Academic literature on the topic 'Television Social aspects Indonesia Java Case studies'

Abstract It is a fact that the condition of the Citarum River is full of problems. The problems are about plastic waste, pollution of household waste, and industrial waste. To deal with the problems, the President intended to revitalize the Citarum River by establishing the Republic of Indonesia Presidential Regulation Number 15/2018 concerning the Acceleration of Pollution Control and Damage to the Citarum River watershed. The program is intently broadcasted through various mass media to raising people’s awareness of controlling pollution and damage of Citarum River watershed. It is the vital function of media to inform environmental insights and activate community actions (proper disposal of industrial and domestic wastes). By informing actual information, mass media can contribute to structuring social understanding and social-behaviour improvement. The present study employed a case study approach. The researchers focused on the deep-longitudinal aspects of Citarum Harum Program. The analysis was following stages; observation, data collection, analysis, and dissemination. The analysis was mainly based on interviews to reliable individuals ranging from mass media practitioner, government officials, activists, and scholars. The results shows that printed media, television, and radio have social responsibility to educate the society about the river protection. In addition, policies in several media are considered to be consistent in disseminating the messages and ideas as they also create innovations in structural, social, and cultural approaches.

Abstract Covid-19 has had an effect on various aspects of life. This study was to compare spatial distribution of covid-19 in Indonesia and Malaysia and its prevention efforts. The design of this study is a comparative study using descriptive analysis. Research was carry out in June through September 2020, taking location in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia and Perak, Malaysia. Research focuses to data on infected positive patients with covid-19. Research data uses a secondary data, which is official statistics of covid-19. Statistical data then tabulated and mapping. The administrative map of both research sites used as a basis for the production spatial distribution map of positive patients infected with covid-19. Research shows that the number of positive patients infected by covid-19 June through September 2020 in five districts of Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia continued to increase significantly. Judging from time, spatial factors changes in covid-19 risk zones occurred in June to September 2020. Public movement and open access to Central Java Province causes 5 districts on Yogyakarta Special Region enter the high risk zone covid-19. Compared with Perak, Malaysia it different, spatially covid-19 infected number of positive patients in Perak, six district are relatively steady and four district are increasing. The increase occurred in Kinta District of July and August 2020, Kerian District of August 2020, Kuala Kangsar District of July 2020, and Perak Tengah District of September 2020. Judging from time, spatial factors do not changes the covid-19 risk zone from June to September 2020. Public movement and open access to Kedah, Kelantan, and Selangor caused two districts in Perak enter the high risk zone covid-19, five districts enter the medium risk zone covid-19, and three district enter the low risk zone covid-19. Indonesia and Malaysia's government efforts to prevent the spread of covid-19 are almost the same, which are restrictions on several public activities, clean and healthy socialization of living behaviour in all sectors, implementation of health discipline protocol in new normal, and provide of update covid-19 information data. The difference, lies in implementation lockdown, which some areas in Indonesia include Yogyakarta Special Region do not apply on Large Scale Social Restrictions (LSSR) like Jakarta, while a full implementation of lockdown in Malaysia through Movement Control Order (MCO) including Perak, so a growing number of covid-19 cases can be more pressure.

This article studies the role of women of the Tablighi Jamaat, a transnational Islamic propagation movement, in the process of Islamic propagation (da’wah) in Indonesia. It aims to analyze the role played by female followers of Tablighi Jamaat in developing da’wah by focusing on the role of nyai (female family members of a religious leader of traditional Islamic learning institution [pesantren]) in developing masturah da’wah in Pesantren Al-Fatah and Temboro Village. This study uses a qualitative approach to understand how nyai of Pesantren Al-Fatah were involved in da’wah activities in Temboro. The required data were collected through observation and interviews. The findings show that like their spouses who were obliged to go for da’wah in the form of khuruj, female followers of Tablighi Jamaat of Pesantren Temboro were assigned to conduct da’wah through masturah, a form of Islamic propagation which was only targeted on, organized and attended by the women of Tablighi Jamaah in Temboro with strict rules such the obligation of wearing face veils for all participants. Nyai of Pesantren Al-Fatah initiated, led, and developed masturah so that Tablighi Jamaat has attracted more followers and religious students and Temboro has experienced significant changes in social, religious, and economic aspects.

