Academic literature on the topic 'Telephone, 1886'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Telephone, 1886.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Telephone, 1886"
1
Hayes, Holly. "Physician Advertising in 1886: Touting by Telephone." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 261, no. 3 (January 20, 1989): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03420030053017.
Full text
2
Hayes, H. "Physician advertising in 1886: touting by telephone." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 261, no. 3 (January 20, 1989): 379b—379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.261.3.379b.
Full text
3
Casasola Balsells, María Araceli, Vicente A. Pérez Chamorro, Mariano Sánchez Barrios, and Fernando Gutiérrez Hidalgo. "Valoración contable de la inversión extranjera: el caso de la Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España y la cantidad neta invertida (1924-1932)." De Computis - Revista Española de Historia de la Contabilidad 10, no. 19 (December 31, 2013): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26784/issn.1886-1881.v10i19.269.
Full textAbstract:
En España, ha tenido especial importancia la participación de capital extranjero en la modernización industrial a finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX. Sin embargo, en este periodo la literatura en Historia de la Contabilidad ha prestado escasa atención a las prácticas contables relacionadas con la valoración de la inversión extranjera y en especial en empresas concesionarias de servicios públicos del Estado.En consecuencia, el trabajo tiene como objeto describir las prácticas y exponer las críticas realizadas a la valoración contable de la inversión realizada por la “Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España” (CTNE), subsidiaria de norteamericana “International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation” (ITT), a efectos del rescate por el Estado y denominada “Cantidad Neta invertida”. El análisis se lleva a cabo desde el inicio de la concesión monopolista del servicio telefónico nacional otorgada durante la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera en 1924 hasta 1932, cuando durante la Segunda República se intentó a través de un Proyecto de Ley declarar nula e ilegal la concesión y proceder a su incautación.Los resultados del trabajo identifican las prácticas contables sobre la cantidad neta invertida llevadas a cabo por la CTNE y su divulgación en las memorias anuales. Asimismo, se exponen las principales críticas realizadas en cuanto a la valoración contable de esta partida, resaltando la insuficiente depreciación contable de las infraestructuras telefónicas, la inclusión de ciertos gastos amortizables como el impuesto del Timbre o los costes imputados a las infraestructuras en el momento de su adquisición.
4
Hitoshi, Fujino. "Impact of Work-Related Stress on Japanese Medical Professionals Employees' Psychological Well-Being." International Journal of Psychology 8, no. 1 (March 28, 2023): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijp.1886.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of occupational stress caused by job stress factors, working relationships and physical working conditions on the psychological well-being of medical professionals in hospitals in Japan.
Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low-cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
Results: The results revealed that there exist conceptual and contextual gaps relating to the study on effect of occupational stress caused by job stress factors, working relationships and physical working conditions on the psychological well-being of medical professionals in hospitals in Japan. Preliminary empirical review reveals that. only relationships with colleagues differ significantly based on the professional cadre of the respondents (p< 0.05) and insignificant relationship between job stress factors and psychological well-being (r = 0.058, p > 0.05).
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The job demand – control model and the job demands - resources model may be used to categorize the key work design factors which may relate to stress-related health issues. The results of this research will form the basis for further research to aid academicians and practitioners with knowledge on the relevance of establishing appropriate stress and health management system.
5
Makeda, Kelly. "The Psychological Effects of Environmental Degradation on Human Well-Being." International Journal of Humanity and Social Sciences 2, no. 5 (May 7, 2024): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijhss.1886.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: This study sought to investigate the psychological effects of environmental degradation on human well- being. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the psychological effects of environmental degradation on human well- being. Through a comprehensive review of empirical studies, it revealed the pervasive nature of environmental degradation's impact on human mental health, consistently finding associations between exposure to various environmental stressors and adverse psychological outcomes. The study emphasized the interconnectedness between environmental health and human well-being, highlighting the need for holistic approaches to sustainability that integrate mental health considerations. It underscored the importance of community engagement and participatory approaches in addressing the psychological effects of environmental degradation, advocating for community-based interventions to promote resilience and sustainable development. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Ecopsychology theory, Conservation Psychology theory and Stress and Coping theory may be used to anchor future studies on the psychological effects of environmental degradation on human well- being. The study offered valuable recommendations that contributed to theory, practice, and policy. It emphasized the need for an integrated theoretical framework that accounted for the multidimensional nature of environmental degradation and its psychological impacts. The recommendations highlighted the importance of integrating mental health considerations into environmental conservation efforts, promoting nature-based interventions, and prioritizing evidence-based policy reforms. Community engagement, interdisciplinary collaboration, and longitudinal research were identified as key strategies for addressing the psychological effects of environmental degradation and fostering resilience. Overall, the study provided a comprehensive roadmap for advancing understanding and addressing the complex interplay between environmental change and mental health outcomes.
