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Journal articles on the topic 'Temperature measurents'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Yuanqin Xia, Yuanqin Xia, Yang Zhao Yang Zhao, Tiantian Zhang Tiantian Zhang, Ping He Ping He, Rongwei Fan Rongwei Fan, Zhiwei Dong Zhiwei Dong, Deying Chen Deying Chen, and Zhonghua Zhang Zhonghua Zhang. "Measurements of flame temperature by femtosecond CARS." Chinese Optics Letters 10, s1 (2012): S13002–313003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.s13002.

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2

Görsdorf, Ulrich. "Über die Genauigkeit von Temperaturmessungen mit RASS." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 7, no. 5 (November 2, 1998): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/7/1998/241.

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3

Shuang Chen, Shuang Chen, Tie Su Tie Su, Furong Yang Furong Yang, Long Zhang Long Zhang, and Yaobang Zheng Yaobang Zheng. "Calibration method for 2D instantaneous OH-PLIF temperature measurements in flame." Chinese Optics Letters 11, no. 5 (2013): 053001–53004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201311.053001.

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4

Barth, Manuela, Gabi Fischer, Armin Raabe, Astrid Ziemann, and Frank Weiße. "Remote sensing of temperature and wind using acoustic travel-time measurements." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0385.

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5

Lipka, Tomasz. "Badania temperaturowe gazomierzy – metody chłodzenia strumienia gazu." Nafta-Gaz 74, no. 2 (February 2018): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2018.02.04.

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6

Harris, Stuart A., and John H. Pedersen. "Comparison of three methods of calculating air temperature from electronic measurements." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 39, no. 2 (June 29, 1995): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/39/1995/203.

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7

Hernández, Eduardo, Joel Recalde, and Andrés Guananga. "INFLUENCIA DE LA VELOCIDAD DEL VIENTO EN LAS MEDIDAS DE TEMPERATURA MEDIANTE TERMOGRAFÍA INFRARROJA." Revista de Investigación Talentos 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33789/talentos.7.1.119.

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8

Fuchang Chen, Fuchang Chen, Jiacheng Hu Jiacheng Hu, Chengtao Zhang Chengtao Zhang, and Zunqi Lin Zunqi Lin. "Dual-source distributed optical fiber sensor for simultaneous temperature and strain measurements." Chinese Optics Letters 10, no. 6 (2012): 060601–60603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.060601.

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9

Wells, M. R., and L. A. Melton. "Temperature Measurements of Falling Droplets." Journal of Heat Transfer 112, no. 4 (November 1, 1990): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910472.

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The temperature of 225-μm-dia decane droplets, which have fallen 100 mm through a hot quiescent, oxygen-free environment, has been measured using exciplex fluorescence thermometry. The droplets were doped with pyrene, and the relative intensities of pyrene monomer and excimer emissions were used to determine the droplet temperatures. The droplet temperature increases approximately 0.4°C per °C increase in the ambient temperature up to an ambient temperature of 200°C. Less than 10 percent evaporation was observed for the droplets at the highest ambient temperatures.

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10

Raupp-Pereira, F., M. J. Ribeiro, A. M. Segadães, and J. A. Labrincha. "Fraguado de cementos basados en residuos estimado por espectroscopia de impedancia y medidas en temperatura." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 46, no. 2 (April 30, 2007): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2007.v46.i2.255.

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11

Beyrich, Frank, Rostislav D. Kouznetsov, Jens-Peter Leps, Andreas Lüdi, Wouter M. L. Meijninger, and Ulrich Weisensee. "Structure parameters for temperature and humidity from simultaneous eddy-covariance and scintillometer measurements." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 14, no. 5 (October 10, 2005): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0064.

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12

Schoetter, Robert, David Grawe, Peter Hoffmann, Peter Kirschner, Angelika Grätz, and K. Heinke Schlünzen. "Impact of local adaptation measures and regional climate change on perceived temperature." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0381.

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13

Ondruska, L., J. Rafay, AB Okab, MA Ayoub, AA Al-Haidary, EM Samara, V. Parkanyi, et al. "Influence of elevated ambient temperature upon some physiological measurements of New Zealand White rabbits." Veterinární Medicína 56, No. 4 (May 5, 2011): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3150-vetmed.

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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of heat stress (i.e., elevated ambient temperature – Ta; 36 °C ± 3 °C) on growth performance, mortality rate, and on some haematological and biochemical parameters in different categories of gender and age of New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Animals were divided into two main groups (control and treatment), in each group there were 56 rabbits: adult females (n = 20), adult males (n = 4), growing females (n = 16), and growing males (n = 16). Results revealed that total and daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and total and daily gain in body weight for growing NZW rabbits were affected negatively by elevated Ta. Decreases in feed intake led to less protein biosyntheses and less fat deposition, which led to lower body weight gain. These observations were made in growing and adult rabbits of both genders. Analysis showed that red blood cell (RBC) counts showed alterations. Packed cell volume (PCV) (in adult females and males), white blood cell (WBC) counts (in growing females), lymphocytes (in growing males), monocytes (in growing females and adult males), basophils (in growing females and growing and adult males) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, and total proteins (TP) (in adult females), glucose (Glu) (in adult females), and calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) (in growing males and females) were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the experimental group. Furthermore, elevated Ta increased the mortality rate (MR) in both age groups. The mortality rate was 30.36% for growing and adult rabbits of the experimental group, compared with 7.14% for the control group, and was 25% for adult compared with 34.38% for growing experimental rabbits. Exposure of NZW rabbits of both ages and genders to elevated ambient temperature (36°C ± 3 °C), negatively affected their internal homeostasis which was reflected in their growth rate and various physiological signs.