Bekasi Regency is deemed as the pillar of Indonesian capital city considering from its strategic values in terms of the political, economic, socio-cultural, and also the defense-security aspects. The population of Bekasi Regency is relatively dense, and its location is directly bordered with Special Capital District of Jakarta. This situation causes the social life in Bekasi Regency being highly influenced by the lifestyle of citizen in the capital city such as seen in the criminal issues, togetherness, environmental awareness, etc. The objective of this study is to analyze the implementation, obstacles faced in the implementation, and strategy used in the state-defense awareness development activities for the citizens residing the Bekasi regency area in order to prevent any non-military threats. This research implements qualitative-descriptive method with case-study approach. The evaluation model applied in this research is CIPP evaluation. The subject of this research are any stakeholders that is eligible in providing the data in accordance to the need of this research, and the samples are selected through purpose sampling method. The data are acquired through interviews, observations, and literary studies. The findings presented that the state-defense awareness development activitiesare only conducted incidentally, hence they are not conducted regularly by the territorial unit in the location. This is due to the consideration that state-defense awareness development activities are not a priority. As the consequence, the formula of the strategy in the development activities is not yet accurate. Therefore, the right strategy that has been adjusted to the characteristic of the local region is necessary as the attempt to prevent any non-military threats to occur in Bekasi Regency area.

This reseach aims to know the law enforcement paradigm relating to adjudicating cases of marriage dispensation applications as the implementation of Perma Number 5 of 2019 is part of the litigation task that must be carried out by the judiciary as a form of a case settlement which is a community need for justice seekers for the sake of upholding the law supremacy and justice in Indonesia. Normatively the legal arrangements for the Marriage Dispensation case are Article 7 of Act No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, Act No. 16 of 2019 concerning the First Amendment of Act No. 1 of 1974, Article 7 of the Compilation of Islamic Law, and Regulation of the Supreme Court (PERMA) Number 5 of 2019 concerning Guidelines for Adjudicating Marriage Dispensation Applications. This study used a sample of several decision objects in certain Religious Courts in the jurisdiction of the Central Java Religious High Court, through a series of research methods with a sociological juridical or Social legal Research, and data collection techniques through interviews and library studies as well as several Religious Court decisions regarding inkracht (permanent) Marriage Dispensation. In this study, aspects of the examination of the Marriage Dispensation case were revealed by the judges in exploring substantive reasons related to the age of children who are not old enough to marry according to the law. The result shown that the implementation of Perma Number 5 of 2019 regarding Guidelines for Adjudicating Marriage Dispensation Applications in Religious Courts can be formulated in the form of a dictum,"Declaratives” as a court product and what are the legal consequences regarding the stipulation of a Marriage Dispensation by the Court which functions to benefit, justice, and fair legal certainty.

The problem of handling the Covid-19 pandemic is not only about health but also the massive social-economic impact (McKee and Stuckler, 2020; Daniel et al., 2020; Mahler et., 2020; Laborde et al., 2020). Multidimensional responses from various countries have also been followed by Indonesia since the enactment of Presidential Decree 11/2020 concerning the Establishment of a Covid-19 Public Health Emergency. The Indonesian government is taking extraordinary steps by focusing on health care, social safety nets, and economic recovery. This study harmonizes various regulations in handling the socio-economic impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic, especially in the implementation of social safety nets and takes case studies of the formulation and implementation of social safety nets in Gresik Regency as an area with a high escalation of Covid-19 infections, experiencing large-scale social restrictions, and poverty conditions which are above the national and East Java averages. The approach used in this study is a sociological approach with the methodology of harmonization of law, Regulatory Impact Analysis(RIA) and the Rule, Opportunity, Capacity, Communication, Interest, Process, and Ideology (ROCCIPI) method. Data mining in harmonization comes from statutory provisions that are directly related to the implementation of social safety nets. Meanwhile, the RIA and ROCIIPI analysis used 19 informants who were directly involved in preparing social safety net regulations in Gresik Regency. The research finding is a regulatory harmonization framework social safety net from the national to regional levels, as well as an analysis of the formulation and implementation of social safety net regulations based on good regulatory governance criteria. Gresik Regency's social safety net regulations are aligned with the priority of the Government's extraordinary measures in the field of state finance in the context of saving health and the national economy through a focus on spending on health, social safety net, and economic recovery. Formulation and implementation of regulations Gresik Regent Regulation 16/2020 concerning Social Safety Nets, Economic Stimulants, and Village Direct Cash Assistance Handling the 2019 Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemic Gresik Regency has complied with most of the good regulatory governance criteria but requires improvement in aspects bureaucratic level involvement, stakeholder involvement, and transparency and communication factors.

