Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Télédétection et SIG'
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Cabral, Pedro. "Étude de la croissance urbaine par la télédétection, SIG et modélisation : le cas des Concelhos de Sintra et Cascais (Portugal)." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0138.
Full textThis thesis is a study in remote sensing, GIS and modeling using a planning perspective. The main objective is to understand urban phenomena by responding to the following questions: where, when, how much and in what way did urban growth occur in the Concelhos of Sintra and Cascais (Portugal) between 1989 and 2001. We start by comparing several image satellite classification methods to establish the most adequate for the study area. The introduction of an intermediate year and the application of change detection techniques will enable us to describe the urban dynamics. Finally, modeling will allow us to retrieve information about « how » did urban growth occur, and will occur until 2025, using scenarios of different environmental policies
Vicente, May Céline Thelma. "Conception et réalisation du SIG intégrant la téléanalyse des dégradations urbaines vers la planification socio-environnementale : une approche de la production des "spatioplans" pour le secteur Est de Manille metropolitaine." Paris 10, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA100086.
Full textBou, Kheir Rania. "Etude des risques d'érosion hydrique des sols par télédétection et SIG : application à une région représentative du Liban." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INAP0034.
Full textDumas, Pascal. "Caractérisations des littoraux insulaires : approche géographique par télédétection et SIG pour une gestion intégrée. Application en Nouvelle-Calédonie." Orléans, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ORLE1057.
Full textElaborated over the last decade, the concept of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is today considered as a consistent solution to problems caused by the intensification of human settlements and their related land use conflits. This work proposes a methodology based on the use of remote sensing and GIS for coastal management in New-Caledonia. The first moment of our method consists in discussing the concepts of "insular ecosystem", "coastal zone" and "ICZM". The second moment determines five main steps essential to the ICZM process. The delimitation of the coastal zone is undertaken at first, in order to thoroughly define the extension of our study zone. In a second time, we present a characterization of the natural and anthropogenic systems (aquaculture, cattling, agriculture, urbanization). Then, the third step in the ICZM process is articulated around the notions of anthropogenic and natural pressures existing upon the marine ecosystems, using spatialized indicators. We quantify nitrogen fluxes produced by each type of human activity, in order to assess the intensity of organic pollution suffered by the ecosystems. In the same way, soil erosion processes are adressed, in order to estimate the quantity of sedimentary material carried toward the ocean. Applied to the terrories of Dumbéa, Païta et Boulouparis, these proceedings lead us to elaborate cartographies representing nitrogen production per terrestrial land use unit on the coastal zone, and to develop a mapping of soil erosion sensibility per water basin. The informations obtained are then crossed, in a fourth methodological step, to data sets characterizing the level of marine containment. The objective is to locate and proritize risks of hyper-sedimentation and eutrophization of marine ecosystems and to identify threats of possible degradations. Finally, our last step consists in a diachronic analysis between 1986 and 2001, revealing the evolutions in land uses occurred on the coastal zone fringe of the terrotories at study
Bensaid, Abdelkrim. "SIG et télédétection pour l'étude de l'ensablement dans une zone aride : le cas de la wilaya de Naâma (Algérie)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10051.
Full textIn Algeria, nearly 20 million hectares are threatened by wind erosion. For a long time, the phenomenon of wind erosion and its hamlful effects on the natural environ ment constitute a serious problcm, especially in the arid regions of the country. These last years. Following the irrational exploitation of the natural resources (fodder) and with the setting in culture of the fragile grounds (cIearing) this process was particularly accentuated. The extent of degradation in the arid region of the wilaya of Naâma generated a new situation characterized by the reduction of vegetable cover, the decrcase in the production as weIl as the extension of the fast stranding on the zones development. With through this study, we tried to show on the one hand, the potential of the use of the remote sensing : and the GIS for the characterization of the condition of the land use and its space-time evolution from the treatments carried out on a series of Landsat TM and MSS imagery of various dates (1972,1987 and 2002). Ln addition to place at the disposal of the potential users and the decision maker's information on the environment and the natural resources of these zones, via the installation of a prototype integrated in a geographical infommtion system. The prototype is conceived based on the principle of double-prototyping method. The system will be a tool of decision-making aid, useful for the management of the natural phenomena, and more patiicularly the land degradation and the stranding of the grounds of the wilaya of Naâma
Nimlang, Nanlok Henry. "Modélisation et prévision du risque de maladie à l'aide de la télédétection et du SIG : Application aux cas de paludisme au Nigeria." Electronic Thesis or Diss., IMT Mines Alès, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EMAL0004.
Full textThroughout the thesis, the research aims, objectives and research questions presented are followed by detailed analyses, processes and methods used to achieve these tasks. This takes the form of contributions that aim to answer research questions based on their respective methods and results. In this thesis, the presented contributions are mainly categorized in to two main areas: the spatial risk factors parameters identification (Ecological, Meteorological, Socio-economic, and epidemiological) and analysis. Geostatistical and geospatial analysis, modelling, justification, and validation. The first contribution in the form of geospatial modelling of malaria risk factors using expert’s intuition to determine the relative importance of risk factors such as ecological, meteorological, socioeconomic, and epidemiological data. This model allows the assessment of the spatial distribution of malaria within the study area and a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between vectors, host and environment, with the aim of developing an effective tool specifically tailored to an effective management decision in the context of the introduction of Vector control measures and strategies. This contribution aims to develop a model that can be used to examine the relationship between environmental variables and their causative incidences of the disease. This will be used to understand the spatial spread of the risk, develop early warning systems, build an appropriate intervention mechanism and assess the transmission dynamics of the disease. The overall implementation of the Malaria Risk Model is aimed at better understanding the complexity of malaria transmission risk in the study area and in Nigeria as a whole. Furthermore, by identifying endemic malaria-prone regions and using various risk factor parameters covering the different domains of social composition, environment, climate and socio-economic activities, this thesis provides policymakers with the necessary tools to target malaria intervention measures to plan and implement alongside appropriate vector surveillance and optimal use of scarce resources. Lastly, given the lack of entomological data on vector distribution, the risk model can also help authorities identify the geographical regions where vector control programs and surveillance should focus
Bourcier, Alban. "Télédétection et combinaison d'informations géographiques en mode image : Application à l'aménagement de l'estuaire de la Seine." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUEL181.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to show how interesting spot images can be for cartographic updating and to underline the dynamics of changes in the estuary's landscape. Especially when used in combination with other types of geographical reference data. The first chapter allows us to perceive the general outline of the thesis ans finishes with a presentation of the exact specifications of the satellite images that have been used. The second chapter is organized into three interlocking sections. The first section points out the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation, the process of procurement from space and the elementary methods for the treatment of color and its use. The second section gives a detailled explanation of the way the satellite data is handled and seems capable of giving an answer to those seeking practical solutions to the use of the local terrain. The third section attempts to show the interest of usind data acquired at different dates for the understanding of changes in the landscape. In the third chapter, various experiments carried out using the image mode show how interesting it is to combine different types of space-based information. Finally, the fourth chapter of the thesis allows us to point out how one type of satellite image mapping (grid-square system) is used. We find notions of space mapping and the grid-square system, followed by a presentation of the general method and the grid-square software developped for this study
Abdallah, Chadi. "Application de la télédétection et des systèmes d'informations géographiques à l'étude des mouvements de terrain au Lyban." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066085.