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14

Bégot, S., and J. M. Kauffmann. "Estimation of internal fuel cell temperatures from surface temperature measurements." Journal of Power Sources 178, no. 1 (March 2008): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.095.

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15

CAMILLO, PETER. "ESTIMATING SOIL SURFACE TEMPERATURES FROM PROFILE TEMPERATURE AND FLUX MEASUREMENTS." Soil Science 148, no. 4 (October 1989): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198910000-00001.

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16

Berkey, D. L., K. W. Meeuwsen, and C. C. Barney. "Measurements of core temperature in spontaneously hypertensive rats by radiotelemetry." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 258, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): R743—R749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.3.r743.

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Spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats have been shown to have elevated colonic temperatures when compared with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. In the present study, core temperatures of SH and WKY rats were compared using radiotelemetry temperature sensors implanted in the abdominal cavity. At an ambient temperature (Ta) of 25 degrees C, SH and WKY rats showed no significant difference in core temperature over a 24-h period. After 1 h exposures to Ta values of 5, 15, 25, or 35 degrees C, there were no significant differences between core temperatures of SH and WKY rats, but at 40 degrees C the SH rats had a significantly higher core temperature than the WKY rats. Handling and moderate restraint also led to significantly higher core temperatures in the SH rats. Core temperature was also significantly increased in the SH rats compared with the WKY rats when a temperature probe was either inserted intermittently or inserted and left in place. The results of this study indicate that nonstressed SH rats do not have an elevated core temperature but that stress such as heat exposure, handling, restraint, or even the presence of a colonic temperature probe can cause significant increases in core temperature in these rats.

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17

Chow, J. C., J. G. Watson, L. W. A. Chen, G. Paredes-Miranda, M. C. O. Chang, D. Trimble, K. K. Fung, H. Zhang, and J. Zhen Yu. "Refining temperature measures in thermal/optical carbon analysis." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, no. 11 (November 7, 2005): 2961–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-2961-2005.

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Abstract. Thermal/optical methods have been widely used for quantifying total carbon (TC), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) in ambient and source particulate samples. Thermally defined carbon fractions have been used for source identification. Temperature precision in thermal carbon analysis is critical to the allocation of carbon fractions. The sample temperature is determined by a thermocouple, which is usually located in the oven near the sample. Sample and thermocouple temperature may differ owing to different thermal properties between the sample filter punch and the thermocouple, or inhomogeneities in the heating zone. Quick-drying temperature-indicating liquids (Tempil Inc., South Plainfield, NJ) of different liquefying points are used as temperature calibration standards. These consist of chemicals that change their appearance at specific temperatures and can be optically monitored to determine the sample temperature. Temperature measures were evaluated for three different models of carbon analyzers. Sample temperatures were found to differ from sensor temperatures by 10 to 50°C. Temperature biases of 14 to 22°C during thermal analysis were found to change carbon fraction measurements. The temperature indicators allow calibration curves to be constructed that relate the sample temperature to the temperature measured by a thermocouple.

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18

Krasnenko, N. P., and L. G. Shamanaeva. "Strukturelle Eigenschaften der Temperaturvariationen und der äußeren Turbulenzlängenskala (outer scale of turbulence) aus Sodar-Messungen." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 7, no. 6 (December 15, 1998): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/7/1998/392.

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19

Lee, Dae Hee, Jun Sik Lee, Yoon Seok Cha, Dae Keun Lee, and Myeong Chan Jo. "P-48 Measurements of Air Temperature Distribution and Optimum Cooling Condition inside the Computer System." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2007.6 (2007): _P—48–1_—_P—48–5_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2007.6._p-48-1_.

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20

Chen, Dar-Hao, John Bilyeu, Huang-Hsiung Lin, and Mike Murphy. "Temperature Correction on Falling Weight Deflectometer Measurements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1716, no. 1 (January 2000): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1716-04.

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Repeated falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests were conducted at three sites. The tests were conducted at regular intervals for 2 to 3 consecutive days per location, and also done during different seasons in order that the widest possible range of temperatures could be obtained. The influence of cracks on temperature correction was also investigated. Temperature correction equations for deflection and moduli were developed so that users could be allowed to input their own reference temperatures. For all test pads, only the W1 and W2 deflections were found to be significantly affected by temperature. Comparisons with other reported temperature correction equations showed close agreement for deflection, but not for moduli. Tests were also run on cracked locations. Temperature did not affect the response of the cracked pavement as much as it did the intact pavement. Due to the different temperature-dependent characteristics of intact and cracked locations, the equations developed from the intact locations may not be used on cracked locations.

