Academic literature on the topic 'Template-Directed polymerization'

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Journal articles on the topic "Template-Directed polymerization"

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G. Lynn, David, Xiaoyu Li, Andres F. Hernandez, Martha A. Grover, and Nicholas V. Hud. "Step-Growth Control in Template-Directed Polymerization." HETEROCYCLES 82, no. 2 (2010): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-10-s(e)99.

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Lin, Tao, Xue Song Shang, Jinne Adisoejoso, Pei Nian Liu, and Nian Lin. "Steering On-Surface Polymerization with Metal-Directed Template." Journal of the American Chemical Society 135, no. 9 (February 26, 2013): 3576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja311890n.

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Kanaya, Eiko, and Hiroshi Yanagawa. "Template-directed polymerization of oligoadenylates using cyanogen bromide." Biochemistry 25, no. 23 (November 18, 1986): 7423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00371a026.

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Wang, Cheng-Xin, Jian-Le Chen, Chen-Hui Shu, Ke-Ji Shi, and Pei-Nian Liu. "On-surface synthesis of 2D COFs on Cu(111) via the formation of thermodynamically stable organometallic networks as the template." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 24 (2019): 13222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp01843c.

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Template-directed polymerization is an effective approach used to afford regular 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs), thus the regularity of the template is crucial for the quality of the resulting 2D COFs.
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Khan, Afzal, David M. Haddleton, Michael J. Hannon, Dax Kukulj, and Andrew Marsh. "Hydrogen Bond Template-Directed Polymerization of Protected 5‘-Acryloylnucleosides." Macromolecules 32, no. 20 (October 1999): 6560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma990283j.

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Lehman, Niles, and Eric J. Hayden. "Template-Directed RNA Polymerization: The Taming of the Milieu." ChemBioChem 12, no. 18 (October 26, 2011): 2727–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201100611.

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SHARMA, AJEET K., and DEBASHISH CHOWDHURY. "TEMPLATE-DIRECTED BIOPOLYMERIZATION: TAPE-COPYING TURING MACHINES." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 07, no. 03n04 (December 2012): 135–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793048012300083.

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DNA, RNA and proteins are among the most important macromolecules in a living cell. These molecules are polymerized by molecular machines. These natural nano-machines polymerize such macromolecules, adding one monomer at a time, using another linear polymer as the corresponding template. The machine utilizes input chemical energy to move along the template which also serves as a track for the movements of the machine. In the Alan Turing year 2012, it is worth pointing out that these machines are "tape-copying Turing machines". We review the operational mechanisms of the polymerizer machines and their collective behavior from the perspective of statistical physics, emphasizing their common features in spite of the crucial differences in their biological functions. We also draw the attention of the physics community to another class of modular machines that carry out a different type of template-directed polymerization. We hope this review will inspire new kinetic models for these modular machines.
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Li, Heng, Han Miao, Yong Gao, Huaming Li, and Daoyong Chen. "Efficient synthesis of narrowly dispersed amphiphilic double-brush copolymers through the polymerization reaction of macromonomer micelle emulsifiers at the oil–water interface." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 27 (2016): 4476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00705h.

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Yang, Guangjie, Tianli Ning, Wei Zhao, Wenxiu Deng, and Xikui Liu. "Robust ambient pressure dried polyimide aerogels and their graphene oxide directed growth of 1D–2D nanohybrid aerogels using water as the only solvent." RSC Advances 7, no. 26 (2017): 16210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra01751k.

