Journal articles on the topic 'Telecommunication – Europe'
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Kossecki, Pavel. "Comparison of Telecommunication Markets in Europe Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis." Journal of information and organizational sciences 44, no. 2 (December 9, 2020): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31341/jios.44.2.8.
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Common problem in valuation of telecommunication companies is finding comparable data and markets for valuation. The aim of this work was to identify comparable markets for the telecommunication market in Europe. A method for comparison of the markets based on the Multivariate Statistical Analysis was presented. The study covers twenty-two European countries. Using taxonomic measures, these countries were divided into five groups, taking into account the following variables: average monthly service cost of the fixed Internet, average cost of the mobile usage, and average cost of the fixed telephony usage. Within individual groups, the costs of telecommunications services are less diverse than in the entire population; their members can be considered comparable markets. The same method can be used for comparing markets in cases of enterprise valuations in the telecommunication sector, and also in analysis of their level of development.
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Jajszczyk, A., and J. Kubasik. "Telecommunication tariffs in central Europe." IEEE Communications Magazine 31, no. 10 (October 1993): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/35.237986.
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Sokolov, N., L. Sloutski, and D. Kuentzel. "Evolution of telecommunication in eastern Europe." IEEE Communications Magazine 38, no. 12 (2000): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/35.888268.
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Lowe, Philip. "Telecommunication Services and Competition Law in Europe." European Business Law Review 5, Issue 6 (June 1, 1994): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr1994043.
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Curwen, Peter, and Jason Whalley. "The tangled web of mobile telecommunication mergers: Hutchison Whampoa, Telefónica and BT." info 18, no. 2 (March 14, 2016): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-08-2015-0041.
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Purpose – This paper aims to demonstrate how consolidation within Europe’s mobile telecommunication markets requires willing buyers and sellers. Design/methodology/approach – After highlighting the resurgence in merger and acquisition (M & A) activity in mobile telecommunications, the paper draws on a variety of secondary sources to analyse the strategies of three companies. Findings – The paper highlights the interwoven nature of the strategies of three companies: BT, Hutchison Whampoa and Telefónica. BT has returned to the mobile telecommunications market in the UK, with the company it did not acquire being purchased by Hutchison. As Hutchison implements a “double or quits” strategy in Europe, it has acquired operations from Telefónica, which, in turn, has exited most of its non-Spanish European operations to focus on Latin America. Research limitations/implications – The paper relies on secondary data and thus highlights the challenges of doing so and the need for more information regarding M & As to be in the public domain. Practical implications – There is a need to adopt a sector-wide or regional approach for analysing the strategies of telecommunication companies. Originality/value – The paper uniquely provides an overview of three corporate strategies to show how they interact with one another.
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LABORIE, LÉONARD. "Enveloping Europe: Plans and Practices in Postal Governance, 1929–1959." Contemporary European History 27, no. 2 (April 13, 2018): 301–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777318000085.
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This article sets out why and how plans to build Europe on mail, both commercially (rates) and symbolically (stamps), were discussed from the end of the 1920s and have failed up to today. The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunication Administrations (CEPT) was created during the intense phase of European integration in the 1950s. In the 1980s it was a key resource for the European Commission for building a Single Market in the telecommunication sector. As this article argues, however, the CEPT did not emerge from the multiple plans for postal integration. Rather, it was a new envelope hiding governance practices inherited from the nineteenth century.
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Lewin, David. "Using Telecommunications for Competitive Advantage—the Approach of the European Multinationals." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 8, no. 1 (January 1997): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9700800105.
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This paper looks at the business drivers facing European companies and the way these drivers are changing their use of telecommunications. The findings are based on Ovum’s European Telecommunications Users Panel. This consists of over 100 international and multinational companies providing information to Ovum five times a year on their changing use of telecommunications. The paper looks at trends from the telecommunications manager’s viewpoint. It identifies three main forces which affect him: the business strategies of his organisation which, with improvements in economic climate, are moving from cost cutting to global business expansion. the changing information systems requirements of his organisation, where the demand for high bandwidth data services is growing rapidly the changing patterns of supply of telecommunication services—in terms of products available, price and quality of supply. Here competition is changing the situation rapidly Overall the paper shows that the role of the telecommunications manager in Europe is changing. Up until now the telecommunications manager has dealt with the operational and technical issues involved in running a private network for his company. Now he is adopting more of a strategic, business oriented role in which he matches business and information system needs to the most effective telecommunications solutions, selected from a range of competing suppliers.