6
Rajič, Goran. "An Overview of Telephony Development in Zagreb (1881-1981)." Review of Croatian history 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2020): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v16i1.11289.
Full textAbstract:
Within a mere hundred years from the appearance of the first telephone in Zagreb in 1881 until the establishment of the first electronic telephone exchange in 1981, telephony in Zagreb went through several formative periods to assert itself. Zagreb was transformed from a provincial town in the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy to the economic and cultural centre of Croatia. In that period, due to technological development, many changes took place that influenced the accessibility and price of the most popular telecommunications technology in the 20th century. At first a status symbol reserved for the wealthiest citizens, telephone gradually became accessible to all inhabitants of the city. In the decades after World War II, the new telephone infrastructure was constructed under the unfavourable conditions of technological underdevelopment, scarcity of professionals, and meagre financial resources. Nevertheless, despite all the aggravating circumstances, telephony managed to become an inevitable part of Zagreb’s everyday life. Modern telecommunications rest on these very steps that fixed telephony took in its development, and are therefore an indicator of the technological as well as cultural development of Zagreb.
7
Pike, Robert M. "Kingston Adopts the Telephone." Articles 18, no. 1 (August 7, 2013): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017822ar.
Full textAbstract:
The adoption and use of the telephone in urban central Canada between 1876 and 1914 are explored within the context of the wider communications environment and the marketing strategies of the Bell Telephone Company. This context becomes the framework for a case study of the social diffusion of the telephone in Kingston, Ont, between 1883 and 1911. Utilizing telephone directories and early city directories, the case study concentrates on the socioeconomic and organizational characteristics of early phone subscribers and the physical location of their phones. Both business and residential subscribers are shown throughout the period to have been drawn mainly from the commercial and prof essional classes in Kingston and to have used the phone mainly for institutional, work-related purposes.
8
Bills, Emily. "Connecting Lines: L.A.'s Telephone History and the Binding of the Region." Southern California Quarterly 91, no. 1 (2009): 27–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41172456.
Full textAbstract:
From the 1881 incorporation of Los Angeles' first telephone company, telecommunications spread rapidly in the city and its surrounding region. This article details the proliferation of telephony, and its role in the region's rapid growth and in the formation of region-wide economic networks. Conversely, Pomona, 30 miles from Los Angeles, serves as an example of how local telephone systems could also facilitate sub-regional economic blocs. The history of the telephone, this article argues, is essential to understanding the L.A. region's multi-nucleated development and its economic structure.
9
Maine, Barry. "Late Nineteenth-Century Trompe L'Oeil and Other Performances of the Real." Prospects 16 (October 1991): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300004555.
Full textAbstract:
“We live in an age of wonders!” exclaims a character in Henry James's The Bostonians (1886). And so it must have seemed to any American who could read the newspapers, which thrived, in the 1880s, on the business of proclaiming marvels. In The Bostonians one of the “wonders” is Miss Verena Tarrant, whose precocious and hypnotic speaking powers on the subject of women's rights — together with a pretty face and trim figure — succeeded in selling out the Boston Music Hall. Other wonders of the decade were less comely but more enduring: the lightbulb, the electric generator (which so awed Henry Adams), the telephone, the automobile, motion pictures, the linotype machine, the Kodak camera. The hawking of Verena Tarrant outside the Music Hall followed the American pattern of packaging, promoting, and generally celebrating (in a chauvinistic spirit) all manner of sensational feats, new technologies, and even writers and painters who caught the public's fancy. One of these was, of course, Mark Twain, who successfully promoted his own works through direct subscription sales. Also included among the sensational feats of the period were the trompe l'oeil (trick of the eye) still-life paintings by William Michael Harnett, who was heralded in a feature article that appeared in the New York News at the end of the decade. The headline ran as follows:Painted Like Real Things. The Man Whose Pictures Are a Wonder and a Puzzle. How He Began and the Success He Has Met With — Poverty Forced Him to Earn a Living in the Line in Which He Excells.