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Through soft/hard template directed hydrothermal polymerization, we reported the first green approach to the morpho-controlled synthesis of monolithic polyimide aerogels and their graphene nanohybrid aerogel using nothing but water.
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Gu, Siyi, Shizhang Fu, Caimei Gong, Sihao Li, Xiaoqing Liu, Yan Lu, Zhongping Wang, and Li Wang. "Directing on-surface polymerization via a substrate-directed molecular template." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 24, no. 5 (2022): 3030–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp04911a.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Template-Directed polymerization"

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Gqwaka, Olona P. C. "A generic rate equation for catalysed, template-directed polymerisation and its use in computational systems biology." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17825.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Progress in computational systems biology depends crucially on the availability of generic rate equations that accurately describe the behaviour and regulation of catalysed processes over a wide range of conditions. Such equations for ordinary enzyme-catalysed reactions have been developed in our group and have proved extremely useful in modelling metabolic networks. However, these networks link to growth and reproduction processes through template-directed synthesis of macromolecules such as polynucleotides and polypeptides. Lack of an equation that captures such a relationship led us to derive a generic rate equation that describes catalysed, template-directed polymerisation reactions with varying monomer stoichiometry and varying chain length. A model describing the mechanism of a generic template-directed polymerisation process in terms of elementary reactions with mass action kinetics was developed. Maxima, a computational algebraic solver, was used to determine analytical expressions for the steady-state concentrations of the species in the equation system from which a steady-state rate equation could be derived. Using PySCeS, a numerical simulation platform developed in our group, we calculated the time-dependent evolution and the steadystates of the species in the catalytic mechanisms used in the derivation of the rate equations. The rate equation was robust in terms of being accurately derived, and in comparison with the rates determined with PySCeS. Addition of more elongation steps to the mechanism allowed the generalisation of the rate equation to an arbitrary number of elongations steps and an arbitrary number of monomer types. To test the regulatory design of the system we incorporated the generic rate equation in a computational model describing a metabolic system consisting of multiple monomer supplies linked by a template-directed demand reaction. Rate characteristics were chosen to demonstrate the utility of the simplified generic rate equation. The rate characteristics provided a visual representation of the control and regulation profile of the system and showed how this profile changes under varying conditions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beskikbaarheid van generiese snelheidsvergelykings wat die gedrag en regulering van gekataliseerde prosesse akkuraat oor ’n wye reeks omstandighede beskryf is van kardinale belang vir vooruitgang in rekenaarmatige sisteembiologie. Sulke vergelykings is in ons groep ontwikkel vir gewone ensiem-gekataliseerde reaksies en blyk uiters nuttig te wees vir die modellering van metaboliese netwerke. Hierdie netwerke skakel egter deur templaat-gerigte sintese van makromolekule soos polinukleotiede en polipeptiede aan groei- en voorplantingsprosesse. Die gebrek aan vergelykings wat sulke verwantskappe beskryf het ons genoop om ’n generiese snelheidsvergelyking af te lei wat gekataliseerde, templaatgerigte polimerisasie-reaksies met wisselende monomeerstoigiometrie en kettinglengte beskryf. ’n Model wat die meganisme van ’n generiese templaat-gerigte polimerisasie-proses in terme van elementêre reaksies met massa-aksiekinetika beskryf is ontwikkel. Maxima, ’n rekenaarmatige algebraïese oplosser, is gebruik om analitiese uitdrukkings vir die bestendige- toestand konsentrasies van die spesies in die vergelyking-stelsel te vind. Hierdie uitdrukkings is gebruik om ’n bestendige-toestand snelheidsvergelyking af te lei. Ons het die tyd-afhanklike progressie en die bestendige toestande bereken van die spesies in die katalitiese meganismes wat gebruik is in die afleiding van die snelheidsvergelykings. Die rekenaarprogram PySCeS is ’n numeriese simulasieplatform wat in ons groep ontwikkel is. Die snelheidsvergelyking blyk akkuraat afgelei te wees en is in ooreenstemming met snelhede deur PySCeS bereken. Die toevoeging van verdere verlengingstappe tot die meganisme het dit moontlik gemaak om die snelheidsvergelyking te veralgemeen tot ’n arbitrêre hoeveelheid verlengingstappe en monomeertipes. Om die regulatoriese ontwerp van die sisteem te toets het ons die generiese snelheidsvergelyking in ’n rekenaarmatige model geïnkorporeer wat ’n metaboliese sisteem bestaande uit verskeie monomeer-aanbodblokke en ’n templaatgerigte aanvraagblok beskryf. Snelheidskenmerkanalise is gekies om die nut van die vereenvoudigde generiese snelheidsvergelyking te demonstreer. Met hierdie snelheidskenmerke kon ons die kontrole- en reguleringsprofiel van die stelsel visualiseer en wys hoe hierdie profiel verander onder wisselende omstandighede.
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Engelhart, Aaron Edward. "Nucleic acid assembly, polymerization, and ligand binding." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45979.

