Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'TELLURIUM OXIDES'

La thèse actuelle est consacrée à une étude complexe de diffusion de neutrons sur des séries de spinelles de tellure à base de cobalt (VI) dopées au zinc. Il a été constaté que le composé parent peut être obtenu sous deux formes structurelles: centrosymétrique désordonnée (groupe d'espace # 227) et non-centrosymétrique ordonnée (groupe d'espace # 212). Alors que le polymorphe désordonné soit un ferrimagnet typique de type Néel avec une transition magnétique à 40 K, le polymorphe ordonné possède deux transitions de phase magnétiques incommensurables à 45 K et 27 K. Grâce à l'approche de symétrie super-spatiale, il a été découvert que la structure de spin d'un polymorphe ordonné est une spirale ferrimagnétique. La frustration magnétique et l'interaction Dzyaloshinskii-Morya stabilisent cet ordre magnétique. Le système montre la stabilité de la structure magnétique contre la dilution magnétique, qui occupe de préférence l'environnement tétraédrique: ce n'est que lorsque la moitié des sites A est remplacée par du zinc que l'ordre magnétique à longue distance est supprimé. Ce qui est remarquable, ce sont les deux polymorphes qui démontrent une diffusion diffuse magnétique bien au-dessus des températures de transition à longue distance. L'analyse de polarisation Neutron XYZ a révélé: quand le polymorphe est ordonné, l'ordre à courte portée a la même nature en spirale ferrimagnétique que l'état ordonné. L'ordre à courte portée du polymorphe ordonné fortement dilué est similaire au composé parent. La spectroscopie diélectrique du composé désordonné et ordonné a révélé un comportement magnétoélectrique en chaque cas
The current thesis is dedicated to a complex neutron scattering study of magnetic behaviour cobalt-based tellurium (VI) spinel series doped with zinc. It was found that the parent compound may be obtained in two structural forms: disordered centrosymmetric (space group #227) and ordered non-centrosymmetric (space group #212). While the disordered polymorph is a typical Néel-type ferrimagnet with a magnetic transition at 40 K, the ordered polymorph possesses two incommensurate magnetic phase transitions at 45 K and 27 K. With a help of the superspace symmetry approach the spin structure of the ordered polymorph was found to be ferrimagnetic spiral. Both magnetic frustration and Dzyaloshinskii-Morya interaction stabilize such a magnetic ordering. The system shows stability of the magnetic structure against magnetic dilution, which occupies tetrahedral environment preferably: only when the half of A-sites is substituted with zinc the long range magnetic ordering is suppressed. Remarkably, both polymorphs demonstrate magnetic diffuse scattering far above long-range transition temperatures. Neutron XYZ polarization analysis revealed that in the case of the ordered polymorph the short-range ordering has the same ferrimagnetic spiral nature as the ordered state. Short-range ordering of the highly diluted ordered polymorph is similar to the parent compound. Dielectric spectroscopy of the disordered and ordered compound revealed magnetoelectric behaviour in each case

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Interest in Raman amplification has undergone a revival due to the rapidly increasing bandwidth requirements for communications transmission, both for long haul and local area networks, and recent developments in the telecom fiber industry and diode laser technology. In contrast to rare earth doped fiber amplifiers, for which the range of wavelengths is fixed and limited, Raman gain bandwidths are larger and the operating wavelength is fixed only by the pump wavelength and the bandwidth of the Raman active medium. In this context, glasses are the material of choice for this application due to their relatively broad spectral response, and ability of making them into optical fiber. This dissertation summarizes findings on different oxide-based glasses that have been synthesized and characterized for their potential application as Raman gain media. Two main glass families were investigated: phosphate-based glass matrices for broadband Raman gain application and TeO2-based glasses for high Raman gain amplification. A phosphate network was preferred for the broadband application since the phosphate Raman active modes can provide amplification above 1000 cm-1, whilst TeO2-based glasses were selected for the high gain application due to their enhanced nonlinearities and polarizabilities among the other oxide-based network formers. The results summarized in this dissertation show that phosphate-based glasses can provide Raman amplification bandwidths of up to 40 THz, an improvement of almost 5 times the bandwidth of SiO2. On the other hand, tellurite-based glasses appear to be promising candidates for high gain discrete Raman applications, providing peak Raman gain coefficients of up to 50 times higher than SiO2, at 1064 nm. Although, visible spontaneous Raman scattering cross-section measurement is the most frequently used tool for estimating the strength and spectral distribution of Raman gain in materials, especially glasses, there are some issues that one needs to be aware when conducting these measurements near the absorption band edge of the material. This led to the detection of an inherent frequency-dispersion in the Raman susceptibility and a resonant enhancement phenomenon when measurements were conducted near the absorption edge of the material.
Ph.D.
Optics and Photonics
Optics

