Journal articles: 'Temperate rain forest'

1

Winchester, Neville N. "Ancient temperate rain forest research in British Columbia." Canadian Entomologist 138, no. 1 (February 2006): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-803.

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AbstractThis paper is a tribute to Dr. R.A. Ring upon his retirement. During the past 12 years (1993–2005), an emerging canopy research program has established a wealth of baseline information on the structure and functioning of temperate rain forest canopy arthropod communities. Studies from research sites on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, have shown that ancient temperate rain forest canopy ecosystems contain a largely undescribed fauna that is specific to habitat features found only in these canopies. In particular, diverse assemblages of free-living mites have been shown to dominate conifer species and canopy microhabitats. For example, oribatid mites are the dominant arthropod fauna on branches, branches with attached lichens, and suspended soil accumulations. Species composition differs significantly between the ground and the canopy at both the family and the species level. Arboreal specificity may be due to intrinsic variation in habitat quality, habitat architecture, patchiness, and (or) resource availability. The prevalent patterns of habitat specialization, low vagility, and restricted distribution displayed by a large percentage of the resident canopy microarthropods are features often associated with forest ecoregions that have enjoyed relatively stable conditions for long periods of time, as have the ancient forests on Vancouver Island. Investigators in the “one-Ring lab” continue to document the diversity and abundance of canopy arthropods of temperate forests in British Columbia. In particular, studies are concerned with defining the organizing principles that elicit community patterns associated with the various levels of complexity in arboreal communities. Our long-term goal is to provide a greater degree of predictability when addressing temperate forest diversity issues. To meet the stated goals of sustainable forest management and retention of biodiversity, an extensive plan of ecological research that features arthropods is needed. This plan, fostered by Dr. Ring, should have as a priority the inventory and cataloguing of species assemblages and should address dynamic processes such as organismal dispersal and the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on arthropods in ancient forests.

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MacKinnon, Andy. "West coast, temperate, old-growth forests." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79475-3.

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Canada's west coast, temperate, old-growth forests include its largest, most commercially valuable, fastest-growing, oldest, and certainly most fought-over forests. They can be divided into three main types: coastal rainforest, coastal subalpine forest, and "rain-shadow" forest. Although there is great variation within each of these broad types, coastal rainforests and subalpine forests share a wet climate and are relatively unimpacted by fire as a stand-replacing disturbance. This allows development of multi-aged, multi-canopy, old-growth forests with large volumes of living and dead wood. These forests are structurally and biologically complex. Coastal rain-shadow forests, on the other hand, have a distinctively drier climate (for the coast), and a history of frequent, low-intensity fires. Although well over half of Canada's original west coast, temperate, old-growth forests remain as old growth, there is great variation ecologically and geographically. In general, the percentage of old-growth forest remaining increases with increasing latitude and elevation. Key words: old growth, old-growth forest, coastal British Columbia, temperate rainforest, protected areas, stand structure

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Yan, Qiaoling, Qun Gang, and Jiaojun Zhu. "Size-Dependent Patterns of Seed Rain in Gaps in Temperate Secondary Forests, Northeast China." Forests 10, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020123.

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Secondary forests have become the major forest type worldwide, and are experiencing various disturbances and exhibiting obvious vegetation degradation (e.g., reduced biodiversity and decreased productivity) compared with primary forests. Forest gap is a common small-scale disturbance in secondary forests. Promoting natural regeneration under gap disturbance is an important approach to recover biodiversity and ecosystem services for temperate secondary forests. The gap size is the crucial characteristic controlling natural regeneration of many tree species. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal pattern of seed rain for gravity-dispersed and wind-dispersed tree species in gaps of varying sizes. The objectives of this study were to determine how seed rain of dominant tree species depend on gap size, and consequently, to explore some gap-based silviculture solutions for restoring secondary forests from the view of seed dispersal. The spatial distribution of seed rain in gaps with three sizes (large gaps of 250–350 m2, medium gaps of 150–250 m2, and small gaps of < 150 m2), the temporal dynamics of seed rain over three years, and the relationship between seed rain and soil seed banks were explored in temperate secondary forests. The results showed that more than 90% of the seeds in seed rain were wind-dispersed, and their seed rain density and the contribution of seed rain to soil seed bank in medium gaps reached the highest (p = 0.03). The results suggest that establishing medium-sized gaps (i.e., gap size with 150–250 m2) in the secondary forests is more favorable for improving the natural regeneration potential (arrival of seeds and forming soil seed bank) of gap-dependent and wind-dispersed species (e.g., Acer mono) in gaps.

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4

Olesen, T. "ARCHITECTURE OF A COOL-TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST CANOPY." Ecology 82, no. 10 (October 2001): 2719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2719:aoactr]2.0.co;2.

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5

Marchant, R., A. Cleef, S. P. Harrison, H. Hooghiemstra, V. Markgraf, J. van Boxel, T. Ager, et al. "Pollen-based biome reconstructions for Latin America at 0, 6000 and 18 000 radiocarbon years ago." Climate of the Past 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 725–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-5-725-2009.