Full textAmong the various natural hazards, mass movements (MM) are probably the most damaging to the natural and human environment in the Mediterranean countries, including Lebanon which represents a good case study of mountainous landscape. Although affecting vast areas in the country, the phenomenon was not studied at regional scale, and related maps are still lacking. Therefore, this research deals with the use of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques in studying MM in Lebanon. In this context, the first part reviews existing knowledge on the topics of mass movements (MM) specifically in the Mediterranean region, and defines research gaps. It exposes the diverse types of MM, their magnitudes, the causative agents and their bad consequences. It clarifies confusions related to MM-terms (hazard, susceptibility, risk, etc. ), and compares the efficiencies of the most used methods for MM susceptibility/hazard zonation. It includes also a statement on remote sensing and GIS benefits and constraints in mass movement studies, pointing out possible ways of research. The second part is dedicated to the detailed description of the study area “the Mediteranean slopes of central to north Lebanon” within Lebanon. Physical/morphodynamic and socioeconomic characteristics of the area are exposed, as well as the natural hazards, MM events, their socio-economic impacts and mitigation measures. All previous studies about MM hazard in Lebanon are reviewed. The studied area, extending from the Mediterranean coast to around 3000 m elevation, covers ~36% of the total area of Lebanon. It represents the geoenvironmental diversity of this country in terms of geology, soil, hydrography, land cover and climate. It is characterized by problematic human activities (e. G. , chaotic urban expansion, artificial recharge of groundwater, overgrazing, forest fire) enhancing environmental decline and inducing MM, with minimal government control. The third part compares the applicability of different satellite sensors (Landsat TM, IRS, SPOT4) and preferred image processing techniques (False Color Composite “FCC”, Pansharpen, Principal component analysis “PCA”, Anaglyph) for the mapping of MM recognized as landslides, rock/debris falls and earth flows. Results from the imagery have been validated by field surveys and analysis of IKONOS imagery (1 m) acquired in some locations witnessing major MM during long periods. Then, levels of accuracies of detected MM from satellite imageries were plotted. This study has demonstrated that the anaglyph produced from the two panchromatic stereo-pairs SPOT4 images remains the most effective tool setting the needed 3-D properties for visual interpretation and showing maximum accuracy of 69%. The PCA pan-sharpen Landsat TM-IRS image gave better results in detecting MM, among other processing techniques, with maximum accuracy level of 62%. The errors in interpretation fluctuate not only according to the processing technique, but also due to the difference in MM type. They are minimal once 3D anaglyph SPOT4 is considered, varying between 31% (landslides), 36% (rock and debris falls) and reaching 46% in the case of earth and debris flows. The fourth part explores relationships between MM occurrence and different factor terrain parameters. Parameters expressed by: 1- preconditioning factors, like: elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, slope curvature, lithology, proximity to fault line, karst type, distance to quarries, soil type, distance to drainage line, distance to water sources, land cover/use, and proximity to roads, and 2- triggering MM factors, like: rainfall quantity, seismic events, floods and forest fires, were correlated with MM using GIS-approaches. This study indicates, depending on bivariate remote sensing and GIS statistical correlations (Kendall Tau-b correlation), that lithology is the most influencing on MM occurrence, having the highest correlation with other parameters (i. E. 7 times correlated at 1% level of significance and 3 times at 5%). It also shows that statistical correlations to mass movements exist best between parameters at the following decreasing order of importance: soil type/distance to water sources (acting similarly on MM occurrence), karst/distance to quarries/land cover-use, proximity to faults, slope gradient/proximity to roads/floods, seismic events, elevation/slope aspect/forest fires. These correlations were verified and checked through field observations and explained using univariate statistical correlations. Therefore, they could be extrapolated to other Mediterranean countries having similar geoenvironmental conditions. The fifth part proposes a mathematical decision making method – Valuing Analytical Bi- Univariate (VABU) that considers two-level weights for mapping MM susceptibility/hazard (1:50,000 cartographic scale) within the study area. The reliability of this method is examined through field surveys and depending on a GIS comparison with other statistical methods – Valuing accumulation Area (VAA) (depending on one weight level) and Information Value (InfoVal) (requiring detailed measurements of MM areas). Three susceptibility maps were derived using preconditioning parameters, while hazard maps were produced from triggering ones. The coincidence values of overlapping susceptibility maps were found to be equal to 47. 5% (VABU/VAA), 54% (VABU/InfoVal) and 38% (VAA/InfoVal). The agreement between hazard maps showed closer values than susceptibility ones, oscillating between 36. 5% (VAA/InfoVal), 39% (VABU/VAA), and 44 % (VABU/InfoVal). Field verification indicates that the total precision of the produced susceptibility maps ranges from 52. 5% (VAA method), 67. 5% (InfoVal method) and 77. 5% (VABU method). This demonstrates the efficiency of our method, which consequently can be adopted for predictive mapping of MM susceptibility/hazard in other areas in Lebanon and may be easily extrapolated using the functional capacities of GIS. The sixth part predicts the geographic distribution and volume of block falls (m3) across the study area using GIS decision-tree modelling. Such mapping was unavailable in Lebanon, but also in many other countries putting effort on landslide research rather than other types of MM. Several decision-tree models were developed using (1) all terrain parameters, (2) topographic parameters only, (3) geologic parameters only, and adopting various processing techniques (pruned and unpruned trees). The best regression tree model combined all parameters and explained 80% of the variability in field blocks falls’ measurements. The unpruned model built using four geological parameters (lithology, soil type, proximity to fault line, and karst type) seems also interesting, classifying 68% of block falls and referring to a small amount of input data (4 parameters). The produced predictive quantitative block falls’ map at 1:50,000 appears extremely useful for decision-making, helping adoption of mitigation measures to reduce the occurrence of harmful block falls. The seventh part focuses on monitoring MM activity through integrating space borne radar data and Global Positioning System (GPS) techniques. ERS radar imageries were processed using InSAR and permanent scatters techniques. The analysis showed difficulties in detecting ground deformations due to MM. Nevertheless, the analysis is still in its preliminary stage and future planned work will take into consideration other manipulating procedures for detecting the displacements. On the other hand, a GPS installation in Hammana area; one of the Lebanese villages lying in a major landslide, was conducted. Two campaigns were raised, but results are still lacking since there is not enough data accumulation. More observations are still needed to build up a comprehensive picture on the direction and velocity of the movement
Tra, Bi Zamblé Armand. "Etude de l'impact des activités anthropiques et de la variabilité climatique sur la végétation et les usages des sols, par utilisation de la télédétection et des statistiques agricoles, sur le bassin versant du Bouregreg (MAROC)." Thesis, Artois, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ARTO0008/document.
