Journal articles: 'Telephone in business – Spain'

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Amaral, Teodosio Pérez, Francisco Alvarez González, and Bernardo Moreno Jiménez. "Business telephone traffic demand in Spain: 1980–1991, an econometric approach." Information Economics and Policy 7, no. 2 (June 1995): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6245(95)00031-e.

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Calvo, Ángel. "Regulation and Business in the Origins and Development of the Mass Media: Radio Broadcasting in Spain." International Journal of Business Studies and Innovation 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35745/ijbsi2021v01.02.0013.

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Wireless telegraphy ranks as the third groundbreaking 19th-century contribution to modern telecommunications, after the electric telegraph and the telephone. Initially of little interest, it gained widespread acceptance and became a commercial communication system that was fiercely fought for by the world's major powers. One feature of radiotelegraphy is broadcasting¸ which has developed with great impetus among the economic powers. In Western Europe, state control over broadcasting predominated from the first regulation in the 1920s until the 1980s. This was the case in Spain, where the State imposed a system of concession for the construction and operation of the network of stations by public tender. Finally, the development of broadcasting was inferior to that of the major powers but superior to that of other Mediterranean nations, as indicated by the sixth position it occupied in a selected list of countries. This study is performed to analyze broadcasting penetration from a dual perspective of supply/demand and the economic and business angle, mainly from primary sources.

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de Miguel Molina, María. "Self-Regulation of Mobile Marketing Aimed at Children: An Overview of the Spanish Case." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 2, no. 3 (December 1, 2007): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer2030023.

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Mobile phones have changed consumer and company behaviour and today they constitute the most direct means of communication between them. Many groups are targeted through promotion campaigns using mobile phones. Children, who in the future will be the largest consumer of new technologies, are one of these groups. Given that current Spanish legislation does not clearly establish what company policy ought to be in relation to promotions aimed at children, self-regulation of the mobile telephone sector is imperative. Spain is already among the developed countries in which one out of every two children has a mobile phone. Firms should pay special attention to this target group. Firstly, because promotional campaigns aimed at children have their peculiarities and secondly because of the legal and ethical protection that children deserve. Company policy, in this sense, should include the drawing up of Codes of Conduct. This article begins by analysing the child segment as mobile phone consumers. It then highlights the legal and ethical problems of mobile campaigns aimed at children, and looks at some studies carried out by the European Commission and the Spanish government. Finally, this paper draws some conclusions about the measures companies should adopt and offers practical help for self-regulation of the mobile telephone sector in Spain and, if possible, in other countries (especially other European countries within the framework of the agreement signed by the leading European mobile operators in 2007 to develop self-regulatory codes by 2008). Moreover, future research needs to centre on whether these measures increase child protection.

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Calvo, Angel. "Internet access standards: dissemination of the Integrated Services Digital Network in Spain, 1984-2005." Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/jesb2021.2.j091.

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This article aims to narrate the birth and evolution of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) in Spain with an essentially descriptive methodology, from an interdisciplinary perspective and from varied sources. The study aims to investigate the forms of the transition from a conceptual or engineering phase to the market in a standard of Internet access and, at the same time, in the different patterns of technological innovation and the factors that motivate them. It tries to verify if the own nature of the techniques, the degree of diffusion of the previous technologies, the technological level -digitalization- and the structure of market of the telecommunications — continued existence of the monopoly of the historical operator National Telephone Company of Spain — had a significant impact on the inequality of penetration with respect to other countries. The research authorizes to conclude that a very heterogeneous combination of factors caused that leading countries in the diffusion of a technology did not achieve that leading role in the diffusion of other technologies.

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Stuart, Keith, and Ana Botella Trelis. "Setting and agenda for English for academic and professional purposes in Spain." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 23 (December 15, 2010): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2010.23.03.

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This paper outlines the practical implications of the use of the term English for Academic and Professional Purposes (EAPP), a position originally taken by Alcaraz (2000). The article proposes an agenda for EAPP within tertiary level education in Spain. Firstly, we propose a methodological and theoretical linguistic framework for our EAPP classes in our engineering and business degrees, which takes the form of Personalized Learning and Continuous Evaluation and links our ideas about the nature of language issues in EAPP with a rigorous theoretical framework based on Hallidayan Systemic Linguistics. Secondly, we describe a methodology for Academic English based on corpus linguistic techniques, which involves the building and processing of a corpus rapidly so as to extract lexico-grammatical information that has direct application in the classroom. Thirdly, we suggest that English for Professional Purposes consists of interpersonal activities such as being able to negotiate effectively; conduct interviews and surveys; listen and take notes during meetings and presentations; communicate effectively on the telephone as well as with video conferencing technology; carry out oral presentations etc. Finally, we conclude this paper outlining the specific skills that would be needed by a teacher of EAPP.

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Karlsson, Niklas P. E., Hélène Laurell, John Lindgren, Tobias Pehrsson, Svante Andersson, and Göran Svensson. "A cross-country comparison and validation of firms’ stakeholder considerations in sustainable business practices." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 18, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 408–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-07-2017-0131.