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21

Michael, Kelvin J., Clemente S. Hungria, and R. A. Massom. "Radiometrie measurements of sea-ice surface temperature in East Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 27 (1998): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog27-1-466-470.

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This paper presents surface temperature data collected over East Antarctic sea ice by two thermal infrared radiometers mounted on the RSV Aurora Australis in March-May 1993. Operating at wavelengths equivalent to those utilised by channels 4 and 5 of AVHRR and similar channels of ATSR, the radiometers provided high-reso-lution data on surface (skin) temperature along the ship track. Additional information on the sea-ice conditions was obtained from hourly observations made from The ship's bridge, video footage and direct measurements made at ice stations. Following calibration, time series of temperatures from each of the radiometers were compared wi th ice-surface and near-surface air temperatures. Observed changes in the surface temperature are related to different snow and ice conditions. For a given air temperature, the surface temperature depends upon the thickness of ice and its snow cover. While open water areas (leads) have temperatures near -2.0°C, thick ice is characterised by surface temperatures which approximate those of the air. Taken as a whole, the along-track profile of surface temperature provides a proxy estimate of The proportion of open water and thin ice with in the pack. The presence of a snow cover has a significant effect on the surface temperature. It is anticipated that the results will be of use in the validation of sea-ice models and satellite thermal infrared data.

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22

Lucht, Robert P., Richard E. Teets, Robert M. Green, Richard E. Palmer, and Colin R. Ferguson. "Unburned Gas Temperatures in an Internal Combustion Engine. I:Cars Temperature Measurements." Combustion Science and Technology 55, no. 1-3 (September 1987): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208708947070.

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23

Zhang, Kaihua, and Yufang Liu. "Modified two-temperature calibration method for emissivity measurements at high temperatures." Applied Thermal Engineering 168 (March 2020): 114854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114854.

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24

Mozny, Martin, Mirek Trnka, Petr Stepanek, Zdenek Zalud, Vera Koznarova, Lenka Hajkova, Daniel Bares, and Daniela Semeradova. "Long-term comparison of temperature measurements by the multi-plate shield and Czech-Slovak thermometer screen." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2012/0355.

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25

O'Nolan, Daniel, Guanglong Huang, Gabrielle E. Kamm, Antonin Grenier, Chia-Hao Liu, Paul K. Todd, Allison Wustrow, et al. "A thermal-gradient approach to variable-temperature measurements resolved in space." Journal of Applied Crystallography 53, no. 3 (April 23, 2020): 662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057672000415x.

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Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental variable used to explore materials structure, properties and reactivity. This article reports a new paradigm for variable-temperature measurements that varies the temperature continuously across a sample such that temperature is measured as a function of sample position and not time. The gradient approach offers advantages over conventional variable-temperature studies, in which temperature is scanned during a series measurement, in that it improves the efficiency with which a series of temperatures can be probed and it allows the sample evolution at multiple temperatures to be measured in parallel to resolve kinetic and thermodynamic effects. Applied to treat samples at a continuum of temperatures prior to measurements at ambient temperature, the gradient approach enables parametric studies of recovered systems, eliminating temperature-dependent structural and chemical variations to simplify interpretation of the data. The implementation of spatially resolved variable-temperature measurements presented here is based on a gradient-heater design that uses a 3D-printed ceramic template to guide the variable pitch of the wire in a resistively heated wire-wound heater element. The configuration of the gradient heater was refined on the basis of thermal modelling. Applications of the gradient heater to quantify thermal-expansion behaviour, to map metastable polymorphs recovered to ambient temperature, and to monitor the time- and temperature-dependent phase evolution in a complex solid-state reaction are demonstrated.

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26

Kvapil, Jiří, Michal Pohanka, and Jaroslav Horský. "Estimation of the thermal contact conductance from unsteady temperature measurements." Materiali in tehnologije 49, no. 2 (April 15, 2015): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17222/mit.2013.238.

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27

Ng, Lee Hong, and Donald Robert Sadoway. "Density measurements in the succinonitrile–water system." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 2428–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-382.

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The variation of density with temperature and composition in the succinonitrile–water system was measured by the direct Archimedean method. At fixed composition, density was found to vary linearly with temperature. At constant temperature, density was found to vary linearly with composition. Along the phase boundary there is a density reversal: at temperatures above 45 °C the water-rich phase is denser; below 45 °C the succinonitrile-rich phase is denser.

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28

Yokota, Tomoyuki, Yusuke Inoue, Yuki Terakawa, Jonathan Reeder, Martin Kaltenbrunner, Taylor Ware, Kejia Yang, et al. "Ultraflexible, large-area, physiological temperature sensors for multipoint measurements." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 47 (November 9, 2015): 14533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515650112.

