Academic literature on the topic 'Television and the blind – Technological innovations'

Although it has been nearly four decades since Raymond Williams’ book Television: technology and cultural form (Williams, 2003/1975) was first published, I find it helpful to return to this seminal work with a view of reflecting on the future of public media in Canada. Television is often remembered for Williams’ critique of technological determinism in Marshall McLuhan’s theory of media. But the book should also be remembered for a number of other significant contributions, including the prescient chapter titled “Alternative technology, alternative uses?” in which Williams examined some of the innovations in broadcasting technologies being developed at the time. For Williams, these innovations represented at once a risk and an opportunity. The risk was that people in the United States and the United Kingdom who were in a position to shape the implementation of these innovations would remain complacent, allowing their deployment to be ‘sorted out as we go’ (Williams, 2003/1975, p. 140). The opportunity was that changes to broadcasting infrastructure could afford people the chance to address structural inequities and imagine alternative uses. Williams believed that the early stages in implementing new technological innovations represented an opportune moment for putting in place alternative organizational and policy arrangements for television broadcasting.

The study of the cultural effects of television is inseparable the study of cultural habits related to age, gender, and other basic parameters of the audience. Rapid technological changes in TV broadcasting lead to reconfiguration of audience and reflective attitude of the viewers to their own TV habits. Contrary to expectations, such changes, however, do not necessarily imply bringing younger audience or attraction of youth with technological innovations of television, but rather the audience remains loyal and “ages” along with the channels and programs. The article aims to explain why the viewers of major federal channels are of pre-retirement and retirement age, as well as why the number of young viewers decreases with each year, where do they go, and what do they watch. The subject of this research is the specificity of cultural habits with regards to Russian television. Research methodology employs statistical data analysis, building a functional model of media in culture, interpretation of cultural patterns of behavior and habits. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the Russian television is examines from the perspective of correlation between technological innovations and habits of perception for the first time; this allows clarifying the sociocultural characteristics of the viewer in their dynamics, and cultural contexts of functionality of Russian TV as media. The conducted research has proven different structure of TV habits among different socio-demographic strata of the Russian audience. Within the framework this research, the author was able to determine socio-demographic groups with similar TV habits, as well as reflect the socio-demographic differentiation of the Russian TV audience.

Population movements away from large cities and congestion in urban areas create problems for the delivery of psychiatric care which are compounded by the move towards greater care in the community. These developing service patterns require adequate methods of communication between service components. There is a proliferation of new technology offering opportunities for improved national and international communication in psychiatry as in other branches of medicine. It will be important to decide which technological innovations will improve the efficiency of service delivery rather than end up as expensive ‘gadgets’, or solutions looking for problems to solve. In this paper the use of interactive television in psychiatry is reviewed and the implications for the evaluation of new communications technology are discussed.

Audio description seeks to make visual media—film, television, theater, art exhibits—accessible to blind people. In this essay I use the audio-described version of the Oscar-nominated film The Sessions as an example of the current standards. I then speculate on future innovations that could democratize the medium and make it more inclusive.

A variety of instructional and technological advances have increased the availability of graduate education to students living in remote rural areas. This article describes three innovative practices that were instituted to enhance graduate courses provided to students through interactive television. These innovations included: (1) collaborative planning and co-teaching over interactive television; (2) combining two courses with similar content into one broadcast timeslot; and (3) incorporating on-campus Saturday meetings into distance education courses. It also addresses findings and comments of the follow up with participants.

The development of radio and television is accompanied by technological innovations in the field of business, production, storage and placement of the content. This paper is focused on the application of digital technology which has brought revolutionary possibilities to the media systems in the optimization and integration of work processes, maximum use of resources, time saving, as well as easier exploitation of archived materials and the content placement on digital platforms. The basic thesis of the paper is that the application of artificial intelligence in modern radio-television systems may have positive effects on more efficient business operations, as well as product quality, integration and efficiency of employees' work with the aim of improving the quality of reporting and creating a new user experience in content consumption.

The dual sensory loss of hearing and sight results in the most isolating of handicapping conditions. Technological advances to meet this challenge have come from both the blindness and deafness fields. Provision of information in the form of paper braille slows information flow because of length of preparation time. Access to weather or daily news, for example, has required the ability to hear the broadcast. Closed-captioning for the hearing impaired population has converted sound to print within four to six seconds after the audio signal is transmitted, but the system requires that the broadcast be seen. Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) has been awarded a grant from the U.S. Department of Education to develop and test a prototype device to make closed-captioned television available to deaf-blind people The Braille TeleCaption System, with an output available in braille and large print, is being tested at the Helen Keller National Center. Existing and new technology makes real-time viewing of news, weather, and entertainment accessible to deaf-blind persons.

System, Technology and Vernacular Innovations. Piotr Sitarski, Maria B. Garda, Krzysztof Jajko, Nowe media w PRL, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2020, ss. 250. This review concerns New Media Behind the Iron Curtain: Cultural History of Video, Microcomputers and Satellite Television in Communist Poland (original title: New Media in Polish People’s Republic), a book co-authored by Piotr Sitarski, Maria B. Garda, and Krzysztof Jajko. The publication offers a unique insight into vernacular usages of new technology (videocassette recorders, microcomputers and satellite TV) during the last decades of the Communist rule in Poland. Making the diffusion of innovations theory its basic approach to the subject, the book grounds its claims using rich data including interviews, photographs and documents from the analyzed era. New Media presents a comprehensive, case study-focused approach to the analysis of political, economic and social contexts concerning the dissemination, appropriation and application of technological innovations by individual users.