10
MacDougall, Robert. "The People’s Telephone: The Politics of Telephony in the United States and Canada, 1876–1926." Enterprise & Society 6, no. 4 (December 2005): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146722270001497x.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Telephone, 1886"
1
Stein, Jeremy Leon. "Ideology and the telephone : the social reception of a technology, London 1876-1920." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1381834/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the social reception of the telephone mainly in late-Victorian and Edwardian London. My objective is to understand how urban populations are educated to a new technology, and how technology is socially appraised and embedded. "The social reception of technology" is defined as the development and promotion of a new technology, the political reactions and social comment it stimulates, and the nature of its social and geographic diffusion. This approach, I argue, reveals important connections between technology, ideology and social power in the city. The telephone was one of several new space-binding technologies introduced into Britain between 1870 and 1920. The telephone contributed to the creation of a "networked city", and to the extension of the "public sphere". Because of the telephone's basic characteristics -- its speed and immediacy of communication -- commentators have regarded it as essentially modern and democratic. This view is considered deterministic and an exaggeration of the telephone's early significance. The telephone system developed gradually. Initially an elite technology, the telephone was first used and introduced in traditional ways. Developed in Britain largely by private interests, the telephone was commoditised by its promoters and marketed as a business machine. The long distance network was prioritised over local networks, business over social uses, and the extension of the price system over other possible social objectives. As the telephone system developed, this "entrepreneurialism" clashed with other ideological agents in the city: the individualism of private land ownership, professionalism of engineers and public servants, and with diverse state and non-state institutions claiming to represent the public interest. If not modern in function or consequence, the telephone I suggest was institutionally modern; in the attempts of its promoters and their opponents to use the "public sphere" in their own interest, yet always subject to it; to generate through the press and through material and symbolic practices talk about the telephone, yet always subject to public scrutiny in the form of press comment and criticism. The thesis illustrates these arguments through a survey of how the telephone was reported in the press; through a study of policy as revealed in the archives of the Post Office and the National Telephone Company; and through a case study of the telephone's diffusion in the middle class suburb of Hampstead.
2
Beauchamp, Christopher Robert. "Intellectual property and the politics of the telephone industry in the United States and Britain, 1876-1900." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612932.
Full text
3
Marino, Marit Sjovaag. "State traditions in institutional reform : a case study of French and German telephone policy debates from 1876 until 1997." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1776/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis tests the claim that national differences in sectoral state traditions diminish over time. The case study covers telephone policy debates in France and Germany in five time periods from 1876 until 1997: the 'consolidation phase' (1876 - 1900); the 1920s; the post-Second World War years; the debates leading up to corporatisation in the 1980s; and the debates around opening for full competition in the 1990s. The analytical framework is founded in writings on state traditions and on the role of ideas and discourse in policymaking. The study's object of investigation, 'sectoral state traditions', is developed to allow for comparison both longitudinally within one country and cross-nationally. It comprises the notion of authority and of who should be the relevant actors in the policy process; public ethos of sectoral policies; and criteria for legitimate decision-making procedures and discourse. Central concepts and ideas in public debates are identified in both countries for each period. The investigation of public political debates (parliamentary debates, governmental and other public documents, and newspaper articles) in each country shows that sectoral state traditions were highly resistant to change. Cross-national comparison further corroborates the persistence of the two sectoral state traditions, which, despite common external factors (technology, international cooperation, supranational legislation), showed little or no convergence. The set of actors perceived as relevant to policymaking remained largely stable throughout the period under investigation. The French ethos of "service public', and the German ethos of efficient infrastructure provision, remained central. Criteria for decision-making and discourse altered in France in the late 1980s, whereas they remained stable in Germany. Evidence therefore does not support a hypothesis of convergence between the two sectoral state traditions.
4
Homer, John. "Adaptive echo cancellation in telecommunications." Phd thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143556.
Full text
5
May, Marian B. "Asking women about having children : interaction in telephone-survey interviews." Phd thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/146213.
Full text
6
Farrer, Louise Marie. "Evaluating the feasibility and effectiveness of an Internet-based intervention for depression in a telephone counselling setting." Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150191.