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Makhlouf, Mohamed, and Oihab Allal-Cherif. "Pertinence and Feasibility of a Unifying Holistic Approach of IT Governance." International Journal of IT/Business Alignment and Governance 6, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitbag.2015010101.
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In accordance with the Design Science percepts, the authors present in this paper an approach that aims to give a holistic unifying framework that ensures consistency and coherence between the existing IT governance approaches and mechanisms. It considers the advances and best practices suggested by COBIT ITIL, etc. Therefore, it proposes an operational implementation and instantiation of information system of IT governance based on SOA architecture. It meets the requirements posed by gaps in the research on IT governance, which have been proven by the literature study. as well as the managerial problems highlighted by a two-year in-depth case study conducted inside one of the largest telecommunication operators in Europe. The relevance and feasibility of this approach have been proven by the implementation of this approach in a another two-year in-depth action research case study inside another large European telecommunications operator.
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Yami, Saïd, and André Nemeh. "Organizing coopetition for innovation: The case of wireless telecommunication sector in Europe." Industrial Marketing Management 43, no. 2 (February 2014): 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.11.006.
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Wenzlhuemer, Roland. "The dematerialization of telecommunication: communication centres and peripheries in Europe and the world, 1850–1920." Journal of Global History 2, no. 3 (November 2007): 345–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174002280700232x.
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AbstractInterregional communication has been a key constituent of the process of globalization since its very origins. For most of its history, information has moved between world regions and along the routes according to the rationales established by interregional trade and migration. The dematerialization of telecommunication in the late eighteenth and nineteenth century eventually detached long-distance information transmission from transport and transformed the global communication structure. New communication centres (and new peripheries) emerged. Some regions moved closer to the global data stream than others. It is still unclear how such different degrees of global connectivity impacted on local development. This essay contributes to the identification and valuation of global communication centres and peripheries in order to provide suitable candidates for future case studies. To this end, statistical data on the development of domestic telegraph networks in selected countries has been analysed and interpreted. In a second step, Social Network Analysis methods have been employed to measure the centrality of almost three hundred cities and towns in the European telecommunication network of the early twentieth century.‘You cannot not communicate.’Paul Watzlawick
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Servaes, Jan. "‘Europe 1992’: The audiovisual challenge." Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands) 49, no. 1-2 (February 1992): 75–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001654929204900105.
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The article discusses the changing role of the European Community and its impact on national media systems and policies. It claims that the EC-policies advocate total freedom to provide services across borders, and that, therefore, total liberalization may lead to a future cultural synchronization and economic oligopolization of Europe. The main arguments presented are: 1. The national, and especially the European policies regarding telecommunication services in general and broadcasting in particular are based on economic in stead of cultural considerations. This trend will continue after 1992. 2. The public service broadcasting structure and philosophy has undergone major changes throughout the last decades. These changes, initiated by internal as well as external factors, have affected the organizational and finance structures, and the programming of public service broadcasting. 3. It is questionable whether the European policies will be in the advantage of the so-called smaller countries in the European Community, like for instance Belgium or the Netherlands, on the one hand, and whether these policies will be able to secure a free and balanced flow of information, ideas, opinions and cultural activities within the Community on the other hand.
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Laborie, Léonard. "Fragile links, frozen identities: the governance of telecommunication networks and Europe (1944–53)." History and Technology 27, no. 3 (September 2011): 311–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341512.2011.604175.
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Þorsteinsson, Sæmundur E. "Nýting ljósleiðara á Íslandi." Icelandic Journal of Engineering 23 (April 28, 2017): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/ije.23.2.
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General deployment of optical fibre technology commenced in the eighties. Its introduction revolutionised the telecommunications arena and has become the foundation of most telecommunication systems in use today. Optical fibres connect continents and countries, are used in core and access networks and for backhauling of mobile communication systems. The internet would barely exist without optical fibres and globalisation would hardly have seen the dawn of light. Three submarine optical cables connect Iceland to the outside world; Farice and Danice connect Iceland to Europe and Greenland Connect to America via Greenland. The optical ring around Iceland constitutes the Icelandic core network. The ring passes by nearly all villages and towns and fibre deployment in the access network has reached an advanced state. Fibre deployment in rural areas has already begun and will presumably be finished in a few years. Iceland plays a leading role in fibre deployment. In this paper, fibre utilisation in Iceland will be described, both in core and access networks. Three different architectures for fibre deployment in the access network will be described. Competition on fibre networks will also be discussed.