Early childhood development (PAUD) is a fundamental investment that is included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Previous research has shown that ECD investment in Indonesia, and its financial governance remains a challenging issue. Through a qualitative approach to a case study method design, this study aims to examine the state of PAUD financial management in Panggungharjo Village, Yogyakarta. This study uses in-depth interviews and desk research as data collection techniques. The instrument was developed from the SABER-ECD World Bank Assessment and ECD Financial Profiling Tools. The results showed that PAUD financial management in established villages had innovative financing, budget management and institutional development resulted in a blueprint for managing PAUD financing in other villages in Indonesia. Important policy objectives in all aspects, including the legal framework, cross-sectoral coordination, program coverage, coverage, equity, data availability, quality standards, and compliance with standards, the vision of financing early childhood development will be more achievable for future research. Keywords: Early Childhood, Financial Governance, Village References: Alatas, H., Brinkman, S., Chang, M. C., Hadiyati, T., Hartono, D., Hasan, A., Hyson, M., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., Pradhan, M., & Roesli, R. (2013). Early childhood education and development services in Indonesia. In Education in Indonesia (pp. 82–108). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Ambang.Yudanto. (2019). Analisis Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Desa dalam Pengelolaan Badan Usaha Milik Desa: Studi Kasus Bumdes Panggung Lestari, Bantul [Analysis of Village Head Transformational Leadership in Village Owned Enterprise Management: A Case Study of Bumdes Panggung Lestari, Bantul]. The Journal of Business and Management. Antlöv, H., Wetterberg, A., & Dharmawan, L. (2016). Village Governance, Community Life, and the 2014 Village Law in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 52(2), 161–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2015.1129047 Aqsati, F. A. (2018). Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa untuk Pengembangan Pembedayaan Masyarakat di Desa Panggungharjo [Management of Village Fund Allocation for Community Empowerment Development in Panggungharjo Village]. Resolusi: Jurnal Sosial Politik. Astuti, S. J. W., & Suaedi, F. (2019). Building Independent Villages through Collaborative Governance by Village-Owned Enterprises (Best Practice from Panggungharjo Village, Central Java, Indonesia). Iapa Proceedings Conference, 265. https://doi.org/10.30589/proceedings.2018.200 Basuki, A. F., Setyowati, K., & Wahyunengseh, R. D. (2019). Accountability Model of Financial Management in the Public Sector: A Study on Panggungharjo Village Budget. 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The impact of expanding access to early childhood education services in rural Indonesia. Journal of Labor Economics, 35(S1), S305–S335. https://doi.org/10.1086/691278 Britto, P. R., Engle, P. L., & Super, C. M. (2013). Handbook of Early Childhood Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy. In Handbook of Early Childhood Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199922994.001.0001 Cardenas, M., & Cadena, A. M. (2020). How to prioritize Early Childhood? A note on the recent expeerience in Columbia. May 2020. Denboba, A., Hasan, A., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Early Childhood Education and Development in Indonesia. In World Bank Publications. Edi, A. C., & Wardhani, I. S. (2019). Transformational and Transactional Leadership, Understanding How Leadership Cultivates Democratic Citizenship in Panggungharjo, Bantul, Yogyakarta. PCD Journal, 6(2), 239. https://doi.org/10.22146/pcd.35229 Hasan, Amer., Hyson, Marilou., & Chu-Chang, M. (2013). Early childhood education and development in poor villages of Indonesia: Strong foundations, later success. World Bank. Istiqomah, L. (2016). Tiga Pilar Kebijakan Pemerintah dalam Pembinaan PAUD. Golden Age [Three Pillars of Government Policy in Early Childhood Education. Golden Age]: Jurnal Ilmiah Tumbuh Kembang Anak Usia Dini. Jeffrey, D. S., & Guido, S. T. (2014). Financing Sustainable Development: Implementing the SDGs through Effective Investment Strategies and Partnerships. Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Juniar, T. (n.d.). Efektivitas Program Kartu Jakarta Pintar (KIP) Dan Manfaatnya Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Sosial Di SDN Bintaro 08 Pagi Jakarta Selatan [The Effectiveness of the Jakarta Smart Card (KIP) Program and Its Benefits in Improving Social Welfare at SDN Bintaro 08 Pagi South Jakarta]. Repository.Uinjkt.Ac.Id. Klees, S. J., Ginsburg, M., Anwar, H., Robbins, M. B., Bloom, H., Busacca, C., Corwith, A., Decoster, B., Fiore, A., Gasior, S., Le, H. M., Primo, L. H., & Reedy, T. D. (2020). The World Bank’s SABER: A Critical Analysis. Comparative Education Review. https://doi.org/10.1086/706757 Kurniawati, S., Suryadarma, D., Bima, L., & Yusrina, A. (2018). Education in Indonesia: A white elephant? Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 35(2), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae35-2e Magnuson, K., & Duncan, G. J. (2016). Can early childhood interventions decrease inequality of economic opportunity? Rsf, 2(2), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2016.2.2.05 Mizwar Hasyim, N. (2019). Peningkatan Kemandirian Desa Panggungharjo Melalui Komunikasi Pembangunan [Increasing the Independence of Panggungharjo Village through Development Communication]. Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat: Media Pemikiran Dan Dakwah Pembangunan, 3(2), 352–376. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpm.2019.032-06 Nakajima, N., Hasan, A., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., Maika, A., & Pradhan, M. (2021). Built to Last: Sustainability of Early Childhood Education Services in Rural Indonesia. Journal of Development Studies, 57(10), 1593–1612. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.1873283 National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. (2018). Transforming the Financing of Early Care and Education. In Transforming the Financing of Early Care and Education. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24984 Penner, E. K., Rochmes, J., Liu, J., Solanki, S. M., & Loeb, S. (2019). Differing views of equity: How prospective educators perceive their role in closing achievement gaps. Rsf, 5(3), 103–127. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2019.5.3.06 Pratama, R. N., & Pambudi, A. (2017). Kinerja Badan Usaha Milik Desa Panggung Lestari dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Desa di Desa Panggungharjon Kecamatan Sewon Kabupaten Bantul [Performance of Panggung Lestari Village-Owned Enterprises in Increasing Village Original Income in Panggungharjon Village, Sewon District, Bantul Regency]. 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ABSTRAK Pengelolaan pembangunan desa islami adalah konsep pembangunan desa yang memiliki karakteristik tercapainya tujuan pembangunan sosial ekonomi yang berdimensi holistik, seimbang antara aspek material dan spiritual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pembahasan kajian-kajian terdahulu secara sistematis tentang konsep dan praktik pengelolaan pembangunan desa dalam perspektif islam. Dalam rangka melakukan review publikasi artikel secara sistematis, riset ini menggunakan standar protokol RAMESES. Hasil penelitian ini terbagi menjadi dua tema utama, yaitu peran dan fungsi lembaga keuangan mikro syariah dalam pembangunan desa dan Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dalam pengelolaan pembangunan desa. Tema pertama menghasilkan tiga subtema: praksis keuangan mikro syariah di Bangladesh, Malaysia, dan Indonesia. Tema kedua menghasilkan satu subtema yaitu peranan Pesantren dalam mendukung pengelolaan pembangunan desa. Hasilnya memberikan landasan untuk mengisi ruang-ruang yang belum dimasuki untuk membangun pengelolaan pembangunan desa yang komprehensif berdasarkan prinsip atau nilai Islam yang ideal. Kata kunci: Islami, Pengelolaan Pembangunan Desa, Systematic Literature Review. ABSTRACT Islamic village development management is a village development concept that has the characteristics of achieving socio-economic development goals with a holistic dimension, balanced between material and spiritual aspects. This study aims to systematically review the discussion of previous studies on the concepts and practices of village development management from an Islamic perspective. To conduct the article review systematically, this research was carried out using the RAMESES protocol standard. The results of this study are divided into two main themes, namely the role and function of Islamic microfinance institutions in village development and non-governmental organizations in managing village development. The first theme produces three sub-themes: the practice of Islamic microfinance in Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The second theme resulted in a sub-theme, namely Pesantren's role in supporting the management of village development. The results provide a foundation to fill in the gaps that have not been entered to build a comprehensive village development management based on ideal Islamic principles or values. Keywords: Islamic, Village Development Management, Systematic Literature Review. REFERENCES Abdullah, M. F., Amin, M. R., & Ab Rahman, A. (2017). Is there any difference between Islamic and conventional microfinance? Evidence from Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Society, 18(S1), 97–112. Adejoke, A.-U. G. (2010). Sustainable microfinance institutions for poverty reduction: Malaysian experience. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(4), 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1666023 Akhter, W., Akhtar, N., & Jaffri, S. K. A. (2009). 