The aim of this paper is to describe innovations taking place in national nutrition surveys in the UK and the challenges of undertaking innovations in such settings. National nutrition surveys must be representative of the overall population in characteristics such as socio-economic circumstances, age, sex and region. High response rates are critical. Dietary assessment innovations must therefore be suitable for all types of individuals, from the very young to the very old, for variable literacy and/or technical skills, different ethnic backgrounds and life circumstances, such as multiple carers and frequent travel. At the same time, national surveys need details on foods consumed. Current advances in dietary assessment use either technological innovations or simplified methods; neither lend themselves to national surveys. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) rolling programme, and the Diet and Nutrition Survey of Infants and Young Children (DNSIYC), currently use the 4-d estimated diary, a compromise for detail and respondent burden. Collection of food packaging enables identification of specific products. Providing space for location of eating, others eating, the television being on and eating at a table, adds to eating context information. Disaggregation of mixed dishes enables determination of true intakes of meat and fruit and vegetables. Measurement of nutritional status requires blood sampling and processing in DNSIYC clinics throughout the country and mobile units were used to optimise response. Hence, innovations in national surveys can and are being made but must take into account the paramount concerns of detail and response rate.

Este artigo faz parte de uma pesquisa desenvolvida a nível de mestrado e busca apresentar propostas de atividades que promovam o aprendizado do fazer telejornalismo visto o contexto atual das inovações tecnológicas e não tecnológicas realizadas no telejornalismo brasileiro. Parte-se do pressuposto que as inovações estão ocorrendo de forma cada vez mais acelerada e que as universidades necessitam ampliar as possibilidades de ensino para que os futuros jornalistas cheguem ao mercado de trabalho com amplo conhecimento prático e teórico, não só técnico, mas dos processos de produção de imagens que são alterados constantemente por consequência das inovações. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Telejornalismo; inovação; academia; produção; imagem. ABSTRACT This article is part of a research developed at the masters level and seeks to present proposals of activities that promote the learning of telejournalism, considering the current context of technological and non - technological innovations carried out in Brazilian television journalism. It is assumed that innovations are occurring in an increasingly accelerated way and that universities need to expand the possibilities of teaching so that future journalists reach the labor market with a broad practical and theoretical knowledge, not only technical but of the processes Images that are constantly altered as a result of innovations. KEYWORDS: Telejournalism; innovation; academia; production; image. RESUMEN Este artículo es parte de una investigación desarrollada a nivel de maestría y busca presentar propuestas de actividades que promueven el aprendizaje de las noticias de televisión ya que el contexto actual de las innovaciones tecnológicas y no tecnológicas realizadas en el periodismo de la televisión brasileña. Esto es en el supuesto de que las innovaciones se están produciendo cada vez más acelerado camino y que las universidades necesidad de ampliar las posibilidades de educación para los futuros periodistas que llegan al mercado de trabajo con un amplio conocimiento teórico y práctico, no sólo técnico, sino los procesos producción de imágenes que cambian constantemente como resultado de las innovaciones. PALABRAS CLAVE: Periodismo television; de innovación; de salud, de producción, de imagen.

This study examines the process of technological change in the religious television environment. The study also focuses on managerial response to said change. Through the use of a survey instrument, a quantitative examination is given, illustrating a managerial embrace of change principles, a positive attitude toward the idea of change, and a system of change behavior that matches several previously theorized change models. Also examined is how different station funding types correspond with types and rates of technological change, with the results reflecting that more funding sources for a station generally indicate a greater likelihood of technological change.