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Ankerl, Guy, and Dirk Pereboom. "The relative social coherence or connectedness in Europe given by a preference indicator of telecommunication." Cahiers de sociologie économique et culturelle 23, no. 1 (1995): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/casec.1995.2252.
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Sharma, Seema, Kirankumar Momaya, and K. Manohar. "Assessing the Performance of Telecommunication Industry in India: A Data Envelopment Analysis." Journal of International Business and Economy 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2010.2.2.
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Rapid growth of telecommunications in India has been creating opportunities for many players from Asia, Europe and other parts of world. Relative assessment of efficiencies can be used to enhance productivity and competitiveness. In this study an attempt is made to evaluate competitiveness of the telecom industry in India focusing on the efficiency. Input oriented data envelopment analysis is used to measure the relative technical and scale efficiencies of 10 service providers. Further, using output oriented model, the efficiency analysis is extended to 23 service circle areas. From the analysis performed on service providers the technically and scale efficient firms were identified. Technical and scale efficiency were assessed at circle level also. The findings confirm some assumptions and hint at several competitiveness implications for leadership in firms and government.
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Trimi, Silvana, and Kozeta Sevrani. "Development of M-Government Projects in a Developing Country." International Journal of Information Technology Project Management 1, no. 3 (July 2010): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitpm.2010070104.
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This paper is a qualitative study regarding m-government in a developing country in Eastern Europe with a poor infrastructure and a democratic history—Albania. To understand why m-government is unavoidable and necessary for Albania, the authors provide an overall picture of the country’s current telecommunication infrastructure, which explains some of the current e-government initiatives, and their level of implementation success and barriers to progress. In addition, this paper presents possible benefits of m-government for Albanians, along with possible future applications, challenges, and issues in their implementation.
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Goldstein, Andrea E. "Corporate Governance and Regulation in Privatized Utilities: Telecommunications in Four European Countries." Business and Politics 2, no. 2 (August 2000): 189–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1008.
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This paper analyzes the evolution of corporate governance and regulation in privatized telecommunication companies in the four largest EU economies. A political-economy approach is used to test the validity of the convergence hypothesis, which posits that globalization should produce convergence in business practices, ownership patterns, and regulatory frameworks. While there are signs that the structure of ownership and monitoring in continental Europe is adopting some of the features of the Anglo-Saxon arms-length governance system, corporate decisions remain shaped by durable national institutions and distinctive political traditions regarding the role of the corporation in society, the “just” level of executive remuneration, the concept of universal service, and the involvement of the state in corporate restructuring.
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Lundén, Dag, Jens Malmodin, Pernilla Bergmark, and Nina Lövehagen. "Electricity Consumption and Operational Carbon Emissions of European Telecom Network Operators." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 2637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052637.
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This study presents operational electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions for named European telecom network operators during 2015–2018. These results are also compared to data for 2010–2015. The study provides an extensive primary data set, collected from European Telecommunication Network Operators (ETNO) members, covering operations in Europe and beyond, providing data with higher granularity than publicly available sources. The collected data set corresponds to roughly 36 percent of European subscriptions and 8 percent of global subscriptions. This data set was used to calculate the aggregated annual electricity consumption for the assessed operators, as well as associated subscription intensities, in total, for Europe and per network type. Moreover, aggregated electricity-related carbon emissions and emissions from other sources were calculated. Finally, estimates were made for the overall network operation in Europe for 2018 and 2020. The study concludes that the electricity consumption and number of subscriptions for the reporting telecom network operators remained nearly constant (+1 percent and −3 percent, respectively) between 2015 and 2018, while data traffic increased by a factor of three. For the extended period of 2010–2018, the electricity consumption per subscription remained quite stable, slightly below 30 kWh/subscription despite substantial data traffic growth (by a factor of 12).
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Matlay, Harry. "Internet Entrepreneurship in Europe: Venture Failure and the Timing of Telecommunication Reform20046N.M. Waesche. Internet Entrepreneurship in Europe: Venture Failure and the Timing of Telecommunication Reform. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd 2003. xi + 334 pp., ISBN: 1 84376 135 1." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 11, no. 3 (September 2004): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14626000410565109.
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van de Kaa, G., and M. J. Greeven. "Mobile telecommunication standardization in Japan, China, the United States, and Europe: a comparison of regulatory and industrial regimes." Telecommunication Systems 65, no. 1 (August 31, 2016): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11235-016-0214-y.
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Veretennikov, N., and R. Leontiev. "THE ARCTIC: THE TRANSPORT AND TELECOMMUNICATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE, THE ECONOMY, NATIONAL SECURITY." National Association of Scientists 2, no. 71 (October 10, 2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2021.2.71.479.