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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to compare and validate firms’ internal and external stakeholder considerations in sustainable business practices across business settings. It aims to assess the validity and reliability of a stakeholder framework appearing in previous studies.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a questionnaire survey and a cross-industry sample consisting of the largest firms in corporate Sweden. Multivariate analysis tests the stakeholder framework. Each of the 294 key informants was initially identified and contacted by telephone, generating a response rate of 36.5 per cent.FindingsThe tested stakeholder framework appears valid and reliable across countries to assess the internal stakeholders of focal firms, as well as their up- and downstream, market and societal stakeholders. This study provides additional empirical support to categorize firms’ stakeholder considerations in sustainable business practices.Research limitations/implicationsThis study validates previous findings in terms of Swedish firms’ considerations of internal and external stakeholders in sustainable business practices in relation to one similar country (Norway) and one different country (Spain). The study also shows how the three countries perceive the focal company and societal stakeholders differently.Practical implicationsThe tested framework sheds light on focal firms’ stakeholder considerations in sustainable business practices and elucidates the extent to which firms’ account for their internal and external stakeholders in sustainable business practices.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the development of valid and reliable stakeholder theory across contexts and through time. In particular, it contributes to the development of a valid and reliable framework to categorize firms’ stakeholder considerations in sustainable business practices.

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Marciniak, Renata, and Grażyna Rembielak. "Factors determining satisfaction with e-learning during the pandemic in the opinion of Polish and Spanish students: analysis of differences and similarities." e-mentor 96, no. 4 (October 2022): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15219/em96.1577.

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E-learning has become a challenge for many universities worldwide, which during the pandemic had to switch overnight from offline to online learning and meet the expectations of students for whom this form of education was often alien. The aim of the paper is to present how students from two different countries, Spain and Poland, perceived e-learning during the pandemic, what factors, in their opinion, influenced their satisfaction with this form of education, which of them decreased it; and what are the similarities and differences in their opinion. In order to get to know their opinions, an online survey was conducted with students at the University of Manresa (Spain), and telephone interviews with students of the Warsaw University of Technology Business School. A comparative analysis of the obtained results was then performed to determine the similarities and differences in the satisfaction with e-learning between the Spanish and Polish students. The study shows that the main factors satisfying both groups of students are the possibility to use digital didactic materials, the quality of e-learning platforms, the organisation of e-learning, and the support provided by universities and lecturers. The most significant differences were visible in the perception of online classes, the formula for completing the course, and the didactic activities for students. The research results lead to the conclusion that despite the cultural differences and different teaching systems, the factors satisfying students with e-learning in the two countries were in fact quite similar.

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Ferrer, Juan R., Raul Serrano, Silvia Abella, Vicente Pinilla, and M. Teresa Maza. "The export strategy of the Spanish wine industry." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 20, no. 3 (June 13, 2022): e0103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2022203-18966.

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Aim of study: This study analyses how business strategy has influenced the export performance of the Spanish wine industry. In recent decades, Spain has been among those countries that have significantly increased their wine exports. Area of study: We used data collected from a survey comprising 339 Spanish wine-making companies Material and methods: The empirical analysis was carried out by sending a survey and subsequent telephone call to all the independent wineries belonging to PDOs, the number of responses was 339, 14% of the sample. Using the Heckman methodology, we analysed the variables that determine the decision to export and the export intensity. Main results: Spanish firms have successfully used different combined strategies in order to achieve an intensification of exports. This implies that the joint use of strategies that seek efficiency (through cost reduction) while increasing value for the customer (through innovation and improved communication processes and distribution) achieve an increase in the internationalisation of the company. Therefore, the results of this study add new strategic alternatives to those traditionally proposed by the literature Research highlights: Firm strategy also has an effect on export performance in the Spanish wine industry. To grow in international markets, companies can use a combination of different strategic options.

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Duarte Alonso, Abel, Alessandro Bressan, and Nikolaos Sakellarios. "A resource based approach in the context of the emerging craft brewing industry." European Business Review 28, no. 5 (August 8, 2016): 560–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebr-12-2015-0176.

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Purpose The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine the perceived resources, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats from the perspective of micro and small brewery owners, managers and brewing masters operating in three countries. To this end, the study adopts the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm, complemented by a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis. Design/methodology/approach The research provides a mixed-methods approach. Data were collected from craft breweries in Italy, Spain and the UK. In all, 165 valid responses were obtained from an online questionnaire, and an additional 24 face-to-face and telephone interviews with craft brewing operators in these three countries were conducted to further enrich the data. Independent samples t-test and Scheffé post hoc were used to analyse part of the quantitative data, while content analysis and word association were used for the qualitative component. Findings Product quality and uniqueness of product emerged as important perceived resources and strengths, suggesting an alignment with some of the resource-related attributes postulated by the RBV, such as valuable, rare and (un)substitutable. Other elements, such as natural and sustainable resources, including water quality and the current and future involvement in growing or sourcing raw products locally emerged as key resources, and are suggested as additional attributes. These strategic and tangible resources are however challenged by perceived weaknesses, particularly lack of financial, infrastructure and commercialisation resources, as well as threats from competition. Originality/value The exploratory study focuses on craft brewing from the perspective of micro/small operators. This industry has received very limited attention from the literature. The use of the RBV, with the potential to increase understanding of an emerging industry, and develop the theory further in this domain, adds to the originality and value of this research.