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In the past 30 years, the discovery of capabilities of nucleic acids far beyond their well-known information-bearing capacity has profoundly influenced our understanding of these polymers. The discovery by the Cech and Altman labs that nucleic acids could perform catalytic functions, coupled with the Gold and Szostak groups’ demonstration of the de novo evolution of nucleic acids that bind arbitrary ligands, has resulted in a proliferation of newfound roles for these molecules. Nucleic acids have found utility in both engineered systems, such as aptamer therapeutics, as well as in newly appreciated roles in extant organisms, such as riboswitches. As a result of these discoveries, many have pondered the potential importance of the dual (catalytic and informational) roles of nucleic acids in early evolution. A high-yielding synthetic route for the nonenzymatic polymerization of nucleic acids, based on the aqueous self-assembly of their components, would provide a powerful tool in nucleic acid chemistry, with potential utility in prebiotic and contemporary nucleic acid systems alike – however, such a route remains elusive. In this thesis, I describe several steps towards such a synthetic route. In these systems, a nucleic-acid binding ligand drives the assembly of short DNA and RNA duplexes, promoting the production of long nucleic acid polymers, while suppressing the production of short, cyclic species. Additionally, the use of a reversible covalent linkage allows for the production of long polymers, as well as the incorporation of previously cyclized products into these polymers. I also report several explorations of novel base pairings, nucleic acid-ligand interactions, and nucleic acid-ion interactions that have informed our studies of self-assembling nucleic acid systems.
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Laurent, Gabin. "A statistical view on the origin of homochirality." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLS043.

