Relevant bibliographies by topics / Telecommunications access

Academic literature on the topic 'Telecommunications access'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Telecommunications access"

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Anandhita, Vidyantina Heppy. "Economic Value of Equalization of Access and ICT Infrastructure for Rural Communities." Jurnal Penelitian Pos dan Informatika 10, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.17933/jppi.2020.100203.

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<p><em>The government has initiated access and telecommunication infrastructure equalization program in Indonesia by deploying BTS to provide signals in the frontier, outermost, and least developed (3T) regions and providing rural internet access services. Government investment through the provision of telecommunications and internet access in rural areas is expected to be able to provide economic benefits for improving the people’s welfare. This study aims to identify the economic benefits of equitable access and infrastructure in rural areas (mainly 3T villages) with the Ranti Generic IS/IT Business Value Table. Based on the study results, it can be concluded that in ideal conditions, equitable access to the internet and telecommunications infrastructure can contribute directly to cost efficiency for rural communities by reducing distribution costs and telecommunications costs. Also, the use of telecommunications and internet access can improve the people’s welfare by increasing business capacity and expanding market segmentation.</em></p>
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Keating, Barry. "Economic dimensions of telecommunications access." International Journal of Social Economics 28, no. 10/11/12 (December 2001): 879–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000006130.

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Humeniuk, I. V., M. S. Basaraba, and O. V. Nekrilov. "METHODS OF ENSURING CYBER SECURITY OF CRITICAL COMPONENTSNETWORKS OF INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM." Проблеми створення, випробування, застосування та експлуатації складних інформаційних систем, no. 18 (December 30, 2020): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46972/2076-1546.2020.18.10.

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It is established that the efficiency and reliability of information and telecommunication systems, in particular the networks that are part of them, significantly depends on the high level of protection of critical components. However, the constant improvement of the technical equipment of these systems requires the creation of new and improvement of existing methodological support for cyber security. One of the promising approaches is the development of a universal method of cybersecurity in the context of cyberattacks (influences, threats, etc.) and unauthorized access by unauthorized users to critical nodes (components) of information and telecommunications systems. Timely detection, prompt counteraction to cyber threats and unauthorized access to critical network components is a necessary component of ensuring a high level of cybersecurity of the information and telecommunications system as a whole, especially in the context of hybrid warfare and armed aggression by the Russian Federation. To this end, the article proposes a method of cybersecurity of critical components of information and telecommunications systems, which is based on the integrated application of monitoring the state of network nodes and user access to them, recording the facts of cyberattacks based on analysis of incoming (outgoing) traffic, timely detection of unauthorized access to and commission of cyber threats, as well as operational response to these attempts. The paper presents the results of verification of the proposed methods. To this end, the article proposes a method of cybersecurity of critical components of information and telecommunications systems, which is based on the integrated application of monitoring the state of network nodes and user access to them, recording the facts of cyberattacks based on analysis of incoming (outgoing) traffic, timely detection of unauthorized access to and commission of cyber threats, as well as operational response to these attempts. The paper presents the results of verification of the proposed method. It is shown that its application allows to quickly detect the facts of cyber threats and unauthorized access to critical components of information and telecommunication systems networks and effectively counteract these attempts.
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Gregory, Mark A. "The Rationale for Universal Access to Digital Services." Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 3, no. 4 (December 20, 2015): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v3n4.45.

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The regulated telecommunication markets found in many countries often include the social principle that telecommunications infrastructure should be reasonably available to all at fair and affordable rates. In Australia, this concept of universal service aims to ensure that all people, wherever they reside or carry on business, should have reasonable access, on an equitable basis, to standard telephone services and payphones. The hallmark of the universal service regime has been the reasonable availability of public payphones and the subsidised installation of telecommunications infrastructure at premises nationwide to provide standard telephone services. With the advent and ongoing evolution of broadband technologies a new need has arisen and that is for everyone to have reasonable access, on an equitable basis, to specified digital services, including egovernment services. This paper presents a position and identifies future research necessary to support the transition from the universal service regime to a universal access regime that enshrines the principle of ensuring that federal, state and local egovernment and other specified digital services are reasonably accessible to all, on an equitable basis, wherever they work or live.
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Gregory, Mark A. "The Rationale for Universal Access to Digital Services." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 3, no. 4 (December 20, 2015): 166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v3n4.45.