Ce travail est une contribution à la compréhension de la structure à courte et moyenne distance des verres à base de TeO₂ via de nouveaux verres au sein des systèmes TeO₂-TiO₂-WO₃ (TTxWy) et TeO₂-NbO₂ ̩₅-WO₃ (TNxWy). De pertinentes corrélations sont révélées entre leurs propriétés structurales (en utilisant la spectroscopie Raman) et optiques. Globalement, l’ajout de TiO₂, WO₃ ou NbO₂ ̩₅ n’engendre aucune évolution structurale brutale. L’ajout de TiO2 induit une séparation de phases entre les régions amorphes riches en TiO2 et le réseau riche en TeO2. Cette interprétation est en accord avec le comportement structural prédit par la théorie de Dietzel sur la force de champ cationique. L’ajout de WO3 entraîne l’apparition (i) d’octaèdres WO₆ uniformément dispersés à travers le réseau des ponts Te–O–Te (pour de faibles teneurs en WO₃) et (ii) de régions riches en WO3 (pour des teneurs plus importantes en WO₃). L’ajout de NbO₂ ̩₅ engendre (i) une faible dépolymérisation structurale du réseau Te–O–Te et (ii) l’apparition des régions riches en NbO₂ ̩₅. Les verres étudiés sont dotés de forts indices de réfraction linéaires (2.19 dans TTxWy et 2.13 dans TNxWy en moyenne) et de remarquables susceptibilités non linéaires χ(3) (7.03 *10-13 esu dans TTxWy et 5.48 *10-13 esu dans TNxWy en moyenne, i.e., ~47 et ~37 fois plus élevées que la valeur de χ(3) du verre SiO₂)
In this work, we present a contribution to the understanding of the short- to medium-range structure of TeO₂-based glasses via new glasses within the TeO₂-TiO₂-WO₃ (TTxWy) and TeO₂-NbO₂ ̩₅-WO₃ (TNxWy) systems. Consistent correlations are revealed between their structural (using Raman spectroscopy) and optical properties. Globally, no striking structural evolutions take place upon adding TiO₂, WO₃ or NbO₂ ̩₅. Adding TiO2 results in a phase-separation between amorphous TiO₂-rich regions and TeO2-rich network, in harmony with the predicted structural behavior on the basis of Dietzel’s cationic field strength theory. Adding WO₃ leads to (i) uniformly dispersed WO₆ octahedra throughout the Te–O–Te network (at low WO₃ contents) and (ii) amorphous WO₃-rich regions (at higher WO₃ contents). Adding NbO₂ ̩₅ engenders (i) a weak structural depolymerization of the Te–O–Te network and (ii) occurrence of NbO₂ ̩₅-rich regions. The investigated glasses exhibit high linear refractive indices (averages of 2.19 in TTxWy and 2.13 in TNxWy) and remarkable nonlinear susceptibilities χ(3) (averages of 7.03 *10-13 esu in TTxWy and 5.48 *10-13 esu in TNxWy, i.e., ~47 and ~37 times higher than χ(3) of SiO₂ glass)

Du fait de leur grande qualité optique, les monocristaux sont largement utilisés dans le domaine de la photonique, pour l’émission laser de puissance, la conversion de fréquence,.... Les monocristaux sont toutefois limités par leur mode fabrication qui est lent et onéreux et par la difficulté d’obtenir des pièces de grandes dimensions. Les verres tellurites sont des candidats de choix en raison de leur réponse non-linéaire élevée, leur mise en forme aisée et leur faible coût de production. Toutefois, pour certaines applications nécessitant des effets non-linéaires de second ordre, les verres ne peuvent pas être utilisés en raison de leur isotropie optique. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons donc entrepris l’élaboration de composites vitrocéramiques tellurites composés de cristaux non-centrosymétriques capables de générer un signal de seconde harmonique. Les composites sont élaborés par co-frittage SPS d’une poudre de verre et de cristaux. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à la réalisation de céramiques transparentes tellurites pour l’élaboration de cavités lasers de dimensions millimétriques. Les matériaux tellurites sont en effet des candidats intéressants en raison de leurs indices de réfractions linéaires élevées et leurs basses énergies de phonon qui favorisent les transitions radiatives. Les céramiques transparentes ont été obtenues par un procédé innovant de cristallisation complète et congruente du verre qui allie la facilité de mise en forme du verre et les propriétés de la céramique finale. Nous avons également mise en œuvre la réalisation d’une nouvelle céramique transparente tellurate (TeVI) par frittage SPS d’une poudre céramique broyée. Les composés tellurates ont l’avantage de présenter de basses énergies de phonons et des propriétés diélectriques micro-ondes intéressantes
Owing to thier high optical quality, single-crystals are widely used in photonics, for high power laser, frequency conversion… However, single-crystals are constrained by their manufacturing process which is slow and expensive and because it difficult to obtain large parts. Tellurite glasses are ideal candidate due to their high nonlinear response, the easy glass shaping and their low manufacturing cost. Nonetheless, for some kind of applications requiring second order nonlinear effects, glasses can’t be used because of their optical isotropy. During this thesis, we undertook the elaboration of tellurite glass-ceramics composites consisting of noncentrosymmetric crystals able to generate second harmonic signal. Composites are elaborated by SPS co-sintering of a glass powder and crystals. We are also interested in the elaboration of transparent tellurite ceramics in order to make millimetric laser cavities. Indeed, tellurite-based materials are interesting candidates owing to their high nonlinear refractive index and their low phonon energy, which favors radiative transitions. Transparent ceramics have been fabricated by an innovative way, the full and congruent crystallization of glass which combines the easy glass shaping and the properties of the final ceramic. We have also developed the elaboration of a new transparent tellurate ceramic (TeVI) by SPS sintering of a crushed ceramic powder. Tellurate compounds have the advantage of showing low phonon energy and interesting microwave dielectric properties