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Abstract. Sabrina AD, Ramadhandi AR, Nur AAI, Liza N, Sutarno, Yap CK, Indrawan M, Setyawan AD. 2022. Sustainability level of mangrove forest management based on RAP-MForest approach in Pancer Cengkrong, Trenggalek District, Indonesia. Intl J Bonorowo Wetlands 12: 82-88. Mangrove forest area is a coastal resource that benefits the community's welfare. Protection and preservation of the mangrove ecosystem need to be carried out by taking into account various aspects to achieve sustainability. This study aims to analyze the level of sustainability of mangrove forest management and the contributing factors in the Pancer Cengkrong Mangrove Forest area in Karanggandu Village, Trenggalek District, East Java, Indonesia. This research was conducted in June 2022 through field interviews and literature studies. Three dimensions (ecological, economic, and social) were selected, along with their attributes. Each attribute was scored to indicate the status of sustainability. Then, the data obtained were processed by Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis using the Rapid Appraisal for Mangrove Forest (RAP-MForest) method. Furthermore, leverage analysis determines the sensitive attributes in each dimension. The results depicted that management in Pancer Cengkrong Mangrove Forest is less sustainable in the economic dimension and fairly sustainable in the two remaining dimensions. The social dimension achieved the highest sustainability index value at 72.92. Furthermore, knowledge of the sustainability index and sensitive factors can help provide recommendations for management in the Pancer Cengkrong mangrove area to achieve a sustainable level. In this case, the economic dimension should be more concerned with promoting environmentally sustainable development.

Introduction As the country with the fifth largest population in the world, Indonesia is a massive potential market for mobile technology adoption and development. Despite an annual per capita income of only $1,280 USD (World Bank), there are 63 million mobile phone users in Indonesia (Suhartono, sec. 1.7) and it is predicted to reach 80 million in 2007 (Jakarta Post 1). Mobile phones are not only a symbol of Indonesian modernity (Barendregt 5), but like other communication technology can become a platform through which to explore socio-political issues (Winner 28). In this article we explore the role mobile phone technology in contemporary forms of social, intimate, and sexual relationships in Indonesia. We argue that new forms of expression and relations are facilitated by the particular features of mobile technology. We discuss two cases from contemporary Indonesia: a mobile dating service (BEDD) and mobile phone pornography. For each case study, we first discuss the socio-political background in Indonesia, then describe the technological affordances of the mobile phone which facilitate dating and pornography, and finally give examples of how the mobile phone is effecting change in dating and pornographic practices. This study is placed at a time when social relations, intimacy, and sexuality in Indonesia have become central public issues. Since the end of the New Order whilst many people have embraced the new freedoms of reformasi and democratization, there is also a high degree of social anxiety, tension and uncertainty (Juliastuti 139-40). These social changes and desires have played out in the formations of new and exciting modes of creativity, solidarity, and sociality (Heryanto and Hadiz 262) and equally violence, terror and criminality (Heryanto and Hadiz 256). The diverse and plural nature of Indonesian society is alive with a myriad of people and activities, and it is into this diverse social body that the mobile phone has become a central and prominent feature of interaction. The focus of our study is dating and pornography as mediated by the mobile phone; however, we do not suggest that these are new experiences in Indonesia. Rather over the last decade social, intimate, and sexual relationships have all been undergoing change and their motivations can be traced to a variety of sources including the factors of globalization, democratization and modernization. Throughout Asia “new media have become a crucial site for constituting new Asian sexual identities and communities” (Berry, Martin, and Yue 13) as people are connecting through new communication technologies. In this article we suggest that mobile phone technology opens new possibilities and introduces new channels, dynamics, and intensities of social interaction. Mobile phones are particularly powerful communication tools because of their mobility, accessibility, and convergence (Ling 16-19; Ito 14-15; Katz and Aakhus 303). These characteristics of mobile phones do not in and of themselves bring about any particular changes in dating and pornography, but they may facilitate changes already underway (Barendegt 7-9; Barker 9). Mobile Dating Background The majority of Indonesians in the 1960s and 1970s had arranged marriages (Smith-Hefner 443). Education reform during the 70s and 80s encouraged more women to attain an education which in turn led to the delaying of marriage and the changing of courtship practices (Smith-Hefner 450). “Compared to previous generations, [younger Indonesians] are freer to mix with the opposite sex and to choose their own marriage,” (Utomo 225). Modern courtship in Java is characterized by “self-initiated romance” and dating (Smith-Hefner 451). Mobile technology is beginning to play a