Full textThe Bouregreg watershed is located in the Northwest central Morocco. It’s a semi-arid basin of the humid part of the kingdom. Agriculture is a key pillar of the Moroccan economy. However, the agricultural area of the country is limited due to adverse climate conditions. This agricultural, area located in humid regions is only 20% of the national territory, hence a particular interest in favorable agricultural areas as Bouregreg watershed. Furthermore, although Morocco has undertaken major investments in irrigation, some areas such as the Bouregreg basin remained on the sidelines of this policy for reasons related to their natural fragility. Paradoxically, despite the attention given to irrigated agriculture in the various agricultural development policies of the country since independence, rainfed agriculture remains the main source of agricultural production, especially grain. Well, this rainfed agriculture associated with a significant ranching, focuses more on climatically favorable areas such as the Bouregreg basin, without taking into account the fragility of the soil and natural vegetation of these areas. The present study, conducted with the support of the SIGMED project, highlights the spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation and soil of the Bouregreg basin under the combined action of adverse anthropogenic and climatic pressures from 1980 to 2009. This study uses the tool of remote sensing, GIS and statistical. Analysis of remote sensing is made from multiple scales from low resolution to high spatial resolution. It is the same for the temporal analysis, where are used both images of high temporal repetitiveness (NOAA and MODIS) and low temporal resolution (LANDSAT AND SPOT 5). Exploitation of these images combines remote sensing and statistical time series analysis and correlation. Analysis of various interactions between the dynamics of natural factors, including climate, and the anthropogenic factors, is carried out by GIS. For further reflection in the field of geographical prospective about the future of the basin in a climate environment increasingly unfavorable, climate analyzes were made from projections of regional climate models for 2050 and 2100 horizons. The main results of this study showed a significant decrease in plant productivity due to more increasing degradation caused by farming and climate actions. Based on the projections of climate models, this dynamics is likely to continue, so that beyond 2050, the system of rainfed production will have to disappear. As for forest formation, they should suffer as result more pressure which should lead to their disappearance. If an effective backup policy is not implemented. This dynamics to be highlights the importance of the issue of adaptation basin conditions of climate change
Al, Kwatli Mohamad Amer. "Evolution volcano-tectonique du nord de la plaque arabique (la syrie) : cadre géodynamique, chronologie K-Ar, caractères géochimiques et éléments de cartographie (SIG et télédétection)." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112079.
Full textThe Cainozoic volcanic activity in the Arabian plate offers an excellent opportunity to study the intra-plate volcanism related to a complex tectonic setting. After the emplacement of the Yemeni-Ethiopian continental flood basalt plateau, ~ 31 Ma, since the Late Oligocene, widespread volcanic activity has erupted, accompanying the separation of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (development of Red Sea rifting) and the convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian plates (building of the Bitlis-Zagros thrust belts). In the northern part of the Arabian platform, the Syrian volcanism has taken place in a general compressional context, surrounding the Palmyride fold belt and adjacent to other deformation zones (e.g. the Euphrates graben and Dead Sea fault system). This thesis focuses on the volcano-tectonic evolution of the northern part of the Arabia plate, particularly in Syria, and essentially combines geochronological, geochemical, and morpho-structural studies, in addition to supplementary geophysical models. Our morpho-structural analyses of the Harrat Ash Shaam volcanic province (HASV) to the south of Palmyride, digitally characterise more than 800 monogenic volcanic cones placed in Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. These new data, together with the availability of sediment thickness data, give rise to a new volcano-tectonic approach. This study shows that the consistent negative correlation between the intensity of volcanism and basement depth is influenced by the tectonic setting. The normative analysis of the distribution of volcanic cones in relation to sediment thicknesses is critical when comparing the extension of tectonics in different zones. Remote sensing imagery, field work and our > 40 new K-Ar ages dataset ranging from ~0.05 million years (Ma) to ~18 Ma allow us to precise the Syria volcano-tectonic evolution through time. Regarding the youngest lava flows of HASV, the integration of the results makes it possible to suggest a chronological model for the alteration processes in relation to Quaternary palaeoclimatic changes. We reconstruct the volcano-tectonic evolution in Syria during the Cainozoic, and suggest different extension styles to explain the volcanism. It started during the Late Oligocene and the Early Miocene, between ~26 Ma and ~16 Ma to the South of Palmyride at HASV in an extensional tectonic context. From the Miocene to the Quaternary, between ~19 Ma and ~0.08 Ma, the volcanism developed to the North under second order extension tectonic conditions. Since the Mid-Miocene, the compression has increased and the magma erupted in relation with a possible counter-clockwise rotation tectonic relative motion. South of Palmyride it corresponds to the widespread eruptive phase during the last 13 Ma. To the North, this phase, linked to rotational tectonics appears concentrated in superficies and time; it corresponds to the Homs plateau, NW Palmyride, between 6.3 and 4.3 Ma. We suggest a new volcano-tectonic evolution model for the HASV. It highlights the essential role of lithosphere heterogeneity beneath Lebanon, in particular the anti Lebanon Mountains and Palmyride thrust belts, in triggering the Mid-Miocene volcanism. Our geophysical models estimate mean lithosphere – asthenosphere boundaries at about 150 km depth. According to geochemical data, the zone of shallowest depth ~110 km, W of HASV, could be the result of a thermal anomaly, instead of an asthenospheric upwelling. Geochemically, the Cainozoic Syrian lavas are alkaline and subalkaline rocks, typical of magma emitted in continental intraplate contexts. They are basanites and tephrites, basalts, basaltic andesites, basaltic trachyandesites, and trachybasalts. Thirty samples from different Syrian volcanic provinces show significant variation in terms of incompatible trace element signatures. Crustal contamination plays a negligible role in the process of magma genesis, as does crystal fractionation, essentially restricted to olivine and clinopyroxene. Our results show that the Syrian lava has been generated by variable rates of partial melting from different levels of a locally heterogeneous lithospheric mantle. The LREE/MREE ratio not only illustrates how the degree of partial melting was changed spatially and temporally during the last ~18 Ma, but it also illustrates how the degree and style of extension tectonics changed through time
Aouragh, M’bark. "Dynamique des paysages de l'arganeraie du Sud-Ouest marocain : apport des données de télédétection et perspectives de les intégrer dans un SIG." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040135.
