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Academic literature on the topic 'Temperature of hardening'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Temperature of hardening"

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Niitsu, Y., and K. Ikegami. "Effect of Temperature Variation on Cyclic Elastic-Plastic Behavior of SUS 304 Stainless Steel." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 112, no. 2 (May 1, 1990): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2928601.

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The cyclic elastic-plastic behavior of SUS 304 stainless steel was investigated experimentally under various temperatures and temperature-changing conditions. The specimens were cyclically loaded between fixed axial strain limits at constant temperatures in the range from room temperature to 600°C. The effects of the cyclic strain amplitude on the saturation property of cyclic hardening were obtained at various temperatures. The effects of temperature variations on the cyclic hardening were examined under the temperature conditions of changing between two different temperatures. From these experimental results, the effects of the temperature variation on the saturation properties were found under several temperature conditions. The three different hardening models accounting for these cyclic hardening properties were proposed. The experimental results were compared with the results calculated by those three cyclic hardening models.

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Kirakevych, Iryna, Myroslav Sanytsky, and Igor Margal. "Self-Сompacting Сoncretes, which hardening at different temperature conditions." Theory and Building Practice 2020, no. 2 (November 20, 2020): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2020.02.107.

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In the article the features of reinforced concrete hardening at different temperature conditions and the current issues of preparation technology of Self-Сompacting Сoncretes (SCC) on the basis of superplasticized cementitious systems, combining knowledge of structure and modifying Portland cement compositions "Portland cement – active mineral additives – microfiller – superplasticizer – accelerator of hardening" to search for rational making provision of technical and building properties of concrete in the changing factors of its composition, technology and exploitation are shown. The physico-chemical peculіarities of hydration and hardening processes of superplasticized cementitious systems were established. The problem of obtaining Self-Compacting mixtures and Rapid-Hardening Concretes on their basis by the direct structure formation of cementitious matrix was solves. The optimization of Self-Compacting Concretes composition on the base of superplasticized cementitious systems with high early strength was carried out. The quality parameters of developed concretes were investigated and the effectiveness of their using in different temperature conditions was shown. The results of the studies found that the use of the superplasticized cementitious systems allows to influence on technological properties and kinetics of structure formation and create concrete structure with improved construction and technical properties at a different temperature conditions. Technological solutions designing of superplasticized cementitious systems that solves the problem of obtaining the Self-Сompacting Сoncretes (SCC) on their basis with using non-vibration technology are established. This creates an opportunity allows to solve the problem of obtaining for enabling early loading, reducing the production cycle, increasing turnover and formwork acceleration of monolithic buildings and structures at different temperature conditions.

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Rusynko, A. K. "Creep with temperature hardening." Materials Science 33, no. 6 (November 1997): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02355560.

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Ohno, Nobutada, Ryohei Yamamoto, and Dai Okumura. "Thermo-Mechanical Cyclic Plastic Behavior of 304 Stainless Steel at Large Temperature Ranges." Key Engineering Materials 725 (December 2016): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.725.275.

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Thermo-mechanical cyclic experiments on 304 stainless steel were performed at several temperature ranges which had maximum temperatures ranging from 350°C to 1000°C and a minimum temperature of 150 °C. Related isothermal cyclic experiments were also performed. Temperature-history dependent cyclic hardening significantly occurred under thermo-mechanical cyclic loading with maximum temperatures around 600°C, whereas almost no cyclic hardening was observed when the maximum temperature was 1000°C. The observed thermo-mechanical cyclic plastic behavior in the saturated state of cyclic hardening was then simulated using a cyclic viscoplastic constitutive model, leading to the following findings. It was difficult to predict the saturated thermo-mechanical cyclic behavior using only the isothermal cyclic experimental data. The saturated thermo-mechanical cyclic behavior was simulated well by introducing a cyclic hardening parameter depending on the maximum temperature. This means that the cyclic hardening parameter should not change with temperature but depend on the maximum temperature in the saturated state of cyclic hardening under thermo-mechanical cyclic loading.

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Bauer, A., and K. Schreiner. "Dimensional Stability of Low Temperature Surface Hardened Stainless Steel Components*." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 77, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2021-0022.

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Abstract Stainless steels are commonly used for high precision components, which often are exposed to corrosive media. However, their inferior tribological behaviour restrict the use of these materials in many technical applications. Thermochemical surface hardening is one way to overcome these weaknesses. Solution nitriding in the austenitic range above 1000 °C is mainly used for hardening martensitic and ferritic stainless grades. In austenitic and duplex stainless grades, however, the hardening effect is limited. Additionally, the high process temperatures combined with a necessary rapid cooling may lead to non-desired dimensional changes. Low temperature surface hardening processing below 500 °C here offers interesting alternatives for increasing the wear properties, while maintaining the corrosion resistance. This paper demonstrates the influence of high and low process temperatures of thermochemical surface hardening treatments on the tight dimensional tolerances of a rotationally symmetrical precision component made from cold worked AISI 304. Based on these results, current and new industrial applications, which benefit from low temperature surface hardening, will be discussed.