role in initiating romance between young Indonesians. Technology One mobile matching or dating service available in Indonesia is called BEDD (www.bedd.com). BEDD is a free software for mobile phones in which users fill out a profile about themselves and can meet BEDD members who are within 20-30 feet using a Bluetooth connection on their mobile devices. BEDD members’ phones automatically exchange profile information so that users can easily meet new people who match their profile requests. BEDD calls itself mobile social networking community; “BEDD is a new Bluetooth enabled mobile social medium that allows people to meet, interact and communicate in a new way by letting their mobile phones do all the work as they go throughout their day.” As part of a larger project on mobile social networking (Humphreys 6), a field study was conducted of BEDD users in Jakarta, Indonesia and Singapore (where BEDD is based) in early 2006. In-depth interviews and open-ended user surveys were conducted with users, BEDD’s CEO and strategic partners in order to understand the social uses and effects BEDD. The majority of BEDD members (which topped 100,000 in January 2006) are in Indonesia thanks to a partnership with Nokia where BEDD came pre-installed on several phone models. In management interviews, both BEDD and Nokia explained that they partnered because both companies want to help “build community”. They felt that Bluetooth technology such as BEDD could be used to help youth meet new people and keep in touch with old friends. Examples One of BEDD’s functions is to help lower barriers to social interaction in public spaces. By sharing profile information and allowing for free text messaging, BEDD can facilitate conversations between BEDD members. According to users, mediating the initial conversation also helps to alleviate social anxiety, which often accompanies meeting new people. While social mingling and hanging out between Jakarta teenagers is a relatively common practice, one user said that BEDD provides a new and fun way to meet and flirt. In a society that must balance between an “idealized morality” and an increasingly sexualized popular culture (Utomo 226), BEDD provides a modern mode of self-initiated matchmaking. While BEDD was originally intended to aid in the matchmaking process of dating, it has been appropriated into everyday life in Indonesia because of its interpretive flexibility (Pinch & Bjiker 27). Though BEDD is certainly used to meet “beautiful girls” (according to one Indonesian male user), it is also commonly used to text message old friends. One member said he uses BEDD to text his friends in class when the lecture gets boring. BEDD appears to be a helpful modern communication tool when people are physically proximate but cannot easily talk to one another. BEDD can become a covert way to exchange messages with people nearby for free. Another potential explanation for BEDD’s increasing popularity is its ability to allow users to have private conversations in public space. Bennett notes that courtship in private spaces is seen as dangerous because it may lead to sexual impropriety (154). Dating and courtship in public spaces are seen as safer, particularly for conserving the reputation young Indonesian women. Therefore Bluetooth connections via mobile technologies can be a tool to make private social connections between young men and women “safer”. Bluetooth communication via mobile phones has also become prevalent in more conservative Muslim societies (Sullivan, par. 7; Braude, par. 3). There are, however, safety concerns about meeting strangers in public spaces. When asked, “What advice would you give a first time BEDD user?” one respondent answered, “harus bisa mnilai seseorang krn itu sangat penting, kita mnilai seseorang bukan cuma dari luarnya” (translated: be careful in evaluating (new) people, and don’t ever judge the book by its cover”). Nevertheless, only one person participating in this study mentioned this concern. To some degree meeting someone in a public may be safer than meeting someone in an online environment. Not only are there other people around in public spaces to physically observe, but co-location means there may be some accountability for how BEDD members present themselves. The development and adoption of matchmaking services such as BEDD suggests that the role of the mobile phone in Indonesia is not just to communicate with friends and family but to act as a modern social networking tool as well. For young Indonesians BEDD can facilitate the transfer of social information so as to encourage the development of new social ties. That said, there is still debate about exactly whom BEDD is connecting and for what purposes. On one hand, BEDD could help build community in Indonesia. One the other hand, because of its privacy it could become a tool for more promiscuous activities (Bennett 154-5). There are user profiles to suggest that people are using BEDD for both purposes. For example, note what four young women in Jakarta wrote in the BEDD profiles: Personal Description Looking For I am a good prayer, recite the holy book, love saving (money), love cycling… and a bit narcist. Meaning of life Ordinary