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FUJII, Nobuyuki. "Japan's Telephone Business." Japanese Yearbook on Business History 18 (2002): 93–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5029/jrbh1984.18.93.

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Дубовская and O. Dubovskaya. "Business telephone communications." Modern Communication Studies 2, no. 3 (June 27, 2013): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/593.

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The telephone is the most important means of communication in business. The manner in which employees speak to their clients and customers plays an important part in building an image of a company. A telephone conversation is a complex process with special challenges. When all parts of the communication process work effectively together, telephone communication is clear and useful. It is imperative to know all the rules while talking on a phone for business purposes.

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Ramos-Serrano, Marina, and Gloria Jiménez-Marín. "Strategies of telephone companies in Spain." Comunicar 15, no. 29 (October 1, 2007): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c29-2007-17.

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Nowadays, mobile phones are an essential communication tool and even a personal symbol which often defines the personality of the young people of the 21th century. Thus, it is important to analyze the causes and consequences of its success, above all, among teenagers, who are the real driving force behind this technology. The present paper analyzes the main features of mobile phones marketing –product, price, distribution and communication– and also. El teléfono móvil ha pasado de ser un artículo de lujo a una herramienta esencial de la comunicación. Más que un medio, es sinónimo de símbolo personal; y esta seña de identidad define, en muchos casos, la personalidad de los jóvenes del siglo XXI. Por este motivo es importante analizar las causas y consecuencias de su rápida aceptación social, especialmente entre estos adolescentes, que se han convertido en verdaderos impulsores de esta tecnología. Para ello, en el presente artículo se examinan las variables fundamentales en la comercialización de la telefonía móvil –producto, precio, distribución y comunicación– al mismo tiempo que se analizan las opiniones de los jóvenes universitarios frente a estas estrategias de venta de los operadores en España, fundamentalmente los tres mayoritarios: Vodafone, Movistar y Orange.

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Looi, Kim Hoe, and Alex Maritz. "Government institutions, entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship education programmes in Malaysia." Education + Training 63, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 271–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-07-2020-0217.

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PurposeThis study aims to examine the status of entrepreneurship education (EE) in Malaysia and entrepreneurship education programmes (EEPs) offered by Malaysian public and private higher education institutions (HEIs), against the backdrop of macro-level context of Malaysian government institutions related to entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachThis study replicates and extends the research by Maritz et al. (2015, 2019). The study expands a nascent archetype regarding an iterative and systematic open-ended emergent enquiry, together with data collection from Malaysian HEIs.FindingsThe findings suggest significant emergence of EE (programmes and research) in Malaysia, despite EEPs being sparsely distributed across HEIs in the bottom half of Table 1. The top ten HEIs (12% of all HEIs in Table 1) accounted for 35% of all EEPs. This study highlights the significant influence of Malaysian government institutions related to entrepreneurship on EE and EEPs.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings are subject to the availability and accuracy of information and documents available on official websites of HEIs. This limitation has been mitigated with telephone and email inquiries and other sources of information.Practical implicationsThe findings provide critical grounding and inferences on the status of EE and EEPs in Malaysia for researchers, practitioners, HEIs, governments and other stakeholders.Originality/valueThis study is first of its kind on emergent enquiry into the status of EE in Malaysia and EEPs offered by 19 public HEIs and 67 private HEIs in Malaysia. Moreover, this study links macro-level context of the Malaysian government institutions related to entrepreneurship with micro-level context of EE and EEPs.

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Gutiérrez, Raquel Lázaro, and Gabriel Cabrera Méndez. "How COVID-19 changed telephone interpreting in Spain." Journal of Internationalization and Localization 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jial.21005.gut.

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Abstract Before the COVID-19 pandemic, telephone interpreters in Spain were used to communicating administrative issues, medical instructions, and even humanitarian social assistance rendered by social workers and psychologists. However, since March 2020 these interactions have been heavily replaced by conversations mediated by telephone interpreters related to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus infection. This contribution describes the provision of telephone interpreting during the COVID-19 pandemic using the information reported by the interpreters of the company Dualia Teletraducciones as a case study. It focuses on healthcare-related services and clients, offering data related to the frequency of use of telephone interpreting, the most common languages used, and the evolution of clients and services (Emergency Rooms, tracers, pandemic hotels, etc.). This article also describes the hiring, training and quality monitoring processes, including the main tools developed to facilitate remote interpreting during the pandemic.

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Calvo, Ángel. "Liberalisation of telecommunications and broadening of the value chain in Southern Europe. Telefónica, 1982–2000." History of science and technology 10, no. 2 (December 12, 2020): 185–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2020-10-2-185-216.