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We report a fabrication method for flexible and printable thermal sensors based on composites of semicrystalline acrylate polymers and graphite with a high sensitivity of 20 mK and a high-speed response time of less than 100 ms. These devices exhibit large resistance changes near body temperature under physiological conditions with high repeatability (1,800 times). Device performance is largely unaffected by bending to radii below 700 µm, which allows for conformal application to the surface of living tissue. The sensing temperature can be tuned between 25 °C and 50 °C, which covers all relevant physiological temperatures. Furthermore, we demonstrate flexible active-matrix thermal sensors which can resolve spatial temperature gradients over a large area. With this flexible ultrasensitive temperature sensor we succeeded in the in vivo measurement of cyclic temperatures changes of 0.1 °C in a rat lung during breathing, without interference from constant tissue motion. This result conclusively shows that the lung of a warm-blooded animal maintains surprising temperature stability despite the large difference between core temperature and inhaled air temperature.

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29

Nguyen, Doan N., Pamidi V. P. S. S. Sastry, David C. Knoll, and Justin Schwartz. "Temperature Dependence of Total AC Loss in High-Temperature Superconducting Tapes." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 19, no. 4 (August 2009): 3637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2009.2015462.

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A versatile experimental facility was designed and set up to measure transport ac losses, magnetization ac losses, and total ac losses in high-temperature superconductors at variable temperatures. Several sets of measurements were carried out in the temperature range of 35 K to 100 K. Sample temperature during the measurements could be controlled within plusmn0.5 K of set temperature. Temperature dependence of transport losses reflects variation of critical current density of the tapes with temperature. Temperature dependence of magnetization losses exhibits an interesting behavior with a peak, whose position shifts to lower temperatures as the magnetic field is increased. Experimental data of ac losses at various temperatures are compared with those calculated using numerical methods. Generally, the simulated results reproduce well the experimental data.

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30

Bühlmann, Erik, Felix Schlatter, and Ulf Sandberg. "Temperature influence on tire/road noise measurements: recently collected data and discussion of various issues related to standard testing procedures." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 5 (August 1, 2021): 1380–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1830.

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Air, road, and tire temperatures substantially affect tire/road noise emission. For measuring purposes, one would like to normalize measurements to a reference temperature by means of a reliable correction procedure. Current studies show that temperature effects remain an important source of uncertainty in tire/road noise measurements and tire testing, even after applying the correction terms provided in the various standards. This seems to be the case for the measurement methods used in OBSI, CPX, SPB, and various regulations or directives based on ECE R117. This paper examines a new dataset consisting of 7.5 million temperature measurements aimed at contributing to a better understanding of temperature effects and the ways they relate to air, road, and tire temperatures. It is assumed that tire temperatures are the most relevant for noise corrections; therefore, special studies are made for how tire temperatures relate to air and road (test surface) temperatures. A profound analysis is provided on how these relationships vary over different day times, seasons, and climatic regions. Based on this analysis, the authors provide suggestions for improvement of temperature normalization in current tire/road noise and tire testing standards. Special considerations are devoted to measurements on test tracks having ISO 10844 reference surfaces.

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31

Xu Yan, Xu Yan, Haiwei Fu Haiwei Fu, Huidong Li Huidong Li, and and Xueguang Qiao and Xueguang Qiao. "Simultaneous refractive index and temperature measurements by using dual interference in an all-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer." Chinese Optics Letters 14, no. 3 (2016): 030603–30607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.030603.

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32

Marsh, Philip. "Modelling water temperature beneath river ice covers." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-006.

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The water temperature beneath river ice covers has an important influence on the heat flux to the overlying ice cover and on ice melt. Measurements of water temperature beneath the Liard River ice cover showed that prior to spring breakup, the water temperature was always between 0.0 and 0.025 °C, with important cross-channel and diurnal variations. The lowest temperatures were controlled by the bed heat flux and frictional heating, while variations above these minimum values were explained by changes in solar radiation. Using measurements of these heat fluxes, in conjunction with measurements of ice and bed roughness, water depth and velocity, and slope, a simple method which assumes the similarity between heat and momentum transfer was able to accurately predict water temperatures beneath the ice cover. During breakup when the river had both ice-free and ice-covered sections, water temperatures rose to a few degrees above 0 °C. When this water entered an ice-covered reach, the water temperature declined rapidly to near 0 °C within 10 km. This temperature decay was predicted from measurements of the initial temperature, ice and bed roughness, and water depth. Key words: water temperature, ice, thermal regime, ice melt.

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33

Hande, A. "Internal battery temperature estimation using series battery resistance measurements during cold temperatures." Journal of Power Sources 158, no. 2 (August 2006): 1039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.027.

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34

Heron, Jean-Savin, Germain M. Souche, Florian R. Ong, Philippe Gandit, Thierry Fournier, and Olivier Bourgeois. "Temperature Modulation Measurements of the Thermal Properties of Nanosystems at Low Temperatures." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 154, no. 5-6 (January 29, 2009): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-009-9866-2.

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35

Heng, S., and W. Z. Black. "Temperature Mapping of Localized Hot Spots on Microelectronic Chip Surfaces." Journal of Electronic Packaging 113, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905408.

