowel are augmented to meet a disyllabic minimality requirement on prosodic words; the resulting disyllable forms a light–heavy iamb, to optimally satisfy Chukchansi parsing requirements. Templatic morphology falls out from the predictable interaction of the syntax–phonology interface and general phonological properties of a language, and needs no special apparatus or diacritics.
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Choi, Hyeong In, Sungjin Lee, Hwan Pyo Moon, Nam-Sook Wee, Daehoon Kim, and Song-Hwa Kwon. "Seeded Ising Model and Distributed Biometric Template Storage and Matching." Entropy 23, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23070849.
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It is known that a variant of Ising model, called Seeded Ising Model, can be used to recover the information content of a biometric template from a fraction of information therein. The method consists in reconstructing the whole template, which is called the intruder template in this paper, using only a small portion of the given template, a partial template. This reconstruction method may pose a security threat to the integrity of a biometric identity management system. In this paper, based on the Seeded Ising Model, we present a systematic analysis of the possible security breach and its probability of accepting the intruder templates as genuine. Detailed statistical experiments on the intruder match rate are also conducted under various scenarios. In particular, we study (1) how best a template is divided into several small pieces called partial templates, each of which is to be stored in a separate silo; (2) how to do the matching by comparing partial templates in the locked-up silos, and letting only the results of these intra-silo comparisons be sent to the central tallying server for final scoring without requiring the whole templates in one location at any time.
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Han, Jeong, and Soon Hwang. "Surface Topography-Based Positioning Accuracy of Maxillary Templates Fabricated by the CAD/CAM Technique for Orthognathic Surgery without an Intermediate Splint." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 16, 2019): 4928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224928.
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Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-based maxillary templates can transfer a surgical plan accurately only when the template is positioned correctly. Our study aimed to evaluate the positioning accuracy of the CAD/CAM-based template for maxillary orthognathic surgery using dry skulls. After reconstruction of a three-dimensional (3D) virtual skull model, a surface-based surgical template for Le Fort I osteotomy was designed and fabricated using CAD/CAM and 3D printing technology. To determine accuracy, the deviation of the template between the planned and the actual position and the fitness of the template were evaluated. The mean deviation was 0.41 ± 0.30 mm in the medio-lateral direction, 0.55 ± 0.59 mm in the antero-posterior direction, and 0.69 ± 0.59 mm in the supero-inferior direction. The root mean square deviation between the planned and the actual position of the template was 1.21 ± 0.54 mm. With respect to the fitness of the template, the mean distance between the inner surface of the template and the underlying bone surface was 0.76 ± 0.24 mm. CAD/CAM-based templates showed precise positioning and good fitness. These results suggest that surface topography-based CAD-CAM templates can be considered as an alternative solution in replacing the traditional intermediate splints for the transfer of surgical plans.
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MCROY, SUSAN W., SONGSAK CHANNARUKUL, and SYED S. ALI. "An augmented template-based approach to text realization." Natural Language Engineering 9, no. 4 (November 25, 2003): 381–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324903003188.
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We present an Augmented Template-Based approach to text realization that addresses the requirements of real-time, interactive systems such as a dialog system or an intelligent tutoring system. Template-based approaches are easier to implement and use than traditional approaches to text realization. They can also generate texts more quickly. However traditional template-based approaches with rigid templates are inflexible and difficult to reuse. Our approach augments traditional template-based approaches by adding several types of declarative control expressions and an attribute grammar-based mechanism for processing missing or inconsistent slot fillers. Therefore, augmented templates can be made more general than traditional ones, yielding templates that are more flexible and reusable across applications.
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Scutelnicu, Gina, Rebecca Tekula, Beth Gordon, and Hillary J. Knepper. "Consistency is key in online learning: Evaluating student and instructor perceptions of a collaborative online-course template." Teaching Public Administration 37, no. 3 (May 28, 2019): 274–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144739419852759.