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Abstract. The biomisation method is used to reconstruct Latin American vegetation at 6000±500 and 18 000±1000 radiocarbon years before present (14C yr BP) from pollen data. Tests using modern pollen data from 381 samples derived from 287 locations broadly reproduce potential natural vegetation. The strong temperature gradient associated with the Andes is recorded by a transition from high altitude cool grass/shrubland and cool mixed forest to mid-altitude cool temperate rain forest, to tropical dry, seasonal and rain forest at low altitudes. Reconstructed biomes from a number of sites do not match the potential vegetation due to local factors such as human impact, methodological artefacts and mechanisms of pollen representivity of the parent vegetation. At 6000±500 14C yr BP 255 samples are analysed from 127 sites. Differences between the modern and the 6000±500 14C yr BP reconstruction are comparatively small; change relative to the modern reconstruction are mainly to biomes characteristic of drier climate in the north of the region with a slight more mesic shift in the south. Cool temperate rain forest remains dominant in western South America. In northwestern South America a number of sites record transitions from tropical seasonal forest to tropical dry forest and tropical rain forest to tropical seasonal forest. Sites in Central America show a change in biome assignment, but to more mesic vegetation, indicative of greater plant available moisture, e.g. on the Yucatán peninsula sites record warm evergreen forest, replacing tropical dry forest and warm mixed forest presently recorded. At 18 000±1000 14C yr BP 61 samples from 34 sites record vegetation reflecting a generally cool and dry environment. Cool grass/shrubland is prevalent in southeast Brazil whereas Amazonian sites record tropical dry forest, warm temperate rain forest and tropical seasonal forest. Southernmost South America is dominated by cool grass/shrubland, a single site retains cool temperate rain forest indicating that forest was present at some locations at the LGM. Some sites in Central Mexico and lowland Colombia remain unchanged in the biome assignments of warm mixed forest and tropical dry forest respectively, although the affinities that these sites have to different biomes do change between 18 000±1000 14C yr BP and present. The "unresponsive" nature of these sites results from their location and the impact of local edaphic influence.

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Marchant, R., S. P. Harrison, H. Hooghiemstra, V. Markgraf, J. H. van Boxel, T. Ager, L. Almeida, et al. "Pollen-based biome reconstructions for Latin America at 0, 6000 and 18 000 radiocarbon years." Climate of the Past Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 10, 2009): 369–461. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-5-369-2009.

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Abstract. The biomisation method is used to reconstruct Latin American vegetation at 6000±500 and 18 000±1000 radiocarbon years before present (14C yr BP) from pollen data. Tests using modern pollen data from 381 samples derived from 287 locations broadly reproduce potential natural vegetation. The strong temperature gradient associated with the Andes is recorded by a transition from high altitude cool grass/shrubland and cool mixed forest to mid-altitude cool temperate rain forest, to tropical dry, seasonal and rain forest at low altitudes. Reconstructed biomes from a number of sites do not match the potential vegetation due to local factors such as human impact, methodological artefacts and mechanisms of pollen representivity of the parent vegetation. At 6000±500 14C yr BP 255 samples are analysed from 127 sites. Differences between the modern and the 6000±500 14C yr BP reconstruction are comparatively small. Patterns of change relative to the modern reconstruction are mainly to biomes characteristic of drier climate in the north of the region with a slight more mesic shift in the south. Cool temperate rain forest remains dominant in western South America. In northwestern South America a number of sites record transitions from tropical seasonal forest to tropical dry forest and tropical rain forest to tropical seasonal forest. Sites in Central America also show a change in biome assignment to more mesic vegetation, indicative of greater plant available moisture, e.g. on the Yucatán peninsula sites record warm evergreen forest, replacing tropical dry forest and warm mixed forest presently recorded. At 18 000±1000 14C yr BP 61 samples from 34 sites record vegetation that reflects a generally cool and dry environment. Cool grass/shrubland prevalent in southeast Brazil, Amazonian sites record tropical dry forest, warm temperate rain forest and tropical seasonal forest. Southernmost South America is dominated by cool grass/shrubland, a single site retains cool temperate rain forest indicating that forest was present at some locations at the LGM. Some sites in Central México and lowland Colombia remain unchanged in their biome assignments, although the affinities that these sites have to different biomes do change between 18 000±1000 14C yr BP and present. The "unresponsive" nature of these sites results from their location and the impact of local edaphic influence.

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7

Arsenault, André, and Gary E. Bradfield. "Structural – compositional variation in three age-classes of temperate rainforests in southern coastal British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-007.

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Relationships between forest structure and species composition were examined in three age-classes of temperate rain forest in southern coastal British Columbia. Old forests (> 250 years) exhibited greater structural and compositional heterogeneity than young (31–60 years) and mature (61–80 years) forests. Size-class distributions of living and dead standing trees in the three age groups suggested both qualitative and quantitative differences in regeneration and mortality processes. The canonical correlation between structure and composition was high (Rc = 0.84), but a substantial amount of total variation remained unexplained by the analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) axis 1 of species composition separated the lower elevation (warmer and drier) mature forests from the higher elevation (cooler and wetter) young and old forests. PCA axis 1 of structure separated the young and mature forests as a group from the old forests. PCAs of the separate age-classes indicated weaker compositional – structural linkages than with all age-classes combined. Study area differences explained greater proportions of variation in young and mature forests (up to 53%) than in old forests (< 10%). The results indicate a slow recovery process following impacts from human disturbance in coastal forests. Key words: canonical correlation analysis, old-growth temperate rain forest, principal component analysis, species composition, forest structure.

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8

Saigusa, N., K. Ichii, H. Murakami, R. Hirata, J. Asanuma, H. Den, S. J. Han, et al. "Impact of meteorological anomalies in the 2003 summer on Gross Primary Productivity in East Asia." Biogeosciences 7, no. 2 (February 15, 2010): 641–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-641-2010.

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Abstract. Northern Eurasia experienced anomalous weather conditions in the 2003 summer. We examined how forest ecosystems responded to the meteorological anomalies during the period using the dataset collected at flux monitoring sites in Asia, including a boreal forest in Mongolia, temperate forests in China and Japan, and a sub-tropical forest in China, as well as the dataset from satellite remote sensing. From July to August 2003, an active rain band stayed in the mid-latitude in East Asia for an unusually long period. Under the influence of the rain band, the Gross Primary Production (GPP), of temperate forests was 20–30% lower in the 2003 summer than in other years due to significant reduction in the Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD). The GPP of a cool-temperate forest in the north of the rain band was slightly enhanced by the higher PPFD; however, the GPP of a sub-tropical forest located in the south of the rain band was reduced by drought stress due to extremely hot and dry conditions. The correlation coefficients for the year-to-year changes in the PPFD and GPP during mid-summer were calculated, and the spatial distribution was examined. The spatial pattern of the PPFD was calculated by satellite data, and that of the GPP was estimated by a regression-type model, which was trained and tested by ground observation data. The correlation was positive in the mid- and high-latitudes since light was an essential factor of the summer GPP. On the other hand, a negative correlation appeared in the lower latitudes, suggesting that the water limitation was much more important than the PPFD in the region. Our study illustrated that the integration of flux data from wide areas by combining satellite remote sensing data can help us gain an understanding of the ecosystem responses to large-scale meteorological phenomena.