Full textThe Argan [Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels] is a species of tree endemic to the calcareous semi-desert Sous valley of southwestern Morocco. It is the sole species in the genus Argania (family of Sapotaceae). It is a multi-purpose tree, and the main resource provider for the population of this semi-arid and arid area (source of forage, oil, timber and fuel). Argan is the keystone species of the traditional agro-ecosystem of the Berber society, ensuring a meta-stable equilibrium between resource availability and anthropic use; it plays a major role in preventing erosion and desertification damages.Currently, in spite of the Biosphere Reserve label attributed by UNESCO in 1998, the threat of degradation of the sparse Argan forest is a main concern for both local population and scientists. Since several decades, a decrease of extension area of the species and of tree density has been observed. According to this preoccupation, we have studied the multidimensional space of the Argan forest, in view of identifying its main features and the potential drivers of degradation processes. Then the originality of this area has been demonstrated through the assessment of its social and spatial organization, and of land-use and management practices.In the second part, we have shown the possible use of remotely sensed data and of Geographic Information Systems for surveying land-use/land-cover and for monitoring changes through a multi-temporal analysis of satellite images: SPOT, Landsat, Ikonos and Google Earth imagery. The evaluation of tree density has been performed through object-oriented classification of high spatial resolution satellite imagery (Ikonos, Google Earth). In conclusion, we recommend the effective use of a monitoring system to follow environmental changes in the Argan tree area, and to produce the detailed information needed for implementation of management and conservation strategies ensuring a sustainable development of the area
Atta, Kouacou Jean-Marie. "Contribution de la Télédetection et des Sig pour une approche modélisatrice de la déforestation en vue d'une gestion durable des forêts tropicales : cas des forêts classées de Béki et de Bossématié dans l'Est de la Côte d'Ivoire." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT3004.
Full textTsayem, Demaze Moise. "Caractérisation et suivi de la déforestation en milieu tropical par télédétection : application aux défrichements agricoles en Guyane française et au Brésil." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592532.
Full textRakotomanana, Fanjasoa. "Apport d'un système d'information géographique et de la télédétection dans la prévention du risque de survenue d'épidémie de paludisme sur les Hautes Terres Centrales de Madagascar." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST1017.
Full textThe reappearance of epidemic malaria in the highlands of Madagascar during the late 1980’s has been attributed to the reestablishment of Anopheles funestus. Rice fields constitute their principal larval habitats. Control strategies to prevent epidemic malaria, have been based on indoor residual spraying of insecticides. Our study was conducted in six zones in the Highlands. Rice fields were determined using remote sensing imagery. Results were combined with factors known to influence the transmission of malaria. Multicriteria evaluation, by the method of weighted linear combination, was used as basis for improved targeting of actions by determining priority zones for intervention. The factors driving malaria transmission in urban Antananarivo differ from the other regions of the highlands. A Geographical Information System was used to study the role of environmental factors on the low malarial incidence rates observed in nine community based health centres in Antananarivo
Béland, Martin. "Application de la télédétection et des SIG à l'étude du développement de l'aquaculture et des forêts de mangroves cas du district de Giao Thuy, Viêt-nam." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2004. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/375.
Full textAlawad, Hiba. "De l'aménagement numérique des territoires à l'intégration du Web dans l'analyse géographique : nouvelles méthodes et perspectives pour les Systèmes d'Information Géographiques (SIG), la cartographie et la télédétection." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00569413.
Full textRabarimanana, Mamy Herisoa. "Analyse des facteurs de l'érosion en lavaka par télédétection et système d'information géographique : rôle du drainage le long des cours d'eau." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066592.
Full textWafo, Tabopda Gervais. "Les aires protégées de l'Extrême-Nord Cameroun entre politiques de conservation et pratiques locales." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00333188.
Full textAbdallah, Chadi. "Application de la télédétection et des systèmes d'informations géographiques à l'etude des mouvements de terrain au Liban." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00800759.
Full textGaltié, Jean-François. "Information géographique numérique pour l'environnement : approche hiérarchique, modélisation et gestion prévisionnelle du risque incendie en région méditerranéenne : couplage données terrain : données de télédétection-video et intégration opérationnelle sous SIG." Toulouse 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU20045.
Full textThis research aims at improving fire risk forecast in mediterranean shrubs environment. It has been carried out in the hilly wildlands of aspres, in the french eastern pyrenees, a region which is, at regular intervals, devastated by wildfires. The research project was designed in order to achieve two purposes : - on the one hand, the effectiviness of early detection of fire risk by remote sensing, from fuel spectral responses charateristics, had to be checked and confirmed according to the range of observation scales, within a hierarchical approach. - on the other hand, the final purpose of the work was to implement a methodological and operational framework for forecasting and managing fire risk according to the needs of the fire-fighting authorities in relation to decision support. The first objective was carried through by means of coupling both ground and remotly sensed data and of modelling plant fire susceptibility, controlled by fuel inflammability and combustibility, from relationships between biological and plant water status parameters on the one hand and, on the other hand, the potentially dectectable spectral charateristics of fuel. The three spectral bands of the experimental video device were then put to the test. A fire susceptibility biological index (fisbi), worked from mir data, has been suggested. Modelling was realized according the growing observation scales, from elementary plant particle to plant and vegetation cover. The design of the early fire detection and warning system rest on the previous modelling features and was built from and airbone video sensor with real-time ground data transmission, a gps and a gis for managing and bringing up-to-and date the fire risk maps. A full-size validation was carried through in the aspres during the summer of 1996 with the regional fire-fighting authorities
Mafhoud, Ilène. "Cartographie et mesure de la biodiversité du Mont Ventoux. Approche par Système d'Information Géographique et Télédétection, préconisations méthodologiques et application pour l'aménagement forestier." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00502464.
Full textBui, Duc Viet. "Étude du risque d'inondation en aval du Delta du Fleuve Rouge en utilisant la télédétection et les SIG le cas du district de Bac Hung Hai." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2769.
Full textPéloquin, Stéphane. "Utilisation de la télédétection, des SIG et de l'intelligence artificielle pour déterminer le niveau de susceptibilité aux mouvements de terrain application dans les Andes de la Bolivie." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0029/NQ61859.pdf.
Full textLeblanc, Marc. "Gestion des ressources en eau des grands bassins semi-arides à l'aide de la télédétection et des SIG : application à l'étude du bassin du lac Tchad, Afrique." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2260.