There has been a significant rise in the provision of television and video services over IP (IPTV) in recent years. Increasing network capacity and falling bandwidth costs have made it both technically and economically feasible for service providers to deliver IPTV services. Several telecommunications (telco) operators worldwide are rolling out IPTV solutions and view IPTV as a major service differentiator and alternative revenue source. The main challenge that IPTV providers currently face, however, is the increasingly congested television service provider market, which also includes Internet Television. IPTV solutions therefore need strong service differentiators to succeed. IPTV solutions can doubtlessly sell much faster if they are more affordable or low-cost. Advertising has already been used in many service sectors to help lower service costs, including traditional broadcast television. This thesis therefore explores the role that advertising can play in helping to lower the cost of IPTV services and to incentivise IPTV billing. Another approach that IPTV providers can use to help sell their product is by addressing the growing need for control by today's multimedia users. This thesis will therefore explore the varied approaches that can be used to achieve viewer focused IPTV implementations. To further lower the cost of IPTV services, telcos can also turn to low-cost, open source platforms for service delivery. The adoption of low-cost infrastructure by telcos can lead to reduced Capital Expenditure (CAPEX), which in turn can lead to lower service fees, and ultimately to higher subscriptions and revenue. Therefore, in this thesis, the author proposes a CustOmisable, INcentive (COIN) driven Video on Demand (VoD) framework to be developed and deployed using the Mobicents Communication Platform, an open source service creation and execution platform. The COIN framework aims to provide a viewer focused, economically competitive service that combines the potential cost savings of using free and open source software (FOSS), with an innovative, incentive-driven billing approach. This project will also aim to evaluate whether the Mobicents Platform is a suitable service creation and execution platform for the proposed framework. Additionally, the proposed implementation aims to be interoperable with other IPTV implementations, hence shall follow current IPTV standardisation architectures and trends. The service testbed and its implementation are described in detail and only free and open source software is used; this is to enable its easy duplication and extension for future research.
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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Society, Culture, Media and Philosophy, Dept. of International Communication, 2008.
Bibliography: p. 348-366.
Introduction -- Globalisation and network society -- Digital television -- Communication policy and development of Thai TV -- Research design -- Results : DTV: Thailand at the crossroads -- Results: National DTV policy and trends -- Results: Thai TV stations in technological transition (part 1) -- Results: Thai TV stations in technological transition (part 2) -- Discussion and conclusion.
The evolution of television and broadcasting technology from analogue to digital brings about changes in the global television industry. This technological transition is related to a political push which is highly concerned with national public interest in relation to socio-economic forces. Thailand's TV industry has also adopted and used digital television (DTV) technologies since the late 1990s in its TV production and broadcasting. The Thai government broadcasting regulators are expected to play a key role in launching and issuing national DTV policy. However, they seem to be involved in a conflict of interest which has negatively impacted Thailand's DTV transition. --This study selects Thailand's TV industry as a case study of a developing country in response to global technological transition. The thesis aims to explore major drives influencing Thai broadcasting in the shift from analogue to digital. It provides recommendations vis-à-vis the establishment of national DTV policy, and the current use of DTV technologies by Thai TV stations. The research project was conducted in Bangkok, Thailand, between October 2006 and October 2007, after the September coup in 2006. Two research methodologies employed in the study are (1) in-depth interviews with 26 experts (TV station administrators and mass communication scholars), and (2) observations of the nine TV stations. --Theoretical concepts in globalisation of communication echnologies and communication policy are reviewed. The research reveals two major pushes significantly forcing Thailand's TV industry into a newly administrative sphere. These are: (1) global push, and (2) domestic push; both are extensively addressed in this thesis.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xv, 366 p. ill. (some col.)

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
There is a new panorama of audiovisual content construction that has been opened with the expansion of the TV format formats industry in the world. The emergence and popularization of television can be considered one of the most relevant phenomena in the 20th century in social communication, in the context of Brazilian television productions, the present study aimed to create a methodology for creating new formats of television programs, Based on the analysis of the creative processes used by TV channels, broadcasters and producers, with reference to a new market for the export of audiovisual ideas. This research is justified by the fact that Brazil still has a gap to be filled, since it is not configured as an exporter of television formats. The guiding hypothesis of this research was whether the lack of systematization of the creative process for TV program formats inhibits the development of new ideas for entertainment programs. The hypotheses were also analyzed that the vertical model of the TV stations discourages the development of new projects of formats of programs in Brazil; And that most TV stations do not have creative teams because they do not know how to stimulate or evaluate the creations of new programs. The method used to develop this study was qualitative, using the techniques of exploratory research, bibliography, documentary analysis and cartography, including maps and diagrams. The theoretical framework is based on studies of communication, genres and formats, on theories of genetic criticism, creativity, creative processes, innovation, design thinking and business modeling, as well as the interpretation of data from the Brazilian television scenario. The development of the research finds scientific and methodological support in the line of research Creation Processes in the Media and in the Research Group CCM - Communication and Creation in the Media, aligned with approach of the studies of the professor Lucia Leão
Há um novo panorama de construção de conteúdos audiovisuais que foi aberto com a expansão da indústria de formatos de programas para TV no mundo. O surgimento e a popularização da televisão podem ser considerados dois dos fenômenos mais relevantes no âmbito da comunicação social do século XX. No contexto das produções televisivas brasileiras, o presente estudo teve como objetivo criar uma metodologia para criação de novos formatos de programas de televisão, a partir da análise dos processos criativos utilizados por canais, emissoras e produtoras de TV, tendo como referência um novo mercado para exportação de ideias audiovisuais. Esta pesquisa justifica-se pelo fato de o Brasil ainda ter uma lacuna a ser preenchida, já que não se configura como exportador de formatos televisivos. A hipótese norteadora dessa pesquisa foi se a falta de sistematização do processo criativo para formatos de programas de TV inibe o desenvolvimento de novas ideias para programas de entretenimento. Foram analisadas também as hipóteses de que o modelo vertical das emissoras de TV desestimula o desenvolvimento de novos projetos de formatos de programas no Brasil; e que a maioria das emissoras de TV não possuem equipes de criação por não saberem como estimular ou avaliar as criações de novos programas. O método empregado para desenvolver este estudo foi o qualitativo, tendo sido utilizadas as técnicas de pesquisa exploratória, bibliográfica, análise documental e cartografia, incluindo mapas e diagramas. O referencial teórico baseia-se nos estudos da comunicação, dos gêneros e formatos, nas teorias da crítica genética, da criatividade, dos processos criativos, da inovação, do design thinking e de modelagem de negócios, além da interpretação de dados do cenário televisivo brasileiro. O desenvolvimento da pesquisa encontra respaldo científico e metodológico na linha de pesquisa Processos de Criação nas Mídias e no Grupo de Pesquisa Comunicação e Criação nas Mídias – CCM, alinhados com abordagem dos estudos da orientadora Profa. Dra. Lucia Leão