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The regulated telecommunication markets found in many countries often include the social principle that telecommunications infrastructure should be reasonably available to all at fair and affordable rates. In Australia, this concept of universal service aims to ensure that all people, wherever they reside or carry on business, should have reasonable access, on an equitable basis, to standard telephone services and payphones. The hallmark of the universal service regime has been the reasonable availability of public payphones and the subsidised installation of telecommunications infrastructure at premises nationwide to provide standard telephone services. With the advent and ongoing evolution of broadband technologies a new need has arisen and that is for everyone to have reasonable access, on an equitable basis, to specified digital services, including egovernment services. This paper presents a position and identifies future research necessary to support the transition from the universal service regime to a universal access regime that enshrines the principle of ensuring that federal, state and local egovernment and other specified digital services are reasonably accessible to all, on an equitable basis, wherever they work or live.
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Gijrath, Serge J. H. "Telecommunications networks." Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 18, no. 3-4 (September 2017): 175–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1783591718782305.

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This article assesses the innovation policy objectives underlying the proposed European Union (EU) Telecom Single Market regulation considering disruptive technological developments. The article explores the network operator’s dilemma how to deal with investments in a time where fundamental innovation comes from outside and the regulator’s dilemma how to improve the conditions for access to the operators’ networks and how to safeguard a level playing field. The EU measures with respect to two technological issues are discussed considering the EU’s policy objectives with respect to the deployment of 5G and the goal to ensure very high-speed broadband access in the EU. Thought is given to the effectiveness of imposing active and passive infrastructure arrangements. A mix of regulatory measures is considered in moving towards smarter electronic communications networks regulation.
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Zhou, Huizhong. "Integration and access regulations in telecommunications." Information Economics and Policy 15, no. 3 (September 2003): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6245(02)00113-0.

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Peitz, Martin. "Asymmetric access price regulation in telecommunications markets." European Economic Review 49, no. 2 (February 2005): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(03)00046-1.

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Manenti, Fabio M., and Antonio Scialà. "Access regulation, entry and investments in telecommunications." Telecommunications Policy 37, no. 6-7 (July 2013): 450–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2012.11.002.

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Vogelsang, Ingo. "Price Regulation of Access to Telecommunications Networks." Journal of Economic Literature 41, no. 3 (September 2003): 830–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.41.3.830.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Telecommunications access"

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Brittain, David. "Optimisation of the telecommunications access network." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297846.

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Palm, Jonathan. "Optimization of 5G New Radio for Fixed Wireless Access." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-76077.

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With the advent of new 5G networks, the interest in connecting house-hold to the Internet via mobile networks has increased. One such way toconnect users is using completely stationary antennas. This use-case iscalled Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) and is seen as promising, cost-efficient means of expanding internet connectivity. Stationary users connected at high frequencies, such as 28 GHz, leads to a special use-case and environment for 5G New Radio (NR). This thesis investigates the characteristics of these FWA deployments and the control signaling on the physical layer of NR. The overhead and feasibility of eachsignal is considered. A FWA deployment in the 28 GHz band with 64 users is simulated with different line-of-sight settings and receiver placements. It is concluded that direct line-of-sight to the base station is vital for high user and cell throughput and that there are significant drawbacks of placing the receiver indoors. New algorithms for Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) transmission for both beam management and link adaptation are proposed and evaluated. The beam management algorithms do not displayany significant performance gains over the default sweeping algorithm. Closer investigation of simulation results shows that several beams can have almost equal signal strength with the chosen antenna set up, minimizing potential gains of quickly adapting to environmental changes. Results show there are clear benefits of using an aperiodic and adaptive transmission scheme for CSI-RS transmissions over a fixed-rate transmission scheme, yielding a 7% increase in user goodput at similar levels of overhead.
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Oon, Tik bin. "Multiple access interference cancellation for CDMA." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242678.

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Blackwelder, Reid B. "Local AMSA Telecommunications and its effect on Socioeconomics." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6975.