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This study examines the features and benefits of a collaborative online-course template designed for and used by the department of public administration program at a mid-Atlantic university in the USA. Drawing on a multi-informant original survey addressed to students and faculty the study aims to answer the question: to what extent are online-course templates beneficial to student learning and instructor teaching experiences? Findings suggest that, overall, both students and faculty had positive perceptions of the template’s consistency in terms of format and access, but students found the template to be more beneficial to their learning than did faculty to their teaching.
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Matmin, Juan. "Rice Starch-Templated Synthesis of Nanostructured Silica and Hematite." Proceedings 3, no. 1 (August 30, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocn_2018-1-05491.
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Synthesis of nanostructured materials is not straightforward, which involves the complicated use of surfactant templates. Currently, only non-renewable resources that are hazardous and toxic are used to produce the surfactant templates in the industries. This study presents an environmentally friendly and efficient route for the synthesis of the nanostructure of both silica and hematite using rice starch as a promising biomaterials template. The rice starch-templated synthesis yield both hematite and silica with nano-size and high surface area. In particular, the nanostructured silica showed a pseudo-spherical morphology with a nano-size from 13 to 22 nm, amorphous structure and surface area of 538.74 m2/g. On the other hand, the nanostructured hematite showed a spherical-shaped morphology with a nano-size from 24 to 48 nm, and surface area of 20.04 m2/g. More importantly, the use of rice starch-template for a greener approach in the synthesis of nanomaterials was successfully outlined.
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Zhang, Chi, Arthur Porto, Sara Rolfe, Altan Kocatulum, and A. Murat Maga. "Automated landmarking via multiple templates." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): e0278035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278035.
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Manually collecting landmarks for quantifying complex morphological phenotypes can be laborious and subject to intra and interobserver errors. However, most automated landmarking methods for efficiency and consistency fall short of landmarking highly variable samples due to the bias introduced by the use of a single template. We introduce a fast and open source automated landmarking pipeline (MALPACA) that utilizes multiple templates for accommodating large-scale variations. We also introduce a K-means method of choosing the templates that can be used in conjunction with MALPACA, when no prior information for selecting templates is available. Our results confirm that MALPACA significantly outperforms single-template methods in landmarking both single and multi-species samples. K-means based template selection can also avoid choosing the worst set of templates when compared to random template selection. We further offer an example of post-hoc quality check for each individual template for further refinement. In summary, MALPACA is an efficient and reproducible method that can accommodate large morphological variability, such as those commonly found in evolutionary studies. To support the research community, we have developed open-source and user-friendly software tools for performing K-means multi-templates selection and MALPACA.
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Liu, Zhi Zhong, Lei Cao, and Hui Peng. "A Framework for Service Composition Based on Template." Applied Mechanics and Materials 519-520 (February 2014): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.519-520.271.
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Service composition based on template is a semi-automatic composition mechanism. It synthesizes delaying service binding and template-reusing to deal with the dynamicity of environment and increase the efficiency of service composition. A novel framework for service composition based on template is proposed in this paper for managing the templates and template instances. The framework is center with service community. Furthermore, to reuse the template instance, the framework includes a mechanism for managing template instance repository.
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Oh, Harin, Jongrak Kim, Sunghyun Park, Moonyoung Jang, Minah Kim, and Jun Soo Kwon. "Constructing the KOR152 Korean Young Adult Brain Atlas Utilizing the State-of-the-Art Method for the Age-Specific Population." Psychiatry Investigation 21, no. 6 (June 25, 2024): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2024.0030.
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Objective Spatial normalization is an essential process for comparative analyses that heavily depends on the standard brain template used. Brain morphological differences are observed in different populations due to genetic and environmental factors, causing mismatches in regions when the data are normalized to different population templates. Recent studies have indicated differences between Caucasian and East Asian populations as well as within East Asian populations, suggesting the necessity of population-specific brain templates. Thus, this study aimed to construct a Korean young adult age-specific brain template utilizing an advanced method of template construction to update the currently available Korean template.Methods The KOR152 template was constructed via affine and nonlinear iterative procedures based on prior studies. We compared the morphological features of different population templates (MNI152, Indian_157, and CN200). The distance and volumetric changes before and after registering the data to these templates were calculated for registration accuracy.Results The KOR152 global brain features revealed a shorter overall length than the other population templates. The registration accuracy by distance and volumetric change was significantly lower than that of the other population templates, implying that the KOR152 was more accurate than other templates for the young adult Korean population.Conclusion This study provided evidence for the need for a population-specific template that may be more appropriate for structural and functional studies in Korean populations.