This work focuses on the growth of vertically aligned CdTe nanowire arrays of controllable diameter and length using cathodic electro deposition in anodized alumina templates. This step was followed by annealing at 250° C in a reducing environment (95% Ar + 5% H2). AAO template over ITO-glass was used as starting template for the device fabrication. The deposited nanowires showed nanocrystalline cubic phase structures with a strong preference in [111] direction. First gold (Au) was deposited into AAO using cathodic electro deposition. This was followed by CdTe deposition into the pore. Gold was deposited first as it aids the growth of CdTe inside AAO and it makes Schottky contact with the deposited n type CdTe. CdTe was determined to be n-type from the fact that back to back diode was obtained with Au-CdTe-Au test structure. Aluminum (Al) was sputtered on the top to make the ohmic contact to the n type CdTe deposited in AAO. Analysis of Schottky diodes yielded a diode ideality factor of 10.03 under dark and 10.08 under light and reverse saturation current density of 34.9μA/cm2 under dark and 39.7μA/cm2 under light.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The organotellurium compounds have been the subject of research due to their pharmacological and toxicological properties. It is believed that the main mechanism involved in the toxicity of these compounds is the ability to interact with sulfhydryl groups from molecules biologically active. Beyond the toxicological effects, some pharmacological properties have been attributed to organotellurium compounds. This study aimed to investigate the potential toxicological and pharmacologic of 2-phenylethynyl-butyltellurium (PEBT) through experiments in vitro and in vivo in rodents. To evaluate the toxicological effect the PEBT was used at different concentrations in the oxidation of mono and dithiols and analysis of enzyme Na+K+ -ATPase and lactate dehydrogenase in vitro. Furthermore, lethality studies were performed to calculate the LC50 LD50 of this compound and for better understanding their toxicity. To evaluate the pharmacological effect the PEBT was used at a dose of 1mg/kg 30 minutes before the behavioral experiments, evaluation of locomotor activity, forced swim test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST), immediately after testing the cerebral cortex was removed for analysis of monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme. The results showed that the PEBT oxidized thiols of low molecular weight and inhibits the activity of the enzyme Na+K+ - ATPase by oxidation of sulfhydryl groups, and such oxidation is dependent on the tellurium atom in the structure of this compound. Moreover, the acute administration of PEBT showed an antidepressant-like effect on TNF in mice, as well inhibits the activity of MAO-A enzyme in the cerebral cortex, demonstrating the involvement of this enzyme in its antidepressant-like effect.
Os compostos orgânicos de telúrio têm despertado o interesse dos pesquisadores, devido as suas propriedades farmacológicas e toxicológicas. Acredita-se que o principal mecanismo envolvido na toxicidade desses compostos, seja a capacidade de interagir com os grupamentos sulfidrílicos de moléculas biologicamente ativas. Além dos efeitos toxicológicos, propriedades farmacológicas vêm sendo atribuídas aos compostos orgânicos de telúrio. Esse estudo teve como objetivo investigar o potencial toxicológico e farmacológico do 2- feniletinilbutil-telúrio (PEBT), através de experimentos in vitro e in vivo em roedores. Para a avaliação toxicológica, o PEBT foi utilizado em diferentes concentrações na oxidação de mono e ditiois e na determinação da atividade das enzimas Na+K+ -ATPase e lactato desidrogenase, in vitro. Ainda nesse sentido estudos de letalidade foram realizados para calcular a CL50 e DL50 desse composto para melhor compreender a sua toxicidade. Para a avaliação farmacológica, o PEBT foi administrado em camundongos, na dose de 1 mg/kg 30 minutos antes dos experimentos comportamentais, avaliação da atividade locomotora, teste do nado forçado (TNF) e teste de suspensão da cauda (TSC). Após os testes comportamentais, os animais foram mortos e o córtex cerebral foi retirado para determinação da atividade da enzima monoamina oxidase (MAO). Os resultados mostraram que o PEBT oxida tióis de baixo peso molecular e inibe a atividade da enzima Na+K+ -ATPase, pela oxidação de seus grupamentos sulfidrilicos, sendo essa oxidação depende da presença do átomo de telúrio na estrutura do composto. Além disso, a administração aguda do PEBT produz um efeito do tipo antidepressivo no TNF em camundongos, bem como inibe a atividade da enzima MAO-A em córtex cerebral, demonstrando o envolvimento dessa enzima no seu efeito do tipo antidepressivo.

L'expansion de nouvelles technologies et la demande incessante d'une transmission d'informations plus rapide font que les systèmes de télécommunications nécessitent plus de débit sur de plus longues distances. L'amplification optique et notamment l'amplification optique par effet Raman représente une intéressante possibilité à repousser les limites de distance et de debit.Les verres à base d'oxyde de tellure sont des matériaux prometteurs pour les applications d'amplification optique par effet Raman; en particulier grâce à leurs fortes propriétés optiques linéaires et non linéaires, leurs fenêtres de transparence allant dans le proche et milieu infra-rouge du spectre de transmission. De plus, leurs propriétés thermiques et en particulier leurs faibles temperatures de transition vitreuse permettent une facilité de fibrage. L'estimation de l'intensité du gain Raman et sa zone spectrale mise en jeu sont généralement approchées à partir du spectre de diffusion Raman spontanée du matériaux. La compréhension des relations existantes entre la structure vitreuse, la réponse vibrationnelle et les propriétés d'optique non linéaire, représente un point clé au développement et à l'optimisation des verres de tellure pour l'amplification Raman. Cette dissertation apporte une réponse détaillée à la question fondamentale de l'étude doctorale: "Quel est l'impact de la structure vitreuse sur les propriétés d'amplification Raman dans les verres d'oxyde de tellure?"