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This article deals with the opening of telecommunications to competition and its determinants in Spain, a country seriously committed to the monopoly. It is framed in the general scenario of an accelerated technological change driven by new materials, components and transmission systems, a sharp regulatory change and an extension of the value chain with new products and services, in particular data, mobile telephony and cable. Such properties fit perfectly with the time axis chosen which comprises the two last decades of the 20th century and coincide with a phase in which the protagonist company is facing the challenge not only of liberalisation but also of a profound change in the parameters of the market. The study focuses on Telefónica's response to new regulatory and market requirements. Methodologically, it revolves around the multidisciplinary nature, which integrates the approach of the history of technology understood as a system (Thomas P. Hugues and Melvin Kranzberg) and the economic and business history (Nathan Rosenberg). The text is structured in four sections that examine the persistence of the monopoly of Telefonica and liberalisation, the axes of Telefónica's transformation through global and strategic plans and the broadening of the value chain, focussed on the cable market. Some preliminary historical and technical issues and key elements in the evolution of the sector are addressed. The text attends to the relations between the market structure inherited from the monopoly and the process, from which the advantages of Telefónica with the rest of the companies emanate. The research rests mainly on primary sources of the company studied, twice as valuable because they are difficult to access by researchers and perfectly determined to grasp the company's strategy, as well as on reports from major international institutions and secondary literature. The conclusion deals with the methodological consideration of the close link between supply and demand-related factors.

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Lázaro Gutiérrez, Raquel, and Almudena Nevado Llopis. "Remote Interpreting in Spain after the Irruption of COVID-19: A Mapping Exercise." Hikma 21, no. 2 (December 23, 2022): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/hikma.v21i2.14275.

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Remote interpreting, particularly telephone interpreting, was implemented in Spain less than 20 years ago and, since then, it has become increasingly common. Its use has even increased during the last months, due to COVID-19 circumstances and the subsequent growth of telecommuting. This paper aims at mapping remote interpreting services in Spain. With that purpose, structured qualitative interviews were conducted with representatives of the six main Spanish companies offering these services. The results show a diffusion of telephone interpreting across the country and an incipient presence of video-link interpreting. Nevertheless, more attention to quality performance and working conditions should be paid. Keywords: Telephone interpreting, Video-link interpreting, Mapping, Qualitative interviews, Spain

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Martínez Calzón, Julio. "Roof to telephone company building in Madrid (Spain)." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 46, no. 1-3 (April 1998): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-974x(98)80046-1.

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Rodrı́guez–Andrés, Antonio, and Teodosio Pérez–Amaral. "Demand for telephone lines and universal service in Spain." Information Economics and Policy 10, no. 4 (December 1998): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6245(98)00016-x.

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Tandon, V. "Opening Europe's telephone business to competition." IEEE Spectrum 35, no. 10 (October 1998): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/6.722321.

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Stapleford, Thomas A. "Engineering the “Statistical Control of Business”." History of Political Economy 52, S1 (December 1, 2020): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-8717924.

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Malcolm Rorty is best known to historians of economics as the primary organizer and founder of the National Bureau of Economic Research. This article situates Rorty’s interest in economics against the backdrop of his early career in telephone engineering at American Telephone & Telegraph. I argue that distinct structural features of telephone engineering in general, and AT&T in particular, created overlaps between the practices of engineering and economics, and also opened space for Rorty to craft a broader vision for the “statistical control of business” through quantitatively informed management.

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Milne, Graeme J. "British business and the telephone, 1878–1911." Business History 49, no. 2 (February 28, 2007): 163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076790601170280.

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Meyer, Helen. "Telephone fraud poses threat to UK business." Computers & Security 15, no. 8 (January 1996): 686–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4048(97)89707-6.

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Savage, Pamela. "Designing a GUI for business telephone users." Interactions 2, no. 1 (January 2, 1995): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/208143.208157.

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Argandoña, Antonio. "Business Ethics in Modern Spain." Business Ethics: A European Review 5, no. 1 (January 1996): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1996.tb00128.x.

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&, Fabregat; amp, and Bermejo. "Business Law Guide to Spain." Arab Law Quarterly 6, no. 4 (1991): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3381796.

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Liu, Ying, Ying Xiao, Qian Zhang, and Zhu Liang. "Fixed Telephone Intelligent Voice Service System on Telecom Platform." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 2710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.2710.

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Its based on the voice value-added business booming and combined with the value-added service of mobile and network so that the fixed telephone intelligent voice service system is put forward in the paper. The system is constituted with voice rafting business and fixed telephone business like we chat, which is constructed by voice acquisition, number identification, voice feedback and customer information processing module. The rafting business is devoted to solve the difficulty that the users have communication impediment in different time domain. And the business is used availably for work and amusement through orientation conveying or not. The applied range of we chat is broadened because of the fixed telephone business like we chat. The fixed telephone business like we chat is realized by the store-and-forward way to achieve the communication with real time and different time domain. The birth of the new business model will bring consumers the different experience and feelings. The general control scheme, general structure, software modules, business content and running process are included in the paper of the detailed content, and then make the analysis of the dominance of the IVSS (Intelligent Voice Service System).