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Lloyd, David J. "The Work Hardening of some Commercial Al Alloys." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.55.

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The work hardening of Al alloys is very important in regards to their formability and their deformation behavior in service. The majority of the work in the literature has considered relatively pure materials, and has tended to concentrate on room temperature and elevated temperature behavior. In Al alloys there is interest in work hardening at lower temperatures since they are quite restricted in terms of the elevated temperatures at which they can be used. In this paper the work hardening of commercial 1000, 3000 and 5000 alloys have been investigated from room temperature down to 85°K. The work hardening has been analyzed using the Voce approach, and it is shown that this enables the work hardening of the different alloys to be related to their basic physical metallurgy.

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Geissler, E., and H. W. Bergmann. "Temperature Controlled Laser Transformation Hardening." Key Engineering Materials 46-47 (January 1991): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.46-47.121.

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Li, L., X. J. Zhu, L. Zhang, and F. Z. Tian. "Damage constitutive model of pure copper at different annealing temperatures." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2045, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2045/1/012013.

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Abstract Aiming at the problem of damage evolution of pure copper during the plastic deformation, the normalized shape factor is introduced based on the RO model (Ramberg-Osgood model). The mesoscopic damage constitutive model of pure copper at different annealing temperatures is established and the tensile deformation of industrial pure copper at different annealing temperatures is analyzed. The results show that the error between the calculated value and the experimental value of the damage constitutive model, based on normalized shape factor, at different annealing temperatures, is less than 10%. The model can effectively reveal the tensile damage evolution behavior of industrial pure copper and accurately predict the plastic tensile flow stress of industrial pure copper at different annealing temperatures. The hardening coefficient and hardening exponent in the model are closely related to the annealing temperature of the material. The annealing temperature has little effect on the hardening exponent and has a significant effect on the hardening coefficient and the hardening coefficient decreases with the increase in annealing temperature.

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Zhu, Jun, and Yin Zhong Shen. "Irradiation Hardening in Ferritic/Martensitic Steel P92 during Ar-Ions Irradiation at Elevated Temperature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 378 (August 2013): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.378.289.

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The irradiation hardening behavior in a commercial ferritic/martensitic steel P92 has been investigated through 250KeV Ar-ions irradiations to a dose of 10dpa at 473, 673 and 973K combined with nanoindentation techniques. The results show that irradiation-induced hardening was observed at the all irradiation temperatures. There appear to have no previous reports of the irradiation-induced hardening at the temperature higher than 873K in ferritic/martensitic steels. Irradiation-induced hardening at elevated temperature of 973K has been found, for the first time, in ferritic/martensitic steel. The irradiation-induced hardening at 973K in the ferritic/martensitic steel P92 may be ascribed to the defects in the steel generated by Ar-ions irradiation.

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Odlum, K. D., and T. J. Blake. "A comparison of analytical approaches for assessing freezing damage in black spruce using electrolyte leakage methods." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-118.

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To compare different methods of quantifying shoot frost damage during controlled plant freezing tests, frost hardening of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) seedlings exposed to three temperature hardening regimes over 16 weeks was assessed using electrolyte leakage and intact seedling methods. Electrolyte leakage was expressed as index of injury and was quantified either as the temperature needed to induce an index of injury of 5% (DT5) or as the critical temperature (CT), the mildest temperature at which damage was first detected statistically. Damage to intact shoots was expressed as percent shoot browning and was quantified as the temperature at which 50% of needle tissue on the shoots was damaged (sLT50) or as the temperature at which 50% of terminal buds were killed (bLT50). Seedling response to hardening temperature varied, depending on the method used to quantify frost hardiness. When expressed as critical temperature, hardening continued over the 16 weeks at a constant rate with no differences detected between treatments. Intact seedling shoot damage, sLT50 and bLT50, described a hardening process in which there was a large initial increase in hardening in the first 8 weeks, with less hardening occurring during the subsequent 8 weeks. Also, significant temperature effects were detected, with the greatest hardening occurring in a cool temperature (4 °C), the least in a warm temperature (20 °C), and an intermediate amount in a moderate temperature (10 °C). When quantified as DT5, the pattern of hardening was somewhat intermediate to the other two. Methods of determining frost hardiness were highly correlated, with the strongest correlation being between sLT50 and bLT50 (r2 = 0.903). Both electrolyte leakage methods, DT5 and CT, were linearly related to one another (r2 = 0.666) and were more sensitive than the intact seedling methods, since they both detected damage at warmer temperatures. DT5 was better correlated to intact measures of hardiness than was CT. Keywords: black spruce, index of injury, frost hardiness, critical temperature, damaging temperature, LT50.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Temperature of hardening"

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Zangiabadi, Amirali. "Low-temperature interstitial hardening of 15-5 precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1480769348244855.