Full textAbstract:
Self-administered, Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) programs have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of depression. Evidence suggests that the effects of these programs may be enhanced by the provision of guidance from therapists and non-specialists (i.e. trained research staff and lay people). Telephone counselling helplines are frequently and repeatedly used by individuals with chronic mental health problems and Internet-based interventions may be an effective tool for reducing depression in this population. The delivery of web-based interventions within a telephone counselling setting also enables the combination of Internet treatments with monitoring provided by a telephone counsellor, which may improve treatment adherence and outcome, and prevent dropout. A randomised controlled trial was used to assess the effectiveness of a 6 week, Internet-based CBT program (MoodGYM and BluePages) with and without weekly telephone tracking provided by a telephone counsellor. 155 callers to Lifeline (a national telephone counselling/service) with moderate to high levels of psychological distress were recruited and randomised to receive either (a) Internet-based CBT plus weekly telephone tracking, (b) Internet-based CBT only, (c) weekly telephone tracking only, or (d) neither Internet-based CBT nor telephone tracking (control condition). Participants were assessed at pre-intervention, post-intervention, 6 month follow-up and 12 month follow-up. Depression and anxiety symptoms were the primary outcome measures. A range of secondary outcomes were examined, including dysfunctional thinking, quality of life, hazardous alcohol use, suicidal ideation, knowledge of various treatments for depression, helpseeking, stigma, depression literacy and CBT literacy. Depression symptoms were significantly reduced in participants who received the Internet only (g = 0.76) and Internet plus tracking (g = 1.04) interventions, compared with the control condition at post-intervention. Significant reductions in depression were also found at 6 month follow-up for participants in the Internet only (g = 1.19) and Internet plus tracking (g = 1.26) conditions relative to the control condition. The intervention was not found to be effective for anxiety symptoms, although between group contrasts favoured the intervention conditions over the control condition. Telephone tracking did not confer any advantage over delivery of the Internet intervention alone, in terms of both treatment adherence and outcome. Regarding secondary outcomes, participants who completed the Internet intervention either with or without telephone tracking had lower levels of hazardous alcohol use, improved quality of life, improved knowledge of psychological treatments for depression, improved knowledge of alternative treatments for depression, and improved knowledge of CBT compared to those allocated to the control condition at post-intervention. Higher educational level and higher pre-intervention motivation for treatment predicted greater adherence to the intervention. Higher baseline depression symptom severity was associated with greater reductions in depression symptoms at post-intervention, 6 month follow-up and 12 month follow-up. There is clear potential for Internet-based treatments to be disseminated through telephone counselling settings. Additional research is needed to validate this model of Internet intervention delivery and to further examine the role of therapist and non-specialist guidance in Internet-based treatments. Depression is associated with significant personal and economic burden, and the positive results of the trial suggest that the delivery of Internet-based treatments through telephone helplines may prove to be a valuable new model for the delivery of psychological services.
7
Bertrand, Lise. "Décrire quantitativement les interventions téléphoniques des infirmières au service Info-Santé selon le niveau de compétence novice - compétent - expert." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6145.
Full textAbstract:
Les services téléphoniques de consultation en soins infirmiers sont en progression partout dans le monde. On sait que les infirmières qui possèdent une plus longue expérience de pratique au téléphone obtiennent davantage d’informations sur la condition de santé du client qui les consulte que celles qui comptent moins d’années d’expérience. Nous pouvons présumer que les niveaux d’expertise décrits par Benner (1984) expliquent cette différence. Toutefois aucune étude à ce jour ne décrit comment se manifeste cette différence entre les niveaux d’expertise dans la conversation au cours d’une intervention entre l’infirmière et l’appelant. Le but de cette étude descriptive était d’identifier les manifestations de cette expertise dans la communication, lors de la consultation téléphonique.
À l’aide du Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS), 190 enregistrements d’appels, entre infirmières (N = 15), de divers niveaux de compétence selon la nomenclature de Benner (1984) et les appelants qui les ont consultées, ont été analysés. Les appels étudiés, issus d’une étude de plus grande envergure, devaient être faits par le parent d’un enfant de moins de cinq ans, et devaient faire l’objet d’une première consultation. Il a été possible de nommer des caractéristiques, des forces et des faiblesses communes aux infirmières de chaque niveau d'expertise à l’étude. Bien qu’il existe des différences entre les moins expérimentées et celles qui ont une longue expérience clinique au téléphone, les résultats semblent indiquer que les infirmières de tous les niveaux d’expertise sont fortement centrées sur la tâche d’évaluation de la situation de santé de l’appelant, mais que leurs interventions incluent peu d’énoncés orientés vers l’établissement d’un réel partenariat avec l’appelant. Les résultats obtenus fournissent des informations qui pourraient être utilisées pour élaborer des stratégies de développement professionnel, et guider les administrateurs de ce service dans le choix des indicateurs d’évaluation de la qualité du service et de ses retombés sur sa clientèle. Toutefois un plus grand nombre d’infirmières participantes et un plus grand nombre d’appels permettraient de confirmer les résultats obtenus à partir de ces 190 appels.Nurse telephone consultation services are rapidly progressing throughout the world. It is known that nurses with a greater experience in telephone practise obtain more information on the client’s health condition when in consultation, than nurses with less experience. We can presume that Patricia Benner’s «levels of nursing experience», (1984), will provide us with an explanation for these differences. Yet, to this day, no study describes how these differences between levels of experience are manifested in conversation during an intervention between the nurse and the client. The object of this descriptive study was to identify the manifestations of this communication expertise during a telephone consultation. Using the Roter interaction analysis system (RIAS), 190 recorded calls between nurses (N = 15) with differing levels of expertise, according to Benner’ nomenclature (1984), and the callers who have consulted them were analyzed. The calls that were studied, from a larger study, were first calls from parents regarding their child aged five years or less. It was possible to observe characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses common to nurses within each level of expertise in this study. Despite the fact that there are differences between nurses with fewer years of experience and nurses with more clinical telephone experience, results seem to indicate that, regardless of their experience, nurses are strongly centered on the task of assessing the caller’s health situation; however, their interventions include few phrases aimed at establishing a true partnership with the caller. Results obtained provide information that could be used to elaborate professional developmental strategies, and guide administrators in their choice of indicators when evaluating service quality and its effect on clientele. Nevertheless, an increased number of nurse participants and a greater number of calls would enable us to confirm the results obtained from these 190 calls.