gurl, good student, single, Owen lover, and the rest is up to you to judge. Phrenz ?! Peace?! Wondeful life! I am talkative, have no patience but so sweet. I am so girly, narcist, shy and love cute guys. Check my fs (Friendster) account if you’re so curious. Well, I am just an ordinary girl tho. Anybody who wants to know me. A boy friend would be welcomed. Play Station addict—can’t live without it! I am a rebel, love rock, love hiphop, naughty, if you want proof dial 081********* phrenz n cute guyz As these profiles suggest, the technology can be used to send different kinds of messages. The mobile phone and the BEDD software merely facilitate the process of social exchange, but what Indonesians use it for is up to them. Thus BEDD and the mobile phone become tools through which Indonesians can explore their identities. BEDD can be used in a variety of social and communicative contexts to allow users to explore their modern, social freedoms. Mobile Pornography Background Mobile phone pornography builds on a long tradition of pornography and sexually explicit material in Indonesia through the use of a new technology for an old art and product. Indonesia has a rich sexual history with a documented and prevalent sex industry (Suryakusuma 115). Lesmana suggests that the country has a tenuous pornographic industry prone to censorship and nationalist politics intent on its destruction. Since the end of the New Order and opening of press freedoms there has been a proliferation in published material including a mushrooming of tabloids, men’s magazines such as FHM, Maxim and Playboy, which are often regarded as pornographic. This is attributed to the decline of the power of the bureaucracy and government and the new role of capital in the formation of culture (Chua 16). There is a parallel pornography industry, however, that is more amateur, local, and homemade (Barker 6). It is into this range of material that mobile phone pornography falls. Amongst the myriad forms of pornography and sexually explicit material available in Indonesia, the mobile phone in recent years has emerged as a new platform for production, distribution, and consumption. This section will not deal with the ethics of representation nor engage with the debate about definitions and the rights and wrongs of pornography. Instead what will be shown is how the mobile phone can be and has been used as an instrument/medium for the production and consumption of pornography within contemporary social relationships. Technology There are several technological features of the mobile phone that make pornography possible. As has already been noted the mobile phone has had a large adoption rate in Indonesia, and increasingly these phones come equipped with cameras and the ability to send data via MMS and Bluetooth. Coupled with the mobility of the phone, the convergence of technology in the mobile phone makes it possible for pornography to be produced and consumed in a different way than what has been possible before. It is only recently that the mobile phone has been marketed as a video camera with the release of the Nokia N90; however, quality and recording time are severely limited. Still, the mobile phone is a convenient and at-hand tool for the production and consumption of individually made, local, and non-professional pieces of porn, sex and sexuality. It is impossible to know how many such films are in circulation. A number of websites that offer these films for downloads host between 50 and 100 clips in .3gp file format, with probably more in actual circulation. At the very least, this is a tenfold increase in number compared to the recent emergence of non-professional VCD films (Barker 3). This must in part be attributed to the advantages that the mobile phone has over standard video cameras including cost, mobility, convergence, and the absence of intervening data processing and disc production. Examples There are various examples of mobile pornography in Indonesia. These range from the pornographic text message sent between lovers to the mobile phone video of explicit sexual acts (Barendregt 14-5). The mobile phone affords privacy for the production and exchange of pornographic messages and media. Because mobile devices are individually owned, however, pornographic material found on mobile phones can be directly tied to the individual owners. For example, police in Kotabaru inspected the phones of high school students in search of pornographic materials and arrested those individuals on whose phones it was found (Barendregt 18). Mobile phone pornography became a national political issue in 2006 when an explicit one-minute clip of a singer and an Indonesian politician became public. Videoed in 2004, the clip shows Maria Eva, a 27 year-old dangdut singer (see Browne, 25-6) and Yahya Zaini, a married 42 year-old who was head of religious affairs for the Golkar political party. Their three-year affair ended in 2005, but the film did not become public until 2006. It spread like wildfire between phones and across the internet, however, and put an otherwise secret relationship into the limelight. These types of affairs and relationships were common knowledge to people through