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Tian, Jin Feng, Qing Hua Wang, and Jia Zhu Dong. "Properties Research on Concrete Laminated Beam Combined with GRC Enhanced Reinforcement Template." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 1785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.1785.
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This paper introduces a stressed member which is composited of GRC enhanced reinforcement template combined with post-pouring concrete structure. The GRC template is as a permanent template combining with concrete into a composite beam. The surface of the template is respectively dealed in different ways. Through contrasting the results of stress performance experiment with ordinary beam,studing the cooperative performance between GRC templates and post-pouring concrete, as well as the effect of bearing stress of composite beams with templates in different treatment ways. The optimal size is diameter 15mm, depth 5mm from the experiment.
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Chen, Ke Pi, Wen Hui Duan, Bing Lin Gu, Liang Qiao, He Ping Zhou, and Xiao Wen Zhang. "Textured Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 Ceramics by Templated Grain Growth." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.181.
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Fiber textured 0.70PMN-0.30PT ceramics was fabricated using the Templated Grain Growth (TGG) process. Tabular SrTiO3 particles synthesized in molten NaCl-KCl salts were used as templates and oriented in fine 0.70PMN-0.30PT matrix during rolling. Tabular SrTiO3 particles can stabilize in sintering by SPS technique and annealing. A degree of [001] texture (Lotgering factor ~ 0.38) was obtained by heteroepitaxial growth of oriented single PMN-PT on the SrTiO3 template particles.
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Runthala, Ashish, and Shibasish Chowdhury. "Refined template selection and combination algorithm significantly improves template-based modeling accuracy." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 17, no. 02 (April 2019): 1950006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720019500069.
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In contrast to ab-initio protein modeling methodologies, comparative modeling is considered as the most popular and reliable algorithm to model protein structure. However, the selection of the best set of templates is still a major challenge. An effective template-ranking algorithm is developed to efficiently select only the reliable hits for predicting the protein structures. The algorithm employs the pairwise as well as multiple sequence alignments of template hits to rank and select the best possible set of templates. It captures several key sequences and structural information of template hits and converts into scores to effectively rank them. This selected set of templates is used to model a target. Modeling accuracy of the algorithm is tested and evaluated on TBM-HA domain containing CASP8, CASP9 and CASP10 targets. On an average, this template ranking and selection algorithm improves GDT-TS, GDT-HA and TM_Score by 3.531, 4.814 and 0.022, respectively. Further, it has been shown that the inclusion of structurally similar templates with ample conformational diversity is crucial for the modeling algorithm to maximally as well as reliably span the target sequence and construct its near-native model. The optimal model sampling also holds the key to predict the best possible target structure.
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Inge-Vechtomov, Sergey G. "Template principle in biology (the past, the present, the future?)." Ecological genetics 1, no. 1 (January 15, 2003): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen106-15.
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Discovery of DNA double structure is a symbol of establishment of the template principle in biology of the XX century. Template processes (replication, transcription, translation) have several common characteristics: they proceed in three consequent steps - initiation, elongation and termination and are followed by correction or repair. All of them possess the character of polyvarian-cy, which means that they arc carried by enzymatic systems composed of interchangeable components, which operate with different precision. There may be enzymatic components, identical or closely related by structure, which are involved in different template processes. Along with linear templates (DNA, RNA) so called first order templates there are space or conformational templates in the cell. The latter ones are represented by some proteins, which can change their conformation, memorize it and transfer to newly synthesized homologous polypeptides (second order templates). The second order templates may interact either with each other or with the first order templates. Knowledge about relations between different template processes in the cell brings a new glance on mutual influence of different types of variability and on their roles in evolution.