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Calvo Calvo, Ángel Amado. "Technological change, opening and internationalization of Spanish telecommunications. The transition to the third generation of mobile telephony." Harvard Deusto Business Research 8, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/hdbr.196.

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This article explores from a multidisciplinary and transnational historical approach the impact of technological change on the structure of the telephone sector, the fruit of advances in microelectronics and information technology. This problem has been studied in Spain basically by regulatory specialists, on the one hand, and technologists, on the other. We lack a more transversal analysis that puts into play the various elements that intervene. This article is intended to cover this gap, based on unpublished primary sources –primarily from Telefónica– as well as in other documents of diverse origin. Specifically, it focuses on the role played by Spain and the historic telephone company (Telefónica) in the transition to the third generation of mobile telephony (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, UMTS) and gives prominence to the national state, to the supranational bodies –EU and International Telecommunication Union(ITU) and companies.

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Niebuhr, Oliver, and Anush Norika Nazaryan. "Money Talks — But Less Well so over the Mobile Phone? The Persistence of the Telephone Voice in a 4G Technology Setting and the Resulting Implications for Business Communication and Mobile-Phone Innovation." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 16, no. 01 (February 2019): 1950013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877019500135.

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Our study is a first step toward the innovative further development of mobile phones with special emphasis on optimizing them for business communication. Traditional landline phones and mobile phones up to 3G technology are known to trigger the so-called “telephone voice”. The phonetic changes induced by the telephone voice (louder speech at a higher pitch level) are suitable for undermining the perceived competence, trustworthiness and charisma of a speaker and can, thus, negatively influence business actions over the mobile phone. In a speech production experiment with 20 speakers and a subsequent acoustic speech-signal analysis of almost 15 000 utterances, we tested in comparison to a baseline face-to-face dialog condition, whether the telephone voice still exists in a technological setting of VoLTE 4G mobile-phone communication. In fact, we found that the typical characteristics of the telephone voice persist even under the currently best technological 4G standards and under silent communication conditions. Moreover, we identified further acoustic-phonetic parameters of the telephone voice, some of which (like a more monotonous intonation) further compound the problem of business communication over the mobile phone. In combination, the extended parametric picture and the persistent occurrence of the “telephone voice” even under quiet 4G conditions suggest that a speech-in-noise-like (i.e. Lombard) adaption is not the only and perhaps not even the primary cause behind the telephone voice. Based on this, we propose a number of innovations and R&D activities for making mobile-phone technology more suitable for business communication.

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Camacho, Máximo, Matias Pacce, and Camilo Ulloa. "Regional Business Cycle Phases in Spain." Estudios de Economía Aplicada 36, no. 3 (June 4, 2019): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v36i3.2558.

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Se caracterizan los ciclos económicos regionales en España utilizando series mensuales de afiliados a la Seguridad Social. Con base en un conjunto de modelos de cadenas de Markov, se encuentra evidencia substancial de sincronización entre los ciclos económicos de las distintas regiones, la cual se ha incrementado desde la Gran Recesión. También se encuentra evidencia de patrones de retraso o adelantamiento en la transmisión de los ciclos, los cuales se repiten a largo de las distintas recesiones. En general, las primeras señales de una recesión regional comienzan a verse en las Islas y en la Comunidad Valenciana, y se propagan desde la periferia hacia el centro. Asimismo, las regiones del noroeste tardan más tiempo en comenzar a recuperarse.

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Argandoiia, Antonio. "Ethics in Business: Problems in Spain." Business Ethics: A European Review 1, no. 1 (January 1992): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1992.tb00178.x.

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Julve, Vicente Montesinos. "Accounting and Business Economics in Spain." European Accounting Review 7, no. 3 (September 1998): 357–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096381898336330.

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Cortés Verdú, Raúl, José M. Pego-Reigosa, Daniel Seoane-Mato, Mercedes Morcillo Valle, Deseada Palma Sánchez, María J. Moreno Martínez, Marta Mayor González, et al. "Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Spain: higher than previously reported in other countries?" Rheumatology 59, no. 9 (January 30, 2020): 2556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez668.

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Abstract Objectives Prevalence of SLE varies among studies, being influenced by study design, geographical area and ethnicity. Data about the prevalence of SLE in Spain are scarce. In the EPISER2016 study, promoted by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology, the prevalence estimate of SLE in the general adult population in Spain has been updated and its association with sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle variables has been explored. Methods Population-based multicentre cross-sectional study, with multistage stratified and cluster random sampling. Participants were contacted by telephone to carry out a questionnaire for the screening of SLE. Investigating rheumatologists evaluated positive results (review of medical records and/or telephone interview, with medical visit if needed) to confirm the diagnosis. To calculate the prevalence and its 95% CI, the sample design was taken into account and weighing was calculated considering age, sex and geographic origin. Multivariate logistic regression models were defined to analyse which sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle variables included in the telephone questionnaire were associated with the presence of SLE. Results 4916 subjects aged 20 years or over were included. 16.52% (812/4916) had a positive screening result for SLE. 12 cases of SLE were detected. The estimated prevalence was 0.21% (95% CI: 0.11, 0.40). SLE was more prevalent in the rural municipalities, with an odds ratio (OR) = 4.041 (95% CI: 1.216, 13.424). Conclusion The estimated prevalence of SLE in Spain is higher than that described in most international epidemiological studies, but lower than that observed in ethnic minorities in the United States or the United Kingdom.