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Mozgovoy, Sergej. "High Temperature Friction and Wear in Press Hardening." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Maskinelement, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26232.

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In the automotive industry, press hardening is usually employed to produce safety orstructural components from advanced high–strength steels. This hot forming process, andthermomechanical forming processes in general, is highly dependent on friction betweentool and workpiece as friction affects and controls the deformation of the workpiece.However, friction is also directly associated with wear of the forming tools. Tool wear isa complex system response depending on contact conditions and is a serious issue whenit comes to process economy as it reduces the service life of the tool. Therefore, it isnecessary to enhance the durability of thermomechanical forming tools by studying theinfluence of parameters such as contact pressure, cyclic thermal loading, repetitive mech-anical loading and others on tool wear. Then, computational mechanics can be utilised tonumerically simulate and optimise the thermomechanical forming process by predictingwear of the tools.Dry sliding tests were carried out on a high temperature reciprocating friction andwear tester. The aim was to identify the occurring wear mechanisms and determine thetribological behaviour of prehardened hot work tool steel when sliding against 22MnB5boron steel. A normal load of 31 N, which corresponds to a contact pressure of 10 MPa, asliding speed of 0.2 ms −1 and temperatures ranging from 40◦Cto800◦ C were employed.It was found that the coefficient of friction and the specific wear rate decreased at elevatedtemperature because of the formation of compacted wear debris layers on the interactingsurfaces.Increasing material and energy expenses, rising demands for process flexibility andstability as well as requirements for minimal trial and error have led to a growing interestin numerical simulation of wear phenomena. Finite element simulations of a strip drawingtest were conducted to explore the possibility of predicting tool wear in press hardening.The focus laid on unveiling the contact conditions on the forming tools through numericalsimulation. The influence of high temperature on wear was studied and the results wereimplemented in Archard’s wear model to introduce temperature dependence. Further-more, another wear model used for warm forging was also considered. It was found thatthe extreme contact conditions occurred at tool radii and that the different wear modelsled to similar wear depth profiles on the radii but with different orders of magnitude.Standard high temperature tribometers allow fundamental tribological studies to becarried out in order to investigate the tribological behaviour of the materials in contact.However, the conditions prevalent during the interaction of the hot workpiece and toolsurfaces in thermomechanical forming are not adequately simulated in these tribometers.A novel high temperature tribometer has been employed in order to more closely simulatethe interaction between tool and workpiece at elevated temperatures during thermomech-anical forming. It was found that a higher load led to a lower and more stable coefficient
Godkänd; 2014; 20140919 (sermoz); Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Sergej Mozgovoy Ämne: Maskinelement/Machine Elements Uppsats: High Temperature Friction and Wear in Press Hardening Examinator: Professor Braham Prakash, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Dr Manel Rodriguez Ripoll, AC2T research GmbH, Österrike Tid: Fredag den 21 november 2014 kl 10:00 Plats: E231, Luleå tekniska universitet

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Hwang, Kai-Lun H. "Physiological diversity and temperature hardening in adult tick dermacentor variabilis (ACARI: IXODIDAE)." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1149129871.

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PADIAL, ARMANDO G. F. "Caracterizacao microestrutural do aco maraging de grau 400 de resistencia mecanica ultra-elevada." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2002. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10998.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Fan, Yangyang. "Precipitation Strengthening of Aluminum by Transition Metal Aluminides." Digital WPI, 2012. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/231.

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Aluminum-zirconium alloys exhibit superior strength at elevated temperature in comparison to traditional aluminum casting alloys. These alloys are heat-treatable and their strength depends to a large extent on the quenching and aging steps of the heat treatment process. However, measurements show that the critical cooling rate necessary to retain 0.6 wt. pct. zirconium(the minimum amount necessary for significant strengthening) in a super-saturated solid solution with aluminum is 90ºC/s, which is un-attainable with traditional casting processes. On the other hand, the critical cooling rate necessary to retain 0.4 wt. pct vanadium and 0.1 wt. pct. zirconium in a super- saturated solidsolution with aluminum is only 40ºC/s; which suggests that substituting vanadium for zirconium significantly decreases the critical cooling rate of the alloy. This is an important finding as it means that, unlike the Al-0.6Zr alloy, the Al-0.4V-0.1Zr alloy may be processed into useful components by traditional high pressure die-casting. Moreover, measurements show that the hardness of the Al-0.4V-0.1Zr alloy increases upon aging at 400ºC and does not degrade even after holding the alloy at 300ºC for 100 hours. Also, measurements of the tensile yield strength of the Al-0.4V-0.1Zr alloy at 300ºC show that it is about 3 times higher than that of pure aluminum. This increase in hardness and strength is attributed to precipitation of Al3(Zr,V) particles. Examination of these particles with high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and conventional TEM show that vanadium co-precipitates with zirconium and aluminum and forms spherical particles that have the L12 crystal structure. It also shows that the crystallographic misfit between the precipitate particles and the aluminum matrix is almost eliminated by introducing vanadium into the Al3Zr precipitate and thatthe mean radius of the Al3(Zr,V) particles is in the range from 1nm to 7nm depending on the alloy composition and aging practice. Finally, it is found that adding small amounts of silicon to the Al-0.4V-0.1Zr alloy effectively accelerates formation of the Al3(Zr,V) precipitate.