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Gálvez-Llompart, María, Angel Cantín, Fernando Rey, and German Sastre. "Computational screening of structure directing agents for the synthesis of zeolites. A simplified model." Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials 234, no. 7-8 (July 26, 2019): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zkri-2018-2132.
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Abstract Zeolite micropores become more energetically stable by the occlusion of organic structure directing agents (templates). This energetic stabilisation, if approximated by van der Waals zeo-template interactions, can be calculated in a fast way by using modern computing techniques incorporating big data handling algorithms for massive screening. A software suite is presented which calculates an arbitrarily large 2-D matrix (template×zeolite) giving the zeo-template van der Waals interaction energy corresponding to the minimum energy conformation assuming one template molecule in a pure silica zeolite unit cell. With the goal of simplicity, the software only needs two coordinate input files of template and zeolite unit cell. Though a number of approximations have been considered, the software allows to compare, for a given template, which competing zeolite phases may become more stabilised. Applied to zeolite hypothetical databases, it may be of help to suggest templates for their synthesis.
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Park, Daeseong, Aaron J. Barth, Luis C. Ho, and Ari Laor. "A New Iron Emission Template for Active Galactic Nuclei. I. Optical Template for the Hβ Region*." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 258, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac3f3e.
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Abstract We present a new empirical template for iron emission in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) covering the 4000–5600 Å range. The new template is based on a spectrum of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy Mrk 493 obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope. In comparison with the canonical iron template object I Zw 1, Mrk 493 has narrower broad-line widths, lower reddening, and a less extreme Eddington ratio, making it a superior choice for template construction. We carried out a multicomponent spectral decomposition to produce a template incorporating all the permitted and forbidden lines of Fe ii identified in the Mrk 493 spectrum over this wavelength range, as well as lines from Ti ii, Ni ii, and Cr ii. We tested the template by fitting it to AGN spectra spanning a broad range of iron emission properties, and we present a detailed comparison with fits using other widely used monolithic and multicomponent iron emission templates. The new template generally provides the best fit (lowest χ 2) compared to other widely used monolithic empirical templates. In addition, the new template yields more accurate spectral measurements including a significantly better match of the derived Balmer line profiles (Hβ, Hγ, Hδ), in contrast with results obtained using the other templates. Our comparison tests show that the choice of iron template can introduce a systematic bias in measurements of the Hβ line width, which consequently impacts single-epoch black hole mass estimates by ∼0.1 dex on average and possibly up to ∼0.3–0.5 dex individually.
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Liu, Jian, Kuangrong Hao, Yongsheng Ding, Shiyu Yang, and Lei Gao. "Multi-State Self-Learning Template Library Updating Approach for Multi-Camera Human Tracking in Complex Scenes." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 31, no. 12 (September 17, 2017): 1755016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001417550163.
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In multi-camera video tracking, the tracking scene and tracking-target appearance can become complex, and current tracking methods use entirely different databases and evaluation criteria. Herein, for the first time to our knowledge, we present a universally applicable template library updating approach for multi-camera human tracking called multi-state self-learning template library updating (RS-TLU), which can be applied in different multi-camera tracking algorithms. In RS-TLU, self-learning divides tracking results into three states, namely steady state, gradually changing state, and suddenly changing state, by using the similarity of objects with historical templates and instantaneous templates because every state requires a different decision strategy. Subsequently, the tracking results for each state are judged and learned with motion and occlusion information. Finally, the correct template is chosen in the robust template library. We investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method using three databases and 42 test videos, and calculate the number of false positives, false matches, and missing tracking targets. Experimental results demonstrate that, in comparison with the state-of-the-art algorithms for 15 complex scenes, our RS-TLU approach effectively improves the number of correct target templates and reduces the number of similar templates and error templates in the template library.
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Ibadat, Nur Faezah, Suryani Saallah, Clarence M. Ongkudon, and Mailin Misson. "Preparation of Polystyrene Microsphere-Templated Porous Monolith for Wastewater Filtration." Materials 14, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 7165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237165.