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KIM, MOON-SOO. "HOUSEHOLD-USE VERSUS BUSINESS-USE DEMAND DIFFUSION OF TELEPHONE AND INTERNET ACCESS SERVICE IN KOREA." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 02, no. 01 (March 2005): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877005000356.

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It is well known that the diffusion of the Internet over society has been faster than that of the traditional telecommunication service such as the telephone. There are some differences between the demand diffusion patterns of telephone services and the Internet as well as among the demand attributes, thus we focus on these differences. With each service, demand attributes comprise of business-use and household-use. In particular, Loglet analysis is used for comparing the diffusion pattern demand-attributes for the services. Firstly, from the analysis, during the overall reference period, the diffusion rate of the Internet is larger than that of telephone. Secondly, the gap between the diffusion rates of household-use and business-use in the Internet is much larger than it is for the telephone. Thirdly, the estimated potential demands of the Internet household-use are surprisingly similar to the present number of telephone users. We also examine country-specific factors underlying the diffusion of Internet access service in Korea.

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Korotka, Natalia. "ETHICAL AND LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF BUSINESS ENGLISH TELEPHONE COMMUNICATION." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 5(73) (March 28, 2019): 294–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2019-5(73)-294-297.

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Savage, Pamela A. "Designing a Graphical User Interface for Business Telephone Users." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 15 (October 1994): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801552.

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Gonzalez, Francisco, Blanca Cimadevila, Julio Garcia-Comesaña, Susana Cerqueiro, Eladio Andion, Jorge Prado, Jorge Bermudez, and Felix Rubial. "Telephone consultation in primary care." Journal of Health Organization and Management 32, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-08-2017-0201.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze a teleconsultation modality based on a simple telephone call, using either landline or mobile phone, made available to more than two million people. Telecommunication systems are an increasingly common feature in modern healthcare. However, making teleconsultations available to the entire population covered by a public health system is a challenging goal. Design/methodology/approach This retrospective longitudinal observational study analyzed how this modality was used at the primary care level in Galicia, a region in the Northwest of Spain, in 2014 and 2015, focusing on demand, gender and age preferences, rural vs urban population and efficiency. Findings Of 28,472,852 consultations requested in this period, 9.0 percent were telephone consultations. Women requested more telephone consultations (9.9 percent of total consultations) than men (7.7 percent of total consultations). The highest demand occurred for the over 85 age group for both men and women. In both years, 2014 and 2015, the number of telephone consultations per inhabitant was higher in urban (0.53 and 0.69) than in rural areas (0.34 and 0.47). In 10.9 percent of cases, the telephone consultations required further face-to-face consultation. Originality/value Conventional voice telephone calls can efficiently replace conventional face-to-face consultations in primary healthcare in roughly 10 percent of cases. Women are more likely than men to use primary care services in both face-to-face and telephone consultation modalities. Public healthcare systems should consider implementing telephone consultations to deliver their services.

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ARNEDO-PENA, ALBERTO, JUAN BELTRÁN-FABREGAT, BARTOLOMÉ VILA-PASTOR, MARIA DOLORES TIRADO-BALAGUER, CONCEPCIÓN HERRERO-CAROT, JUAN BAUTISTA BELLIDO-BLASCO, MARIA ANGELES ROMEU-GARCIA, LOURDES SAFONT-ADSUARA, MARIA ROSARIO PAC-SA, and FRANCISCO GUILLEN-GRIMA. "Reactive Arthritis and Other Musculoskeletal Sequelae Following an Outbreak of Salmonella hadar in Castellon, Spain." Journal of Rheumatology 37, no. 8 (June 15, 2010): 1735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.091250.

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Objective.In 2005 a large outbreak of Salmonella hadar occurred in Spain following the consumption of commercial precooked roast chicken. We estimated the incidence and risk factors for reactive arthritis (ReA) and other musculoskeletal sequelae in the patients of this outbreak in 2 health departments of Castellon province.Methods.A prospective cohort study of the patients and their families was carried out. Clinical infection with Salmonella was considered as the exposure factor. The cohort was studied for ReA symptoms using a telephone questionnaire. Telephone interviews or medical examinations of subjects with musculoskeletal symptoms were conducted by a rheumatologist. Robust Poisson regression models were used in the analysis.Results.From the cohort of 262 people, 248 (94.7%) participated in the telephone survey, 155 with clinical salmonellosis (infected), 78 noninfected, and 15 with some symptoms but not clinical salmonellosis. One hundred one infected patients (65%) reported musculoskeletal symptoms, compared to 19 noninfected (24%) (adjusted relative risk = 2.60, 95% CI 1.73–3.90). Of the infected group, 16 ReA (incidence 10%, 95% CI 6.0–16.2), 7 enthesopathies, and 2 arthralgias were detected, and zero in the noninfected group. The risk factors for ReA were age, weight loss, and duration of diarrhea. Antibiotic treatment for the infection protected against symptoms of peripheral or axial arthritis (adjusted relative risk = 0.73, 95% CI 0.55–0.98).Conclusion.The incidence of ReA and musculoskeletal symptoms after the infection was high. The use of antibiotics for S. hadar infection offered some protection against musculoskeletal symptoms.