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This paper describes the use of digital image processing in conjunction with an infrared imaging apparatus to locate and quantify “micro” hot spot temperatures on the surface of energized microelectronic chips. Briefly, the temperature mapping/processing procedure creates emissivity maps for the surface of the chip at different isothermal conditions. The emissivity map images are digitized and stored as a 512 × 512 pixel array, of which 400 lines contain IR information. Apparent temperature measurements are then collected with the chip energized in its normal operating environment. These apparent temperature data are digitized and stored as a 512 × 512 integer array using the same format as the digitized emissivity data. Before correcting for emissivity variations, the apparent temperature images are rectified using digital image processing to precisely overlay the spatial coordinates of the emissivity map. Finally, actual temperature maps are obtained by correcting the apparent temperature data for the local emissivity variations and background reflections. The computer driven measurement technique has been applied to the task of measuring localized temperatures on areas as small as 30 μm on the surface of an energized chip to an accuracy of ±1°C once the surface emissivity is accurately known. The infrared equipment, image processing hardware and supporting software are used to measure the temperature distribution on the surface of a 4.7 mm × 4.7 mm energized chip. IR measured temperatures at isolated locations on the chip are compared with results obtained by the resistance-temperature technique. Since the resistance-temperature technique provides an area-averaged temperature for the energized region, the result obtained from the high resolution IR measurements yields higher localized temperatures. Results are presented for peak surface temperatures up to 100°C and maximum heat flux values of 7.9x106 W/m2. A separate set of infrared measurements are used to predict the influence of surface emissivity on the accuracy of the temperature measurements.

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36

Doğan, Hatice Hilal, Rabia Gönül Sezer, Tarık Kırkgöz, and Abdulkadir Bozaykut. "Comparison of Axillary and Tympanic Temperature Measurements in Children Diagnosed with Acute Otitis Media." International Journal of Pediatrics 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1729218.

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Background. Acute otitis media [AOM] may affect the accuracy of tympanic temperature measurements. We aimed to compare tympanic temperature measurements in patients with AOM against control groups, as well as compare the tympanic temperatures with axillary thermometry.Methods. This is a prospective, observational study. Patients from pediatric outpatient and emergency clinics who were diagnosed as single-sided AOM were included consecutively in the study. Normal ears of patients and children having the same age and gender who were not diagnosed as AOM were also studied as controls.Results. In patients with AOM, infected ears had higher temperatures than normal ears with a mean of0.48±0.01°C. There was no significant difference between the right and left tympanic temperatures in control group. Compared with axillary temperature, the sensitivity of tympanic temperature in the infected ear was 91.7% and the specificity was 74.8%.Conclusion. Comparisons of axillary and tympanic temperatures in children with AOM during the active infection concluded higher tympanic temperatures in infected ears. We suggest that the higher tympanic temperatures, approximately 0.5°C in our study, in infected ears may aid in diagnosis of patients with fever without a source in pediatric clinics.

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37

Ruffino, Paolo, and Marino di Marzo. "Temperature and Volumetric Fraction Measurements in a Hot Gas Laden With Water Droplets." Journal of Heat Transfer 125, no. 2 (March 21, 2003): 356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1561453.

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Two temperatures can be detected in a hot gas laden with water droplets. The lower one is the temperature read by a sensor immersed in the flow. This measurement is affected by significant evaporative cooling resulting in readings much below the real gas temperature. The higher one is the temperature of the gas. The difference between these two temperatures is proportional to the water volumetric fraction in the flow. On this basis, a new technique for the measurement of the water volumetric fraction is proposed. The results are compared with a conventional measurement technique based on optical methods. A novel approach to the gas temperature measurement is also introduced. The sensing device is kept at temperatures exceeding the Leidenfrost transition and therefore it is insensitive to the presence of the water droplets. Independent measurement techniques developed at the Evaporative Cooling Sensor Accuracy Test (ECSAT) facility provide the data to validate the measurements obtained with the Above Leidenfrost Temperature and Evaporative Cooling (ALTEC) sensor.

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38

de Jong, S. A. P., J. D. Slingerland, and N. C. van de Giesen. "Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing for the determination of air temperature." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-335-2015.

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Abstract. This paper describes a method to correct for the effect of solar radiation in atmospheric distributed temperature sensing (DTS) applications. By using two cables with different diameters, one can determine what temperature a zero diameter cable would have. Such a virtual cable would not be affected by solar heating and would take on the temperature of the surrounding air. With two unshielded cable pairs, one black pair and one white pair, good results were obtained given the general consensus that shielding is needed to avoid radiation errors (WMO, 2010). The correlations between standard air temperature measurements and air temperatures derived from both cables of colors had a high correlation coefficient (r2=0.99) and a RMSE of 0.38 °C, compared to a RMSE of 2.40 °C for a 3.0 mm uncorrected black cable. A thin white cable measured temperatures that were close to air temperature measured with a nearby shielded thermometer (RMSE of 0.61 °C). The temperatures were measured along horizontal cables with an eye to temperature measurements in urban areas, but the same method can be applied to any atmospheric DTS measurements, and for profile measurements along towers or with balloons and quadcopters.

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PRASAD, N. V., J. SUBRAHMANYAM, P. NARAYANA MURTY, S. KARMAKAR, and S. M. GUPTA. "IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS ON PZT ANDLa0.75Bi3.25Ti3O12CERAMICS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 19 (July 30, 2009): 3881–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209053011.