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Porous monoliths prepared using templates are highly sought after for filtration applications due to their good mass transport properties and high permeability. Current templates, however, often lead to the formation of dead-end pores and irregular pore distributions, which reduce the efficiency of the substrate flow across the monolith column. This study focused on the preparation of a microsphere-templated porous monolith for wastewater filtration. The optimal template/monomer ratio (50:50, 60:40, 70:30) was determined, and appropriate template removal techniques were assessed for the formation of homogenous pores. The physicochemical characteristics and pore homogeneity of the monoliths were examined. The 60:40 ratio was determined to result in monoliths with homogeneous pore distributions ranging from 1.9 μm to 2.3 μm. SEM and FTIR investigations revealed that solvent treatment was effective for removing templates from the resulting solid monolith. The water quality assessments revealed reductions in the turbidity and the total number of suspended particles in the tested wastewater of up to 96–99%. The findings of this study provide insightful knowledge regarding the fabrication of monoliths with homogenous pores that are beneficial for wastewater treatment.
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ZHANG, XU, SHAN-SHAN LI, TING CHEN, DONG WANG, and LI-JUN WAN. "MOLECULAR TEMPLATES FOR CONTROLLING AND ORDERING ORGANIC MOLECULES ON SOLID SURFACES." Nano 07, no. 01 (February 2012): 1230001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292012300010.
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Molecular templates are effective for inducing the formation of functional organic molecular structures on solid surfaces. Various surface nanopatterns as molecular templates were developed by self-assembly and molecular engineering. These molecular templates were used and led to the formation of ordered assembly of alien species into designed two-dimensional matrices targeting at future applications. Both molecular template and so-fabricated nanopatterned assembly were clearly observed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). This paper summarizes some recent results on molecular templates for controlling and ordering organic molecules on solid surfaces mainly from our group. Several typical molecular templates and the consequent nanofabrication of ordered assemblies are described, including template design and fabrication, molecule ordering and patterning with the template as well as the possible application of these systems.
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Peng, Jian, and Ya Su. "An Improved Algorithm for Detection and Pose Estimation of Texture-Less Objects." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 25, no. 2 (March 20, 2021): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2021.p0204.
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This paper introduces an improved algorithm for texture-less object detection and pose estimation in industrial scenes. In the template training stage, a multi-scale template training method is proposed to improve the sensitivity of LineMOD to template depth. When this method performs template matching, the test image is first divided into several regions, and then training templates with similar depth are selected according to the depth of each test image region. In this way, without traversing all the templates, the depth of the template used by the algorithm during template matching is kept close to the depth of the target object, which improves the speed of the algorithm while ensuring that the accuracy of recognition will not decrease. In addition, this paper also proposes a method called coarse positioning of objects. The method avoids a lot of useless matching operations, and further improves the speed of the algorithm. The experimental results show that the improved LineMOD algorithm in this paper can effectively solve the algorithm’s template depth sensitivity problem.
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Yan, Yong Ke, He Ping Zhou, Wei Zhao, Dan Liu, and Shan Shan Liu. "Texture Development in Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-BaTiO3 Ceramics by Reactive-Templated Grain Growth." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.121.
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High <001>-textured Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3-BaTiO3 (6mol%BaTiO3) ceramics were fabricated by reactive-templated grain growth (RTGG), using plate-like Bi4Ti3O14 particles prepared by a molten salt method as the templates. The effect of template concentration on the texture development and microstructure evolution was studied, and the mechanisms of grain orientation and densification were also discussed. The design of Bi element reaction has important impact on the texture development.
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Lu, Wenhui, Jie Liu, Jinhua Li, Xiaoyan Wang, Min Lv, Rong Cui, and Lingxin Chen. "Dual-template molecularly imprinted polymers for dispersive solid-phase extraction of fluoroquinolones in water samples coupled with high performance liquid chromatography." Analyst 144, no. 4 (2019): 1292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8an02133c.