Ce mémoire est un des segments d'une recherche de plus grande envergure sur le service Info-Santé, et qui se déroule au Centre de Santé et de Services sociaux de Laval.
8
Turcotte, Yolaine. "Le poteau d’utilité publique, icône d’un autre siècle?" Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4874.
Full textAbstract:
Le réseau de distribution aérien, ou plus simplement le réseau de poteaux de bois et ses câbles, est encore aujourd’hui omniprésent dans la majorité des villes du Québec. Pour plusieurs, le réseau de poteaux d’utilité publique semble appartenir à une autre époque. Pourtant, les poteaux et câbles ne sont pas près de disparaître, au contraire, ils ne cessent de se transformer. Depuis peu, de plus en plus d’équipements s’ajoutent sur le réseau: boîtiers techniques, nombre de câbles, appareillages au sommet des poteaux, antennes de communication, etc. Bien que les équipements du réseau de distribution aérien soient des éléments produits industriellement, ceux-ci intègrent rarement les services du design industriel au moment de leur conception initiale.
Cette recherche étudie le système de distribution aérien sous l’angle de la « pensée design ». L’intention de cette étude est d’analyser les impacts de la présence du réseau aérien en milieux urbains et a pour objectif d’orienter les pratiques de conception de ce type d’équipements. Pour ce faire, dans une optique transdisciplinaire, diverses approches ont été sollicitées dont: l’approche systémique, l’approche paysage et les approches des partenaires des réseaux.
Au moyen d’une recherche documentaire et d’observations faites sur le terrain, la recherche vise à dresser un portrait général du réseau de distribution aérien et les défis qui y sont associés. La recherche expose, dans un état des lieux, les résultats issus des questions analytiques de recherche suivantes: de quoi est composé le réseau de distribution aérien, quels sont les intervenants sur le réseau, quelles sont leurs interactions, quels sont les points de vue des différentes catégories d’acteurs en relation avec le réseau, quels sont les impacts reliés à la présence du réseau en milieux urbains et quelle a été son évolution au fil des années. Dans la perspective de l’approche design, chercher à comprendre une problématique de façon plus large permet de s’assurer que l’on répond au bon problème, que l’on considère tous les facteurs en cause visant ainsi à réduire les répercussions négatives sur les contextes de vie actuels et futurs.
Les principaux constats de cette recherche démontrent que la composition du réseau de distribution, avant même de considérer les nouveaux usages et l’ajout de nouveaux équipements, présente des lacunes importantes. La gestion entre les divers partenaires du réseau de distribution pose aussi problème. L’ajout de nouveaux équipements sur le réseau, combiné aux multiples équipements apparaissant sur les voies publiques laisse entrevoir l’atteinte d’un niveau de saturation des milieux urbains. Les façons de faire hermétiques et «cristallisées» des partenaires du réseau ne collent pas avec les initiatives et aspirations générales en matière d’aménagement.
En étudiant la problématique du réseau de distribution par le biais de la pensée design, l’approche design cherche à déceler, de façon proactive, les opportunités de design qui permettront de mieux gérer l’apparition et l’intégration des nouveaux équipements sur les poteaux. Cette démarche permet d’envisager des solutions qui visent à limiter les répercussions collatérales une fois en contexte et qui, du même coup, adressent des problématiques connexes.