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PRASAD, PRASHANTH. "CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW, CAST, HIGH TEMPERATURE ALUMINUM ALLOYS FOR DIESEL ENGINE APPLICATIONS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1148315194.

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Bílková, Lenka. "Nízkoteplotní a kryogenní zpracování cementačních součástí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228073.

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This work deals with the assessment of the influence of low-temperature treatment on the structure and properties of casehardened surface layer of parts. The objective was to assess whether low-temperature treatment is sufficient, insufficient, or unnecessary for the given purpose. Gears which form a part of Zetor tractors gear boxes were used as samples. Thirteen pairs of frozen and non-frozen samples were used; they were taken from production batches throughout 2007, their hardness was assessed and furthermore, the experiment itself, freezing casehardened and hardened samples to different temperatures reaching as low as -196°C, was carried out. A moderate increase in hardness was registered with the majority of the frozen samples, which proved the effectiveness of the low-temperature treatment.

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Ded, Gurdish S. "CHARACTERIZATION OF Ni-RICH NiTiHf BASED HIGH TEMPERATURE SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/55.

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Among the potential high temperature shape memory alloys, due to its low cost, medium ductility and high work output NiTiHf seems to be the most promising HTSMA for a wide range of applications in the 100-250ºC. A detailed investigation into the shape memory properties and transformation behavior for the Ni-rich HTSMA with the compositions of Ni45.3Cu5Ti29.7Hf20, Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 and Ni45.3Pd5Ti29.7Hf20 was carried out. It is possible to form Ni-rich precipitates in Ni-rich NiTiHf alloys and tailor the TTs by heat treatments that results in increased strength and stable response at high temperatures. The coherent Ni-rich precipitates deplete the Ni content from the matrix increasing the transformation temperatures and strengthen the material by hindering the dislocation motion. The effect of aging on the microstructure, shape memory and mechanical properties are revealed. Optimum aging conditions have been found determined to get the most favorable combination of high transformation temperatures with stable and good shape memory properties. The Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 and Ni45.3Pd5Ti29.7Hf20 aged at 500ºC-600 ºC were found to be formidable candidates for high temperature applications.

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Kazi-tani, Zakaria. "Simulation of Hardening of the MahanaKhon Tower Mat Foundation." Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244030.