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9

Saigusa, N., K. Ichii, H. Murakami, R. Hirata, J. Asanuma, H. Den, S. J. Han, et al. "Impact of meteorological anomalies in the 2003 summer on gross primary productivity in East Asia." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 5 (September 8, 2009): 8883–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-8883-2009.

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Abstract. Northern Eurasia experienced anomalous weather conditions in the 2003 summer. We examined how forest ecosystems responded to the meteorological anomalies during the period using the dataset collected at flux monitoring sites in Asia, including a boreal forest in Mongolia, temperate forests in China and Japan, and a sub-tropical forest in China, as well as the dataset from satellite remote sensing. From July to August 2003, an active rain band stayed in the mid-latitude in East Asia for an unusually long period. Under the influence of the rain band, the gross primary production (GPP) of temperate forests was 20–30% lower in the 2003 summer than in other years due to significant reduction in the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). The GPP of a cool-temperate forest in the north of the rain band was slightly enhanced by the higher PPFD; however, the GPP of a sub-tropical forest located in the south of the rain band was reduced by drought stress due to extremely hot and dry conditions. The correlation coefficients for the year-to-year changes in the PPFD and GPP during mid-summer were calculated, and the spatial distribution was examined. The spatial pattern of the PPFD was calculated by satellite data, and that of the GPP was estimated by a regression-type model, which was trained and tested by ground observation data. The correlation was positive in the mid- and high-latitudes since light was an essential factor of the summer GPP. On the other hand, a negative correlation appeared in the lower latitudes, suggesting that the water limitation was much more important than the PPFD in the region. Our study illustrated that the integration of flux data from wide areas by combining satellite remote sensing data can help us gain an understanding of the ecosystem responses to large-scale meteorological phenomena.

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10

Rozanova, Oksana L., Sergey M. Tsurikov, Alexei V. Tiunov, and Eugenia E. Semenina. "Arthropod rain in a temperate forest: Intensity and composition." Pedobiologia 75 (July 2019): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2019.05.005.

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11

Frey, Wolfgang, and Friederike Schaumann. "Records of rare southern South American bryophytes: Studies in austral temperate rain forest bryophytes 18." Nova Hedwigia 74, no. 3-4 (May 1, 2002): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2002/0074-0533.

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12

Dodson, JR, and CA Myers. "Vegetation and Modern Pollen Rain From the Barrington Tops and Upper Hunter River Regions of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 3 (1986): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860293.

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Vegetation was mapped using existing maps, Landsat interpretation, aerial photograph interpretation and some verification by ground surveys. Twenty-five moss cushions were collected to identify pollen rain and pollen indicators of vegetation for use in fossil pollen interpretation. Eucalyptus (10%), Poaceae (4-10%), Casuarina (4-5%), Asteraceae (Tubuliflorae) (0-4%) and Cyperaceae (0-2%) were the general components in the pollen rain of the region. Subtropical rain forest was characterized by Backhousia and low values of a wide range of taxa. Cool temperate rain forest had Nothofagus values above 40% and Eucalyptus values below 20%. Subalpine grasslands had Poaceae values above 45%, Eucalyptus values below 15% and small quantities of Epacridaceae and Goodeniaceae pollen. Subalpine forest and wet eucalypt forest formations had very similar pollen representation and could be confused in pollen spectra. However, Monotoca, Banksia, Leptospermum pollen and fern spores were more common in the wet eucalypt forests. Dry eucalypt formations were characterized by 2-20% values of Bursaria, Callitris and Dodonaea as well as eucalypt values.

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13

Hennon, Paul E., and Michael H. McClellan. "Tree mortality and forest structure in the temperate rain forests of southeast Alaska." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1621–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-081.

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Tree mortality in 27 old-growth stands at three locales in southeast Alaska was evaluated to determine how types of tree death contributed to stand structure and the production of woody debris and to interpret small-scale disturbance. Basal area, density of stems, and the condition of dead trees were described for each tree species. Dead trees with broken boles were observed most frequently, followed by dead standing intact and uprooted trees. The frequencies of dead trees within snag and log deterioration classes indicated that most trees died standing and subsequently broke. Reconstructed annual mortality rates for overstory trees averaged 0.30.5%·year1 for the three locales and were relatively stable through the previous century. Tree fall direction for both uprooted and broken trees aligned significantly with the downslope direction. All three types of tree mortality contributed substantially to structural diversity, reflecting a high degree of complexity associated with small-scale disturbance at these three study locales.

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14

Smith, Winston P., and Jeffrey V. Nichols. "DEMOGRAPHY OF TWO ENDEMIC FOREST-FLOOR MAMMALS OF SOUTHEASTERN ALASKAN TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST." Journal of Mammalogy 85, no. 3 (June 2004): 540–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/beh-003.

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15

Cunningham, S. C., and J. Read. "Foliar temperature tolerance of temperate and tropical evergreen rain forest trees of Australia." Tree Physiology 26, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 1435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/26.11.1435.

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16

Baldwin, Lyn K., and Gary E. Bradfield. "Bryophyte community differences between edge and interior environments in temperate rain-forest fragments of coastal British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 580–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-209.