Finalement, à la lumière de l’état des lieux, cette recherche propose des critères de conception de futurs réseaux de distribution, élaborés dans l’esprit de l’approche design.The aerial distribution network, also known as the utility network, comprised of wooden poles and its cables, is still omnipresent in the majority of Québec’s cities. Although many perceive the public utility poles as belonging to another era, they are not ready to disappear; quite the opposite, they don’t cease to evolve. Recently, more and more pieces of equipment have been added to the network: technical contraptions, additional cables, apparatuses mounted on the summit, antennas for wireless communication, etc. Although these devices are industrially produced, the service of industrial designers has been rarely solicited during their initial conception. This research examines the aerial distribution system from a design prospective, an angle of the « new » design approach also called design thinking. The intent of this study is to analyze the impact of the aerial distribution network on the urban environment with the goal of better guiding future design practices of such infrastructures. In order to do so with a transdisciplinary mind-set, several approaches have been solicited: the systemic approach, the landscape approach and the approach of system partnership. Through literature search and field observation the research intends to obtain a holistic view of the aerial distribution network and its challenges. Through inventory, the research exposes the results of our analytical questioning: what does the aerial distribution network consist of, who intervenes with and within the network, what are their interactions, what are the viewpoints of the different categories of actors with regards to the network, how does the presence of the network impact the urban landscape and how has it evolved over the years. From a design perspective, seeking to understand an overall problem situation helps to insure that the right problems are being addressed, that all contributing aspects are being taken into account and thus diminishing negative repercussions on the current and future contextual situations. The main findings of this research show that the current composition of the distribution network has significant shortcomings, even without taking into consideration the newly added services, uses and equipment. Management among service providers using the network is also facing challenges. The add-on of devices combined with all other equipment that gradually appear on public streets allow us to anticipate a level of saturation within the urban landscape. The hermetic and « crystallized » practices of the service providers that share the network are neither in line with the initiatives nor with the general aspirations when it comes to urban planning. Studying the problem situation of the distribution network using a design approach allows us to proactively isolate design opportunities that aim for the improvement of the existing situation, with regards to the newly appearing equipment on the poles. This approach encourages solutions that limit collateral repercussions once in its contextual environment and addresses at the same time other problem areas. Finally, the analysis of the research results allows us to enumerate a series of guidelines for the design of a future distribution network, which have been elaborated from a design perspective.
9
Karunanayake, Mihiran. "Breast Reconstruction Post-Mastectomy : an Assessment of Rates, Limiting Factors and Attitudes at a Tertiary Care Center in Quebec." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19436.
Full textAbstract:
La reconstruction mammaire post-mastectomie améliore le bien-être psychosocial, et l’image corporelle des patientes. Parcontre, la reconstruction mammaire demeure faiblement utilisée et même inaccessible à des patients dû à des facteurs limitants. Les taux de reconstruction et les facteurs qui influencent l’accès à la reconstruction n’ont pas été évalués dans la province du Québec.
Avec une revue de dossier rétrospective, l’objectif de notre étude est d’identifier les taux de reconstruction mammaire dans un centre tertiaire à Montréal et les facteurs qui influencent l’accès à la reconstruction, avec un revu de dossier rétrospective. Ensuite, nous avons évaluer directement dans la même cohorte de patientes, leur désire d’avoir une consultation en chirurgie plastique pour discuter d’une reconstruction.
Il y avait un taux total de reconstruction mammaire post-mastectomie de 21%, dont 14% était immédiat et 8% tardif. Les patientes qui ont eu une reconstruction étaient plus jeunes, plus de tendance à avoir une plus grande proportion de mastectomie bilatérale, avaient des cancers non-invasifs et habitaient plus loin de l’hôpital (>10km). Environ la moitié des patientes avec une mastectomie sont intéresser à avoir une consultation avec un chirurgien plasticien mais seulement 38% ont eu une reconstruction. Les chances d’avoir subi une reconstruction, augmentent lorsqu’une reconstruction est offerte et expliquée.
Présentement, il existe des barrières autres que les désires de la patiente qui empêchent l’accès à la reconstruction mammaire post-mastectomie.Breast reconstruction post-mastectomy has been shown to improve psychosocial wellbeing, and body image. However, accessibility and acceptance of breast reconstruction is limited, with patients being unequally privileged based a number of limiting factors. To date, no evaluation on the rates of reconstruction and the factors that influence patient access has been performed in the province of Quebec. The objective of the research was two-fold with the first component being to identify the rates of breast reconstruction at a tertiary care center in Montreal and the factors influencing the rates of reconstruction through a retrospective chart review. The second component was to directly evaluate in the same cohort of breast cancer patients; their interest in a consultation with plastic surgery through a telephone questionnaire. There was a total rate of PMBR of 21%, where 14% of patients had an immediate reconstruction and 8% of eligible patients underwent a delayed reconstruction. Patients that received a PMBR were younger, more likely to have bilateral mastectomies, had non-invasive breast cancer and resided further then 10km from the hospital. Approximately half of patients with a mastectomy were interested in consulting a plastic surgeon but only 38% of all patients underwent a reconstruction. The offer and awareness of reconstruction increased the chance of opting to have a reconstruction. There are barriers outside of the patient’s own desires that impede their access to breast reconstruction.