Full textBellec, Arnaud. "Dynamiques spatiales, temporelles et écologiques de la Métropole de Lyon : 1984-2015." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3055/document.
Full textThe urban green infrastructure brings together all the elements of vegetation that contribute to meeting the major challenges associated with the Anthropocene, such as adapting to climate change, preserving biodiversity, infiltrating rainwater or improving the health of populations. The precise mapping of urban green spaces is today lacking although spatial data from airborne sensors have been available for many years. As a result, it is now difficult to assess the functionality of greeninfrastructures. To meet this need for evaluation, the territory of the urban area of Lyon was mapped at one meter resolution between 1984 and 2015 using an object-oriented procedure. All maps generated were made available on a dedicated web platform. The results show that the green areas of the urban area of Lyon are comparable to those of other agglomerations of the same rank, but that the population’s access to this vegetation is very unevenly distributed. For example, only 11% of the inhabitants can find a green space of more than 2ha closer than a 5 minutes’ walk from home. Often underestimated in urban policies, private gardens make up twice the surface of public green spaces, and should be the subject of the same questions about their value for climate mitigation or the conservation of biodiversity. The evaluation of urban green infrastructures only starts with theirmapping, and should lead to the exploration of its perception at different spatial scales, for different actors (inhabitants, professionals and other living organisms) and according to several measures of physical, mental and cultural well-being
Alhaskeer, Ziad. "Analyse cartographique de la structure des paysages de vallées : évaluation de la dynamique des paysages de vallées du bassin versant de la Maine à partir de la télédétection et de SIG." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793094.
Full textMenie, Ovono Zephirin. "Evolution de la flèche Mandji de l'holocène à l'actuel. Analyse et cartographie du risque côtier." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00492018.
Full textAbdul, Karim Ahmad. "L'eau, les maux et les remèdes : une analyse socioécologique de la pollution de l'eau et de ses conséquences sur la santé publique dans la région de Malkieh (Dêrik), Syrie (1975-2005)." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0086.
Full textWater pollution directly impacted social organization and health. The goal of this thesis is to demonstrate the causal relationships between environmental changes and health during the last three decades with the goal of improving hydro-sanitary conditions. The present work studies the inter-relations between the quality of water and the level of public health by analyzing the management of hydric resources. It aims to extend the scope of the study to the Syrian bank of the valley of the river Tigre. The methodology consists of three domains : A critical analysis of the data collected on environment and health. The sanitary data avalaible was used, such as hospital statistics, interviews of local practitioners. Concerning the environmental aspect, the toxicity of the mix of waste water with fresh water will be related to the main subsequent diseases with hydric origin, such as stomach illness. A Geographical Information System to handle spatial phenomena. The GIS allowed us to match more precisely fresh water samples for physical-biochemical analysis aimed at identifying sites with polluted areas. Analysis based on spatial remote detection data. The observation of global environmental changes from the association of a series of satellite pictures with ground reading allowed a multi-scale assessment of space and the representation of the effects of these changes on health. Our research project aims to fill this gap and to give an exact picture of the specific situation of the Tigre's riverside to propose some solutions to a situation wich has shown a tendency to deteriorate these last thirty years
Delplace, David. "Etudes de méthodes de détection de foyers de scolytes, Coleoptera, Curculionidae dans l'Est de la France: comparaison de techniques d'inventaires au sol, de surveillance aéroportée et de télédétection aérienne et satellitaire." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210541.
Full textLa présente thèse portait sur le typographe, Ips typographus, en pessière dans le massif vosgien. Elle visait à étudier et à comparer les performances en termes de précision (détection, localisation et inventaire), de coût et de rapidité de mise en œuvre de différentes méthodes de détection: la surveillance au sol, la détection aéroportée par un observateur embarqué (hélicoptère et ULM), et la télédétection (photographies aérienne infrarouge et imagerie satellitaire à haute et très haute résolution).
Dans le chapitre « techniques de détection au sol », nous avons évalué plusieurs méthodes de suivi (par transects, le long des routes carrossables et chemins forestiers, des courbes de niveau, à partir des foyers antérieurs, le long de parcours conditionnels liés aux foyers observés). Leurs performances ont été estimées via des simulations sous SIG (système d’information géographique) et les trajets qui ont présenté les meilleurs résultats ont ensuite fait l’objet d’une validation sur le terrain. Il en ressort que ce sont les trajets le long des routes carrossables et chemins forestiers ainsi que les trajets conditionnels qui présentent les meilleurs rapports efficacité/rendement dans la détection des foyers de scolytes. Le choix d’une de ces méthodes dépendra de la taille minimum des foyers que l’on veut observer.
Nous avons ensuite évalué, dans le chapitre « détection aéroportée », les performances de techniques d’observations de foyers réalisées par un observateur embarqué à bord d’un hélicoptère et d’un ULM. Une première étape a consisté à optimaliser toute une série de paramètres de vol pour les deux types d’appareils afin de permettre à l’observateur embarqué d’être dans les meilleures conditions d’observation. Ensuite, nous avons évalué la précision de détection en fonction de divers types de trajets en ULM et hélicoptère. D’après nos résultats, les observations recueillies à l’aide des deux sortes appareils n’ont pas permis de détecter de manière satisfaisante les foyers de scolytes quelque soit le type de trajet utilisé. Ces résultats sont sans-doute dus, en partie, à la faible expérience des observateurs embarqués mais également aux caractéristiques spatiales des foyers d’infestation qui ne facilitent pas leur détection par ce genre de méthode.
Enfin, dans le chapitre « télédétection », nous avons évalué les performances qu’offrent (1) des séries temporelles d’images SPOT, (2) la photographie aérienne infrarouge et (3) des images Quickbird dans la détection de foyers de scolytes. Pour tous ces types d’images, nous avons estimé la précision d’une classification automatique des foyers d’infestation, réalisée à partir de leurs caractéristiques spectrales, texturales et environnementales, par rapport aux autres éléments présents sur l’image. Ces analyses ont mis en évidence qu’il est possible d’atteindre une précision de classification relativement bonne (>80%) des foyers d’infestation sur des photographies aériennes et sur des images satellites à très haute résolution spatiale (Quickbird) grâce à des techniques de segmentation et de classification par arbre de décision. Par contre, il ne nous a pas été possible de déterminer de façon satisfaisante la précision de classification des images SPOT (haute résolution spatiale).
Les résultats détaillés de chacune de ces méthodes de détections sont développés dans les différents chapitres de cette thèse. La discussion générale met ceux-ci en relation en abordant leurs avantages et inconvénients respectifs, et aborde les perspectives découlant de nos résultats.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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Herbreteau, Vincent. "Géographie de zoonoses en Thaïlande : de la distribution des rongeurs, vecteurs et hôtes, au risque de transmission." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00376326.