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Impedance measurements were made on technological important ferroelectric ceramics, namely PZT and La0.75Bi3.25Ti3O12(BLT), in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz, from room temperature to 500°C. Combined impedance and modulus spectroscopic analysis along with the detailed conductivity (ac and dc) data was used to understand the heterogeneity of the ceramics and the results were corroborated with temperature coefficient of dc-conductivity (figure of merit) data for the further understanding. AC-conductivity plots against frequency at different temperatures for PZT and BLT suggest the response of obeying Jonscher's and modified Jonscher's law, respectively.

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Berard, Raymond G., and George W. Thurtell. "Soil temperature measurements." Remote Sensing Reviews 5, no. 1 (January 1990): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757259009532136.

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Yue, Nan, and M. H. Aliabadi. "A scalable data-driven approach to temperature baseline reconstruction for guided wave structural health monitoring of anisotropic carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer structures." Structural Health Monitoring 19, no. 5 (November 15, 2019): 1487–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921719887109.

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To account for the temperature effect on guided wave signals in complex structures, a significant amount of baseline measurements typically need to be collected over a large temperature range to serve as a library of signals at all possible temperatures, which, if not impossible, is highly impractical. This article presents a data-driven temperature baseline reconstruction approach that is applicable for various structures made from the same material. The influence of temperature on the amplitude and phase of guided wave measurements are experimentally quantified as dimensionless compensation factors. The derived compensation factors are used to reconstruct baselines at various temperatures for guided wave measurements in a simple flat plate and a stiffened panel. With a single baseline measurement at 20°C and the reconstructed baseline using the predetermined temperature compensation factors, impact damage was successfully detected and located when current measurements were up to 25°C and 20°C higher than the baseline temperature, respectively.

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Le, Quang X., Vinh TN Dao, Jose L. Torero, Cristian Maluk, and Luke Bisby. "Effects of temperature and temperature gradient on concrete performance at elevated temperatures." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 8 (December 8, 2017): 1223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433217746347.

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To assure adequate fire performance of concrete structures, appropriate knowledge of and models for performance of concrete at elevated temperatures are crucial yet currently lacking, prompting further research. This article first highlights the limitations of inconsistent thermal boundary conditions in conventional fire testing and of using constitutive models developed based on empirical data obtained through testing concrete under minimised temperature gradients in modelling of concrete structures with significant temperature gradients. On that basis, this article outlines key features of a new test setup using radiant panels to ensure well-defined and reproducible thermal and mechanical loadings on concrete specimens. The good repeatability, consistency and uniformity of the thermal boundary conditions are demonstrated using measurements of heat flux and in-depth temperature of test specimens. The initial collected data appear to indicate that the compressive strength and failure mode of test specimens are influenced by both temperature and temperature gradient. More research is thus required to further quantify such effect and also to effectively account for it in rational performance-based fire design and analysis of concrete structures. The new test setup reported in this article, which enables reliable thermal/mechanical loadings and deformation capturing of concrete surface at elevated temperatures using digital image correlation, would be highly beneficial for such further research.

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McCarthy, Lisa K., and Colm Patrick Finbarr O’Donnell. "Comparison of rectal and axillary temperature measurements in preterm newborns." Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition 106, no. 5 (February 8, 2021): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-320627.

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ObjectiveTo compare rectal and axillary temperatures in preterm newborns on admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).DesignSecondary analysis of data collected in a randomised controlled trial (RCT).SettingMaternity hospital, level 3 NICU.PatientsSeventy-two newborns <31 weeks who were enrolled in the BAMBINO RCT (A randomised trial of exothermic mattresses to prevent heat loss in preterm infants at birth, ISRCTN31707342).InterventionsNewborns were placed in polyethylene bags and were randomised to placement on exothermic mattresses, or not in the delivery room. All infants had rectal and axillary temperatures measured in immediate succession using a digital thermometer on NICU admission.Outcome measuresAdmission rectal and axillary temperatures.ResultsMean (SD) gestational age was 28 (2) weeks and birth weight was 1138 (374) g. Mean rectal-axillary temperature difference was 0.1 (0.5°C) (range −1.4°C to +1.5°C). Rectal and axillary temperatures differed by ≥0.5°C in 18/72 (25%) infants; axillary temperature was higher than rectal in 6 (8%) and lower in 12 (17%). There was a positive linear relationship between rectal and axillary measurements (Pearson’s correlation R=0.84). Applying the Bland-Altman technique, the width of 95% prediction interval was 1.8°C (−0.8°C to 1.0°C) implying that rectal and axillary measurements may vary by up to 1.0°C. Axillary temperature had a sensitivity of 65% when used to detect rectal hyperthermia and 100% sensitivity for hypothermia.ConclusionPaired rectal and axillary temperature measurements in preterm newborns on NICU admission vary significantly. Axillary temperature was sensitive at detecting rectal hypothermia but not hyperthermia. Axillary temperature may not be an accurate proxy for rectal temperature measurement in all preterm newborns on NICU admission.

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Schmidt, Mariana, Christian Ammon, Peter Christian Schön, Christian Manteuffel, and Gundula Hoffmann. "The suitability of infrared temperature measurements for continuous temperature monitoring in gilts." Archives Animal Breeding 57, no. 1 (August 5, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7482/0003-9438-57-021.