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Vidros transparentes do sistema vítreo 0.95TeO2-(0.05-x)Sb2O3–xCuO contendo nanopartículas de cobre foi preparado com sucesso pelo método convencional de fusão – resfriamento dos materiais precursores, utilizando a rota redox do óxido de antimônio. Esta técnica de preparação de vidros permite a produção de nanopartículas metálicas durante a fusão dos materiais, através da reação de oxidação Sb3+ → Sb5+ + 2e-, que permite a redução de íons metálicos. A investigação estrutural foi realizada por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), difração de raios X (DRX) e espectroscopia Raman. Imagens de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) e espectroscopia UV-visível evidenciaram a formação de clusters de nanopartículas de cobre cúbicas, distribuídas aleatoriamente em meio a matriz vítrea. A eficácia dos efeitos plasmônicos das nanopartículas de cobre promoveu a intensificação da fluorescência dos íons érbio. A interação da radiação excitante e amostra levou ao processo de excitação térmica, promovendo o aumento da população de níveis de energia específicos dos íons érbio, com consequente resposta óptica, evidenciada pela estrutura vibrônica presente no espectro de fluorescência dos vidros de teluritos contendo nanopartículas de cobre dopados com íons érbio. Além disso, os efeitos plasmônicos das nanopartículas de cobre na intensificação das emissões no infravermelho e conversão ascendente nos vidros de teluritos co-dopados com íons Yb3+/Ce3+/Er3+ sob excitação em 980 nm também foram investigados. As contribuições dos íons Yb3+ e Ce3+ também foram discutidas. A eficiência da ressonância do plasmon de superfície localizado (LSPR) das nanopartículas de cobre promoveu um melhoramento de cerca de 47% da emissão em 1550 nm dos íons Er3+. Além disso, o tempo de decaimento da transição Er3+: 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 aumentou em cerca de 50% na amostra contendo nanopartículas de cobre. Finalmente, os vidros de teluritos contendo nanopartículas de cobre apresentaram resultados interessantes quando utilizados como substratos para obtenção de espectros Raman intensificados por superfície (espectros SERS), sendo obtidos satisfatoriamente espectros SERS para soluções de 2,2’-bipiridina 1,0 × 10-5 mol.L-1 e do corante azul do Nilo 1,0 × 10-7 mol.L-1.
Transparent 0.95TeO2-(0.05-x)Sb2O3-xCuO glassy system containing copper nanoparticles were successfully prepared by the conventional melt quenching method of starting materials, using the antimony oxide redox route. This technique allows the production of metallic nanoparticles during melting, through the reaction Sb3+ → Sb5++ 2e-, which leads to the reduction of metallic ions. The structural investigation was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy image (TEM) and UV-visible spectroscopy evidenced the formation of cubic copper nanoparticles, randomly embedded in the glassy matrix. The effectiveness of the plasmonic effects of the copper nanoparticles provided the enhancement of the fluorescence of the erbium ions. The interaction between excitant radiation and sample led to the thermal excitation, which increased the population of specific energy levels of erbium ions, with consequent optical response into vibronic structure, as can be seen in the erbium-doped tellurite glasses containing copper nanoparticles. Furthermore, the plasmonic effects of the copper nanoparticles on the enhancement of the infrared and upconversion emissions intensities in the Er3+/Yb3+/Ce3+ co-doped transparent tellurite glasses under 980 nm laser diode excitation were investigated. The roles of Yb3+ and Ce3+ as sensitizers are also discussed. The effectiveness of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the copper nanoparticles provided an improvement about 47% of the 1550 nm luminescence intensity of the Er3+ ions. Moreover, the lifetime of the Er3+: 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition increased around 50 % in the copper nanoparticle containing samples. Finally, the tellurite glasses containing copper nanoparticles showed interesting results as substrates for obtainment of surface enhanced Raman spectra (SERS spectra) and SERS spectra were satisfactorily obtained for 2,2'-bipyridine 1.0 × 10 -5 mol.L-1 and Nile blue dye 1.0 × 10-7 mol.L-1 solutions.