Full textUn important travail de terrain a permis de collecter et d'étudier les rongeurs murins dans différents milieux représentatifs de leur diversité. Parallèlement, une enquête conduite dans la province de Phrae a montré la variabilité du système de soins et des comportements de santé. Un Système d'Information Géographique « Rongeurs et santé » centralise l'intégralité des données sur l'ensemble du territoire pour une analyse spatio-temporelle.
Cette recherche a permis de mettre à jour la description et la distribution par télédétection des principaux rongeurs murins thaïlandais ainsi que leur implication dans la transmission de germes pathogènes. La géographie de ces zoonoses reflète des différences de niveau de vie : l'exposition de l'Homme à ces maladies résulte de la chasse et de la consommation de rongeurs mais aussi d'un accès et d'un recours aux soins limités, traduisant ainsi la pauvreté des populations touchées.
Ce travail offre une approche critique des méthodes alliant les outils de la géomatique, l'analyse spatiale et la télédétection, pour l'étude des zoonoses.
Lizée, Marie-Hélène. "Diversité, organisation spatiale et fonctionnelle des communautés de papillons (lépidoptères, rhopalocères) en milieu urbain et périurbain : Rôle des espaces artificialisés en terme de conservation et de connectivité." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10153.
Full textGiven the wide range of issues (economic, social and environmental) that are concerned by natural environments under the impact of human development, it is a matter of urgency to understand the factors that determine their functioning. Even if they do not constitute priority areas for the conservation for rare and endangered species, urban areas are by no means devoid of biodiversity. This biodiversity and the ecological processes involved remain poorly known.The approach here is to use the communities of Rhopaloceres (butterflies) as a framework for reading the urban and outlying suburban landscapes. On the basis of a study of butterfly communities (and secondarily those of birds) in the PACA (Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur) region, the main aim of this study is to provide evidence of the patterns of organisation of these communities in order to understand the factors that control the assemblages of species in the urban and outlying suburban environment.Focused on the Mediterranean area, which constitutes an original site from the biogerographical point of view, this investigation has focused on two study sites in order to offer two different expressions of the process of urban development affecting the territory of Provence: (i) the village of Lauris (84), characteristic of a Mediterranean hinterland ‘in the process of metropolisation’; and (ii) the Marseille conurbation (13), the 2nd most populous city in France.On the basis of an analysis of the assemblages of species of four habitats (fallow land, private gardens, vineyards, forests), the investigations carried out in Lauris are focused on the response of the communities of Rhopaloceres in the face of rapid changes in land use. The results provide evidence of variations in terms of structure and functional composition, underlining the influence both of the landscape context and of the type of habitat on the organisation of these communities. This study also highlights the interest of the garden compartment as a reservoir of biodiversity.Then, the investigation has focused on the question of the biodiversity accommodated in the man-made areas of the city. To this end, 24 public parks in the city of Marseille have been studied. It has been possible to show how the functional traits of species (butterflies and birds) can be used to predict their distribution along a gradient of urban development. The various studies carried out on Marseille have also shown the importance of the landscape scale and of the regional spatial dynamic (dispersal and colonisation) with regard to the organisation of assemblages of species. The communities of Rhopaloceres appear to be strongly conditioned by the degree of isolation of parks with regard to the semi-natural massifs, raising the idea of the strengthening of the intra-urban assemblages by a regional pool of species situated around the outskirts. This hypothesis is further supported by the overlapping pattern of distribution of the species (nested subsets) between the parks, where the poorest sites in terms of species composition constitute sub-samples of the richest sites, without this being linked to the existence of a significant species-area relationship. Finally, the study of the development of parks and their management has enabled us to highlight the impact of more local interactions on the organisation of the communities. Nevertheless, the landscape context would appear to strongly condition the plant component in the surroundings, but also in the parks, in particular via the management practices of the municipal departments
Faye, Ibrahima Birame Ndébane. "Dynamique du trait de côte sur les littoraux sableux de la Mauritanie à la Guinée-Bissau (Afrique de l’Ouest) : approches régionale et locale par photo-interprétation, traitement d’images et analyse de cartes anciennes." Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES1001.
Full textThis PhD Thesis on shoreline changes in western African sandy coasts from Mauritania to Guinea Bissau is a contribution to the “Prospective review of the long-term coastal environment changes in western Africa”, scientific research component of the Regional Coastal and Marine Conservation Program for West Africa (PRCM). Its main objective was to highlight and measure erosion and accumulation processes occurred over several decades on the sandy shores from Mauritania to Guinea Bissau at regional and local scales. The comparison of the instantaneous waterline and the vegetation line positions extracted from multi temporal Landsat images by density slicing or classification with the ISODATA algorithms indicates a regional progradational trend of highly mobile coastal forms like sandy spits, small islands and beach barrier associated with the estuarine systems from Senegal to Guinea Bissau in spite of localized erosion cases. The local analysis focuses on four sites located along the Mauritanian and Senegalese shoreline (Nouakchott area, Ndiago - Saint-Louis, Bargny - Yene-sur-mer, Mbour - Pointe Sarène) and approximately stretching over 67km. It is primarily based on digital processing and interpretation of aerial images in a GIS. Thereby the study of the spatial and temporal evolution of the position of selected shoreline indicators (high water line or upper beach limit) reveals that 47km (70 %) of the studied coastline are eroding and only 20 km (30 %) are prograding
Ariza, Pareja Manuel Alejandro. "Agriculture précolombienne dans le pacifique Colombo-équatorien." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA01H080.
Full textThis research project focuses on the pre-Columbian raised fields of the Equatorial Pacific Coast, which lies between Colombia and Ecuador. In this region, rich in archaeological remains, the different investigations completed since the 1950s have revealed a succession of archaeological cultures that cover the timespan between 1500 BC until AD 1500. However, the information coming from the two countries has hardly ever been integrated into a coherent whole and the research is often restricted to a local perspective. The raised fields were discovered between the 1980s and 1990s in la Laguna de la Ciudad in Ecuador and in the county of Tumaco in Colombia. Since their discovery they have never been examined either thoroughly or as a whole. In this context, the main goal of this dissertation is to establish, from a macro-regional point of view, the influence that the raised fields had on cultural transformations and agricultural evolution during the pre-Columbian period. A vast study of aerial photographs and satellite imagery gives us the first map of the raised fields of the Equatorial Pacific Coast, with 6513 raised fields and 6188 canals identified. The spatial and morphological analysis of those structures through GIS shows the existence of two distinct concentrations, one in Tumaco and another one in la Laguna de la Ciudad. It is possible that these were connected during pre-Columbian times, and that the differences in morphology, size, organisation and orientation are due to environmental factors. A case study of a raised field complex in Tumaco, which included a direct radiocarbon date and a phytolith analysis, confirms the results of the spatial analysis. We can therefore propose that the structures of both concentrations were probably built and used during the same time periods, between 500 BC and AD 350 and between AD 700 and AD 1500. These results, together with exhaustive bibliographical research regarding the South American raised fields and regional archaeology, leads us to suggest several causes for the construction and abandonment of the raised fields during the two time periods. We also propose a new regional chronology that reconceptualizes the Equatorial Pacific Coast as an archaeological region in its own right
Patruno, Jolanda. "Polarimetric RADARSAT-2 and ALOS PALSAR multi-frequency analysis over the archaeological site of Gebel Barkal (Sudan)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01061287.