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Gunnarsson, Peter. "Role based access control in a telecommunications operations and maintenance network." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2875.

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Ericsson develops and builds mobile telecommunication networks. These networks consists of a large number of equipment. Each telecommunication company has a staff of administrators appointed to manage respective networks.

In this thesis, we investigate the requirements for an access control model to manage the large number of permissions and equipment in telecommunication networks. Moreover, we show that the existing models do not satisfy the identified requirements. Therefore, we propose a novel RBAC model which is adapted for these conditions.

We also investigate some of the most common used commercial tools for administrating RBAC, and evaluate their effectiveness in coping with our new proposed model. However, we find the existing tools limited, and thereby design and partly implement a RBAC managing system which is better suited to the requirements posed by our new model.

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Montoya, Benítez Andrés. "A proposal for universal access to basic telecommunications services in Colombia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0022/MQ50951.pdf.

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Haimowitz, Bruce Raymond. "The Telecommunications Act of 1996 : business access, and implications for integrated carriers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42607.

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Hansen, Bjørn. "Facility based competition in telecommunications : three essays on two-way access and one essay on three-way access /." Oslo : BI Norwegian School of Management, Dep. of Economics, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/544126920.pdf.

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Jia, Long University of Ballarat. "Optimization based methods for solving some problems in telecommunications and the internet." University of Ballarat, 2005. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/12802.

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The purpose of this thesis is to develop some new algorithms based on optimization techniques for solving some problems in some areas of telecommunications and the Internet. There are two main parts to this thesis. In the first part we discuss optimization based stochastic and queueing models in telecommunications network corrective maintenance. In the second part we develop optimization based clustering (OBC) algorithms for network evolution and multicast routing. The most typical scenario encountered during mathematical optimization modelling in telecommunications, for example, is to minimize the cost of establishment and maintenance of the networks subject to the performance constraints of the networks and the reliability constraints of the networks as well. Most of these optimization problems are global optimization, that is, they have many local minima and most of these local minima do not provide any useful information for solving these problems. Therefore, the development of effective methods for solving such global optimization problems is important. To run the telecommunications networks with cost-effective network maintenance,we need to establish a practical maintenance model and optimize it. In the first part of the thesis, we solve a known stochastic programming maintenance optimization model with a direct method and then develop some new models. After that we introduce queue programming models in telecommunications network maintenance optimization. The ideas of profit, loss, and penalty will help telecommunications companies have a good view of their maintenance policies and help them improve their service. In the second part of this thesis we propose the use of optimization based clustering (OBC) algorithms to determine level-constrained hierarchical trees for network evolution and multicast routing. This problem is formulated as an optimization problem with a non-smooth, non-convex objective function. Different algorithms are examined for solving this problem. Results of numerical experiments using some artifiicial and real-world databases are reported.
Doctor of Philosophy
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Jia, Long. "Optimization based methods for solving some problems in telecommunications and the internet." University of Ballarat, 2005. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/14637.

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The purpose of this thesis is to develop some new algorithms based on optimization techniques for solving some problems in some areas of telecommunications and the Internet. There are two main parts to this thesis. In the first part we discuss optimization based stochastic and queueing models in telecommunications network corrective maintenance. In the second part we develop optimization based clustering (OBC) algorithms for network evolution and multicast routing. The most typical scenario encountered during mathematical optimization modelling in telecommunications, for example, is to minimize the cost of establishment and maintenance of the networks subject to the performance constraints of the networks and the reliability constraints of the networks as well. Most of these optimization problems are global optimization, that is, they have many local minima and most of these local minima do not provide any useful information for solving these problems. Therefore, the development of effective methods for solving such global optimization problems is important. To run the telecommunications networks with cost-effective network maintenance,we need to establish a practical maintenance model and optimize it. In the first part of the thesis, we solve a known stochastic programming maintenance optimization model with a direct method and then develop some new models. After that we introduce queue programming models in telecommunications network maintenance optimization. The ideas of profit, loss, and penalty will help telecommunications companies have a good view of their maintenance policies and help them improve their service. In the second part of this thesis we propose the use of optimization based clustering (OBC) algorithms to determine level-constrained hierarchical trees for network evolution and multicast routing. This problem is formulated as an optimization problem with a non-smooth, non-convex objective function. Different algorithms are examined for solving this problem. Results of numerical experiments using some artifiicial and real-world databases are reported.
Doctor of Philosophy
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Books on the topic "Telecommunications access"

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Organisation for economic co-operation and development. Access Pricing in Telecommunications. Washington: Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2004.