Transparente Elektroden finden breite Verwendung in unterschiedlichen kommerziellen Produkten. Dünnschichtsolarzellen basieren ebenso auf diesen Funktionsschichten wie Displays oder organische Leuchtdioden. Im Falle von Dünnschichtsolarzellen kann durch gezielte Einstellung der Oberflächentextur der transparenten Elektrode ein entscheidender Einfluss auf die erreichbare Effizienz genommen werden. Dabei wird eine Verlängerung der Weglänge des Lichtes im Absorbermaterial durch Mehrfachreflexionen angestrebt. Häufig werden dafür Schichten transparenter leitfähiger Oxide (TCO) gezielt texturiert. Eine weitere Möglichkeit zur Erzeugung transparenter Elektroden stellt die Verwendung feiner Metallgitter dar. Diese ermöglichen hohe Leitfähigkeiten im Bereich der Gitterstege und hohe Transparenz im Bereich zwischen den Stegen. In dieser Arbeit sollte ein auf nasschemischen Prozessen basierendes Verfahren entwickelt werden, mit dem es möglich ist, sowohl strukturierte TCO-Elektroden als auch Metallgitter unterschiedlicher Geometrien gezielt herzustellen. Die Leistungsfähigkeit der Elektroden sollte anhand der Integration in entsprechende Bauteile bewertet werden. Namentlich sollte dieser Prozess für Cd2SnO4 (engl. Cadmium Tin Oxide, CTO) als ein TCO-Material hoher Transparenz und Leitfähigkeit sowie für Silber und Kupfer als metallische Systeme anwendbar sein. Als zielführende Methode kam die Nanoprägelithographie (von engl. Nanoimprint Lithography, NIL) zum Einsatz. Dieses Verfahren erlaubt die schnelle, einfache und kostengünstige Herstellung strukturierter Oberflächen. Grundsätzlich wird dazu ein strukturierter Elastomerstempel in eine Schicht eines zu vernetzenden Materials gepresst. Während des Pressens findet die Vernetzung statt. Nach anschließender Separation von Stempel und Schicht resultiert eine strukturierte Oberfläche. Gängige Präkursorensysteme für anorganische Verbindungen, bei denen Vernetzungsprozesse ablaufen, stellen Sol-Gel-Methoden und sogenannte polymere Präkursoren dar. Für letztere werden Metallzitrate mit Ethylenglykol verestert, um ein vernetztes Polymer zu generieren. Nach thermischem Entfernen der Organik bleibt das Metalloxid zurück. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ist ein Präkursorensystem entwickelt worden, das Metallionen komplexiert, auf Glassubstrate beschichtet werden kann und eine thermische Polymerisation erlaubt. Aus dem erhaltenen polymeren Präkursor konnten die Zielverbindungen durch thermisches Zersetzen einerseits in Pulverform und andererseits über vorhergehende Schleuderbeschichtung in Form dünner Schichten erhalten werden. Im Falle des kubischen Cd2SnO4 wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstmals eine Nanopulver-Synthese mit phasenreinem Produkt aus flüssigem Präkursor beschrieben. Dafür stellten sich der Anteil der verwendeten organischen Bestandteile sowie die Zersetzungsgeschwindigkeit als entscheidende Einflussparameter heraus. Zudem wurden CTO Dünnschichten mit dem beschriebene Präkursor hergestellt. Eine optimale Brenntemperatur zur Erzeugung phasenreiner CTO-Schichten von 700 ‰ wurde ermittelt. Die Zersetzungsgeschwindigkeit (bzw. Aufheizrate) beeinflusste die Oberflächenmorphologie der erhaltenen Schichten maßgeblich. Eine schrittweise Zersetzung (100 ‰°C, 200 °C‰, Zieltemperatur) führte dabei in effizienter Weise zu kompakten Schichten. Diese zeigten sehr gute optische und elektronische Eigenschaften. So konnten etwa 300 nm dicke CTO-Schichten mit spezifischen Widerständen von ca. 1 • 10^(−5) Ohm m bei einer Transmission von etwa 80 % (inklusive Glassubstrat) erhalten werden. Derartige CTO-Schichten konnten erfolgreich als transparente Frontelektroden für a-Si Dünnschichtsolarzellen verwendet werden. Ein positiver Einfluss periodischer Linienstrukturen auf die Lichteinfangeigenschaften und den resultierenden Photostrom im Vergleich zu flachen CTO-Schichten wurde bestätigt. Auch für die Herstellung von CdTe-Dünnschichtsolarzellen konnten die CTO-Schichten erfolgreich eingesetzt werden. Die erreichten Effizienzen lagen jedoch lediglich im Bereich von 3 bis 3,6 %. Ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen flachen und strukturierten Proben konnte nicht ausgemacht werden. Durch die reduzierenden Eigenschaften von Zitronensäure und Ethylenglykol gegenüber Ag+ und Cu2+ Ionen war es möglich, die Metalle in elementarer Form durch einfache thermische Behandlung des Präkursors zu erhalten. Während dieser Prozess für silberhaltige Systeme relativ einfach zu realisieren war, musste bei kupferhaltigen Proben die Bildung oxidischer Nebenphasen festgestellt werden. So war für Letzteres eine reduktive Nachbehandlung vollständig oxidierter Proben im Wasserstoffplasma zielführend und lieferte leitfähige Dünnschichten mit hohem Cu(0)-Anteil. Im Falle von Silber führte eine geeignete thermische Behandlung der Präkursorschicht zu dünnen, leitfähigen Silberschichten mit spezifischen Widerständen von ca. 6 • 10^(−8) Ohm m (Festkörper: ca.1 • 10^(−8) Ohm m). Die Übertragung des NIL-Prozesses gelang sowohl für silber- als auch kupferhaltige Systeme. Mit NIL-strukturierten Silberdünnschichten gelang so die Herstellung semitransparenter Elektroden mit spezifischen Widerständen von 2,2 • 10^(−7) Ohm m, welche in Elektrolumineszenzbauteilen verwendet wurden. Aufgrund der relativ niedrigen Temperaturen, die für die Zersetzung des Silberpräkursors nötig waren (ca. 250 ‰ ), war die Fertigung entsprechender Elektroden und Bauteile auch auf Polyimidfolien möglich. Insgesamt bleibt die Erkenntnis, dass NIL-strukturierte dünne Schichten erfolgreich in optoelektronische Bauteile integriert werden konnten. Variable Präkursorsysteme erlauben die Herstellung verschiedener Schichten und somit Anwendungen in unterschiedlichen Bauteilen. Polymere Präkursoren haben sich als geeignet für dieses Vorgehen erwiesen und können relativ einfach auf diverse oxidische Stoffsysteme übertragen werden. Gleichzeitig eignen sie sich zur Herstellung metallischer transparenter Elektroden durch NIL-Strukturierung, was insbesondere im Hinblick auf flexible Bauteile von Vorteil ist.