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Xie, Shufang, Rui Yan, Junliang Guo, Yingce Xia, Lijun Wu, and Tao Qin. "Retrosynthesis Prediction with Local Template Retrieval." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 4 (June 26, 2023): 5330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i4.25664.
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Retrosynthesis, which predicts the reactants of a given target molecule, is an essential task for drug discovery. In recent years, the machine learing based retrosynthesis methods have achieved promising results. In this work, we introduce RetroKNN, a local reaction template retrieval method to further boost the performance of template-based systems with non-parametric retrieval. We first build an atom-template store and a bond-template store that contains the local templates in the training data, then retrieve from these templates with a k-nearest-neighbor (KNN) search during inference. The retrieved templates are combined with neural network predictions as the final output. Furthermore, we propose a lightweight adapter to adjust the weights when combing neural network and KNN predictions conditioned on the hidden representation and the retrieved templates. We conduct comprehensive experiments on two widely used benchmarks, the USPTO-50K and USPTO-MIT. Especially for the top-1 accuracy, we improved 7.1% on the USPTO-50K dataset and 12.0% on the USPTO-MIT dataset.These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
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Wang, Jun, and Zhi Wei Sun. "Application and Design of the New Steel Fiber RPC Column-Template without Demolition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 120 (October 2011): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.120.288.
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Innovation of material and function represents the direction of contemporary architecture template development. Based on the study results of domestic and foreign building templates, a new type of template structure—Steel fiber RPC (reactive powder concrete) column-template without demolition is presented taking account of the characteristics of template materials and construction methods. Compared with the traditional template, the new one takes composite material and function innovation as a breakthrough. It improves efficiency of construction while the column-template forms the outer surface of the decorative grass-roots which expands the scale of the function of column template. This paper introduces the material selection and illustrates the calculation of the new template. Based on the existing design specification of template, new design recommendation of template thickness is proposed through theoretical analysis and simulation, which provides a theoretical basis of steel fiber RPC column template without demolition in engineering applications.
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Cheng, Chi-Ping, and Peter D. Nagy. "Mechanism of RNA Recombination in Carmo- and Tombusviruses: Evidence for Template Switching by the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase In Vitro." Journal of Virology 77, no. 22 (November 15, 2003): 12033–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.22.12033-12047.2003.
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ABSTRACT RNA recombination occurs frequently during replication of tombusviruses and carmoviruses, which are related small plus-sense RNA viruses of plants. The most common recombinants generated by these viruses are either defective interfering (DI) RNAs or chimeric satellite RNAs, which are thought to be generated by template switching of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) during the viral replication process. To test if RNA recombination is mediated by the viral RdRp, we used either a purified recombinant RdRp of Turnip crinkle carmovirus or a partially purified RdRp preparation of Cucumber necrosis tombusvirus. We demonstrated that these RdRp preparations generated RNA recombinants in vitro. The RdRp-driven template switching events occurred between either identical templates or two different RNA templates. The template containing a replication enhancer recombined more efficiently than templates containing artificial sequences. We also observed that AU-rich sequences promote recombination more efficiently than GC-rich sequences. Cloning and sequencing of the generated recombinants revealed that the junction sites were located frequently at the ends of the templates (end-to-end template switching). We also found several recombinants that were generated by template switching involving internal positions in the RNA templates. In contrast, RNA ligation-based RNA recombination was not detected in vitro. Demonstration of the ability of carmo- and tombusvirus RdRps to switch RNA templates in vitro supports the copy-choice models of RNA recombination and DI RNA formation for these viruses.
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Lee, Heon, Ki Yeon Yang, Sung Hoon Hong, C. D. Schaper, and Gun Young Jung. "Nano-Imprint Lithography of 100nm Sized Patterns Using Water Soluble PVA, Poly(Vinyl Alcohol), Template." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.661.
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Flexible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) templates with nano-sized patterns were fabricated by spin coating of PVA resin on silicon master wafer. Since PVA template has enough UV transparency, mechanical strength and thermal durability, it can be used as the template for UV-based and thermal nanoimprint lithography. The replicated patterns on the PVA template were transferred faithfully to the imprinted resin by imprinting lithography. As PVA template was dissolved in water, it was not necessary to deposit a releasing layer on the PVA template surface.