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The species richness, community composition, and abundance of bryophytes within taxonomic and functional groups were examined in relation to habitat conditions in forest edge and interior habitats of nine old-growth temperate rain-forest patches remaining after logging in the Nimpkish River Valley of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Bryophytes were sampled at a fine scale using 0.1 m × 0.3 m microplots to examine responses of species abundance on the forest floor, downed logs, and tree bases and at a coarser scale using 10 m × 2 m belt transects to determine changes in patterns of species richness and distribution. Edge habitats, sampled to a depth of 45 m into the forest fragments, were characterized by greater windthrow disturbance. Within the edge zone, increases in the richness of clearing-affiliated functional groups were associated primarily with the location of windthrown trees and tip-up mounds, rather than with distance from the edge per se. Interior habitats had both greater abundance of old-growth-associated functional groups and total bryophyte cover. The extension of the edge zone to at least 45 m into remnant patches carries implications for minimum patch size requirements in the context of variable-retention logging of coastal temperate rain forests.

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17

COLLOFF, MATTHEW J. "A review of the oribatid mite family Nothridae in Australia, with new species of Novonothrus and Trichonothrus from rain forest and their Gondwanan biogeo-graphical affinities (Acari: Oribatida)." Zootaxa 3005, no. 1 (August 26, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3005.1.1.

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The Nothridae of Australia hitherto consisted of the semi-cosmopolitan Nothrus anauniensis, Novonothrus flagellatus and an un-named Novonothrus species. This paper contains additional records of N. anauniensis and descriptions of five new species of Novonothrus, including immatures (N. barringtonensis sp. nov., N. coronospinosus sp. nov., N. glabriseta sp. nov., N. nothofagii sp. nov. and N. silvanus sp. nov.), a genus known from Australia, New Zealand and Chile. A key to Novonothrus is provided and the genus redefined. A second species of Trichonothrus (T. hallidayi sp. nov.), is described, representing a new generic record for Australia: Trichonothrus was previously known only from South Africa. Supplementary descriptions are given for Novonothrus flagellatus Hammer, 1966 and Trichonothrus austroafricanus Mahunka, 1986. The Australian record of the former species is based on a misidentification of the species described herein as N. glabriseta sp. nov. and N. flagellatus appears to be confined to New Zealand. Three species groups are proposed for Novonothrus: Barringtonensis (N. barringtonensis, N. nothofagii and N. silvanus) from central New South Wales and Victoria; Puyehue (N. glabriseta from Tasmania, N. puyehue, N. covarrubiasi and N. kethleyi from Valdivian temperate rain forest in Chile) and Flagellatus (N. coronospinosus from northern New South Wales and N. flagellatus from native forest, including Nothofagus, in New Zealand). Novonothrus and Trichonothrus show a relict Gondwanan distribution and are associated with indigenous wet forests. In Australia, members of these genera have been recorded mostly from cool tem-perate Nothofagus rain forest. The relatively high diversity of sexual species of Nothrina in Australian temperate rain forests is contrasted with high diversity of thelytokous parthenogenetic species in temperate Northern Hemisphere localities and is discussed in relation to differences in palaeoclimate and environmental history.

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18

RIEGE, DENNIS A., and ROGER DEL MORAL. "Differential Tree Colonization of Old Fields in a Temperate Rain Forest." American Midland Naturalist 151, no. 2 (April 2004): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2004)151[0251:dtcoof]2.0.co;2.

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19

KOHYAMA, T. "Simulation of the Structural Development of Warm-Temperate Rain Forest Stands." Annals of Botany 63, no. 6 (June 1989): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087791.

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20

Meißner, Kathrin, Jan-Peter Frahm, Michael Stech, and Wolfgang Frey. "Molecular divergence patterns and infrageneric relationship of Monoclea (Monocleales, Hepaticae). Studies in austral temperate rain forest bryophytes." Nova Hedwigia 67, no. 3-4 (December 9, 1998): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/67/1998/289.

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21

Smith-Ramírez, Cecilia, Paula Martínez, Iván Díaz, Marcelo Galaz, and Juan J. Armesto. "Upper canopy pollinators of Eucryphia cordifolia Cav., a tree of South American temperate rain forest." Journal of Insect Biodiversity 4, no. 9 (May 13, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2016.4.9.

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Ecological processes in the upper canopy of temperate forests have been seldom studied because of the limited accessibility. Here, we present the results of the first survey of the pollinator assemblage and the frequency of insect visits to flowers in the upper branches of ulmo, Eucryphia cordifolia Cav., an emergent 30-40 m-tall tree in rainforests of Chiloé Island, Chile. We compared these findings with a survey of flower visitors restricted to lower branches of E. cordifolia 1- in the forest understory, 2- in lower branches in an agroforestry area. We found 10 species of pollinators in canopy, and eight, 12 and 15 species in understory, depending of tree locations. The main pollinators of E. cordifolia in the upper canopy differed significantly from the pollinator assemblage recorded in lower tree branches. We conclude that the pollinator assemblages of the temperate forest canopy and interior are still unknown.

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22

Press, AJ. "Comparison of Numbers of Rattus-Fuscipes Living in Cool Temperate Rain-Forests and Dry Sclerophyll Forests." Wildlife Research 13, no. 3 (1986): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860419.

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Replicated sampling regimes were used to assess the numbers of Rattus fuscipes in cool temperate rainforests and dry sclerophyll forests, on Gloucester Tops, N.S.W. R. fuscipes was significantly more abundant in the rainforest habitat than in the sclerophyll habitat, and this result was consistent under a number of different sampling regimes. Numbers changed significantly between April 1978 and March 1980, but the patterns of change were similar in each habitat. Fire and logging contributed to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the Gloucester Tops, and the cool temperate rainforests appeared to be more protected from disturbance than the dry sclerophyll forests. The cool temperate rainforests may be important refuges for populations of R. fuscipes, and may provide recruits for areas of sclerophyll forest the populations of which have been reduced by logging or fire.

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23

O'Keefe, Thomas C., and Robert J. Naiman. "The influence of forest structure on riparian litterfall in a Pacific Coastal rain forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 2852–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-180.