碩士
國立中興大學
材料科學與工程學系所
104
Tunsteng oxide nanorods (WO3 Nrds) were synthesized through hydrothermal method which was reacted in solvent and was adjusted to pH2 , then heated at certain temperature for 24hr. and then tungsten oxide-tellurium (WO3-Te) heterogeneous nanostructure were grown on silicon (Si) substrate with WO3 nanorods covered, tungsten oxide-tellurium by which were synthesized through vapor transport (VS) method in a horizontal high-temperature tube furnace, with telluriun powder material. And Te nanosheet with radius from 100 to 300 nm were obtained on WO3 nanorods, the most appropriate process for the WO3-Te heterostructure were determined from morphology and composition analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the morphology of nanostructures, with X-ray diffraction analyzer (XRD) for the composition detected, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to conferm the composition of the nanostructure . The result of TEM analysis showed that WO3 nanorods were grown with OA (Oriented aggregation) mechanism with the direction [001], and XRD analysis for the congregation nanostructure has display the distributed element of Te, which is more percentage of atomic about 89% on WO3-Te congregations. We have detected NO2 gas from 5 to 50ppm successfulyu by using WO3 and WO3-Te nanostructrues , specially WO3-Te could operated in room temperature, and receiving a distinguished sensitivity for 5ppm of NO2.

碩士
輔仁大學
物理學系
95
V2O5-TeO2-BaO ternary oxide glasses (VTB glasses) are electrical conducting glasses. In the past, much of the work has been devoted to the study of the transport properties of the VTB glasses. On the contrary, less attention has been paid to the structural analysis. In this context, the main purpose of this work is to study the structural variation in connection with the composition of the ternary oxide glasses. Six V2O5-TeO2-BaO ternary oxide glasses were studied by Raman spectroscopy. The coordination of tellurium and vanadium has been deduced from the comparison of the constituent content of the VTB glasses and the Raman peaks. Raman spectra show both VO4 tetrahedra and VO5 bipyramids being present in the VTB glasses. By increasing V2O5 and BaO concentration, the coordination of tellurium changes from 4 to 3+1 and then to 3. Moreover, five vibrations corresponding to VO5, VO4, TeO4, TeO3+1, and TeO3 structural units and three vibrational modes of TeO4 and TeO3 cluster structures have been observed.

碩士
輔仁大學
物理學系
94
Vanadium-tellurium-barium oxide glasses (VTBOG) exhibit infrared cut-off frequencies in the midinfrared spectral range for short and long wavelengths near 6,000 cm-1 and 2,000 cm-1, respectively. Structure of the VTBOG in dependence of the composition was studied by infrared spectroscopy at room temperature. Experimental results deduced from the reflectance reveal that with the increase in the BaO content the five-coordinate VO5 structure transforms gradually into the four-coordinate VO4 structure, whilst the three-coordinate TeO3 structure remains nearly unchanged. In the study of the OH－ absorption peaking at 3440cm-1 it is found that, among samples studied, the 70V2O5-15TeO2-15BaO glass in sample series I exhibits the highest hydrophilicity and the 40V2O5-20TeO2-40BaO one in sample series II displays the best hydrophobicity. In addition, peaks probably arising from the reflectance set employed emerge in the spectral range of interest at high temperatures. It is necessary to find the origin and to remove this artifact in order to obtain unambiguous information from the temperature dependent infrared reflectance.

碩士
國立中興大學
材料科學與工程學系所
103
In this study, tellurium (Te) nanotubes, zinc-zinc oxide (Zn-ZnO) nanostructures and Te/Zn-ZnO heterogeneous nanostructures were grown on silicon (Si) substrate by two-stage vapor transport (VS) method in a horizontal high-temperature tube furnace. For the Te/Zn-ZnO heterostructure, the Zn-ZnO nanostructures were grown on Te nanotubes. Process conditions, including substrate temperature of the source and the deposition sides, gas flow rate and concentration, pressure in the quartz tube, hold temperature and time, were varied. Best process parameters were determined from morphology and composition obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphology, while X-ray diffraction analyzer (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to analyze the resulting nanostructures. We have manufactured interdigitated electrode elements with Te, Zn-ZnO and Te/Zn-ZnO heterogeneous nanostructures, for the gas-sensing measurement at various temperatures and concentrations of NO2. Because The NO2 gas molecules would adsorb on material surface, causing resistance to change. Combining the nanotubes with high sensitivity of Zn-ZnO, to form P-N junctions Te/Zn-ZnO heterogeneous nanostructures in high resulted gas sensing performance at 100℃.

碩士
國立成功大學
資源工程學系碩博士班
97
Recently, tellurium dioxide has been explored as a low-melting end member of dielectric ceramic compounds. Therefore, a number of tellurium-based low-temperature dielectric resonator materials with excellent dielectric constant and quality factor have been reported. However, most of these materials have a high τf and are not able to apply. This study is focus to compensate the negative temperature coefficient of TeO2 by adding of CaTiO3, SrTiO3 and investigate the effects on microstructure and dielectric properties. This study shows pure TeO2 ceramics with >95% theoretical density can be produced by sintering at 640℃ for 4 hours. The TeO2 ceramic has a dielectric constant (εr) of 28.41, quality factor (Q × f) of 34700 GHz (at 12.94 GHz) and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) of -101.81 ppm / ℃. In TeO2+x wt% CaTiO3 system by using X-ray powder diffractiometer, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) analysis results show that adding CaTiO3 to TeO2 generates the formation of TiTe3O8 and CaTe2O5. As the increasing of CaTiO3 content, the study shows the dielectric constant and quality factor increase. Addition 10 wt% CaTiO3 improves the τf to -3.24 ppm / ℃ with εr of 28.65 and Q × f value of 15600 GHz (at 10.98GHz) when sintered at 640℃ for 8 hours. In TeO2+x wt% SrTiO3 system by using X-ray powder diffractiometer, Raman spectroscopy, and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) analysis results show that adding SrTiO3 to TeO2 generates the formation of TiTe3O8 and SrTe2O5. As the increasing of SrTiO3 content, the study shows the dielectric constant and quality factor have similar values. Because of the dielectric constant and quality factor are influenced by producing a liquid phase in the densification process. Addition 15 wt% SrTiO3 improves the τf to -3.81 ppm / ℃ with εr of 26.58 and Q × f value of 12400 GHz (at 11.08GHz) when sintered at 610℃ for 8 hours.