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Zhu, Xin Hua, Cheng Gong, and Hong Chao Chen. "Construction and Match of Question Templates Based on Domain Ontology and Semantic Block." Applied Mechanics and Materials 373-375 (August 2013): 1776–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.373-375.1776.
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Compared with other methods, the question sentences processing method based on sentence-template match avoids complex lexical, syntactic and semantic analysis, but the size of the question template library is the key. To solve this problem, this paper used domain ontology and semantic block to build question templates, and added synonymous question templates into question model, then proposed a question template matching algorithm based on the semantic similarity, length similarity and sequence similarity. The experimental results show that this method greatly improves the success rate to extract the semantic features of users question sentences.
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Exner, Nina, Seonyoung Kim, and Katy Smith. "The DMPTool NIH DMSP Templates Project." Journal of the Medical Library Association 112, no. 2 (May 22, 2024): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2024.1871.
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The DMPTool NIH Data Management and Sharing Plan (DMSP) Templates Project was launched in response to the 2023 NIH Data Management and Sharing (DMS) Policy. This new policy introduced a more structured framework for DMS Plans, featuring six key elements, a departure from the 2003 NIH DMS policy. The project aimed to simplify the process for data librarians, research administrators, and researchers by providing a template with curated guidance, eliminating the need to navigate various policies and guidelines. The template breaks out each Plan section and subsection and provides related guidance and examples at the point of need. This effort has resulted in two NIH DMSP Templates. The first is a generic template (NIH-Default) for all ICs, complying with NOT-OD-21-013 and NOT-OD-22-198. More recently, an NIMH-specific template (NIH-NIMH) was added based on NOT-MH-23-100. As of October 2023, over 5,000 DMS Plans have been written using the main NIH-Default template and the NIH-NIMH alternative template.
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Budiharto, Widodo, Djoko Purwanto, and Mauridhi Hery Purnomo. "EDGE DETECTION USING CELLULAR NEURAL NETWORK AND TEMPLATE OPTIMIZATION." CCIT Journal 4, no. 1 (September 6, 2010): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/ccit.v4i1.358.
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Result of edge detection using CNN could be not optimal, because the optimal result is based on template applied to the images. During the first years after the introduction of the CNN, many templates were designed by cut and try techniques. Today, several methods are available for generating CNN templates or algorithms. In this paper, we presented a method to make the optimal result of edge detection by using TEMPO (Template Optimization). Result shown that template optimization improves the image quality of the edges and noise are reduced. Simulation for edge detection uses CANDY Simulator, then we implementing the program and optimized template using MATLAB. Comparing to Canny and Sobel operators, image shapes result from CNN edge detector also show more realistic and effective to user.
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Murayama, Seigo, Ikuo Motono, Kento Mizui, Kenji Kondoh, Makoto Hanabata, and Satoshi Takei. "Gas-Permeable Microimprint Template Derived from Cellulose Nanofiber Derivatives for Mechanical Properties." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (March 18, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5180460.
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A gas-permeable template has lower mechanical properties compared to non-gas-permeable metal templates. Therefore, it is difficult to mass-produce by increasing the area of the gas-permeable template. In this study, we have developed a new gas-permeable template with cellulose nanofiber (CNF) derivatives added to improve the mechanical properties of gas-permeable templates. The reinforcing effect by the CNF derivative added was investigated by a tensile test. As a result, it was shown that Young’s modulus was increased about 2 to 3 times by the addition of 2-5 wt% CNF derivative. Also, it was confirmed by confocal microscopic images that transferability and gas permeability of the gas-permeable template were not lost even when the CNF derivative was added.
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Quan, Yi, Lingyan Wang, Wei Ren, Jinyan Zhao, Jian Zhuang, Kun Zheng, Zhe Wang, et al. "Effect of template amounts on the orientation degree and electrical properties of lead-free piezoelectric textured KNN-based ceramics." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 9 (March 7, 2022): 094101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0082466.