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Vegetative litter produced from riparian forests associated with alluvial rivers mediates nutrient and carbon cycling and indirectly shapes successional pathways and overall plant community characteristics. We quantified litter inputs at sites along the Queets River, a temperate rain forest river, in Olympic National Park, Washington. Study plots represented a chronosequence from pioneering vegetative patches on recently formed gravel bars to mature riparian forest terraces up to 350 years old. We observed an initial ~100 year linear increase in litter production (0.8–10.2 Mg·ha–1·year–1). Subsequently, we observed a shift to conifer dominance and development of a forest canopy with considerable structural complexity. During this time, litter production declined to ~5 Mg·ha–1·year–1. Empirical models of temporal changes in litter production suggest that the basal area and canopy volume of individual tree species are significant predictors (r2 = 0.60–0.99) of leaf and needle litter derived from that species, and can be used to predict litter production. We conclude that annual litter production is strongly influenced by structural forest characteristics and that litterfall rates can be estimated for a ~350 year chronosequence from stem basal area and canopy volume.

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24

Armesto, J. J., and R. Rozzi. "Seed Dispersal Syndromes in the Rain Forest of Chiloe: Evidence for the Importance of Biotic Dispersal in a Temperate Rain Forest." Journal of Biogeography 16, no. 3 (May 1989): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2845258.

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25

Kodela, PG. "Modern Pollen Rain From Forest Communities on the Robertson Plateau, New-South-Wales." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 1 (1990): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900001.

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The modern pollen spectra for Eucalyptus forest and rainforest communities were investigated from 19 sites in the Robertson area on the Central Tablelands of New South Wales. Cluster and discriminant analyses were applied to analyse pollen distribution from within and from outside warm temperate rainforest stands and tall open eucalypt forest stands. Pollen abundance is compared with a number of plant abundance estimates of taxa within forests to study pollen representation at the forest scale. Pollen of Doryphora, Polyosma, Pittosporum, Hymenanthera, Tasmannia, Asclepiadaceae and most rainforest taxa investigated are poorly represented, while sclerophyll and open-ground taxa, particularly Eucalyptus, are better represented. The pollen of many native taxa do not appear to be well dispersed, and local pollen is commonly outweighed by pollen from regional sources. Pollen representation varied between taxa and sites, with factors such as vegetation structure, plant distribution, topography and disturbance influencing pollen representation.

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26

Stech, Michael, Salah Osman, Manuela Sim-Sim, and Wolfgang Frey. "Molecular systematics and biogeography of the liverwort genus Tylimanthus (Acrobolbaceae) Studies in austral temperate rain forest bryophytes 33." Nova Hedwigia 83, no. 1-2 (August 1, 2006): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2006/0083-0017.

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27

McDowell, William H. "Internal nutrient fluxes in a Puerto Rican rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, no. 4 (July 1998): 521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000376.

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Throughfall and soil solution chemistry were studied for 1 y in a tropical montane forest in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. Passage of precipitation through the forest canopy resulted in an increase in the concentration and flux of all solutes except H+ and NO3−. Throughfall chemistry showed no strong seasonal patterns, but concentrations of many solutes declined during weeks of high rainfall. Enrichment in throughfall relative to precipitation was similar to values reported recently for several other tropical sites, with the exception of NH4+, which was particularly high at this site. Based on net throughfall deposition of Cl−, dry deposition of marine aerosols appears to be a relatively minor component (c. 15%) of total deposition. In soil solution, no seasonal patterns in concentration were evident and variability was highest for elements with high biological activity (especially N). Concentrations and fluxes of K+ and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) showed the largest declines as throughfall passed through the soil profile; concentrations of most other elements increased or were relatively constant. Declining DOC flux through the soil profile appears to be due to sorption processes similar to those observed in many temperate forests. Concentrations and fluxes of HCO3− and SiO2 increased substantially in soil solution, but never approached those observed in the stream. This suggests that additional weathering must occur as groundwater moves from this ridgetop site to the stream.

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Lomolino, Mark V., and David R. Perault. "Assembly and Disassembly of Mammal Communities in a Eragmented Temperate Rain Forest." Ecology 81, no. 6 (June 2000): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/177303.

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Edmonds, Robert L., Ted B. Thomas, and Jon J. Rhodes. "Canopy and Soil Modification of Precipitation Chemistry in a Temperate Rain Forest." Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, no. 6 (November 1991): 1685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500060031x.

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30

Lertzman, Kenneth P., Glenn D. Sutherland, Alex Inselberg, and Sari C. Saunders. "Canopy Gaps and the Landscape Mosaic in a Coastal Temperate Rain Forest." Ecology 77, no. 4 (June 1996): 1254–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2265594.

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Lomolino, Mark V., and David R. Perault. "ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY OF MAMMAL COMMUNITIES IN A FRAGMENTED TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST." Ecology 81, no. 6 (June 2000): 1517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1517:aadomc]2.0.co;2.

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32

Innes, John L. "Structure of Evergreen Temperate Rain Forest on the Taitao Peninsula, Southern Chile." Journal of Biogeography 19, no. 5 (September 1992): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2845774.

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Meave, Jorge, Miguel Angel Soto, Luz María Calvo-Irabien, Horacio Paz-Hernández, and Susana Valencia-Avalos. "Sinecological analysis of the montane rain forrest of Omiltemi, Guerrero." Botanical Sciences, no. 52 (April 24, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1404.