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Abstract. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether an infrared thermometer, a pyrometer, could detect the body surface temperature in the orbital area of gilts without contacting them. Furthermore, it was tested whether an increase in the gilts' temperatures could be detected. Therefore, fever was induced. During 11 trials, 43 German Landrace gilts were injected with either a Porcilis AR-T DF (Intervet International B.V., Boxmeer, Netherlands) vaccine or 2 ml of 0.9 % NaCl. A commercial temperature logger (TRIX-8, LogTag Recorders, Auckland, New Zealand) was placed in the vagina to record temperature data every 3 min. The pyrometer (optris cs, Optris, Berlin, Germany) was aimed at where the orbital area of the gilts would be. While they were drinking, temperature measurements were done in that site by the pyrometer. Time periods from 0.25 to 6 h were analysed. Considering the 0.25-h period, a positive correlation (ρ=0.473) between temperatures of the logger and the pyrometer was found for 15 of 39 gilts. The longer the chosen measuring period was, the fewer animals showed a significant correlation between the two temperatures. In contrast to the vaginal logger, the pyrometer cannot detect an increase in the body temperature in all fever-induced gilts. In conclusion, a pyrometer cannot detect the body surface temperature reliably. An increase in the body surface temperature over a short time period (on average 5 h) could not be detected by the pyrometer. The temperature increase measured using the pyrometer was too low and time-delayed compared to the temperature detected by the vaginal logger.

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Wittich, Klaus-Peter. "Apple Sunburn Risk Detection—A Simple Model for Agricultural Decision Making and Some Fruit Temperature Measurements." Erwerbs-Obstbau 63, no. 1 (February 4, 2021): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10341-021-00544-y.

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AbstractAs a response to strong radiative heating, the fruit temperature of apples may rise significantly above the air temperature. This may result in damage to the skin tissue and the epidermal and hypodermal cell layers. To avoid economic losses induced by sunburn symptoms on the skin, apple growers need forecasts of the fruit temperature, which will allow them to organize sun-protection measures in time.The temperatures of detached apples, which had been exposed to incident radiation and wind, were measured in order to quantify the extent of fruit heating under the climate conditions of northern Germany. On average, the daily maximum skin temperatures measured on the sunlit south side of the fruit during selected sunny and warm days were about 7 °C above the daily maximum air temperature. However, skin temperatures of more than 40 °C (the predefined warning threshold) were rarely detected, indicating that sunburn is still an uncommon phenomenon in northern Germany. Maximum apple-core temperatures were on average 4 °C higher than the maximum temperatures of ambient air.Based on energy balance principles, a simple model has been developed to predict the diurnal cycle of the sky- and ground-facing hemispherical apple temperatures. Focusing on fruit growers’ needs, daily temperature maxima of the modeled sky-facing hemisphere were compared with skin temperatures measured on the sunlit south side, resulting in a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.7 °C. Comparison between daily maxima of total sphere temperatures and apple core temperatures provided better correlations (MAE = 0.8 °C).

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Farrar, Kerrie L., Amy E. Field, Sarah L. Norris, and Kenneth O. Jacobsen. "Comparison of Rectal and Infrared Thermometry Temperatures in Anesthetized Swine (Sus scrofa)." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 59, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000119.

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Infrared thermometry (IRTM) is a noncontact method to measure temperature. The purpose of this study was to compare rectal temperature and IRTM in healthy anesthetized swine, with the hypothesis that IRTM would be an accurate, noninvasive alternative for rectal temperature measurement. Two groups of female Yorkshire-cross swine (n = 14 and n = 12) were sedated with Tiletamine–zolazepam (0.5 mg/kg) for blood collection during a routine physical examination. While sedated, rectal temperatures were measured using a SureTemp Plus 690 (Welch Allyn) and IRTM measurements were taken using a FLIR E5 thermal imaging camera. The 2 anatomic sites used for thermography measurements were the area surrounding the eye and the neck at the base of the ear. The distance from the imaging camera and the animal during IRTM measurements was 24 to 32 inches, a distance that would allow camera access in a standard swine enclosure. The infrared imaging camera's surface temperature measurement exhibited a proportional bias when compared with the rectal temperature. All rectal temperature measurements were between 98.7 °F to 101.3 °F, with a mean temperature of 100.4 °F. IRTM tended to underestimate rectal temperatures at lower values, and overestimate rectal temperatures at higher values by approximately (+) or (-) 0.8 °F of rectal temperature. Infrared thermometry can provide a quick noninvasive assessment of the body surface temperature, without the need for animal handling or restraint, but should not be considered an accurate replacement for rectal temperature measurement.

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Bilčík, Matúš, Monika Božiková, and Ján Čimo. "Influence of Roof Installation of PV Modules on the Microclimate Conditions of Cattle Breeding Objects." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 28, 2021): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052140.