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Les systèmes vivants sur Terre sont homochiraux. Cela signifie que pour chaque espèce chimique chirale qu’ils contiennent, la fraction d’un des deux énantiomères est très largement supérieure à celle de l’autre. Depuis la découverte de la chiralité par Pasteur, l’homochiralité reste un mystère puisque aucun mécanisme jugé entièrement satisfaisant justifiant son émergence n’a été proposé à ce jour et que l’on ne sait pas non plus si l’homochiralité est un prérequis ou bien une conséquence de la vie. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons deux scénarios physiques au sein desquels l’homochiralité pourrait avoir émergé avant ou bien conjointement avec la vie. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons que les grands réseaux chimiques chiraux complexes sont susceptibles de subir une transition d’un état racémique à un état homochiral due à une brisure de symétrie spontanée, lorsque le nombre d’espèces chirales qu’ils contiennent devient important. Ce mécanisme robuste repose sur les propriétés mathématiques de grandes matrices aléatoires et n’impose que peu de contraintes sur le réseau chimique. Nous illustrons ce mécanisme avec une généralisation du modèle de Frank, qui contient alors un grand nombre d’espèces chimiques. Enfin, nous évaluons quantitativement l’abondance des molécules chirales dans la nature ainsi que le seuil au-delà duquel les espèces chirales dominent en nombre celles achirales à l’aide d’une analyse de bases de données moléculaires. Dans un second temps, nous présentons un mécanisme basé sur la polymérisation sur « template » de biopolymères tels que l’ARN, qui implique l’extension de brins d’ARN par ligature avec d’autres oligomères ou monomères compatibles par appariement par paire de base. Ce processus est autocatalytique et montre une inhibition chirale, qui sont tous deux des éléments clés pour induire une brisure de symétrie provoquant une transition vers un état homochiral. A l’aide de simulations stochastiques détaillées de polymérisation sur « template » dans des systèmes de polymères chiraux, nous étudions la propension de systèmes initialement composés d’un mélange racémique de monomères à évoluer vers des systèmes homochiraux de polymères en présence de réactions de racémisation. Deux types de réacteurs chimiques sous différentes conditions sont étudiés dans ce travail : d’abord des réacteurs fermés mais maintenus hors d’équilibre, avec un nombre constant de monomères, puis des réacteurs ouverts dans lesquels les espèces sont dégradées et certaines sont chémostatées. Nous supposons aussi que les systèmes sont soumis à des cycles de températures dans les deux cas. Nous trouvons qu’un état parfaitement homochiral est atteint par les systèmes fermés en présence de réactions de racémisation grâce au « chiral stalling » qui ralentit la ligature entre deux brins d’ARN lorsque deux monomères de chiralités opposées sont appariés proche de la position de la ligature. Il apparaît que cette transition homochirale permet au système d’atteindre une longueur moyenne plus élevée de polymères qui le composent, ce qui est difficile en général pour la polymérisation non-enzymatique. Enfin, les simulations de réacteurs ouverts montrent que seul un écart énantiomérique partiel et transitoire peut être atteint mais sans que des réactions de racémisation soient nécessaires. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse se focalise sur le processus d’amplification d’un faible écart énantiomérique initial produit soit par un phénomène physique ou chimique particulier, soit simplement par des fluctuations statistiques
Living systems on earth are homochiral. This means that for every chiral species they contain, one of the two possible enantiomers is present in much higher fraction than its mirrored counterpart. Homochirality has continuously puzzled scientists ever since the discovery of chirality by Pasteur, because a mechanism for its emergence is not yet solved, nor is the question of whether homochirality is a prerequisite or a consequence of life. In this thesis, we propose two physical scenarios in which homochirality could have emerged prior to or alongside life. We first show that large and complex chiral chemical networks are subject to a symmetry breaking transition from a racemic state to a homochiral one as the number of chiral compounds they contain becomes large. This robust mechanism relies on properties of large random matrices and requires only a few constraints on the chemical network. It is illustrated with a generalization of the famous Frank model which contains a large number of chemical species. We also quantify how abundant chiral molecules are in nature through an analysis of molecular databanks which shows a threshold above which chiral compounds dominate achiral ones. In a second part, we present a scenario based on template-directed ligation of biopolymers such as RNA, which involves the extension of RNA polymers by ligation with other oligomers or monomer compatible with base paring. This process presents autocatalysis and chiral inhibition which are two key ingredients for a symmetry breaking transition leading to a homochiral state. Using detailed stochastic simulations of template-directed ligation of chiral polymeric systems, we thus investigate the propensity of systems inocculated initially with a racemic mixture of RNA monomers to evolve towards a homochiral polymer system in the presence of racemization reactions. Two kinds of reactors and their different conditions are studied in this work: closed out-of-equilibrium reactors with a conserved number of RNA monomers and open reactors in which species are being degraded over time and some are chemostated. In addition, temperature cycles or dry-wet cycles are assumed to be present in both cases. We find that full homochirality is reached for closed systems in presence of racemization reactions due to chiral stalling, which slows ligation when opposite chiralities are paired closed to the ligation site. Remarkably, the homochirality transition helps the system to reach longer average polymer length, which is typically difficult in non-enzymatic polymerization. Open reactor simulations can only reach partial and transient enantiomeric excesses but without the need of racemization reactions. The work presented in this thesis focuses on the amplification process of a small initial enantiomeric excess imbalance generated by a particular physical or chemical phenomenon or simply by statistical fluctuations
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Book chapters on the topic "Template-Directed polymerization"

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Monnard, Pierre-Alain. "Template-Directed Polymerization." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1651–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1566.

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Monnard, Pierre-Alain. "Template-Directed Polymerization." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 2470–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_1566.

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Monnard, Pierre-Alain. "Template-Directed Polymerization." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1566-2.

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"Nonenzymatic Template-Directed Polymerization." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1696. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_100802.

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"Non-Enzymatic Template-Directed Polymerization." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1127. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_2842.

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