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At the current time, it is impossible to manage the economy of the Russian Arctic zone regions without creating an infrastructure that will allow organizing effective management of the entire complex of industries located in these territories. In order to organize the development of the territory and living conditions on it, it is necessary to create the infrastructure and environment for comfortable living of the employed and residing population. First of all, it concerns the necessity to strengthen integration processes as the population living there experiences discomfort from the impossibility to use modern telecommunication and information services. In this article the author analyzes and proposes the concept of development and use of fiber-optic communication lines, which could provide (after their installation) the most inhabited communities with digital economy services at affordable prices. The population living in the northern regions and working in hydrocarbon production companies is partially provided with modern services through the construction of departmental communication lines for the management of production and transportation complexes. Get the integration of regional management systems based on the development of digital economy from the laying of Russian communication lines, replacing the use of satellite Internet owned by foreign companies. This will help to use information resources more efficiently in the process of management and interaction to solve common tasks of the Russian Arctic zone where the population lives on a permanent basis. In addition, the most important part of the construction of modern communication lines in the Arctic is to ensure the country’s defense capability of its northern borders, protection of the Northern Sea Route - the main route for the delivery of liquefied gas to Europe and Asia.
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Jhamb, Deepika, Amit Mittal, and Pankaj Sharma. "THE BEHAVIOURAL CONSEQUENCES OF PERCEIVED SERVICE QUALITY: A STUDY OF THE INDIAN TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY." Business: Theory and Practice 21, no. 1 (May 26, 2020): 360–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11480.
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The telecom industry in India has witnessed substantial growth over the last decade. Rapid growth of telecommunications is opening up the doors for many telecom players from Europe, Asia and other parts of the world, resulting in increased competition and tariff reductions. In the present competitive environment, the services perceived by the customers and their behavioural intentions play a pivotal role in the customer switching process among service providers. With the changing expectations of service quality, it becomes imperative to discover the gap between customer expectations and customer perception. In this context, the aim of the present study is to identify the existing gap between customer expectations and perceptions and investigate the relationship between post-experience perception of service quality and customers’ behavioural intentions. The data was collected from 500 customers in Delhi NCR, India. Paired sample t-test and multiple correlation analysis were performed. The results of the study points out the key areas wherein the service gaps are considerably high such as reliability and responsiveness. The customer behavioural intentions, such as “Complain to customer service if a problem occurs”, “Switch to another service provider” and “Reducing the usage with a particular service provider”, have shown a strong relationship with quality of service. The findings of the study confirm that the perceptions of customers regarding the quality of service received definitely have an impact on their behaviour.
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Houben, Iris. "Public Service Obligations: Moral Counterbalance of Technical Liberalization Legislation?" European Review of Private Law 16, Issue 1 (February 1, 2008): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2008002.
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Abstract: Public service obligations have in first instance been developed as a side effect of the liberalization process which is going on within various, formerly mostly monopolistic, sectors in the EU. One may think of the energy sector, the telecommunication sector and the postal sector. The concept of the public service obligations has strongly gained influence in Europe as a reaction to, and in conjunction with, the technical liberalization legislation. This development is about searching for a balance between considerations based on market principles and considerations which have more to do with cohesion and social solidarity. Zusammenfassung: Öffentliche Dienstverpflichtungen haben sich zunächst als Nebeneffekt des Liberalisierungsprozesses, der sich innerhalb verschiedener, ehemals oft monopolistischer Sektoren in der EU abspielt, entwickelt. Als Beispiel lassen sich der Energiesektor, der Telekommunikationssektor und der Postsektor nennen. Europäische Richtlinien zwingen zur Liberalisierung dieser ehemals monopolistischen Märkte. Als Reaktion darauf und im Zusammenhang mit dieser technischen Liberalisierungsgesetzgebung hat das Modell der öffentlichen Dienstverpflichtung in Europa stark an Einfluss gewonnen. Bei dieser Entwicklung handelt es sich um die Suche nach einem Gleichgewicht zwischen marktbezogenen Überlegungen und Überlegungen, die sich eher auf Kohäsion und soziale Solidarität richten. Résumé: Les services de service public ont été élaborés pour faire contrepoids au processus de libéralisation qui a lieu dans différents secteurs, surtout de nature monopolistiques, de l’Union Européenne. L’ont peut penser au secteur de l’énergie, le secteur de la télécommunication et le secteur postal. Le concept d’obligations de service public constitue une réaction importante, en Europe, à la legislation de libéralisation technique. Ce développement constitue une recherché d’équilibre entre considerations basées sur les principes du marché et considerations qui concernent la cohesion et la solidarité sociale.