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The floristic composition, structure, and texture of 1 ha of mesophytic mountain forest in Omiltemi, Guerrero, is described. With 138 species of vascular plants in the plot, this forest is very rich, with epiphytes, trees and herbs comprising the most diverse growth forms. The geographic affinities of this forest are diverse; many elements are shared with the andean-mesoamerican regions, and others are present in the deciduous forests of eastern United States. The Omiltemi forest is similar to other communities from western Mexico, and many of the endemic elements of this region occur in Omiltemi. This forest is structurally dense, approximately 24 m high, without a well-defined stratification. The canopy is made up mainly by Carpinus caroliniana and Quercus uxoris; Pinus ayacahuite is an emergent tree. The understory is rich in small-statured tree species. The horizontal distributions of the trees were analyzed, and only two understory species had a clumped pattern. Density is 2,096 trees/ha, total basal area is 49.82 m2/ha and cover is 263.8% The most important! species in the forest structure are those reaching the canopy. Two trends in the diametric structures of tree species populations were found: 1) with classes of small sizes having high frequencies, and gradually decreasing towards classes of larger sizes, and 2) with classes of intermediate sizes having lower frequencies than classes of smaller and larger sizes. The internal spatial variation of the forest structure was analyzed using multivariate methods. Tropical species were usually found in more humid places, while species of temperate affinities occurred in more exposed sites. Five floristic groups were recognized, and their associated structural features are described. This forest bears leaves throughout the year, although some of the most abundant species of the canopy are deciduous. The textural characteristics of pollination, dispersal and tree architecture are described. In addition, the mixed character of the mesophytic mountain forest of Omiltemi is discussed and related to its marginal geographic location.

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34

Lusk, Christopher H., Mylthon Jiménez-Castillo, and Nicolás Salazar-Ortega. "Evidence that branches of evergreen angiosperm and coniferous trees differ in hydraulic conductance but not in Huber values." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 2 (January 2007): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-002.

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The hydraulic efficiency conferred by vessels is regarded as one of the key innovations explaining the historical rise of the angiosperms at the expense of the gymnosperms. Few studies, however, have compared the structure and function of xylem and their relationships with foliage traits in evergreen representatives of both groups. We measured sapwood cross-sectional area, conduit diameters, hydraulic conductance, and leaf area of fine branches (2.5–7.5 mm diameter) of five conifers and eight evergreen angiosperm trees in evergreen temperate forests in south-central Chile. Conductance of both lineages was higher at Los Lleuques, a warm temperate site with strong Mediterranean influence, than in a cool temperate rain forest at Puyehue. At a common sapwood cross-sectional area, angiosperm branches at both sites had greater hydraulic conductance (G) than conifers, but similar leaf areas. Branch conductance normalized by subtended leaf area (GL) at both sites was, therefore, higher in angiosperms than in conifers. Hydraulically weighted mean conduit diameters were much larger in angiosperms than in conifers, although this difference was less marked at Puyehue, the cooler of the two sites. Conduits of the vesselless rain forest angiosperm Drimys winteri J.R. & G. Forst were wider than those of coniferous associates, although narrower than angiosperm vessels. However, GL of D. winteri was within the range of values measured for vesselbearing angiosperms at the same site. The observed differences in xylem structure and function correlate with evidence that evergreen angiosperms have higher average stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity than their coniferous associates in southern temperate forests. Comparisons of conifers and angiosperm branches thus suggest that the superior capacity of angiosperm conduits is attributable to the development of higher gas-exchange rates per unit leaf area, rather than to a more extensive leaf area. Results also suggest that the tracheary elements of some vesselless angiosperms differ in width and hydraulic efficiency from conifer tracheids.

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Maisels, Fiona. "Defoliation of a monodominant rain-forest tree by a noctuid moth in Gabon." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 2 (March 2004): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403001044.

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Relatively little is known of the relationships between many lepidopteran species and their larval food plants in tropical rain forests, compared with temperate ecosystems. Species are often known only from the adult form, and the larvae and aspects of ecology, host plant, etc. are unknown (Williams 1971). Many species in the moth genus Achaea sometimes occur at high enough population densities to be defoliators, and several species are associated especially with forest trees: some are agricultural pests on groundnuts and castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) (Pinhey 1975, M. Shaw, pers. comm.). Achaea catocaloides occurs from West Africa through Uganda to East Africa (Seitz 1925) and has been recorded in interactions with ants in Cameroon (Dejean et al. 1991).

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Stech, Michael, Tanja Pfeiffer, and Wolfgang Frey. "Chloroplast DNA relationship in palaeoaustral Polytrichadelphus magellanicus (Hedw.) Mitt. (Polytrichaceae, Bryopsida) - Studies in austral temperate rain forest bryophytes 12." Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 124, no. 2 (December 19, 2002): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0006-8152/2002/0124-0217.

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37

Tobler, Mathias W. "New GPS technology improves fix success for large mammal collars in dense tropical forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 25, no. 2 (March 2009): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467409005811.

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There have been few telemetry studies on large and medium-sized mammals from Neotropical lowland forests. This can partly be explained by the difficulty of tracking animals with radio-telemetry in these forests, often in remote areas with poor access due to limited transportation infrastructure. Researchers have been forced to follow their collared animals by aeroplane (Crawshaw 1995, Fragoso 1998, Rabinowitz & Nottingham 1986), but aerial telemetry is dangerous and involves difficult logistics and high costs. GPS (Global Positioning System) collars that allow the collection of data automatically at long intervals would be a good alternative. The effect of canopy cover on GPS fix success and location accuracy was of concern from the beginning and has been widely investigated in temperate forests (D'Eon 2003, Di Orio et al. 2003, Dussault et al. 1999, Moen et al. 1996, Rempel et al. 1995). All studies found a significant decrease in fix success and a large increase in location errors under forest canopy. Tropical lowland rain forests have a much denser canopy than temperate forests, and up to now the performance of GPS collars in tropical forest has been very poor. Rumiz & Venegas (2006) showed that while GPS collars worked in the dry forest of the Bolivian Chaco, they only obtained a successful fix in 1–3% of all attempts in the lowland forest of the Madidi National Park, Bolivia.

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Jaganathan, Ganesh K., Danping Song, and Baolin Liu. "Diversity and distribution of physical dormant species in relation to ecosystem and life-forms." Plant Science Today 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2017.4.2.293.