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This is a qualitative study on the question whether regional television can be feasible in South Africa with particular reference to the official process to introduce regional television (RTV), the various reports and opinions on the subject, new technological developments and the exploration of alternatives. It is an effort to make a contribution towards the debate about how the public broadcaster can deliver better dedicated services to the diverse language groups of the country wherever they live, while also keeping pace with the challenges of an ever changing global digital world. The study indicated that various public broadcasters internationally struggled to find a financially viable model for regional television to serve diverse communities. The general option was the use of “windows” – specific limited time allocated on national networks for regional break-aways. Yet, increasingly technology provided answers but still at a relative expensive fee for the average citizen. In South Africa the windows model was implemented for a limited period between 1996 and 2003. It was discontinued because of lack of financial support from the state. The researcher indicates how the process to implement regional television already started with transformation envisaged in the Independent Broadcasting Authority Act of 1993 through to the Broadcast Amendment Act of 2003 instructing the SABC to apply within nine months to the Independent Broadcasting Authority of South Africa (ICASA) for regional licenses that “should reflect the diversity of all sections of the population and represent the plurality of views and opinions of the audience” (ICASA, 2003a:11). ICASA published its Discussion Paper on Regional Television in September 2003 inviting comments while emphasizing the importance of serving the various language groups and providing local content. It recognised the problems concerning funding. Its Position Paper was released in November 2003. ICASA clearly took the view that the introduction of regional services in the various (especially marginalised) languages were imperative and that it had to be offered to the exclusion of English. The state had to fund the services while advertising would not be permitted. The study was approached within the framework of normative mass media theories, and in particular the developmental theory. Through content analysis the ICASA documents and the SABC’s application for RTV in December 2003 was assessed and the stark points of difference indicated, such as the use of English, local content (especially drama) and advertising income. By using the methodology of in-depth interviews and a social survey based on a structured questionnaire more information and perspective was gained. In its application for regional television the SABC suggested two channels for 10 indigenous languages in the nine provinces delivered through the outdated but cheaper analogue technology. Throughout 2004 ICASA and the SABC communicated in letters and at hearings to resolve differences without much success. The SABC’s main concerns remained funding and the lack of capacity and skills to offer the services required. ICASA decided in June 2005 to grant the SABC two regional licenses without issuing it until the funding issue could be resolved with the state. It relented to allow some advertising but remained opposed to the use of English. Towards the end of the study the researcher gives an overview of the fast developing international trends in digital broadcasting. Various options to serve regional communities are offered. News reports on international trends and the opinions of experts are then related to the situation in South Africa. One conclusion is that the state and the country would have to weigh up the cost of subsidising regional television to other pressing social needs of citizens. It appeared that the cost would be too high in the short term. Preparations for the staging of the 2010 Soccer World Cup in South Africa might lay the foundation for more sophisticated and affordable services later.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie is ʼn kwalitatiewe studie van die proses om streekstelevisie in Suid-Afrika in te stel, ʼn bespreking van die verskillende verslae en menings oor die onderwerp, nuwe tegnologiese ontwikkelings en die oorweging van alternatiewe. Dit is ʼn poging om ʼn bydrae te maak tot die debat oor hoe die openbare uitsaaier beter en meer toegewyde dienste kan lewer aan die verskillende taalgroepe in die land, waar hulle woon. Terselfdertyd moet ook tred gehou word met die uitdagings van ʼn steeds veranderende internasionale digitale wêreld. Die studie dui aan dat openbare uitsaaiers wêreldwyd sukkel om ʼn lewensvatbare finansiële model vir die lewering van streekstelevisie aan verskillende gemeenskappe te vind. Die algemene keuse was die gebruik van “vensters” – dit is die toekenning van beperkte spesifieke tydsgleuwe op nasionale netwerke vir streekuitsendings. Tog begin tegnologie al hoe meer antwoorde verskaf, maar nog steeds teen redelike duur tariewe vir die deursnee-burger. Die venster-model van streekstelevisie is vir ʼn beperkte tyd van 1996 tot 2003 in Suid-Afrika toegepas. Dit is gestaak weens gebrek aan geldelike ondersteuning van die staat. Die navorser dui aan hoe die proses om streekstelevisie in te stel reeds begin het met die transformasie wat in die vooruitsig gestel is in die Wet op die Onafhanklike Uitsaai-Owerheid van 1993. Dit het later gelei tot die Uitsaai-Wysigingswetsonwerp van 2003. Daarin is die SAUK beveel om binne nege maande by die Onafhanklike Kommunikasie-Owerheid van Suid- Afrika (algemeen bekend as ICASA) om lisensies aansoek te doen vir streekstelevisie wat “die diversitieit van alle seksies van die samelewing sal reflekteer en die verskillende sienings en menings van die gehoor verteenwoordig” (ICASA, 2003a:11). ICASA het sy Besprekingsdokument oor Streekstelevisie in September 2003 gepubliseer. Daarin is klem gelê op die belangrikheid van dienslewering aan die verskillende taalgroepe en die lewering van plaaslike inhoud. Die kommentaar van belanghebbendes is gevra. In die dokument het ICASA erkenning gegee aan die struikelblokke rakende befondsing. ICASA se Standpuntdokument is in November 2003 vrygestel. ICASA het onomwonde verklaar dat die lewering van dienste aan die verskillende (maar veral aan die gemarginaliseerde) taalgemeenskappe voorkeur moes geniet en dat Engels uitgesluit moes word. Die staat sou die dienste moes finansier terwyl advertensies nie toegelaat sou word nie. Die ondersoek is benader binne die raamwerk van die normatiewe teorieë van massamedia kommunikasie en veral die ontwikkelingsteorie. Deur inhouds-analise het die navorser ʼn omvattende ontleding gedoen van die ICASA dokumente en van die SAUK se aansoek vir streekstelevisie. Die aansoek is in Desember 2003 by ICASA ingedien. Die skerp verskille met ICASA is uitgewys, naamlik die gebruik van Engels in die dienste, die lewering van plaaslike inhoud (veral drama) en oor advertensie-inkomste. Die navorser het die metode van diepteonderhoude en ʼn openbare menings-ondersoek, gegrond op ʼn gestruktureerde vraelys, gebruik om meer inligting en perspektiewe te bekom. Die SAUK het twee kanale vir streekstelevisie voorgestel vir die tien inheemse tale in die nege provinsies. Dit sou gelewer word met die goedkoper, maar uitgediende analoog-tegnologie. In 2004 het ICASA en die SAUK deurlopend gekommunikeer in briewe en by openbare verhore in ʼn poging om verskille te oorbrug, maar sonder veel sukses. Deurgaans was die SAUK bekommerd oor die kwessie van befondsing en die beskikbaarheid van bronne en vaardighede om sulke dienste aan te bied. ICASA het in Junie 2005 besluit om twee lisensies vir streekstelevisie aan die SAUK toe te ken, maar dit is nie uitgereik nie, hangende duidelikheid oor finansiering van die staat. Die owerheid het skiet gegee oor die geskil rondom advertensies, maar voet by stuk gehou dat Engelse uitsendings nie toegelaat sou word nie. Aan die einde van die studie gee die navorser ʼn oorsig van die vinnig ontwikkelende internasionale digitale tegnologiese tendense in die uitsaaiwese en die moontlikhede wat dit vir streeksgemeenskappe bied. Nuusberigte oor internasionale ontwikkelings en die menings van deskundiges word in verband gebring met streekstelevisie in Suid-Afrika. Een gevolgtrekking is dat die land die koste van subsidies vir streekstelevisiedienste sal moet opweeg teen die dringende maatskaplike behoeftes van burgers. Die het geblyk dat sulke subsidies te duur sou wees in die korter termyn. Voorbereidings vir die aanbied van die Wêreldbeker Sokkertoernooi in 2010 kan die basis skep om later wel meer gesofistikeerde en bekostigbare streeksdienste te lewer.