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Waner, Karen K. "Business Communication Competencies Needed by Employees as Perceived by Business Faculty and Business Professionals." Business Communication Quarterly 58, no. 4 (December 1995): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108056999505800410.

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Implementation of total quality management and continu ous process improvement require validation of competencies by an institution's customers. This study was designed to determine if business faculty and business professionals perceive (a) business writing skills, (b) oral/interpersonal skills, (c) basic English skills, and (d) other business com munication abilities with the same degree of importance. Four one-way analyses of variance revealed no significant difference between 35 business professionals and 30 busi ness faculty concerning the four areas. However, when the 50 competencies within the four areas were ranked, some visible differences occurred in using the telephone and intercom, asking questions, and applying confidentiality.

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Pike, Robert M. "Kingston Adopts the Telephone." Articles 18, no. 1 (August 7, 2013): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017822ar.

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The adoption and use of the telephone in urban central Canada between 1876 and 1914 are explored within the context of the wider communications environment and the marketing strategies of the Bell Telephone Company. This context becomes the framework for a case study of the social diffusion of the telephone in Kingston, Ont, between 1883 and 1911. Utilizing telephone directories and early city directories, the case study concentrates on the socioeconomic and organizational characteristics of early phone subscribers and the physical location of their phones. Both business and residential subscribers are shown throughout the period to have been drawn mainly from the commercial and prof essional classes in Kingston and to have used the phone mainly for institutional, work-related purposes.

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Cohen, Jeffrey E. "The Telephone Problem and the Road to Telephone Regulation in the United States, 1876–1917." Journal of Policy History 3, no. 1 (January 1991): 42–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600004504.

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Between 1876 and 1917, government philosophy toward telephone regulation began moving away from laissez-faire and toward some kind of involvement in economic affairs. However, while some early studies of regulation suggest business hostility to that policy, AT&T actively sought regulation, jogging government and the public in that direction. But this study is not just a restatement of the interest-group-capture theory, as offered by such economists as Stigler or historians as Kolko. Regulation resulted from the convergence of interests of many affected players, including residential and business telephone subscribers, the independent telephone companies that competed with AT&T, and the state and federal governments, as well as AT&T. I employ a multiple interest theory to account for telephone regulation, but unlike other studies using such a framework, I suggest that government is an independent actor with impact on the final policy outcome, and not merely an arena where private interests battle for control over policy outcomes, as is so common among other multiple interest studies of regulation.

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Lord, Rhiannon, Nicola Bolton, Scott Fleming, and Melissa Anderson. "Researching a segmented market: reflections on telephone interviewing." Management Research Review 39, no. 7 (July 18, 2016): 786–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-01-2015-0020.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper was to review the effectiveness of telephone interviewing for capturing data and to consider in particular the challenges faced by telephone interviewers when capturing information about market segments. Design/methodology/approach The platform for this methodological critique was a market segment analysis commissioned by Sport Wales which involved a series of 85 telephone interviews completed during 2010. Two focus groups involving the six interviewers involved in the study were convened to reflect on the researchers’ experiences and the implications for business and management research. Findings There are three principal sets of findings. First, although telephone interviewing is generally a cost-effective data collection method, it is important to consider both the actual costs (i.e. time spent planning and conducting interviews) as well as the opportunity costs (i.e. missed appointments, “chasing participants”). Second, researchers need to be sensitised to and sensitive to the demographic characteristics of telephone interviewees (insofar as these are knowable) because responses are influenced by them. Third, the anonymity of telephone interviews may be more conducive for discussing sensitive issues than face-to-face interactions. Originality/value The present study adds to this modest body of literature on the implementation of telephone interviewing as a research technique of business and management. It provides valuable methodological background detail about the intricate, personal experiences of researchers undertaking this method “at a distance” and without visual cues, and makes explicit the challenges of telephone interviewing for the purposes of data capture.

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Jankalova, Miriam. "Assessment of the telephone service provision." International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 8, no. 1 (March 21, 2016): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-06-2015-0052.