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Impermeable seed/fruit coat, i.e. physical dormancy (PY) occurring only in several genera of 18 angiosperm families plays an important role in controlling seed persistence and germination timing. It has been theoretically speculated that PY is more prevalent in drylands than in moist vegetation zones, but unequivocal support for this assertion is currently unavailable. The broad objective of this contribution was to examine the distribution of PY on the various vegetation of tropics and temperate ecosystems using a data set of 13, 792 species. The number of species with PY in tropics (19%) is higher than the number of PY species in the temperate ecosystem (15%). However, in both tropics and temperate, there is a clear trend that PY is less common in moist and low-temperature vegetation zones compared with dry and high-temperature vegetation. In tropics, PY is more prevalent in dry woodlands (33%) and tropical deciduous forests (27.3%) compared with the evergreen rain forest (9%). Similarly, in the temperate zone, dry vegetation with seasonal rainfall such as Matorral (22.3) and deserts (19.5%) have a higher number of PY species compared with moist warm woodlands (8.1%) and deciduous forest (9%). Although PY is a trait found in various life-forms, it appears to be less common in trees, particularly of the temperate zone. We discuss the ecological adaptation of PY in the dry ecosystem and consider the mechanism of persistence and dormancy break in PY and physiological dormant (PD) species.

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39

Melick, DR, and DH Ashton. "The Effects of Natural Disturbances on Warm Temperate Rain-Forests in South-Eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 39, no. 1 (1991): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9910001.

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The effects of fire, flood and landslide disturbance on the floristics and structure of some warm temperate rainforests in East Gippsland were investigated from 1983 to 1989. Subcommunities within these forests were delineated by the numerical analyses of floristic data. In moister sites, relatively undisturbed rainforest is dominated by Acmena smithii in association with Acronychia oblongifolia and Rapanea howittiana together with numerous vines and ferns. The size-class distributions of the major tree species indicate that these forests are regenerating. In riparian habitats, Tristaniopsis laurina tends to dominate due to its greater flood resistance whereas Pittosporum undulatum becomes prominent in edaphically drier sites. Within burnt rainforest A. smithii and T. laurina have regenerated vegetatively but P. undulatum has been eliminated. In adjacent wet sclerophyll forest subsequent invasion by rainforest seedlings has occurred. In gorges, landslides may cause disturbance to various degrees and subsequent colonisation is dependent upon both the site and the matrix of the material transposed. The status of the various subcommunities is discussed in terms of the environmental gradients present, the modes of regeneration and the types of primary and secondary successions initiated by the disturbances.

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Lusk, Christopher H. "Stand dynamics of the shade-tolerant conifersPodocarpus nubigenaandSaxegothaea conspicuain Chilean temperate rain forest." Journal of Vegetation Science 7, no. 4 (August 1996): 549–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3236304.

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41

Hoffman, Kira M., Ken P. Lertzman, and Brian M. Starzomski. "Ecological legacies of anthropogenic burning in a British Columbia coastal temperate rain forest." Journal of Biogeography 44, no. 12 (September 20, 2017): 2903–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13096.

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42

Lusk, Christopher H., and Colleen K. Kelly. "Interspecific variation in seed size and safe sites in a temperate rain forest." New Phytologist 158, no. 3 (April 8, 2003): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00760.x.

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43

Neculman, Rodrigo, Cornelia Rumpel, Francisco Matus, Roberto Godoy, Markus Steffens, and María de la Luz Mora. "Organic matter stabilization in two Andisols of contrasting age under temperate rain forest." Biology and Fertility of Soils 49, no. 6 (December 8, 2012): 681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-012-0758-2.

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44

Gaxiola, Aurora, Larry E. Burrows, and David A. Coomes. "Tree fern trunks facilitate seedling regeneration in a productive lowland temperate rain forest." Oecologia 155, no. 2 (November 30, 2007): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0915-8.

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45

Martínez-Sánchez, José Luis. "Nitrogen and phosphorus resorption in trees of a neotropical rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, no. 4 (July 2003): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740300350x.

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In lowland tropical and temperate forests, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) resorption from senesced leaves may reflect a mechanism of conservation of a limiting nutrient (Edwards & Grubb 1982, Killingbeck 1996, Proctor et al. 1989, Scott et al. 1992, Songwe et al. 1997, Vitousek & Sanford 1986). At the ecosystem level it has important implications for element cycling. The nutrients which are resorbed during leaf senescence are directly available for further plant growth, which makes a species less dependent on current nutrient uptake. Nutrients which are not resorbed, however, will be circulated through litterfall in the longer term (Aerts 1996).

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46

Fang, H. J., G. R. Yu, S. L. Cheng, T. H. Zhu, Y. S. Wang, J. H. Yan, M. Wang, M. Cao, and M. Zhou. "Effects of multiple environmental factors on CO2 emission and CH4 uptake from old-growth forest soils." Biogeosciences 7, no. 1 (January 29, 2010): 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-395-2010.

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Abstract. To assess contribution of multiple environmental factors to carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and forest soils, four old-growth forests referred to as boreal coniferous forest, temperate needle-broadleaved mixed forest, subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest and tropical monsoon rain forest were selected along eastern China. In each old-growth forest, soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes were measured from 2003 to 2005 applying the static opaque chamber and gas chromatography technique. Soil temperature and moisture at the 10 cm depth were simultaneously measured with the greenhouse gas measurements. Inorganic N (NH4+-N and NO3−-N) in the 0–10 cm was determined monthly. From north to south, annual mean CO2 emission ranged from 18.09 ± 0.22 to 35.40 ± 2.24 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1 and annual mean CH4 uptake ranged from 0.04 ± 0.11 to 5.15 ± 0.96 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1 in the four old-growth forests. Soil CO2 flux in the old-growth forests was mainly driven by soil temperature, followed by soil moisture and NO3−-N. Temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil CO2 flux was lower at lower latitudes with high temperature and more precipitation, probably because of less soil organic carbon (SOC). Soil NO3− accumulation caused by environmental change was often accompanied by an increase in soil CO2 emission. In addition, soil CH4 uptake decreased with an increase in soil moisture. The response of soil CH4 flux to temperature was dependent upon the optimal value of soil temperature in each forest. Soil NH4+-N consumption tended to promote soil CH4 uptake in the old-growth forests, whereas soil NO3−-N accumulation was not conducive to CH4 oxidation in anaerobic condition. These results indicate that soil mineral N dynamics largely affects the soil gas fluxes of CO2 and CH4 in the old-growth forests, along with climate conditions.