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Curwen, Peter, Bert Sadowski, and Jason Whalley. "Where are the Europeans? A longitudinal analysis of the world’s largest TMT companies." info 17, no. 5 (August 10, 2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-02-2015-0016.
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Purpose – This paper aims to identify the number of European companies among the world’s largest telecommunication, media and technology (TMT) companies. Through this, industry trends will be discerned and light shed on whether European companies are losing out to their rivals based in the USA and Asia in relation to the new highly technological economy that is emerging. Design/methodology/approach – The paper begins by outlining the context for the study before detailing the data sources used in the analysis of the world’s largest TMT companies. The data are drawn from successive annual lists of the world’s largest companies published by the Financial Times. Findings – The paper highlights the limited European presence among the world’s largest TMT companies. A significant proportion of these companies provide telecommunication services. Research limitations/implications – The paper draws on annual lists compiled by the Financial Times. The categorisation adopted in these lists changes over time and does not facilitate the identification of TMT operations in companies where the main activities are in other sectors. Practical implications – There is a need for more data to be available in the public domain. One aspect of this relates to the need to extend the analysis to include smaller TMT companies, while another is the need for more detailed information regarding companies operating in more than one sector. Originality/value – The paper extends existing research into structural change within the TMT sector by focussing on Europe. A longitudinal approach is adopted, with the companies uniquely divided into six lines of business.
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Intrisano, Carmelo, Anna Paola Micheli, and Anna Maria Calce. "Does Stock Listing Affect Value Creation and Profitability? Evidence from European Listed and Unlisted Companies." International Journal of Economics and Finance 12, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v12n11p130.
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In this paper we have studied the issue of whether the stock listing decision impacts firms’ performance and value. In detail, we compared listed and unlisted companies located in countries belonging to the Stoxx Europe 600 in a 3-year time horizon (2015-2017). Companies are grouped in sector in order to ensure a greater comparability of data. As variable representative of performance we used the return on equity while for value creation we chosen the ROE-ke differential. Using the statistical t-test we ascertain the comparability of values. Results of our study demonstrated that unlisted companies have greater profitability and generate higher value than listed peers. In particular, given the significance level at 1% resulting from the t-test for the difference between the means, profitability and value created are higher for unlisted companies compared to the listed especially for the Thecnology, Telecommunication and Industrials sectors.
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Hoque, Abu Shams Mohammad Mahmudul, Zainudin Bin Awang, Benazir Ahmed Siddiqui, and Malam Salihu Sabiu. "Role of Employee Engagement on Compensation System and Employee Performance Relationship among Telecommunication Service Providers in Bangladesh." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 8, no. 3 (May 18, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v8i3.13081.
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Past studies endorsed that there is a quite number of factors have been considered as the influencing factors of employee performance in an organization. Some of these are selection, training and development, performance appraisal, promotion, job design, security, and satisfaction, compensation system, employee commitment, personality, emotional intelligence, organizational citizenship behavior among others. While several studies considered investigating the influence of human resource management practices on employee performance in different context such as America, Africa and Europe, but very little attention have given in South-Asian countries like Bangladesh. Hence, this manuscript attempted to investigate the impact of compensation system on employee performance using quantitative analysis. To do so, survey was conducted as well as perceptions of 200 employees working in telecommunication service providers in Bangladesh were obtained to analyze the relationships. The data is analyzed and hypotheses were tested by using IBM-SPSS-AMOS package 25.0. The study found that employee engagement partially mediates the relationship between compensation system and employee performance by the data of this study. This research indorsed that there is a candid need to implement better compensation system by the entrepreneurs which will ensure better employee performance in line with consistent growth of firms as well as Bangladeshi GDP.
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Aydın Öztürk, Tuğba, and Nick Crossley. "Türkiye’de Dijital Müzikteki Yeni Ekonomik Modellerin Sosyolojik ve Kültürel Yönleri." Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 7, no. 13 (November 2021): 295–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.7.13.92.