Full textDore, Nicole. "Polarimetric multi-incidence angle analysis over the archaeological site of Samarra by means of RADARSAT-2 and ALOS PALSAR satellites datasets." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01060848.
Full textFaye, Ibrahima. "Dynamique du trait de côte sur les littoraux sableux de la Mauritanie à la Guinée-Bissau (Afrique de l'Ouest) : Approches régionale et locale par photo-interprétation, traitement d'images et analyse de cartes anciennes." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00472200.
Full textSalhi, Bilel. "Mutations socio-spatiales et environnementales du bassin minier de Gafsa (Sud Ouest de Tunisie) : apport des outils géomatiques." Thesis, Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA3006/document.
Full textSince the end of the 19th century, the mining area of Gafsa (south-west Tunisia) has specialized in the single-activity extraction and enrichment of phosphate for reasons of economic profits. With these exports, this area has suffered an intense degradation of soil resources, vegetation cover and an advanced deterioration of agricultural areas. The management of the mining infrastructure has failed to meet environmental standards, causing social and spatial inequalities and increasing the level of environmental risks.The mining activity was at the origin of the birth and genesis of the mining towns in the Basin of Gafsa (BMG). The formation of spontaneous cities has caused the disarticulation of the urbanization. Urban extensions, including the expansion of anarchic cities, extending to laundries and to mines, thus created conflicts with the phosphatier domain. All these factors make costly and complicated attempts at development and rehabilitation that mining companies do not dare to commit.Taking into account the complexity of the many social, spatial and environmental aspects of the BMG, we used both the classical geographical approach and the geomatics approach that seemed appropriate for better decision-making. The interest of this latter approach makes it possible to identify, analyze, and model the state of the sites, the urban and environmental mutations in relation to the spatial-mining growth
Bernard, Eric. "Les dynamiques spatio-temporelles d'un petit hydrosystème arctique : approche nivo-glaciologique dans un contexte de changement climatique contemporain (bassin du glacier Austre Lovén, Spitsberg, 79°N)." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00910122.
Full textSalhi, Bilel. "Mutations socio-spatiales et environnementales du bassin minier de Gafsa (Sud Ouest de Tunisie) : apport des outils géomatiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA3006.
Full textSince the end of the 19th century, the mining area of Gafsa (south-west Tunisia) has specialized in the single-activity extraction and enrichment of phosphate for reasons of economic profits. With these exports, this area has suffered an intense degradation of soil resources, vegetation cover and an advanced deterioration of agricultural areas. The management of the mining infrastructure has failed to meet environmental standards, causing social and spatial inequalities and increasing the level of environmental risks.The mining activity was at the origin of the birth and genesis of the mining towns in the Basin of Gafsa (BMG). The formation of spontaneous cities has caused the disarticulation of the urbanization. Urban extensions, including the expansion of anarchic cities, extending to laundries and to mines, thus created conflicts with the phosphatier domain. All these factors make costly and complicated attempts at development and rehabilitation that mining companies do not dare to commit.Taking into account the complexity of the many social, spatial and environmental aspects of the BMG, we used both the classical geographical approach and the geomatics approach that seemed appropriate for better decision-making. The interest of this latter approach makes it possible to identify, analyze, and model the state of the sites, the urban and environmental mutations in relation to the spatial-mining growth
Kabulu, Djibu Jean-Pierre. "Impacts des activités minières sur les écosystèmes forestiers au Katanga, République Démocratique du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209822.
Full textLes résultats ont montré que l’exploitation minière et la croissance démographique sont deux facteurs de la déforestation, considérés comme les paramètres principaux du processus de changement du paysage au Katanga. L’analyse spatiale, faite grâce à la cartographie et aux systèmes d’information géographique, a permis de faire le calcul d’indices de composition et de configuration du paysage afin d’analyser la structure spatiale des forêts. La structure a été ensuite modélisée pour évaluer les impacts de concessions, des routes et des sites miniers sur la forêt. En fonction de résultats obtenus, on constate que les forêts du Katanga subissent une pression anthropique assez forte et la tendance générale de la fragmentation des forêts est inquiétante. Les habitats forestiers sont entrain d’être transformés en formations savanicoles. Les activités minières ont un impact défavorable sur les forêts de la province. La présence des plusieurs compagnies minières a favorisé l'augmentation des sites miniers et la densification du réseau routier.
Doctorat en Sciences
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Diouf, Abdoulaye. "Influence du régime des feux d'aménagement sur la structure ligneuse des savanes nord-soudaniennes dans le Parc du W, Sud Ouest Niger." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209610.
Full texténigmes de l'écologie des plantes. Les origines du difficile équilibre entre ces formes de vie
sur des dizaines de millions de kilomètres carrés à l'échelle mondiale sont en partie attribuées
aux perturbations fréquentes induites par les feux de végétation dont les effets varient dans
l'espace et dans le temps selon les conditions environnementales. Les résultats de recherche
dépendent de l’échelle et les conclusions tirées d’études locales sont rarement transposables à
d’autres échelles. La question du transfert d'échelle s’avère donc cruciale dans l'étude des
effets du feu, et nécessite une approche transdisciplinaire.