Books on the topic "Telephone, 1886"
1
Duncan, Patricia B. Genealogical abstracts from The Telephone, 1889-1896: Loudoun County, Virginia. Westminster, Md: Heritage Books, 2008.
Find full text
2
Duncan, Patricia B. Genealogical abstracts from The Telephone, 1889-1896: Loudoun County, Virginia. Westminster, Md: Heritage Books, 2008.
Find full text
3
Ellefsen, Terje. Telephones: Telephones in Norway 1880-2000. Oslo: Norwegian Telecom Museum, 2000.
Find full text
4
Aulas, Pierre. Les origines du téléphone en France (1876-1914). Paris: Association pour le développement de l'histoire économique (ADHE), 1999.
Find full text
5
Garnet, Robert W. The telephone enterprise: The evolution of the Bell System's horizontal structure, 1876-1909. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.
Find full text
6
Hernández, María Teresa Vásquez. Inicio de la telefonía en Nuevo León (1883-1953). Monterrey, México: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 2012.
Find full text
7
Ellefsen, Terje. Telefonen: Telefonapparater i Norge 1880-2000. Oslo: Norsk telemuseum, 2000.
Find full text
8
Santos, Rogério. Olhos de boneca: Uma história das telecomunicações (1880-1952). Lisboa: Edições Colibri, 1999.
Find full text
9
Wie benutze ich den Fernsprecher?: Die Anleitung zum Telefonieren im Berliner Telefonbuch, 1881-1996/97. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1997.
Find full text
10
Occomore, D. "Number please!": A history of the early London telephone exchanges from 1880 to 1912. Romford: Ian Henry, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Telephone, 1886"
1
Karim, Asif, Eshtiak Ahmed, Sami Azam, Bharanidharan Shanmugam, and Pronab Ghosh. "Mitigating the Latency Induced Delay in IP Telephony Through an Enhanced De-Jitter Buffer." In Mobile Computing and Sustainable Informatics, 1–16. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1866-6_1.
Full text
2
Noam, Eli. "Norway." In Telecommunications in Europe, 220–23. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195070521.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Norwegian state telegraph company was established in 1855, four years after the first telegraph line was installed. The telephone was introduced in 1880 by the International Bell Telephone Company. Within a year, Bell established local franchises in Oslo and Drammen. A second private system was launched in the capital to compete with the Bell System, but the two were combined in 1886 into the Christiana Telephone Company when the vigorous competition between them yielded what municipal officials deemed were counterproductive results. The city government thus committed itself to a role in the development of Oslo’s communications system and retained a share in the new company (Holcombe, 1911).
3
Noam, Eli. "Turkey." In Telecommunications in Europe, 267–69. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195070521.003.0025.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Telephone service began in Turkey in 1881 with lines connecting various post offices, government buildings, and banking branches. In 1909, a more complete network was created in Istanbul. In 1913, three government exchanges were established, followed by an exchange operated by a foreign company. International telephony was established during World War I, with service to Germany, Turkey’s ally. After the war, international service was interrupted until 1931, when service to Sofia, Bulgaria, was reopened.
4
Schiller, Dan. "Antimonopoly, in the Country and the City." In Crossed Wires, 73—C2P106. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639238.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Opposition to corporate control of US telecommunications expanded soon after the originating Bell telephone patents were filed in 1876. In one reform thrust, antimonopolists threw support to independent—that is, non-Bell, or AT&T—suppliers after Bell’s patents lapsed in 1894. Between the 1880s and the 1910s, loose coalitions of farmers, workers, businesses, and middle-class reformers also repeatedly mobilized in support of a Post Office takeover of telegraphs and telephones. Finally, political campaigns for municipal ownership of local telephone systems also gained traction during the 1910s. Relentlessly opposed by AT&T, however, the antimonopoly coalition eroded. Settlements were reached with the giant telephone company by, respectively, large business users and many independent telephone companies. These agreements subjected AT&T to government regulation and stripped away support for postalization; but they did not touch the interests of restive telecommunications workers. As World War I approached, therefore, the political economy of telecommunications remained unstable.