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This research explained new economic models in the digital music industry in view of cultural, technological, and sociological aspects. The importance of local entrepreneurship, as well as global markets, were accessed. There have been many developments in digital music in the past two decades. These developments have affected relations between the digital economy and music technology. The study is mainly focused on the Turkish music market. Why the subscription and bundling models are on the rise? How does an economic merger between telecommunication companies and digital music services work? What are the effects of the recent developments in technology, in particular smartphones on music industry? The partnership of Turkcell, the largest GSM operator in Turkey, and one of the top 5 in Europe and Turkish digital music service Fizy was exemplified. Thus, the significance of local markets in the digital era, expectations of the audiences, the applicability of streaming, and bundling economic models in Turkey have been examined.
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Bisgaard, Nikolai. "The European Experience." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 12, no. 06 (June 2001): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1745611.
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AbstractThis article presents an overview of past and current experiences with time division multiple assess-based (Global System for Mobil Communication) mobile telephones in Europe as seen by the European Hearing Instrument Manufacturers Association. Initial fear of widespread interference problems for hearing aid users in general owing to use of a new generation of mobile telephones seems unjustified. The background for the International Electrotechnical Commission 118–13 standard for measuring interference is described. No solution to complete elimination of interference problems resulting from direct contact between hearing aids and mobile telephones has yet been found. Several reports on the subjects are cited, and new work on measurement standards for near-field situations is mentioned. Abbreviations: BTE = behind the ear, DECT = digital European cordless telephony, EHIMA = European Hearing Instruments Manufacturers Association, EMC = electromagnetic compatibility, ETSI = European Telecommunication Standards Institute, EU = European Union, GSM = Global System for Mobile Communication, IEC = International Electrotechnical Commission, IRIL = input-related interference level, ITE = in the ear, TDMA = time division multiple access
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Jeannin, Nicolas, Laurent Féral, Henri Sauvageot, Laurent Castanet, and Frédéric Lacoste. "A Large-Scale Space-Time Stochastic Simulation Tool of Rain Attenuation for the Design and Optimization of Adaptive Satellite Communication Systems Operating between 10 and 50 GHz." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/749829.
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The design and optimization of propagation impairment techniques for space telecommunication systems operating at frequencies above 20 GHz require a precise knowledge of the propagation channel both in space and time. For that purpose, space-time channel models have to be developed. In this paper the description of a model for the simulation of long-term rain attenuation time series correlated both in space and time is described. It relies on the definition of a stochastic rain field simulator constrained by the rain amount outputs of the ERA-40 reanalysis meteorological database. With this methodology, realistic propagation conditions can be generated at the scale of satellite coverage (i.e., over Europe or USA) for many years. To increase the temporal resolution, a stochastic interpolation algorithm is used to generate spatially correlated time series sampled at 1 Hz, providing that way valuable inputs for the study of the performances of propagation impairment techniques required for adaptive SatCom systems operating at Ka band and above.
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Lopes, Nuno Vasco, Kenneth Bagarukayo, and Jun Cheng. "Knowledge Societies in China, Portugal, and Uganda." International Journal of Knowledge Society Research 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 23–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijksr.2017010102.
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In September 2015, the United Nations (UN) Member States subscribed the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the 2030 Agenda (General Assembly 2015). This work makes an analysis on how Knowledge Societies can effectively contribute for the achievements of the Agenda's 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Moreover, it will be presented the research overview conducted by UNU-EGOV for producing the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Knowledge Societies Handbook (UNESCO/IFAP and UNU-EGOV 2016). In addition, three countries from three different Continents of Asia, Europe and Africa - China, Portugal and Uganda respectively - will be analyzed in the context of the knowledge societies architecture proposed in the handbook. For making that analysis a set of indicators collected from the “The World Bank” (The World Bank 2016) and “International Telecommunication Union” (ITU) (ITU 2015) databases have been selected. The indicators have been interpreted taking into consideration the socio-cultural, political, and economic context of each of the three countries.
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Taha, Hussein, Péter Vári, and Szilvia Nagy. "On the Challenges of Mutual Interference between Cable Television Networks and Mobile Fixed Communication Networks in the Digital Dividend Bands." Infocommunications journal 14, no. 3 (2022): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36244/icj.2022.3.8.
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Recently, the issue of monitoring and repairing leakage from cable television networks have re-emerged, particularly after the International Telecommunication Union released a part of the ultra-high frequency spectrum to mobile broadband services. The newly allocated spectrum, known as the digital dividend bands, was traditionally used throughout Europe for digital TV broadcasting. The emerging problem is the mutual interference between the new frequency spectrum utilized by the Mobile/Fixed Communication Networks and the band used by cable TV providers to offer their services. This article is a brief overview and a starting point for extensive research in this area. We started with a simple description of the cable television system and mobile/fixed communication networks focusing on the aspects associated with ingress and egress interference issues. We also discussed the approaches for detecting and measuring mutual interference and reviewed the relevant literature. This article is concluded with some proposed measures for reducing or mitigating mutual interference.