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Themistou, Charalambos. Evolution scenarios for Cyprus telecommunications authority's access network. Mancheaster: UMIST, 1998.

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Broadband optical access networks: Emerging technologies and optical-wireless convergence. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience, 2011.

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Kalin, Martin J. Telecommunications policies in ten countries: Prospects for future competitive access. Washington, D.C: Dept. of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, 1985.

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Díaz, Carlos Antonio. Open-access issues in the Chilean telecommunications and electricity sectors. [Santiago, Chile]: Programa de Postgrado en Economía, ILADES/Georgetown University, 2000.

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Valletti, Tommaso M. The practice of access pricing: Telecommunications in the United Kingdom. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): World Bank, Economic Development Institute, Regulatory Reform and Private Enterprise Group, 1999.

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Program, Montana Telecommunications Access. Relay country: The newsletter of the Montana Telecommunications Access Program and Montana Relay. Helena, Mont: Montana Telecommunications Access Program, 2005.

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Ward, Michael R. Measurements of market power in long distance telecommunications. Washington, D.C: Federal Trade Commission, 1995.

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Muente-Kunigami, Arturo. Options to increase access to telecommunications services in rural and low-income areas. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2010.

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Muente-Kunigami, Arturo. Options to increase access to telecommunications services in rural and low-income areas. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Telecommunications access"

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Weik, Martin H. "telecommunications access." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1742. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_19146.

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Weik, Martin H. "virtual telecommunications access." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1898. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_20857.

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Bud, Andrew. "Cordless Access Networks." In Cordless Telecommunications Worldwide, 252–67. London: Springer London, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0913-6_13.

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Olanders, Peter. "The DECT Access Profiles." In Cordless Telecommunications Worldwide, 390–408. London: Springer London, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0913-6_20.

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Maynard, K. J., and P. J. Hawley. "Local Access Network Management." In Telecommunications Local Networks, 277–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1534-6_14.

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Porkka, P., and K. Raatikainen. "CORBA access to telecommunications databases." In Intelligent Networks and Intelligence in Networks, 281–300. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35323-4_18.

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Oakley, K. A., R. Guyon, and J. Stern. "Fibre in the Access Network." In Telecommunications Local Networks, 57–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1534-6_4.

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Trigger, J. "Improved Techniques for Access Network Fault Location." In Telecommunications Local Networks, 104–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1534-6_6.

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Brittain, David, and Jon Sims Williams. "Optimizing the Access Network." In Telecommunications Optimization: Heuristic and Adaptive Techniques, 115–33. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/047084163x.ch7.

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Revett, M. C., and P. R. Benyon. "Information Access for Decision Makers." In Computer Aided Decision Support in Telecommunications, 94–114. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0081-3_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Telecommunications access"

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Brown, P. A. "Telecommunications services and local access provision." In IEE Colloquium on The Impact of Multimedia Services on the Home Environment. IEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19960019.

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Rahman, T. "Radio access applications." In 5th IEE Conference on Telecommunications. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19950112.

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Ewing, E. F. "Full access and partial access solutions for metropolitan SDH networks." In 5th IEE Conference on Telecommunications. IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19950107.

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de Sousa, V. A., R. A. de O. Neto, F. de S. Chaves, L. S. Cardoso, and F. R. P. Cavalcanti. "Access selection with connection reallocation for multi-access networks." In ITS '07. 2007 International Telecommunications Symposium. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/its.2006.4433347.

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Breskovic, Damir, Mladen Sikirica, and Dinko Begusic. "Optical access networks deployment in Croatian telecommunications market." In 2017 International Workshop on Fiber Optics in Access Network (FOAN). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/foan.2017.8215257.