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Cement hydration is the result of a series of simultaneous chemical reactions occurring during the production of concrete. An excessive amount of heat is generated, which consequently may give rise to thermal stresses and cause early age cracks in concrete that may affect its structural integrity, and load bearing capacity. Incorporating fly ash into the concrete mixture has shown to be an efficient method to reduce the temperatures developed during early age hydration, especially for massive concrete structures. Fly ash does additionally affect the concrete's development of compressive strength, tensile strength and Young's modulus. The MahanaKhon tower's mat foundation is divided into 14 layers, with fly ash incorporated in the concrete mix. A finite element model was developed of the mat foundation with COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the developed temperatures and thermal stresses during curing. The simulations were carried out as parametric studies with different strain reference temperatures. The simulated temperatures were compared with existing temperature measurements that were conducted in three different elevations in each concrete layer. The result of the temperature analyses showed that the measured temperatures were generally larger than the simulated ones, which may have been the result of the numerical model's heat conductivity and convective heat transfer coeffcient not reflecting the actual case. Furthermore, the numerical model did not take into account the effects of solar radiation, which would most likely have increased the temperature of the concrete. The maximum simulated temperatures were mostly found in the center level of the concrete, followed by the lower level, and the lowest at the top. It was also observed that the maximum temperatures in some of the mat foundation layers could exceed 70 °C, which is generally considered high since the risk of delayed ettringite formation may arise. The large temperature is partially a result of not using cooling methods, such as cooling pipes, but also due to the high initial and ambient temperatures. The result of the thermal stress analyses showed that no tensile stresses arose when the strain reference temperature, Tref, was specified to 30 °C, corresponding to the mean ambient temperature. This is due to the concrete temperature not falling below Tref, and the concrete will therefore be in expansion and only be subject to compressive stresses. Increasing Tref to 50 °C, which was considered a reasonable estimation, resulted in developed tensile stresses in all mat foundation layers, where the majority of the mat foundation layers showed a risk of superficial surface cracks. The maximum tensile stresses were found at the final time of the simulations, which was expected, since the temperatures were at their lowest as a result of removing the curing insulation. Finally, setting Tref to 70 °C, corresponding to the maximum temperature during hardening, increased the induced tensile stresses considerably, due to the large temperature gradient between Tref and the concrete temperature. The maximum stresses were, as expected, located at the top level and caused by internal restraint. The second largest tensile stresses were found in the center level, also subject to internal restraint. The lowest tensile stresses were located in the lower level, subject to external restraint.
Cementhydratation är resultatet av en serie kemiska reaktioner som sker under tillverkningen av betong. Stora mängder värme genereras, vilket följaktligen kan ge upphov till termiska spänningar och orsaka tidig sprickbildning som påverkar betongens hållfasthet, och bärförmåga. Inkludering av flygaska i betongblandningen har visat sig vara en effektiv metod avsedd att minska temperaturerna som utvecklas under hydratationen i ung betong, särskilt i massiva betongkonstruktioner. Flygaska påverkar också betongens utveckling av tryckhållfasthet, draghållfasthet och elasticitetsmodul. MahanaKhon towers bottenplatta är uppdelad i 14 lager, där flygaska inkluderades i bottenplattans betong. En finit elementmodell av bottenplattan skapades i COMSOL Multiphysics, där de utvecklade temperaturerna och termiska spänningarna i den unga betongen simulerades under bottenplattans härdningsfas. Simuleringarna genomfördes som parameterstudier med olika referenstemperaturer. De simulerade temperaturerna jämfördes vidare med befintliga temperaturmätningar som utfördes i tre olika elevationer i varje gjutetapp. Resultaten av temperaturerna visade att de uppmätta temperaturerna var generellt högre än de simulerade, vilket bland annat kan bero på att betongens värmeledningsförmåga, samt konvektiva värmeöverföringskoefficient inte återspeglade det aktuella fallet. Den numeriska modellen tog inte heller hänsyn till effekten av solinstrålning, som sannolikt skulle ökat betongens temperatur. De maximala temperaturerna hittades mestadels i betongens mittnivå, följt av den lägre nivån och slutligen lägsta nivåerna vid toppen. Det observerades även att de maximala temperaturerna i bottenplattan kunde överstiga 70 °C, vilket generellt anses vara högt då risken för fördröjd ettringitbildning kan uppstå. De höga temperaturerna beror delvis på avsaknad av kylmetoder, såsom kylrör, men även på den höga initialtemperaturen och omgivningstemperaturen. Resultaten av spänningsanalysen påvisade att inga dragspänningar uppstod när referenstemperaturen Tref denierades till 30 °C, som motsvarar den genomsnittliga omgivningstemperaturen. Detta förklaras av att betongen kommer att vara i expansion och följaktligen endast utsättas för tryckspänningar. Efter att Tref ökats till 50 °C, vilken ansågs vara en rimlig estimering i denna studie, uppstod dragspänningar i alla lager i bottenplattan, där vissa utsattes för risk för ytsprickor. De maximala dragspänningarna uppstod vid simuleringarnas slut, vilket var förväntat då temperaturerna var som lägst vid den tidpunkten till följd av att isoleringen avlägsnades. Slutligen höjdes Tref till 70 °C, vilket motsvarar den maximala temperaturen i bottenplattan under härdning. De inducerade dragspänningarna ökade avsevärt på grund av den stora temperaturgradienten mellan Tref och betongtemperaturen. Samtliga lager utsattes i detta fall för risk för genomgående sprickor. De maximala dragspänningarna påträffades på toppnivån och orsakades av inre tvång. De näst största dragspänningarna fanns i mitten av plattan och var också resultatet av inre tvång. De lägsta dragspänningarna påträffades vid plattans lägre nivå, som utsattes för yttre tvång.

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Mukarati, Tulani Wadzanai. "Constitutive modelling of the strain hardening behaviour of metastable AISI 301LN austenitic stainless steel as a function of strain and temperature." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76008.