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Batenkov, Aleksandr, Kirill Batenkov, and Aleksandr Fokin. "Forming the Telecommunication Networks’ Cross-Sections to Analyze the Latter Stability with Different Connectivity Measures." Informatics and Automation 20, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 371–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/ia.2021.20.2.5.
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The problem of stability analysis and its components of reliability and survivability is quite popular both in the field of telecommunications and in other industries involved in the development and operation of complex networks. The most suitable network model for this type of problem is a model that uses the postulates of graph theory. At the same time, the assumption of the random nature of failures of individual links of the telecommunications network allows it to be considered in the form of a generalized Erdos–Renyi model. It is well known that the probability of failure of elements can be interpreted in the form of a readiness coefficient and an operational readiness coefficient, as well as in the form of other indicators that characterize the performance of elements of a telecommunications network. Most approaches consider only the case of bipolar connectivity, when it is necessary to ensure the interaction of two end destinations. In modern telecommunications networks, services such as virtual private networks come to the fore, for which multipoint connections are organized that do not fit into the concept of bipolar connectivity. In this regard, we propose to extend this approach to the analysis of multi-pole and all-pole connections. The approach for two-pole connectivity is based on a method that uses the connectivity matrix as a basis, and, in fact, assumes a sequential search of all combinations of vertex sections, starting from the source and drain. This method leads to the inclusion of non-minimal cross-sections in the general composition, which required the introduction of an additional procedure for checking the added cross-section for non-excess. The approach for all-pole connectivity is based on a method that uses the connectivity matrix as a basis, and, in fact, assumes a sequential search of all combinations of vertex sections, not including one of the vertices considered terminal. A simpler solution was to control the added section for uniqueness. The approach for multipolar connectivity is similar to that used in the formation of the set of minimal all-pole sections and differs only in the procedure for selecting the combinations used to form the cross-section matrix, of which only those containing pole vertices are preserved. As a test communication network, the Rostelecom backbone network is used, deployed to form flows in the direction of "Europe-Asia". It is shown that multipolar sections are the most general concept with respect to two-pole and all-pole sections. despite the possibility of such a generalization, in practical applications it is advisable to consider particular cases due to their lower computational complexity.
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Turko, Maxime, Marielle Gosset, Christophe Bouvier, Nanee Chahinian, Matias Alcoba, Modeste Kacou, and Apoline Yappi. "Rainfall measurement from mobile telecommunication network and potential benefit for urban hydrology in Africa: a simulation framework for uncertainty propagation analysis." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 383 (September 16, 2020): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-237-2020.
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Abstract. Urban floods due to intense precipitation is a major problem in many developing countries, especially in Africa. There are few available solutions for effective and yet affordable flood early warning systems for these regions. Weather radar is common in industrialized countries but too costly for most tropical cities. Satellite provides interesting information in real time but not yet quantitative enough at the space and time scales needed for urban flood monitoring. Rainfall measurement using commercial microwave links (CML) from cellular communication networks is a cost effective alternative to conventional methods. The method is based on measuring rain induced fluctuations between telecommunication antennas; if the operator provides this information rain maps can be produced and used for hydrological prediction. Many CML studies have been carried out in Europe and Israel. Recently IRD implemented pilot sites in Africa in order to test this rainfall estimation technique and quantify the uncertainties. After reviewing the method principles and providing an overview of the current research on CML, we present a simulation framework to analyse the propagation of CML rainfall uncertainties in an urban hydrological model.
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Kovács, Gábor. "Laboratory medicine in central and eastern Europe: Can we catch up?" Jugoslovenska medicinska biohemija 23, no. 3 (2004): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmh0403299k.