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This paper is focused on the temperature measurements which can detected the influence of temperature changes on the microclimate in animal production building after the installation of photovoltaic (PV) modules. The first series of experiments were performed on a specially designed model cowshed. For the data comparison and verification, the same measurements were realized in real conditions of the animal production object. The temperature balance was identified by measurements of the temperatures in the different parts of roof, PV modules, and the most important were measurements of the ambient temperature and temperatures in three levels of the cowshed interior. For the confirmation of results, measurements were done in two cowsheds, which had the same azimuth orientation and roof slope. The first cowshed was without installation of the PV modules on the roof and the second building had installed PV modules. By the data analyzed from experimentally obtained time-temperature dependencies, it was found that the installation of PV modules on the cowshed roof had a positive influence on the interior temperature balance. The installation of PV also had a positive effect on the cowshed microclimate, which was declared by calculation of the Temperature—Humidity—Index.

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Jang, Fong-Lin, and Chyun-Chau Lin. "SYNCHRONOUS MEASUREMENTS OF FINGER SURFACE TEMPERATURE FROM THREE DIFFERENT KINDS OF TEMPERATURE SENSORS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 37, no. 3 (September 2013): 1035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2013-0089.

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The aim of this study was to explore new valid sensors for temperature biofeedback. Three kinds of temperature sensors (thermography imaging, thermistor, and infrared thermopile) were employed to record participants’ finger surface temperatures simultaneously. The skin temperature readings resulted in strong correlations between sensors. These results suggested that contact and non-contact temperature sensors all had good synchronous temperature covariance in measuring finger surface temperature.

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Adolph, Alden C., Mary R. Albert, and Dorothy K. Hall. "Near-surface temperature inversion during summer at Summit, Greenland, and its relation to MODIS-derived surface temperatures." Cryosphere 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2018): 907–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-907-2018.

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Abstract. As rapid warming of the Arctic occurs, it is imperative that climate indicators such as temperature be monitored over large areas to understand and predict the effects of climate changes. Temperatures are traditionally tracked using in situ 2 m air temperatures and can also be assessed using remote sensing techniques. Remote sensing is especially valuable over the Greenland Ice Sheet, where few ground-based air temperature measurements exist. Because of the presence of surface-based temperature inversions in ice-covered areas, differences between 2 m air temperature and the temperature of the actual snow surface (referred to as “skin” temperature) can be significant and are particularly relevant when considering validation and application of remote sensing temperature data. We present results from a field campaign extending from 8 June to 18 July 2015, near Summit Station in Greenland, to study surface temperature using the following measurements: skin temperature measured by an infrared (IR) sensor, 2 m air temperature measured by a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) meteorological station, and a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface temperature product. Our data indicate that 2 m air temperature is often significantly higher than snow skin temperature measured in situ, and this finding may account for apparent biases in previous studies of MODIS products that used 2 m air temperature for validation. This inversion is present during our study period when incoming solar radiation and wind speed are both low. As compared to our in situ IR skin temperature measurements, after additional cloud masking, the MOD/MYD11 Collection 6 surface temperature standard product has an RMSE of 1.0 ∘C and a mean bias of −0.4 ∘C, spanning a range of temperatures from −35 to −5 ∘C (RMSE = 1.6 ∘C and mean bias = −0.7 ∘C prior to cloud masking). For our study area and time series, MODIS surface temperature products agree with skin surface temperatures better than previous studies indicated, especially at temperatures below −20 ∘C, where other studies found a significant cold bias. We show that the apparent cold bias present in other comparisons of 2 m air temperature and MODIS surface temperature may be a result of the near-surface temperature inversion. Further investigation of how in situ IR skin temperatures compare to MODIS surface temperature at lower temperatures (below −35 ∘C) is warranted to determine whether a cold bias exists for those temperatures.

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Timmermans, J., W. Verhoef, C. van der Tol, and Z. Su. "Retrieval of Canopy component temperatures through Bayesian inversion of directional thermal measurements." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 2 (April 2, 2009): 3007–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-3007-2009.

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Abstract. In remote sensing evapotranspiration is estimated using a single surface temperature. This surface temperature is an aggregate over multiple canopy components. The temperature of the individual components can differ significantly, introducing errors in the evapotranspiration estimations. The temperature aggregate has a high level of directionality. An inversion method is presented in this paper to retrieve four canopy component temperatures from directional brightness temperatures. The Bayesian method uses both a priori information and sensor characteristics to solve the ill-posed inversion problem. The method is tested using two case studies: 1) a sensitivity analysis, using a large forward simulated dataset, and 2) in a reality study, using two datasets of two field campaigns. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that the Bayesian approach is able to retrieve the four component temperatures from directional brightness temperatures with good success rates using multi-directional sensors (ℜspectra≈0.3, ℜgonio≈0.3, and ℜAATSR≈0.5), and no improvement using mono-angular sensors (ℜ≈1). The results of the experimental study show that the approach gives good results for high LAI values (RMSEgrass=0.50 K, RMSEwheat=0.29 K, RMSEsugar beet=0.75 K, RMSEbarley=0.67 K), but for low LAI values the measurement setup provides extra disturbances in the directional brightness temperatures, RMSEyoung maize=2.85 K, RMSEmature maize=2.85 K. As these disturbances, were only present for two crops and can be eliminated using masked thermal images the method is considered successful.

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