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The automotive industry currently demands materials with improved formability and crash performance. Austenitic stainless steels have been singled out for potential development of high strength steels to achieve exceptional combinations of strength and ductility due to their high strain hardening abilities. Austenitic 301LN stainless steel is the least alloyed and most metastable among the 300-series austenitic stainless steels. Plastic deformation at a temperature below Md transforms the metastable austenite phase to a thermodynamically more stable martensite phase accompanied with enhanced strain hardening. There are two different deformation mechanisms of austenitic stainless steels which are TRIP and TWIP effects. In this work, both mechanisms were observed at different deformation temperatures with both phase transformations and twin formations contributing towards the strain hardening. This research work concentrated largely on the derivation of constitutive equations of both volume fraction of martensitic transformation and mechanical response of a metastable austenitic stainless steel alloy as a function of applied strain and temperature. The alloy investigated was a lean version of AISI 301LN. A calibration evaluation of the Ferritescope values was performed with the use of magnetizing tests (VSM), X-ray and neutron diffraction analyses to arrive at a reliable methodology for the determination of the martensite content during the tests. A calibration factor of 1.70 was obtained when tensile deformed samples were used (with analyses done using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer measurements, X-ray and Neutron diffraction techniques) and a calibration factor of 1.62 was obtained when cold rolled samples were used with analysis done using the neutron diffraction technique only. A series of interrupted uniaxial tensile tests at temperatures ranging between -60 and 180 °C at a constant strain rate of 6.67 x 10-4 s-1 were performed. A low strain rate and a small interruption interval were chosen to minimize the heating effect due to adiabatic heating. The strain hardening behavior of AISI 301LN metastable austenitic stainless steels was observed to be a complex process which is related not only to the generation of a dislocation structure but transformation and twinning hardening as well depending on the deformation temperature. Strain hardening curves were derived at different temperatures and were found to be following the same basic mathematical equation for the formation of the strain-induced martensitic transformation product as a function of true strain. Prior cold rolling was also done to different gauges ranging from 5% and 70% at ambient temperature, with small reduction passes applied to minimize adiabatic heating. A series of interrupted uniaxial tensile tests were done on the prior cold rolled samples at a low strain rate of 6.67 x 10-4 s-1. All the derived strain hardening curves were extended up to the true strain levels of 1.0, to arrive at estimates of the strength coefficient, K. The strength coefficient, K was found to be in the range of 1500 MPa ~ 1780 MPa, as calculated from the convergence of sigmoidal hardening curves at a log stress of ~ 3.25 (at log true strain of 0).This was found to be in accordance with the tensile strength of 1715 MPa after a cold rolling of 63.2% (which is equivalent to the compressive true strain of 1.0). The calculated values of strain hardening and martensite formed, using the developed constitutive equations, agree well with the experimental results for a wide range of deformation temperatures and prior cold rolling percentages. A linear variation of stress as a function of strain-induced martensite, observed at moderate martensite fraction levels, was explained as being due to the dispersion hardening effect. An abrupt change from a linear variation that occurred on exceeding a threshold value of martensite formed, was believed to be due to “percolation effect of martensite,” where clusters of martensite forms a continuous network linking up in 3D, adding more blockage to dislocation movement in the austenite phase. A percolation threshold of martensite was found to be in the range of 30 ~ 45%. This was found to be the percentage of martensite present when the rate of martensitic transformation reaches a maximum. At the percolation threshold of martensite, there is an interchange of roles of martensite and austenite, where martensite behaves as a matrix phase and austenite as dispersions embedded in the martensite phase. This results in higher strength as more stress is required to move the dislocations past the percolated martensite barriers which also reduces the plasticity of the austenite.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
1. Columbus Stainless (Pty) Ltd (No grant number) 2. Department of Science and Technology, S.A. Government, through their FMDN (Ferrous Metals Development Network) programme as administered by Mintek
Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering
PhD
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Books on the topic "Temperature of hardening"

1

Dawes, William R. Hardening Semiconductor Components Against Radiation and Temperature. Noyes Publications, 1990.

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Hardening semiconductor components against radiation and temperature. Park Ridge, N.J., U.S.A: Noyes Data Corp., 1989.

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Alfred, Grill, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Protective coatings of metal surfaces by cold plasma treatments. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1985.

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Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Metals and Ceramics Division., ed. Modeling the influence of irradiation temperature and displacement rate on hardening due to point defect clusters in ferritic steels. Oak Ridge, TN: Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1992.

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C, Tew Roy, Schwarze Gene E, and Lewis Research Center, eds. Impact of radiation hardness and operating temperatures of silicon carbide electronics on space power system mass. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1998.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Investigation of strain aging in the ordered intermetallic compound [beta]-NiAl. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Zinn, S., and S. L. Semiatin. Elements of Induction Heating. ASM International, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.9781627083416.

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Elements of Induction Heating: Design, Control, and Applications discusses the principles of electromagnetic induction and the setup and use of induction heating processes and equipment. The first few chapters cover the theory of induction heating and the factors that must be considered when selecting and configuring components for a given application. As the text explains, the frequency required for efficient heating is determined by the geometry of the coil, the properties, size, and shape of the workpiece, and the need to maintain adequate skin effect. It also depends on proper tuning and load matching, which is explained as well. Subsequent chapters discuss the use of external cooling, temperature sensing, and power-timing devices, the fundamentals of process control, the role of flux concentrators, shields, and susceptors, and the integration of material handling equipment. The book also covers coil design and fabrication and explains how induction heating systems can be tailored for specific applications such as billet and bar heating, surface hardening, pipe welding, tin reflow, powder metal sintering, and brazing, and for curing adhesives and coatings. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-308-8, follow this link.