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Textured process is considered an effective way to enhance the performance of piezoelectric ceramics. To obtain lead-free piezoelectric KNN-based ceramics with high performance, ⟨001⟩ c-textured lead-free piezoelectric 0.915(K0.45Na0.5Li0.05)–0.075BaZrO3–0.01Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (KNLN–BZ–BNT) ceramics with the addition of 5 mol. % NaNbO3 templates were prepared, and the improved piezoelectric properties and thermal stability were expectedly achieved. For textured ceramics, the textured degree is one of the very important parameters and strongly depends on the amount of templates. Therefore, in this work, the effect of the amount of templates on the textured degree and electrical properties of ⟨001⟩ c-textured KNLN–BZ–BNT ceramics were investigated in detail. It was found that the templates take a positive effect when the template amount is low, in which the textured degree and electrical properties increased with the amount of templates. In contrast, excess templates could induce a severe shift of stoichiometry within the textured ceramics, accompanied by degraded performances. As a result, for the ceramics with template amount less than 4 mol. %, enhanced textured degree and electrical properties were obtained. When the template amount exceeds 5 mol. %, the textured degree and electrical properties become degraded. The textured ceramic with the 4 mol. % template shows the highest textured degree of 93% and the highest piezoelectric constants of d33 = 360 pC/N and [Formula: see text] = 615 pm/V. Combining a vertical morphotropic phase boundary with an appropriate template amount of 4 mol. %, the ceramics exhibit superior thermal stability within the temperature range of 30–200 °C.
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Park, Taeyong, Jonghun Won, Minkyung Baek, and Chaok Seok. "GalaxyHeteromer: protein heterodimer structure prediction by template-based and ab initio docking." Nucleic Acids Research 49, W1 (May 28, 2021): W237—W241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab422.
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Abstract Protein–protein interactions play crucial roles in diverse biological processes, including various disease progressions. Atomistic structural details of protein–protein interactions may provide important information that can facilitate the design of therapeutic agents. GalaxyHeteromer is a freely available automatic web server (http://galaxy.seoklab.org/heteromer) that predicts protein heterodimer complex structures from two subunit protein sequences or structures. When subunit structures are unavailable, they are predicted by template- or distance-prediction-based modelling methods. Heterodimer complex structures can be predicted by both template-based and ab initio docking, depending on the template's availability. Structural templates are detected from the protein structure database based on both the sequence and structure similarities. The templates for heterodimers may be selected from monomer and homo-oligomer structures, as well as from hetero-oligomers, owing to the evolutionary relationships of heterodimers with domains of monomers or subunits of homo-oligomers. In addition, the server employs one of the best ab initio docking methods when heterodimer templates are unavailable. The multiple heterodimer structure models and the associated scores, which are provided by the web server, may be further examined by user to test or develop functional hypotheses or to design new functional molecules.
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Wu, Yan Bo, Peng Sun, Hong Quan Yu, and Si Si Zeng. "Template Assisted Ultrasonic Process Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of Eu3+ Doped LaPO4 Nanocrystals." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 938–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.938.
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Polyvinglpyrrolidone (PVP), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (P123) were used as templates, respectively. The morphology, structure and luminescent properties of the products were characterized and studied. The results show that all the products are pure LaPO4 with hexagonal structure. Comparing with the morphologies of LaPO4:Eu3+ nanocrystals prepared with PVP and CTAB as templates, the LaPO4:Eu3+ nanocrystals with P123 as template present regular spherical structure. The sizes of all products are in the range of 50–120 nm. When ultrasonic time was 2 h, the tendency, intensity and stability of fluorescent irradiation is obviously difference with different templates. In addition, the luminescent intensity of the LaPO4:Eu3+ nanocrystals using PVP as template is the strongest and using P123 as template is the weakest. All above results indicate that the template kinds have played an important role in the morphology and luminescent properties of the LaPO4:Eu3+ nanocrystals.