gossip, exposes such as Jakarta Undercover (Emka 93-108) and stories in tabloids; yet this culture of adultery and prostitution continued and remained anonymous because of bureaucratic control of evidence and information (Suryakusuma 115). In this case, however, the filming of Maria Eva once public proves the identities of those involved and their infidelity. As a result of the scandal it was further revealed that Maria Eva had been forced by Yayha Zaini and his wife to have an abortion, deepening the moral crisis. Yahya Zaini later resigned as his party’s head of Religious Affairs (Asmarani, sec. 1-2), due to what was called the country’s “first real sex scandal” (Naughton, par. 2). As these examples show, there are definite risks and consequences involved in the production of mobile pornography. Even messages/media that are meant to be shared between two consenting individuals can eventually make their way into the public mobile realm and have serious consequences for those involved. Mobile video and photography does, however, represent a potential new check on the Indonesian bureaucratic elite which has not been previously available by other means such as a watchdog media. “The role of the press as a control mechanism is practically nonexistent [in Jakarta], which in effect protects corruption, nepotism, financial manipulation, social injustice, and repression, as well as the murky sexual life of the bureaucratic power elite,” (Suryakusuma 117). Thus while originally a mobile video may have been created for personal pleasure, through its mass dissemination via new media it can become a means of sousveillance (Mann, Nolan and Wellman 332-3) whereby the control of surveillance is flipped to reveal the often hidden abuses of power by officials. Whilst the debates over pornography in Indonesia tend to focus on the moral aspects of it, the broader social impacts of technology on relationships are often ignored. Issues related to power relations or even media as cultural expression are often disregarded as moral judgments cast a heavy shadow over discussions of locally produced Indonesian mobile pornography. It is possible to move beyond the moral critique of pornographic media to explore the social significance of its proliferation as a cultural product. Conclusion In these two case studies we have tried to show how the mobile phone in Indonesia has become a mode of interaction but also a platform through which to explore other current issues and debates related to dating, sexuality and media. Since 1998 and the fall of the New Order, Indonesia has been struggling with blending old and new, a desire of change and nostalgia for past, and popular desire for a “New Indonesia” (Heryanto, sec. Post-1998). Cultural products within Indonesia have played an important role in exploring these issues. The mobile phone in Indonesia is not just a technology, but also a product in and through which these desires are played out. Changes in dating and pornography practices have been occurring in Indonesia for some time. As people use mobile technology to produce, communicate, and consume, the device becomes intricately related to identity struggle and cultural production within Indonesia. It is important to keep in mind, however, that while mobile technology adoption within Indonesia is growing, it is still limited to a particular subset of the population. As has been previously observed (Barendregt 3), it is wealthier, young people in urban areas who are most intensely involved in mobile technology. As handset prices decrease and availability in rural areas increases, however, no longer will mobile technology be so demographically confined in Indonesia. The convergent technology of the mobile phone opens many possibilities for creative adoption and usage. As a communication device it allows for the creation, sharing, and viewing of messages. Therefore, the technology itself facilitates social connections and networking. As demonstrated in the cases of dating and pornography, the mobile phone is both a tool for meeting new people and disseminating sexual messages/media because it is a networked technology. The mobile phone is not fundamentally changing dating and pornography practices, but it is accelerating social and cultural trends already underway in Indonesia by facilitating the exchange and dissemination of messages and media. As these case studies show, what kinds of messages Indonesians choose to create and share are up to them. The same device can be used for relatively innocuous behavior as well as more controversial behavior. With increased adoption in Indonesia, the mobile will continue to be a lens through which to further explore modern socio-political issues. 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"Modernity and the Mobile Phone: Exploring Tensions about Dating and Sex in Indonesia." M/C Journal 10.1 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0703/06-humphreys-barker.php>. APA Style Humphreys, L., and T. Barker. (Mar. 2007) "Modernity and the Mobile Phone: Exploring Tensions about Dating and Sex in Indonesia," M/C Journal, 10(1). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0703/06-humphreys-barker.php>.