5
Pool, Robert. "The Power of Ideas." In Beyond Engineering. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195107722.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
When Edison introduced his new-fangled electric-lighting system, he found a receptive audience. The public, the press, and even his competitors— with the possible exception of the gaslight industry—recognized that here was a technology of the future. Alexander Graham Bell, on the other hand, had a tougher time. In 1876, just three years before Edison would create a practical light bulb, Bell’s invention of the telephone fell flat. “A toy,” his detractors huffed. What good was it? The telegraph already handled communications quite nicely, thank you, and sensible inventors should be trying to lower the cost and improve the quality of telegraphy. Indeed, that’s just what one of Bell’s rivals, Elisha Gray, did—to his everlasting regret. Gray had come up with a nearly identical telephone some months before Bell, but he had not patented it. Instead, he had turned his attention back to the telegraph, searching for a way to carry multiple signals over one line. When Gray eventually did make it to the patent office with his telephone application, he was two hours behind Bell. Those two hours would cost him a place in the history books and one of the most lucrative patents of all time. Some months later, Bell offered his patent to the telegraph giant Western Union for a pittance—$100,000—but company officials turned him down. The telephone, they thought, had no future. It wasn’t until the next year, when Bell had gotten financing to develop his creation on his own, that Western Union began to have second thoughts. Then the company approached Thomas Edison to come up with a similar machine that worked on a different principle so that it could sidestep the Bell patent and create its own telephone. Eventually, the competitors combined their patents to create the first truly adequate telephones, and the phone industry took off. By 1880 there were 48,000 phones in use, and a decade later nearly five times that. More recently, when high-temperature superconductors were first created in 1986, the experts seemed to be competing among themselves to forecast the brightest future for the superconductor industry.
6
Noam, Eli. "Ireland." In Telecommunications in Europe, 232–36. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195070521.003.0020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The United Telephone Company opened its first exchange (with five subscribers) in 1880.1 United was taken over in 1882 by the Telephone Company of Ireland, which oversaw a slow growth to 500 lines in Dublin by 1988. The operation was acquired in 1893 by the National Telephone Company, which rapidly developed the network to encompass fifty-six exchanges by 1900. The Post Office, which operated the telegraph and feared revenue losses, began in 1893 slowly to invest in trunk lines and submarine cables. By 1908 the Post owned thirty-three exchanges to National’s eighty-five (Litton, 1961).
7
"Fictions of the Victorian Telephone." In Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900, 49–71. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108631884.003.
Full text
8
Bellamy, Edward. "Chapter XIII." In Looking Backward 2000-1887. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199552573.003.00014.
Full textAbstract:
As Edith had promised he should do, Dr. Leete accompanied me to my bedroom when I retired, to instruct me as to the adjustment of the musical telephone.* He showed how, by turning a screw, the volume of the music could be made...
9
Ronell, Avital. "1876, March 10 The art of telephony." In A New Literary History of America, 362–66. Harvard University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/9780674054219-077.
Full text
10
Noam, Elim. "The United States." In Telecommunications in the Pacific Basin, 473–90. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195084214.003.0025.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Telecommunications in the United States began in 1836 with Samuel Morse and the electromagnetic telegraph. The first U.S. telegraph message, sent from Baltimore to Washington in 1844, was, “What hath God wrought?” The same question was being asked one and a half centuries later when there was fear U.S. telecommunications had been severely crippled by the policy of deregulation, and by the divestiture of the dominant telecommunications institution, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T).
Conference papers on the topic "Telephone, 1886"
1
Hutt, D. L., K. J. Snell, and P. A. Bélanger. "Working model of Alexander Graham Bell’s photophone." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.tuy1.
Full textAbstract:
In the year 1880, Alexander Graham Bell patented a device with which a human voice could be transmitted by using a beam of intensity modulated light. He considered this instrument, the photophone, to be his greatest invention, “…even greater than the telephone.” The original photophone used a thin silvered glass plate to reflect a beam of sunlight. The voice of someone speaking near the plate caused it to vibrate, which in turn induced slight variations in the divergence of the reflected beam. The receiver used a photoresistive detector made of pure selenium connected to a Bell telephone earpiece. Bell and his assistant managed to communicate over a distance of 240 m with their photophone. We have built a working model of the photophone that respects the principles of operation of the original device. Instead of a beam of sunlight, we use an ordinary flashlight as a source. The modulating diaphragm is virtually identical to that used by Bell. The receiver uses an inexpensive CdS detector, a cousin of Bell's selenium detector. It is easy to understand how the demonstration works, and it is fun to see how a flashlight can be used to talk to someone across the room. Although the photophone never found practical applications, it is one of the earliest examples of optical communication technology.