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Purpose – A system of fixed defined criteria and indicators that would provide a complex picture of the telephone service provision by a particular company does not exist. The purpose of this paper is to propose a telephone service index which represents one of the possibilities how to solve problems related to the decision-making of a customer regarding the selection of a telecommunication company. Design/methodology/approach – The author has performed a primary research on the sample of 402 respondents from various regions of Slovakia with the aim to determine the rate of importance of criteria and their individual indicators when assessing the telephone service provision. With regard to the nature of the proposal, mathematical-statistical methods and secondary research were applied. Findings – Although the decisive factor of assessment of the telephone service provision by the telecommunication company is the ability of such company to meet and satisfy requirements and needs of customers, indices of situation are indicators of criteria quality, price, availability and individual partial indices. On the grounds of achieved results, the discriminatory function is presented, i.e. the telephone service index, being most suitable for a quantitative assessment of the telephone service provision. Practical/implications – The telephone service index can be applied in the area of regulation; it contributes to the support of effective economic competition to the development of domestic market and to support and taking into account interests of citizens. Social/implications – The index represents a source of information for three subjects operating on the telephone service market (regulatory office, service provider and service user). It provides content, form and method for publishing of different information that provides the users with the access to complete comparable and user-friendly information. Originality/value – It concerns the quantitative assessment of the telephone service provision by means of numerical indicators with differentiated weight. The proposed telephone service index represents a discriminatory function enabling the differentiation of telecommunication companies with regard to quality, price and availability of this service for customers.

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Sun, Hao. "Openings of Chinese telephone service encounters." Chinese Language and Discourse 3, no. 2 (December 14, 2012): 200–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.3.2.03sun.

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Focusing on openings of telephone service encounters, this study utilizes two sets of comparable discourse data in Chinese collected in the same linguistic community more than a decade apart to explore discoursal style changes over time. The comparative analysis examines forms, tasks and discursive interaction of the opening phase oftelephone service encounters in Shanghai, China.Differences in opening routines over time are observed, which include the adoption of institutionalized, more elaborative expressions as well as increased range of interactional tasks performed (including greeting and business self-identification) in more recent data. The findings indicate that a shift may have taken place in business discursive practices in China; it is also suggested that the style of answering telephone calls by businesses or services, or first turn of Chinese telephone service encounters, may have been in the process of being reshaped, gaining certain distinctive institutional markers, thus making such interactions somewhat distinguishable from the pick-up style for non-institutional telephone interactions at home.

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Rojo-Vázquez, Francisco A., and Barry C. Hosking. "A telephone survey of internal parasite control practices on sheep farms in Spain." Veterinary Parasitology 192, no. 1-3 (February 2013): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.004.

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Williams-Gascon, Ann. "Legal Insights To International Business In Spain." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 8, no. 1 (October 18, 2011): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v8i1.6195.

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Rodríguez-López, Jesús, Gustavo A. Marrero, Rosa Marina González, and Teresa Leal-Linares. "Road accidents and business cycles in Spain." Accident Analysis & Prevention 96 (November 2016): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.07.029.

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Renouf, Tia. "The Royal Flying Doctor Service." CJEM 1, no. 02 (July 1999): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500003924.

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The Royal Flying Doctor Service, or RFDS, is close to every rural Australian’s heart. Five aircraft in Alice Springs cover central Australia, an area of desert the size of Spain. People in need call the flying doctor, hundreds of miles away, by telephone or radio. These aircraft, really airborne ICUs, can be wherever help is needed in 45 minutes.

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Matías-Guiu, Jorge, Pedro Jesús Serrano-Castro, José Ángel Mauri-Llerda, Francisco José Hernández-Ramos, Juan Carlos Sánchez-Alvarez, and Marisa Sanz. "Analysis of Factors Influencing Telephone Call Response Rate in an Epidemiological Study." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/179375.

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Descriptive epidemiology research involves collecting data from large numbers of subjects. Obtaining these data requires approaches designed to achieve maximum participation or response rates among respondents possessing the desired information. We analyze participation and response rates in a population-based epidemiological study though a telephone survey and identify factors implicated in consenting to participate. Rates found exceeded those reported in the literature and they were higher for afternoon calls than for morning calls. Women and subjects older than 40 years were the most likely to answer the telephone. The study identified geographical differences, with higher RRs in districts in southern Spain that are not considered urbanized. This information may be helpful for designing more efficient community epidemiology projects.

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Sun, Hao. "Shifting practices and emerging patterns: Telephone service encounters in Shanghai." Language in Society 41, no. 4 (August 23, 2012): 417–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404512000498.

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AbstractThis study explores the dynamic nature of language in context, utilizing two sets of comparable Chinese discourse data of telephone service encounters collected in the same community a decade apart. It describes and characterizes current business practices and identifies shifts in discursive practices in light of the patterns observed in the past. Observed changes include constitutive components of the global structure, local realization of the structural elements, and interaction dynamics as a result of changed, redefined contexts and realigned footings. I propose that observed shifts may represent and constitute in part the emergence in the community of the reconstruction, or reshaping, of a more distinctive telephone service encounter (TSE) spoken genre and related discursive features. With the adoption of more recognizable boundary markers, shifts in discursive practice of telephone service encounters in Shanghai may result in openings with distinguishable features from calls made to residences. (Discourse analysis, service encounter, practice, telephone in business, China, spoken genre)*

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Lackman, Conway. "Forecasting sales for regional telephone services." Services Marketing Quarterly 9, no. 1 (1993): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332969.1993.9985083.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Telephone in business – Spain'

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