Thesis (MPhil) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The most neglected element in television reporting is the sound track. The problem is illustrated by the fact that there are currently no specialised textbooks, or training courses, on sound recording for television reporting, anywhere in the world. Textbooks that deal with television reporting dedicate very little space to sound recordings. With the growing competition in television news, news teams are increasingly becoming smaller. It is common practice these days to have a news team consisting of only a cameraperson and a reporter. The cameraperson is also responsible for the sound. Two television stations, namely NYl in New York and Channel One Television in England, have already dispensed with the cameraperson and send out only a reporter. This dissertation addresses the above-mentioned problem by doing research on the sound equipment, recording techniques and production techniques that are useful for effective sound recordings during single camera television reporting. Chapter two explains the functions of the different departments in a television station, as well as the duties of the staff. Chapter three explains basic television principles, terminology and equipment that the sound person uses daily and needs to understand to perform his work optimally. Chapterfour gives the basic terms that are needed to follow a conversation on sound recording. Terms like decibel, stereo and digital sound are explained. The chapter also covers basic electricity and sound equipment. Chapter five covers microphones under three headings, namely: electrical characteristics, acoustic characteristics and microphone design. The chapter also covers associated equipment, explains the sound facilities on video cameras and gives a list of possible sound equipment that can be used during a production. Chapter six covers sound recordings, principles and techniques under the following headings: • Perspective and boom swinging, which deals with sound perspective and boom swinging. • Rigging of cables, which gives practical tips for laying cables inside and outside buildings. • Recording principles, which gives practical tips on sound recordings. • Interviews, which includes recording tips for television interviews and reporting. • Reporting, which covers reporting, media conferences and public events. • Commentary recordings, which deals with the preparation and recording of voice over. • Music recordings, which deals with instruments and bands, and suggests microphone positions. • Telephone lines, which covers the use of telephone lines for reporting. • Location reconnaissance, which gives practical tips on pre-production planning. • Guidelines for sound persons during productions, which concludes the chapter and the dissertation with practical tips on behaviour during local, foreign and/or dangerous productions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die veranderlike wat die meeste afgeskeep word in televisieverslaggewing, is die klankbaan. Die probleem word onderstreep deur die feit dat daar wêreldwyd tans geen gespesialiseerde handboeke of opleidingskursusse bestaan wat oor klankopnames vir televisieverslaggewing handel nie. Handboeke wat handeloor televisieverslaggewing wy ook baie min ruimte aan klankopnames. Met die groeiende kompetisie in televisienuus raak nuusspanne toenemend kleiner. Dit is reeds algemene praktyk dat die nuusspan slegs uit 'n kamerapersoon en 'n verslaggewer bestaan. Die kamerapersoon moet dus ook die klankopnames doen. Twee televisiestasies, naamlik NYl in New York en Channel One Television in Engeland, het reeds die kamerapersoon uitgeskakel en stuur slegs 'n verslaggewer uit. Hierdie verhandeling spreek bogenoemde probleem aan deur navorsing te doen oor die klanktoerusting, opnametegnieke en produksietegnieke wat nuttig is vir effektiewe klankopnames tydens enkelkameratelevisieverslaggewing. Hoofstuk twee verduidelik die funksies van die verskillende departemente in 'n televisiestasie sowel as die pligte van die personeel. Hoofstuk drie verduidelik basiese televisiebeginsels, -terminologie en -toerusting wat die klankpersoon daagliks mee werk en dus moet verstaan om sy werk optimaal te verrig. Hoofstuk vier gee die basiese terme wat nodig is om 'n gesprek oor klankopnames te volg. Begrippe soos desibel, stereo en digitale klank word verduidelik. Die hoofstuk behandelook basiese elektriese beginsels en klanktoerusting. Hoofstuk vyf bespreek mikrofone onder drie indelings naamlik: elektriese eienskappe, akoestiese