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47

Frahm, Jan-Peter, and Ralf Ohlemüller. "Ecology of bryophytes along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in New Zealand. Studies in austral temperate rain forest bryophytes 15." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 20, no. 1 (December 31, 2001): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.20.1.20.

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Six altitudinal transects through temperate rain forests were studied at different latitudes in the South and North Island of New Zealand with respect to species numbers of bryophytes, cover and phytomass of epiphytic bryophytes, composition of life forms and ratio liverworts : mosses. Phytodiversity of bryophytes is almost constant from the lowlands to the high montane belt but decreases in the subalpine belt. Similarly, phytomass and cover increase with elevation but decrease in the subalpine belt. The percentage of liverworts increases accordingly and can reach maxima of 80-90%. The most significant life forms are tails and wefts characteristic for hyperhygric conditions, pendents for cloud belts and cushions for subalpine belts. The altitudinal gradient is much stronger then the latitudinal gradient, that means the differences between the elevations within a transect are more important than the differences between the transects. They are attributed to the humidity. The temperate rain forests of New Zealand have similar bryological characteristics as the tropical rain forests in equatorial latitudes in 2000 – 3000 m altitude but differ in the drier subalpine belt and higher phytomass.

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48

Fang, H., G. Yu, S. Cheng, S. Li, Y. Wang, J. Yan, M. Wang, M. Cao, and M. Zhou. "Effects of multiple environmental factors on CO2 emission and CH4 uptake from old-growth forest soils." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 31, 2009): 7821–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-7821-2009.

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Abstract. To assess contribution of multiple environmental factors to actual carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and forest soils, four old-growth forests referred to as boreal coniferous forest, temperate needle-broadleaved mixed forest, subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest and tropical seasonal rain forest were selected along the eastern China. In each old-growth forest, soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes were measured for three years using the static chamber and gas chromatography technique. Soil temperature and moisture at the 10 cm depth were measured simultaneously with the greenhouse gas measurements. Inorganic N (NH4+-N and NO3--N) in the 0–10 cm was determined monthly. From north to south, annual mean CO2 flux ranged from 18.09±0.22 to 35.40±2.24 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1 and annual mean CH4 flux ranged from -0.04±0.11 to -5.15±0.96 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1. Soil CO2 fluxes in the old-growth forests were mainly driven by soil temperature, followed by soil moisture and NO3--N. Based on the gradient theory of exchange of time and space, increase in air temperature in the future would promote soil CO2 emission in the old-growth forests. The responses of soil CH4 uptake to warming were dependent upon the critical temperature in forest. In addition, the NO3--N promotion to CO2 emission could partially attribute to the compound effects of high nitrate stimulation on soil microbe activities and increased decomposability of organic materials. The mechanism of NH4+ inhibition to CH4 uptake included both a competitive inhibition of CH4 mono-oxygenase enzyme and a toxic inhibition by hydroxylamine or nitrite produced via NH4+ oxidation. Overall, increasing in precipitation and nitrogen deposition in eastern China would increase soil CO2 emission, but decrease soil CH4 uptake in the old-growth forests.

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Saldarriaga, Juan Guillermo, and Robert John Luxmoore. "Solar energy conversion efficiencies during succession of a tropical rain forest in Amazonia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 7, no. 2 (May 1991): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400005393.

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ABSTRACTMean annual quantities of solar radiation absorbed during various stages of regeneration of a tropical rain forest in the upper Rio Negro valley of Colombia and Venezuela were estimated for the consecutive intervals between clear-cut and 1,3, 10, 20, 35, 60, 80 and 200 years of growth. Forest phytomass and litter fall data from each of these stages were used to calculate the mean annual net dry matter production per unit of absorbed photosynthelically active radiation (PAR), the PAR conversion efficiency. The quantities of PAR absorbed by the forest stands were calculated from the leaf area index values with an extinction coefficient for PAR of 0.74, a PAR albedo of 0.04, and an annual mean incoming PAR of 2.86GJ m-2y-1. Efficiency decreased with increase in successional stage. During the first 10 years of regrowth, the efficiency of conversion of PAR into above-ground phylomass averaged 0.23 g MJ-1, decreasing to 0.07 g MJ-1 over the following 50 years. Inclusion of annual root production in the calculations resulted in a small increase in PAR conversion efficiency; however, efficiency was more than doubled for some periods when the annual leaf and twig lillerfall were included. Efficiency values for above-ground production were much lower than PAR conversion efficiency values estimated for above-ground production of temperate forests.

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Hoover, Trent M., Xavier Pinto, and John S. Richardson. "Riparian canopy type, management history, and successional stage control fluxes of plant litter to streams." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 7 (July 2011): 1394–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-067.

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The food webs of forest stream ecosystems are based primarily on cross-boundary flows of terrestrial plant litter (PL). As such, changes in the composition of riparian forest canopies can alter flows of PL, affecting the ecosystem functioning of adjacent streams. We measured seasonal changes in PL fluxes to 20 small streams flowing through temperate rain forests in southwestern British Columbia to determine how riparian forest type and riparian management history influence resource availability in these systems. Differences in PL fluxes among the four riparian forest types studied were most pronounced in the summer, when PL fluxes from clearcuts < riparian reserve strips and coniferous forests, and PL fluxes from deciduous-dominated forests < riparian reserve strips. PL fluxes also varied among seasons (spring < summer < autumn). Fluxes were similar in riparian reserve strips and coniferous forests of similar age, indicating that reserve strips maintain this crucial ecosystem process. Clearcutting of riparian forests dramatically increased light availability while reducing leaf litter inputs; these effects, however, lasted only a few years. As riparian forest stand age increased, inputs shifted from broadleaf to coniferous inputs, indicating a possible long-term decrease in the lability of the leaf litter resources available to stream consumers.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Temperate rain forest'

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