A study to improve the V-I characteristic of the ZnO-based commercial MOV using a characterised chalcogenide material, Silicon Telluride (SiTe2), and a fieldemissive material, Lanthanum Hexaboride (LaB6), has been conducted. The need arises in that the current commercial ZnO-based metal oxide varistors (MOVs) have a V-I characteristic that departs substantially from that of the ideal one. As a result of this shortcoming, they do not offer ideal clamping action, and the consequence of this is that the protection they are supposed to offer is compromised. The problem behind this shortcoming is the microstructure, which is not ideal. An ideal microstructure to constitute an ideal device is not known yet, hence the problem. Based on a model, a prototype MOV was fabricated using conventional sintering techniques. The phases and microstructure of this prototype MOV were studied using XRD and SEM with EDS facility. The V-I characteristic was studied using the two point probe method, and the clamping action was studied using an impulse generator. A prototype MOV with a near ideal V-I characteristic, with improvements in the leakage, active (breakdown) and up-turn regions was developed. In the leakage region, leakage currents were reduced by 1.0 %. In the active region, the rate of breakdown was increased and discharge currents were increased by on average 4 times those of a dimensionally comparable commercial MOV. The instability responsible for the breakdown was found to be field dependent. The up-turn region was removed. The corresponding surge clamping action of the prototype MOV was identical to that that of the studied commercial MOV, but with lower surge current. The improvements are attributed to the usage of characterised powders and new additives, as well as the process method, in the development of the prototype MOV. One other related major finding is that the pyrochlore phase, Bi2Zn(Zn4/3 Sb2/3)O6, and the spinel phase, Zn(Zn4/3 Sb2/3)O4 are not the only phases that can give rise to the varistor property which gives rise to the non-linear V-I characteristic in a ZnO-based commercial MOV. This is contrary to current know-how. A prototype ZnO-based MOV with near ideal V-I characteristic can be developed.

Transparent glasses embedded with TTB structured ferroelectric nano/micro crystals (K3Li2Nb5O15, Ba5Li2Ti2Nb8O30) were fabricated in various tellurite and borate based glass matrices and characterized for their physical properties. Nanocrystals of K3Li2Nb5O15 were successfully grown inside tellurite glass matrix via conventional heat-treatment route. Eventhough, tellurite glasses preferentially crystallize only on the surface, bulk uniform crystallization was achieved in the (100-x) TeO2 - x(1.5K2O-Li2O-2.5Nb2O5) system. Heat capacity studies revealed them to be thermodynamically less fragile than any other tellurite glasses ever reported in the literature. Pyroelectric and ferroelectric effects as well as second harmonic generation were demonstrated for the heat treated (glass nanocrystal composites) samples in this system. The conventional method of melt-quenching of constituent oxides could not yield Ba5Li2Ti2Nb8O30 crystallites. So, Ba5Li2Ti2Nb8O30 microcrystals were successfully formed in tellurite glass matrix by mixing pre-reacted Ba5Li2Ti2Nb8O30 ceramic powders with TeO2. The glass transition temperature was found to be the highest ever reported and this system was kinetically strong based on the fragility parameter. Dielectric studies revealed a frequency and temperature independent nature of the dielectric constant and very low dielectric loss. The SHG measurement which was carried out as a function of temperature demonstrated the incidence of blue second harmonic generation in the microcrystals present in the glass matrix. Ba5Li2Ti2Nb8O30 nanocrystals were successfully crystallized in the transparent glass system (100-x)Li2B4O7 – x(Ba5Li2Ti2Nb8O30). Dielectric constant increased while the dielectric loss decreased with the increase in Ba5Li2Ti2Nb8O30 content. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies were carried out to have an insight into the structure of this system. Transmission studies and refractive index measurements were performed and various optical parameters were calculated. Dielectric and transport properties were studied for the glasses and glass nano/microcrystal composites of all the systems reported in this thesis. Li+ ion was found to be responsible for conduction in all these systems. Evolution of self-organized nanopatterns of K3Li2Nb5O15 crystals has been demonstrated in the glass system (100-x) TeO2 - x(1.5K2O-Li2O-2.5Nb2O5) by excimer laser irradiation. The second harmonic signal observed by the Maker fringe technique has been attributed to the presence of well-aligned nano-sized grating structures in the glass system. Glasses belonging to the systems TeO2-K3Li2Nb5O15, TeO2-Ba5Li2Ti2Nb8O30 and V2Te2O9 undergo spinodal decomposition on exposing to KrF pulsed excimer laser. The spinodally phase separated structures were observed on all the surfaces of the samples. Ring shaped patterns were observed on several locations of the samples at higher frequency of laser pulses probably owing to the shock waves produced by the high intense laser beam. Line shaped patterns were found to originate on the sample surfaces when irradiated for longer periods.