eienskappe en mikrofoonontwerp. Die hoofstuk dek ook aanverwante toerusting, verduidelik die klankfasiliteite op videokameras en gee 'n lys van klanktoerusting wat tydens produksies gebruik kan word. Hoofstuk ses is die belangrikste en bespreek klankopnames, beginsels en tegnieke onder die volgende opskrifte: • Perspektief en boomhantering, waaronder klankperspektief en boomhantering behandel word. • Lê van kabels, wat praktiese wenke gee vir die lê van kabels binne en buite geboue. • Opnamebeginsels, wat praktiese wenke gee in verband met klankopnames. • Onderhoude, wat opnamewenke gee in verband met televisieonderhoude en verslaggewing. • Verslaggewing, wat verslaggewing, nuuskonferensies en openbare geleenthede dek. • Kommentaaropnames, wat handeloor die voorbereiding vir, en opneem van kommentaar. • Musiekopnames, wat musiekinstrumente en orkeste bespreek en mikrofoonposisies voorstel. • Telefoonlyne, waaronder die gebruik van telefoonlyne vir verslaggewing bespreek word. • Terreinverkenning, wat praktiese riglyne gee vir voorproduksie-ondersoeke. • Riglyne vir klankpersone tydens produksies, wat die hoofstuk en die studie afsluit met praktiese wenke vir gedrag tydens plaaslike, buitelandse en/of gevaarlike produksies.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The objective of this work is to analyze the hybrid communication strategies of the voice and the presence of the journalists in the presentation of the Jornal Nacional da Rede Globo through the processes of hybridization of languages, starting from the changes occurred on April 27, 2015, in relevant sections. As hypothesis of this research it is believed that the change in the communicational device of the voice and the presence of the presenters invites the public to the proximity and bond. However, the changes in the communicational processes did not promote substantial changes in the discursive plan of the telejournalism. If, on the one hand, they allowed the opening of a polysemic sense to the body and the voice of the communicators, on the other hand, it is not enough for an effective re-signification in the telejournalism presentation, since the relations between the voice and the presence are the extreme ends in the processes of hybridization of this new proposal of presentation of the Jornal Nacional. For this, the study is based on the theory of the authors Arlindo Machado, Beatriz Becker, Yvana Fechine, Norval Baitello Junior and Paul Zumtor, as well as on the analysis instrument related to the critical approach of extremities of Christine Mello, which consists in observe an audiovisual product analyzing it, from three procedures: deconstruction, contamination and sharing. With the changes in the presentation of the Jornal Nacional, professionals began to value the presence of the body, in addition to reinventing itself with emerging technologies, maintaining or re-establishing the bond with its public
O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as estratégias hibridas de comunicação da voz e a presença dos jornalistas na apresentação do telejornal Jornal Nacional da Rede Globo mediante os processos de hibridização das linguagens, a partir das mudanças ocorridas em 27 de abril de 2015, em trechos relevantes nos quais se expuseram que relataram esses fenômenos. Como hipótese desta pesquisa acredita-se que a mudança no dispositivo comunicacional da voz e da presença dos apresentadores convida o público à proximidade e vínculo. No entanto as alterações nos processos comunicacionais não promoveram modificações substanciais no plano discursivo do telejornal. Se, por um lado, propiciaram a abertura de um sentido polissêmico ao corpo e à voz dos comunicadores, por outro, não é suficiente para uma ressignificação efetiva na apresentação do telejornal, pois as relações entre a voz e a presença são as pontas extremas nos processos de hibridização desta nova proposta de apresentação do Jornal Nacional. Para isso, o estudo está apoiado na teoria dos autores Arlindo Machado, Beatriz Becker, Yvana Fechine, Norval Baitello Junior e Paul Zumtor, bem como no instrumental de análise relacionada a abordagem crítica das extremidades de Christine Mello, que consiste em observar um produto audiovisual analisando-o, a partir de três procedimentos: desconstrução, contaminação e compartilhamento. Com as transformações na apresentação do Jornal Nacional, os profissionais passaram a valorizar a presença do corpo, além de, reinventar-se junto às tecnologias emergentes, mantendo ou refazendo o vínculo com seu público