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da Silva, A. P., F. de S. Chaves, V. A. de Sousa, R. A. de O. Neto, and F. R. P. Cavalcanti. "Performance evaluation of access selection algorithms for VoIP on wireless multi-access networks." In 2006 International Telecommunications Symposium. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/its.2006.4433356.

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Sahoo, Biswa P. S., Satyabrata Swain, Hung-Yu Wei, and Mahasweta Sarkar. "Medium Access Strategies for Integrated Access and Backhaul at mmWaves Unlicensed Spectrum." In 2021 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (WTS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wts51064.2021.9433686.

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Ahmadian, Z., S. Salimi, and A. Salahi. "New attacks on UMTS network access." In 2009 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wts.2009.5068979.

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Sharma, Manuj, Anirudha Sahoo, and K. D. Nayak. "Model-Based Opportunistic Channel Access in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks." In GLOBECOM 2009 - 2009 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2009.5425907.

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Aguado, Marina, Oscar Onandi, Eduardo Jacob, Christian Pinedo, Purificacion Saiz, and Marivi Higuero. "WiMAX Role on CBTC Systems." In ASME/IEEE 2007 Joint Rail Conference and Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc/ice2007-40103.

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The recent progresses in mobile telecommunications technologies have allowed railway telecommunications technology to go a step forward, and, in the same way, the railway control systems. In this sense, while the mobile telecommunications technology evolved from the first generation of analogue mobile communication systems to what is known today as B3G (Beyond 3G), the same occurred with the telecommunication systems used in railways, from those based on analogue telecommunications, to the most recent ones based on 2G such as GSM-R or TETRA. Till recently, there was a technological gap regarding high mobility environments, high transmission rate and high interactivity (low latency). However, new emerging telecommunications technologies have shortened this gap significantly. This way, the train control systems will be affected by the availability of telecommunications technologies capable of offering earth-train broadband communications in real time. This article presents a telecommunications network architecture based on WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) mobile technology (IEEE 802.16e) that fulfils the telecommunications needs in the railway environment. The WiMAX mobile technology most relevant features are: transmission rates up to 30Mbps at 15 km distance; mobility support up to 200km/h; QoS, security, low latency, fast, scalable and cost effective deployment, mainly compared to GSM-R deployment. In the mobile node design of this network telecommunications architecture, the multipath fading effect, and the Doppler effect, present in high speed mobility scenarios, have been taken into account. An improvement in the handoff between BSs, through a neighbouring and predictive mobility algorithm, is included. The architecture proposed supports the functional and system requirements identified in the UIC Project EIRENE (European Integrated Railway Radio Enhanced Network), and demanded to GSM-R technology. Measures on a real testbed and a model developed with the discrete event simulation tool, Opnet, have been employed in this work.
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Reports on the topic "Telecommunications access"

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Francesco, Petruccione,, Gastrow, Michael, Hadzic, Senka, Limpitlaw, Justine, Paul, Babu Sena, Wolhuter, Riaan, and Kies, Carl. Evaluation of Alternative Telecommunication Technologies for the Karoo Central Astronomy Advantage Area. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2021/0073.

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The National Research Foundation (NRF) requested the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), on behalf of South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) and the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), to undertake an independent and objective evaluation of potential alternative telecommunication technologies for the areas of the Karoo Central Astronomy Advantage Areas (KCAAA). The study encompasses regulatory, public sphere, and technical dimensions to explore options for maintaining the functionality of the telescope while, at the same time, delivering appropriate connectivity solutions for local communities.The objectives of this study are as follows: 1) Assess the technologies currently being, or planning to be, deployed through existing alternative communications programs managed by SARAO, including whether these technologies are comparable with market available technologies that could feasibly be deployed in the KCAAA; and 2) Assessment of current and future telecommunication technologies that may act as suitable replacement and/or improvement (functional and feasible) for existing detrimental technologies, utilised in the KCAAA. This report provides a critical background into the relationship between the SKA and local communities as it relates to ICTs in the area. Based on this understanding, potential technology solutions are proposed to ensure residents of the KCAAA are still afforded valuable access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) within the parameters of affordability, desirability and feasibility.
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Leveraging Telecommunications Policies for Pro-poor Growth Universal Access Funds with Minimum-subsidy Auctions. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/222457652510.

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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