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E, Hicho G., and United States. National Bureau of Standards., eds. Effects of varying preciptiation hardening temperatures and times on the ability of HSLA-80 to achieve a yield strength of 689.5 MPa and impact properties comparable to HSLA-100. Gaithersburg, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Temperature of hardening"

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Rokugo, Keitetsu, Daichi Hayashi, Koichi Kobayashi, S. C. Lim, and Hiroo Takada. "Effect of Temperature on Tensile Performance of PVA-SHCC." In Strain-Hardening Cement-Based Composites, 333–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1194-2_39.

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Schmidt, Mario, Hannes Spieth, Christian Haubach, and Christian Kühne. "High temperature waste heat recovery from hardening furnaces." In 100 Pioneers in Efficient Resource Management, 286–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56745-6_56.

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Gál, Viktor, and Zsolt Lukács. "Effect of Cooling Channels to the Press Hardening Tools Temperature." In Vehicle and Automotive Engineering 3, 312–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9529-5_28.

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Slámová, Margarita, Miloš Janeček, Miroslav Cieslar, and Vladimír Šíma. "Effect of Quenching Temperature on Age Hardening of AA6016 Sheets." In Materials Science Forum, 333–36. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-469-3.333.

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Shang, Hongchun, Pengfei Wu, and Yanshan Lou. "Strain Hardening of AA5182-O Considering Strain Rate and Temperature Effect." In Forming the Future, 657–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_54.

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Xiao, Bing, Hong Hua Su, Shu Sheng Li, and Hong Jun Xu. "Research on Grind-Hardening Temperature and Cooling Rate of 48MnV Microalloyed Steel." In Advances in Grinding and Abrasive Technology XIV, 148–52. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-459-6.148.

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Rowshan, Reza, and Mária Kocsis Baán. "Laser Transformation Hardening of Different Steels and 3D Modelling of Their Temperature Distribution." In Materials Science, Testing and Informatics II, 399–406. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-957-1.399.

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Lucas, Glenn E., G. Robert Odette, Peter M. Lombrozo, and J. William Sheckherd. "Effects of Composition, Microstructure, and Temperature on Irradiation Hardening of Pressure Vessel Steels." In Effects of Radiation on Materials: 12th International Symposium Volume II, 900–930. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp87019850023.

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Trute, Sebastian, Wolfgang Bleck, and Christian Klinkenberg. "Advanced Material and Processing for the High Temperature Carburising of Microalloyed Case Hardening Steels." In THERMEC 2006, 4470–75. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-428-6.4470.

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Cáceres, Carlos H., and A. H. Blake. "Solute and Temperature Effects on the Strain Hardening Behaviour of Mg-Zn Solid Solutions." In Materials Science Forum, 45–50. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-469-3.45.

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Conference papers on the topic "Temperature of hardening"

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Shmatov, Alexander A. "Low-Temperature and High-Temperature Thermochemical Hardening Technologies for Hard Alloys." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95092.

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The new surface hardening methods for hard alloys are developed: (1) high-temperature process for producing multicomponent carbide coatings by thermochemical heat treatment of hard alloys at 1050 °C and (2) low-temperature process for producing thin-film coatings by chemical treatment of hard alloys in specially prepared aqueous suspensions of nanosized hard refractory compounds and subsequent tempering (minimal temperature is 130°C). The structure and properties of the obtained coatings are examined. The coatings permit improving substantially the service life of cutting tools.

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Coponen, J., and D. Schueftan. "IR Temperature Measurement to Monitor Induction Hardening Processes." In AISTech 2021. AIST, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/382/287-13612-276.

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Coponen, J., and D. Schueftan. "IR Temperature Measurement to Monitor Induction Hardening Processes." In AISTech 2021. AIST, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/382/187.

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Naraikina, N. V. "Transcription of Desaturase Genes in Low-Temperature Potato Hardening." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-304.

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Veeravalli, Varadan Savulimedu, and Andreas Steininger. "Performance of radiation hardening techniques under voltage and temperature variations." In 2013 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero.2013.6497390.

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Abdurahman, Shiras, Robert Frysch, Richard Bismark, Michael Friebe, and Georg Rose. "Calibration free beam hardening correction using grangeat-based consistency measure." In 2016 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Medical Imaging Conference and Room-Temperature Semiconductor Detector Workshop (NSS/MIC/RTSD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2016.8069502.

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Zhang, Jianhua, Hongsheng Xu, Yang Yu, and Zhi Wei. "FEM Based Numerical Analysis on the Temperature Field in Grind-hardening." In 2009 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cis.2009.207.

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Bodner, S. R., and A. M. Rajendran. "On the strain rate and temperature dependence of hardening of copper." In Proceedings of the conference of the American Physical Society topical group on shock compression of condensed matter. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.50810.