Este trabalho investiga elementos da narrativa jornalística contemporânea presentes na programação televisiva e discute o caráter híbrido das tecnologias da comunicação. A partir da análise de programas que retratam a tragédia acontecida na cidade de Santa Maria em janeiro de 2013,são utilizadas bases semióticas e analíticas no intuito de compreender referenciais comuns pelos quais esse tipo de comunicação opera na transmissão de suas mensagens e pontos de vista acerca do real. Traz como resultado a comprovação dos usos dessas estratégias de representação desses dentro do recorte analisado, o que serve como evidência da constante reafirmação de discursos generalistas a respeito dos fenômenos sociais, reeditados em novas bases tecnológicas.
This work investigates elements of contemporary journalistic narrative present in television programming and discusses the hybrid character of communication technologies . From the analysis of programs that depict the tragedy that took place in the city of Santa Maria in January 2013,semiotic and analytical bases are used in order to include common reference by which this type of communication operates in the transmission of messages on reality . It brings as a result the evidences of representation strategies within the analyzed cut. The conclusion serves as evidence of the constant reaffirmation of general discourse about social phenomena, reissued in new technological basis.

AbstractThe origins and evolution of instructional technology and instructional design are treated in this chapter as separate concepts, although having intertwined histories. As with other technologies, their origins can be traced to the scientific discoveries on which they are based. Early in the twentieth century, new discoveries in optics and electricity stimulated educators to the adoption of technological innovations such as projected still pictures, motion pictures, and audio recording. Individuals and, later, groups of affiliated professionals promoted enriching learning by adding visual and, later, audiovisual resources where verbal presentations previously dominated. As radio broadcasting grew in the 1930s and then television in the 1950s, these mass media were perceived as ways to reach audiences, in and out of school, with educative audiovisual programs. In the 1960s, the wave of interest in teaching machines incorporating behaviorist psychological technology engendered a shift in identity from audiovisual technologies to all technologies, including psychological ones. As computers became ubiquitous in the 1990s, they became the dominant delivery system, due to their interactive capabilities. With the global spread of the World Wide Web after 1995, networked computers took on communication functions as well as storage and processing functions, giving new momentum to distance education. Meanwhile, research during and after World War II prompted a technology of planning – systems analysis. In the 1960s, educators adapted the systems approach to instructional planning, starting the development of instructional systems design (ISD). Since the 1980s, ISD has been the reigning paradigm for instructional design, while instructional design has become the central activity of instructional technology professionals.

AbstractThe origins and evolution of instructional technology and instructional design are treated in this chapter as separate concepts, although having intertwined histories. As with other technologies, their origins can be traced to the scientific discoveries on which they are based. Early in the twentieth century, new discoveries in optics and electricity stimulated educators to the adoption of technological innovations such as projected still pictures, motion pictures, and audio recording. Individuals and, later, groups of affiliated professionals promoted enriching learning by adding visual and, later, audiovisual resources where verbal presentations previously dominated. As radio broadcasting grew in the 1930s and then television in the 1950s, these mass media were perceived as ways to reach audiences, in and out of school, with educative audiovisual programs. In the 1960s, the wave of interest in teaching machines incorporating behaviorist psychological technology engendered a shift in identity from audiovisual technologies to all technologies, including psychological ones. As computers became ubiquitous in the 1990s, they became the dominant delivery system, due to their interactive capabilities. With the global spread of the World Wide Web after 1995, networked computers took on communication functions as well as storage and processing functions, giving new momentum to distance education. Meanwhile, research during and after World War II prompted a technology of planning – systems analysis. In the 1960s, educators adapted the systems approach to instructional planning, starting the development of instructional systems design (ISD). Since the 1980s, ISD has been the reigning paradigm for instructional design, while instructional design has become the central activity of instructional technology professionals.

Assistive technology including wearables, have a positive impact towards changing the lives of people with disabilities. Advances in glass, electronics, sensors, and a wide range of digital devices are substantially improving how people with disabilities (PWD) navigate the world, and allow greater possibilities for PWD who are competing in today's job market. This chapter explores the following topics related to disabilities: Historical developments changing the lives of people with physical and sensory disabilities, laws pertaining to technology access, technological advances in wearables for individuals who are deaf, blind, paralyzed, or other mobility and speech impairments, socio-cultural and vocational implications of wearables for individuals who are deaf, deaf-blind or speech impaired, and the applications needed for wearables to meet the on-the-job demands.

This chapter introduces the innovation of television by looking at the development of high definition television (HDTV). It argues that the way that the interaction of technological, industrial, and political actors has been crucial in several stages of the development of this innovation. Central question is how industry, broadcasters, and consumers have debated and defined a medium and consequently redefine a medium through innovations. The complexity and the way actors have played a part within the changing media environment is analyzed by looking at the necessity for technological change of the television standard, by relating the media film and television in transition from analogue to digital and by studying case studies of political debates and policy in Europe and the United States.

This chapter introduces the innovation of television by looking at the development of high definition television (HDTV). It argues that the way that the interaction of technological, industrial, and political actors has been crucial in several stages of the development of this innovation. Central question is how industry, broadcasters, and consumers have debated and defined a medium and consequently redefine a medium through innovations. The complexity and the way actors have played a part within the changing media environment is analyzed by looking at the necessity for technological change of the television standard, by relating the media film and television in transition from analogue to digital and by studying case studies of political debates and policy in Europe and the United States.