The motivation of this thesis is to understand the physical properties of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and to get insight on the basic physics of charge separation in composites made from QDs with graphene oxide (GO)/organic semiconductors. The flexion phonon interactions is one of fundamental issues in solid state physics, which has a significant effect on both electrical and optical properties of solid state materials. This thesis investigates the physical properties of aqueous grown QDs through exciton-phonon coupling and non-radiative relaxation of excited carriers which have been carried out by temperature dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy. Several e orts have been made in order to understand the basic physics of photo induced charge separation in the hybrid systems made from QDs with graphene oxide and organic semiconductors. Investigations on the photoconductivity of the devices made from these hybrid composites have been carried out keeping the motive of its application in nanotechnology. This thesis work is presented in six chapters inclusive of summary and directions for future work. Chapter 1 discusses the background knowledge and information of the general properties of semiconductor nanostructures, QDs and their hybrid nanocomposites. Chapter 2 deals with the sample preparation and experimental techniques used in this thesis. Chapter 3 elaborates the exciton-phonon scattering and nonradiative relaxations of excited carriers in visible emitting cadmium telluride QDs with help of temperature and size dependent photoluminescence. Chapter 4 presents the investigations on time resolved photoluminescence dynamics and temperature dependent photoluminescence properties of near infrared (NIR) emitting mercury cadmium telluride (CdHgTe). Chapter 5 discusses the importance of NIR emitting silver sulphide (Ag2S) QDs and gives insight of nonradiative recombinations through defect/trap states. Chapter 6 investigates the excited state interactions between CdHgTe QDs and GO. Chapter 7 focuses on the understanding of basic physics of charge separation/transfer between poly (3hexylthiophene) and Ag2S QDs. Chapter 1: Semiconductor nanostructures have attracted significant scientific attention due to their fundamental physical properties and technological interests. Quasi zero dimensional nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) have shown unique optical and electrical properties compared to its bulk counterpart. These QDs show discrete energy levels due to the quantum confinement effect hence known as arti cial atoms. Large surface to volume ratio in these QDs is expected to play a crucial role in determing the photo-physical properties. Temperature dependent photoluminescence is a powerful tool for understanding the role of the large surface area on exciton recombination process in QDs. Inorganic QDs combined with different materials like graphene oxide or organic semiconductors forms an exciting class of synthetic materials which integrates the properties of organic and inorganic semiconductors. It is quite important to understand the basic physics of electronic interactions in these composites for its future application in many elds. Chapter 2: Synthesis of the inorganic QDs, graphene oxide, composites and fabrication of devices is an important and integral part of this thesis. Hydrothermal and three necked ask technique is adopted to get highly dispersible colloidal quantum dots in solvents. Synthesis of graphene oxide from graphite through oxidation and ultrasonication has been carried out to obtain homogenous dispersed graphene oxide in water. Structural properties have been studied by techniques like X ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Morphological properties are studied by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Optical properties are investigated by absorption spectroscopy, steady state and time resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Photoconductivity characteristics are analyzed to understand the basics of enhanced current in the various devices made from QDs composites. Chapter 3:Investigations on exciton phonon coupling and nonradiative relaxations in various sizes of visible light emitting cadmium telluride (CdTe) QDs size have been presented. Due to the large surface area, QDs are prone to have defect/trap states which can affect the exciton relaxation. Hence, understanding the role of such defect/trap states on photoluminescence is very essential for achieving the optimum optical properties. Temperature dependent (15 300 K) photoluminescence has been used to understand nonradiative relaxation of excited carriers. Thermally activated processes and multiple phonons scattering is thoroughly investigated to understand the quenching of photoluminescence with temperature. The strength of exciton-phonon coupling is investigated which determines the variation in energy bandgap of QDs with temperature. Role of exciton phonon scattering is also discussed to understand the basic physics of photoluminescence line width broadening in QDs. Chapter 4 and 5: This part of thesis focuses on the size and temperature pho-toluminescence properties of near infra red emitting ternary alloyed CdHgTe and Ag2S QDs. Near infrared emitting semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have attracted significant scientific and technological interests due to their potential applications in the fields of photosensor, solar energy harvesting cells, telecommunication and biological tissue imaging etc. Structural and photophysical properties of CdHgTe QDs have been analyzed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X rayphotoelectron microscopy, photoluminescence decay kinetics and low temperature photoluminescence. Investigations on the nonradiative recombinations through trap/defects states and exciton phonon coupling are carried out in colloidal Ag 2S QDs which emits in the range of 1065 1260 nm. Particularly, the photoluminescence quenching mechanism with increasing temperature is analyzed in the presence of multiple nonradiative relaxation channels, where the excited carriers are thermally stimulated to the surface defect/trap states of QDs. Chapter 6 and 7: The aim of these chapters is to understand the basic physics of photo induced charge separation in the hybrid systems made from the inorganic QDs with graphene oxide and organic semiconductors. In chapter 6, CdHgTe QDs are decorated on graphene oxide sheets through physisorption. The excited state electronic interactions have been studied by optical and electrical characterizations in these CdHgTe QDs GO hybrid systems. In chapter 7, investigations are carried out for understanding the basic physics of charge separation in the composites of Ag2S QDs and poly (3hexylthiophene 2,5 diyl)(P3HT). These composites of inorganic organic materials are made by simple mixing with help of ultrasonication technique. Steady state and time resolved photoluminescence measurements are used as powerful technique to gain insight of energy/charge transfer process between P3HT and Ag2S QDs. Furthermore, investigations have been carried out on the photoconductivity of the devices made from these hybrid composites keeping the motive of its application in nanotechnology. Chapter 8: The conclusions of the work presented in this thesis are coherently summarized in this chapter. Thoughts and prospective for future directions are also summed up.