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Oberste-Lehn, Ulli, Andreas Karl, and Chad Beamer. "Influence of Machining on Low Temperature Surface Hardening of Stainless Steel." In HT2019. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2019p0343.

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Abstract The main goal of low temperature surface hardening of austenitic stainless steels is a significant increase of surface hardness while at the same time maintaining the superior corrosion resistance of these alloys. The treatment temperature has to be low enough to achieve a precipitation free diffusion zone, yet high enough to allow sufficient diffusion depths needed for technical applications. The results are often influenced by the machining of parts prior to the surface treatment. Best results are usually achieved on solution annealed and (electro-)polished surfaces, but customer needs for certain manufacturing routes, strength considerations and overall production costs often do not allow for such additional processes. This paper shall give a basic overview on machinability of austenitic stainless steels and how different machining operations like turning, cold forming, grinding and additive manufacturing influence the result of low temperature surface hardening. Possible machining process optimizations for the different machining operations are presented in order to increase diffusion depth, surface hardness, reproducibility and corrosion resistance without altering the hardening process parameters.

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Yu, Xinghua, Dongxiao Qiao, Zhili Feng, Paul Crooker, and Yanli Wang. "High Temperature Dynamics Strain Hardening Behavior in Stainless Steels and Nickel Alloys." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28869.

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Primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) is a major materials challenge for dissimilar metal welds (DMW) in pressurized water reactors. The reliability of structure integrity assessment of DMW is strongly dependent on the reliable determination of the weld residual stress (WRS) field, which is one of the primary driving forces for PWSCC. Recent studies have shown that WRS prediction using today’s DMW WRS models strongly depends upon the choice of strain-hardening constitutive model. The commonly used strain hardening models (isotropic, kinematic, and mixed) are all time-independent ones that are inadequate to accounting for the time-dependent (viscous) plastic deformation at the elevated temperatures during welding. Recently, a dynamics strain hardening constitutive model has been proposed and the application of such a model has resulted in improved WRS prediction when compared to the WRS measurement results by contour method and deep-hole drilling method. In this study, the dynamic strain hardening behavior, under uniaxial tensile loading conditions, of several stainless steels and nickel alloys (SS304, Alloy 600, Alloy 82 and Alloy 52) commonly used in pressure vessel nozzle DMW are experimentally determined and compared. The extent of softening due to different duration of high-temperature exposure is studied and its influence on final residual stresses is discussed. An empirical correlation combining both the time and temperature effects on dynamic strain hardening is proposed for weld residual stress modeling.

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Reports on the topic "Temperature of hardening"

1

Wu, A. S., S. G. Torres, J. T. McKeown, D. S. Urabe, D. C. Freeman, J. P. Lotscher, F. J. Ryerson, et al. Low Temperature Age Hardening in Cast Uranium-6 wt. pct. Niobium. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1438735.

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Ramakrishnan, Aravind, Ashraf Alrajhi, Egemen Okte, Hasan Ozer, and Imad Al-Qadi. Truck-Platooning Impacts on Flexible Pavements: Experimental and Mechanistic Approaches. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-038.

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Truck platoons are expected to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption. However, their use is projected to accelerate pavement damage due to channelized-load application (lack of wander) and potentially reduced duration between truck-loading applications (reduced rest period). The effect of wander on pavement damage is well documented, while relatively few studies are available on the effect of rest period on pavement permanent deformation. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to quantify the impact of rest period theoretically, using a numerical method, and experimentally, using laboratory testing. A 3-D finite-element (FE) pavement model was developed and run to quantify the effect of rest period. Strain recovery and accumulation were predicted by fitting Gaussian mixture models to the strain values computed from the FE model. The effect of rest period was found to be insignificant for truck spacing greater than 10 ft. An experimental program was conducted, and several asphalt concrete (AC) mixes were considered at various stress levels, temperatures, and rest periods. Test results showed that AC deformation increased with rest period, irrespective of AC-mix type, stress level, and/or temperature. This observation was attributed to a well-documented hardening–relaxation mechanism, which occurs during AC plastic deformation. Hence, experimental and FE-model results are conflicting due to modeling AC as a viscoelastic and the difference in the loading mechanism. A shift model was developed by extending the time–temperature superposition concept to incorporate rest period, using the experimental data. The shift factors were used to compute the equivalent number of cycles for various platoon scenarios (truck spacings or rest period). The shift model was implemented in AASHTOware pavement mechanic–empirical design (PMED) guidelines for the calculation of rutting using equivalent number of cycles.

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Conrad, Hans, and Jay Narayan. Grain Size Hardening and Softening in Tungsten Carbide at Low Homologous Temperatures. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada422872.

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Hicho, G. E., C. H. Brady, L. C. Smith, and R. J. Fields. Effects of varying precipitation hardening temperatures and times on the ability of HSLA-80 to achieve a yield strength of 689.5 MPa and impact properties comparable to HSLA-100. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, January 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.87-3662.

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