This chapter contextualizes Social TV within a broader history of television's remediation. Pointing to the utopian discourses surrounding prior technological innovations like the remote control, cable, and DVR, the chapter illustrates how television has been repeatedly marked for improvement, with social media situated as the latest opportunity to make the medium more communal and interactive. Yet, as the chapter introduces efforts to legitimize Social TV among industry and audience constituencies, it also underlines how those efforts aimed to reinforce the aura of live television in the face of growing interest in on-demand streaming video. The introduction also details the book's focus on ephemerality, from brief moments of social media virality to entirely discarded digital promotional material. This ephemeral histography models how to approach marginalized artifacts in the internet and social media realms.

Given the continuous transformation of the video consumption across multiple devices, this chapter has the main goal of characterizing the viewer behaviors at home, including the motivations for specific interactive television (iTV) features. An online survey was conducted with the aim of clarifying if the consumption patterns at home are contributing to the demand for unification services that combine videos from internet sources with TV content. The results highlight some insights regarding the preferred devices depending on age and the content source, as well as limitations and valued features to be considered in the development of future unification and personalization services. The results from this study are useful, not only to understand the dynamics of audiovisual consumption regarding the “future of television,” but can also be applied to foster product-oriented projects based on the synergies between behavioral factors, technological innovations, and industry trends regarding audiences' needs and UX.

From day to day, an ever-changing and differentiated technological structure has played an essential role in the change of relations between businesses, people, and society in general. Along with the technological innovations being a part of everyday life, besides the traditional communication tools used, many different mechanisms have become a necessity in our lives. However, this change has become a focal point for brands in the way of communicating with their target consumers. In addition to the use of traditional communication tools such as television, radio, and print media, many different aspects of advertising, along with the power of the internet and social media, exist in various forms such as mobile advertising, location-based services, advergames, blogs, online content, viral advertising, and virtual reality. At this point, it is aimed to examine the transformation of communication tools from Web 1.0 to Web 3.0 and to focus new media tools.

Pessimists predict the end of technological progress, but secular (long-term) stagnation is due to bad policies, not to having picked the low-hanging fruit, as illustrated by innovative medical entrepreneurs who have been constrained from bringing us quicker and better cures for cancer. Funded researchers must stick to their original protocols even in the face of promising serendipitous discoveries. Medical incumbents protect their turf by mandating costly double-blind studies for innovations, and then refusing to enroll their patients in the studies. Trial-and-error experimental tinkering allowed Emil Freireich and his Society of Jabbering Idiots to develop the chemotherapy cocktail that allowed many to be cured of childhood leukemia, and allowed Vincent DeVita to develop the chemotherapy cocktail that allowed many to be cured of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Yet FDA protocols restrict trial-and-error experimentation, resulting in many needless deaths. In medicine, as elsewhere, our future will be better if we unbind the innovative entrepreneur.

Technology is playing an increasing role in the delivery of healthcare. The appropriate implementation of new technologies is a delicate balance of managing risk and meeting the emerging needs of the population. Healthcare strategies requires ongoing adaptation to deliver high quality healthcare to populations with complex healthcare needs. The implementation of Artificial Intelligence warrants careful deliberation to ensure that implications are considered, and consequences are mitigated. The complexity of Artificial Intelligence systems limits the ability of patients to provide informed consent and for clinicians to detect when an error has occurred. This creates new challenges to concepts of privacy, liability, and shared decision-making in healthcare. As a decision-making tool, Artificial Intelligence is only as accurate as the data with which it is provided. Artificial Intelligence systems incorporate and often amplify existing patterns of practice, including societal biases and inequitable healthcare practices. The momentum created by such innovations can lead to blind optimism and unintentional consequences. Navigating the transition to an Artificial Intelligence-assisted era of healthcare delivery will require an appreciation of the opportunities and limits of each technology. Healthcare educators are tasked with preparing learners across all disciplines of healthcare to function in an increasingly technological and rapidly evolving field of practice. This entails instilling learners with the digital literacy to leverage new tools as well as acknowledgement of limitations. We suggest that using Artificial Intelligence correctly has the potential to enhance the efficiency and quality of healthcare delivery. However, if implemented incorrectly these technologies may exacerbate health disparities, disempower patients, and lead to a reduction in the humanity of medical practice.

Although many people now have access to more accumulated information than has ever been the case in human existence, we also now face a moment when the proliferation of misinformation, or false or inaccurate information, poses major challenges. In response to these challenges and to build collaboration across disciplines and expertise and a more effective community of learning and practice, the Rita Allen Foundation partnered with RTI International and the Aspen Institute along with Craig Newmark Philanthropies, Democracy Fund, and Burroughs Wellcome Fund to hold the Misinformation Solutions Forum in October 2018 at the Aspen Institute in Washington, DC. This forum brought together academic researchers, technology professionals, data scientists, journalists, educators, community leaders, funders and a set of graduate student fellows to explore promising ideas for curbing the spread of misinformation. We issued an open call for ideas to be featured in the forum that sought interventions focused on reducing behaviors that lead to the spread of misinformation or encouraging behaviors that can lead to the minimization of its influence. Interventions with technological, educational, and/or community-based components were encouraged, as were projects involving science communication, public health and diverse populations. A panel of expert judges assessed submissions through a blind review process; judges included representatives from the Rita Allen Foundation, as well as external institutions such as the Democracy Fund, the National Institutes of Health, the Poynter Institute, First Draft, and academic institutions. Authors developed the essays presented here based on both original submissions and the iterative collaboration process that ensued.