En raison de la variété des échelles couvertes, cette étude constitue une première dans la
confrontation de données sur l’historique des feux dérivé de l'imagerie satellitaire à des
données de terrain incluant des mesures détaillées sur la structure et la composition de
végétation, ainsi que des propriétés édaphiques et topographiques. Elle s’est focalisée sur la
composante ligneuse de par son caractère pérenne et son influence sur les processus
écologiques majeurs. Sur une zone de plus de 2000 km², le Parc National du W du Niger
(PNWN), où le feu est utilisé comme outil pour la gestion et la conservation des écosystèmes
semi-arides, une carte de l'historique des feux a été élaborée à partir d'images MODIS de 250
m de résolution spatiale et de résolution temporelle journalière couvrant une période de sept
années (2002-2009). Pour comprendre la variabilité, à la fois dans l'espace et le temps, de la
propagation du feu dans la végétation, nous avons étudié les caractéristiques de distribution
des feux en termes de régime du feu (i.e. période d'occurrence et fréquence) et de structure
spatiale (métriques paysagères). Les relations causales plausibles entre les régimes du feu, les
conditions édaphiques et topographiques à l'échelle régionale comme locale, et les
caractéristiques de la végétation ligneuse (composition et structure) ont été examinées à
travers des analyses multivariées et des modèles d'équations structurales. Nous avons aussi
examiné plus en détails les stratégies adaptatives mises en oeuvre par les ligneux, et les
interactions biologiques qui sous-tendent l'organisation spatiale des ligneux à travers une
approche des processus ponctuels.
Les résultats montrent que l'activité du feu dans le PNWN se caractérise par une hétérogénéité
spatio-temporelle induite principalement par les conditions édapho-topographiques via la
structure de la végétation ligneuse. Les feux précoces de gestion créent des pare-feux
efficaces, limitant une large extension des feux de saison tardifs. Cependant, ces feux tardifs
pourraient ne pas être aussi destructifs comme qu’on le suppose généralement. En effet,
l'adaptation des espèces aux différents régimes defeu correspond à des stratégies de croissance
contrastées. Dans le cas des feux tardifs, les surfaces terrières et hauteurs moyennes les plus
fortes sont rencontrées, permettant aux arbres de résister au feu. Quant aux zones non
affectées par les feux l'analyse "patron-processus" désigne clairement la facilitation entre
ligneux comme un processus fondamental de l'organisation spatiale périodique du couvert, une
structure émergente qui empêche le passage du feu. Bien qu’ils ne se substituent pas aux
études expérimentales, ces résultats basés sur une expérimentation naturelle à large échelle
apportent des informations nouvelles précieuses tant au niveau fondamental que pour la mise
en place d'une gestion raisonnée du PNWN.
The tree-grass equilibrium in tropical savanna is recognized as one of plant ecology's main
conundrums. The origins of the difficult balance between these life forms over tens of millions
of square kilometers worldwide are in part attributed to the frequent disturbances caused by
vegetation fires effects of which vary in space and time depending on local environmental
factors. Research results are scale-dependent and findings from local studies are rarely
transposable to higher levels of ecosystem organization. The question of scaling (scale
transfer) is therefore crucial in the study of fire effects, and requires a multidisciplinary
approach.
Because of the variety of scales covered, this study is a premiere in the confrontation of
satellite-imagery derived fire history data with detailed field data including measurements of
vegetation parameters (structure and composition), as well as soil and topographic properties.
The study focuses on the woody component, because of its perennial character and its
influence on major ecological processes. On an area of more than 2000 km², the W National
Park of Niger (WNPN) where fire is used as a tool for the management and conservation of
semi-arid ecosystems, a fire history map was elaborated from MODIS images with a 250 m
spatial resolution and a daily temporal resolution over a period of seven years (2002-2009). To
understand the variability, both in space and time, of fire propagation in vegetation, we studied
the fire distribution characteristics in terms of fire regime (i.e. timing and frequency) and
spatial structure (landscape metrics). Plausible causal relationships at regional and local scales
between fire regimes, edaphic and topographic conditions, and the woody vegetation
(composition and structure) characteristics were examined through multivariate analyses and
structural equations models. We also examined in detail the woody species adaptive strategies
as well biological interactions, which underlie their spatial organization, using point statistics.
Results show that the WNPN fire's activity is characterized by spatial and temporal
heterogeneity induced mainly by edaphic and topographic conditions via the structure of the
ligneous component. Prescribed early season fires create effective firewalls, limiting wide late
season fires. However, these late fires might not be as destructive as is commonly assumed.
Indeed, species adaptation to different fire regimes corresponds to contrasting growth
strategies. In the case of late fires, increased basal areas and mean tree heights were
encountered, enabling trees to resist fire and escape flames. As for the unburned areas, the
"pattern-process" analysis clearly indicates that facilitation between shrubs is a fundamental
process determining the woody cover periodic spatial organization, an emergent structure that
prevents fire spread.
Although they do not replace experimental studies, these results based on a large-scale natural
experiment provide valuable new information both on a fundamental level and for setting up
the rational management of the WNPN.
Doctorat en Sciences
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Hamouda, Samaali. "Etude de l'évolution de l'occupation et de l'utilisation du sol dans le delta de Mejerda par télédétection et SIG." Phd thesis, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00612952.
Full textBensaid, Abdelkrim. "SIG ET TÉLÉDÉTECTION POUR L'ÉTUDE DE L'ENSABLEMENTDANS UNE ZONE ARIDE : LE CAS DE LA WILAYA DE NAÂMA (ALGÉRIE)." Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00169433.
Full textA travers cette étude, nous avons essayé de montrer d'une part, le potentiel de l'utilisation de la télédétection et du système d'information géographique pour la caractérisation de l'état de l'occupation du sol et son évolution spatio-temporelle à partir des traitements effectués sur une série d'images satellitaires de Landsat de différentes dates (1972, 1987 et 2002).
D'autre part, de mettre à la disposition des utilisateurs potentiels et des décideurs les informations sur l'état de l'environnement et les ressources naturelles de ces zones, via la mise en place d'un prototype intégré dans un système d'information géographique. Le prototype ainsi développé est basé sur le principe du double prototypage. Le système sera un outil d'aide à la décision, utile pour la gestion des phénomènes naturels, et plus particulièrement la dégradation des sols et l'ensablement des terres de la wilaya de Naâma.
Rakotomanana, Fanjasao. "Apport d'un système d'information géographique et de la télédétection dans la prévention du risque de survenue d'épidémie de paludisme sur les Hautes Terres Centrales de Madagascar." Thesis, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST1017.
Full textThe reappearance of epidemic malaria in the highlands of Madagascar during the late 1980’s has been attributed to the reestablishment of Anopheles funestus. Rice fields constitute their principal larval habitats. Control strategies to prevent epidemic malaria, have been based on indoor residual spraying of insecticides. Our study was conducted in six zones in the Highlands. Rice fields were determined using remote sensing imagery. Results were combined with factors known to influence the transmission of malaria. Multicriteria evaluation, by the method of weighted linear combination, was used as basis for improved targeting of actions by determining priority zones for intervention. The factors driving malaria transmission in urban Antananarivo differ from the other regions of the highlands. A Geographical Information System was used to study the role of environmental factors on the low malarial incidence rates observed in nine community based health centres in Antananarivo