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Laboratory medicine, as defined by the IFCC and FESCC, is the application of chemical, molecular and cellular concepts and techniques to the understanding and evaluation of human health and disease. At the core of the discipline is the provision of results of measurements and observations relevant to the cause of disease, the maintenance of health and the conversion of these data into specific and general patient- and disease- related information at the laboratory-clinician interface. The discipline is committed to deepening the understanding of health and disease through fundamental and applied research. Furthermore, there are increasing health care expectations and consequently increasing demands of health care resources. Because of the increasing health costs, governments of many European countries have cut health care expenditure, often by decreasing the funding of acute care facilities, closing hospitals, outsourcing services or privatizing health care. Medical laboratories, highly dependent on rapidly changing, expensive and sophisticate technologies, have especially been affected by these policies. Several trends in medical laboratories are developing simultaneously: ? Centralization of diagnostic medical laboratories, rationalization of services, increased emphasis on cost-benefit analysis and cost-effective total patient care, linked to improving outcomes. ? Development of highly specialized laboratories at the interface with research. ? Implementation of point of care technology. ? Development of molecular biology procedures improving diagnosis of infections and inherited diseases. ? Computerization and telecommunication, which facilitates fast communication between laboratory and clinicians. ? Automation and robotics are changing the face of classic laboratories. ? A general trend towards accreditation or certification of laboratories in order to increase and recognize quality and excellence, including consultation services, pre -and post-analytical procedures. Medical laboratory specialists, whether of medical or non-medical training background, are responsible for comprehensive laboratory services including production of analytical results, consultation with clinicians, management, quality assurance, and computer technology. When possible, they conduct research and training in laboratory medicine. There are considerable differences among countries - in particular between highly developed countries of the European Union and countries of Central/Eastern Europe - in social, economical and health system developments, which affect the practice of medicine. The ultimate goal of laboratory specialists in the Central/Eastern European countries is to catch up with all these processes and also to reduce the gap between east and west in this respect. However, sufficient governmental financial resources are lacking as well. Thus, national laboratory societies bear a higher than ever responsibility in working out and implementing successful strategies, convincing public opinion, political opinion-leaders and the media about the importance of laboratory medicine, a discipline inevitable for successful predictive, preventive and clinical curative medicine.
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Vladzymyrskyy, Anton Vyacheslavovich. "Scientific and technical Development of transtelephone Electrocardiography in foreign Countries during the 60-80s of the twentieth Century." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 8 (August 2022): 88–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2022.8.38532.
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In the context of the scientific and technical history of electrocardiography, the development of transtelephone electrocardiography (tele-ECG) remains unexplored - as a set of technical and methodological aspects of remote ECG transmission via telecommunication. This direction played a significant role in medical science and practice in the middle of the twentieth century, in many ways it remains relevant to this day. The task of the study. To identify and systematize the patterns of development of scientific knowledge related to the creation and use of transtelephone electrocardiography technologies in the period of the 1960s-1980s in Europe, Asia, North America and Australia. Results. From the point of view of technical sciences, there were two main trends in scientific research: a) the design of hardware solutions for broadcasting and receiving ECG via cable or radio channels; b) the development of algorithms for computer analysis of ECG. From the point of view of medical sciences: a) clinical trials, including an assessment of the technical reliability of equipment; b) evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of remote (both "human" and machine) interpretation of ECG; c) study of the clinical significance of tele-ECG. When comparing the trends of scientific and technological development of transtelephone electrocardiography in foreign countries, it is obvious that the countries of Europe and Asia follow in the wake of medical science in the USA. In the studies of scientists from Eastern Europe, the influence of medical science of the USSR in the form of the use of tele-ECG in occupational medicine is noted. Conclusions. In the period of the 1960s-1980s, the scientific and technical development of transtelephone electrocardiography took place in many countries of the world, but the activity and significance of these processes seriously differed. The emergence of affordable and reliable technologies for remote counseling, as well as automated analysis of electrocardiography results, has become significant. The overall result was the emergence of clinically significant remote diagnostics techniques and new models of medical care organization based on them.
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Tsiligirides, T. "Teleworking: An Information Technology Tool for Integrated Broadband Communication Development in Rural Areas of Europe." Journal of Information Technology 8, no. 4 (December 1993): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026839629300800405.
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Information technology has an increasing impact in the development of rural areas but the development and implementation of telematic services in these areas present special problems such as the appropriate mix of communication technologies, the commercial prospects of recovering the cost of investment, the social problems etc., which currently limit their effective use. With the recent introduction of narrowband ISDN (Integrated Services Data Networks) in Europe it is now possible to offer various services on a single subscriber line. In addition, with the development of both high reliable fibre-optic transmission and very fast switching systems, the introduction of broadband ISDN can also be considered. Unfortunately, the less favoured regions of EC (European Community) lack infrastructure. The development in these areas will be a gradual process. Large investments will be required, and the systems installed will have a lifetime of some decades. Therefore the right decisions on the chosen technologies and on the appropriate system configurations have to be taken to ensure success. In this work, the teleworking prospects as an IT tool for rural development are studied in detail. The motivation, the technology and the prosperity of teleworking in the less favoured regions of the EC are analysed and discussed. The analysis considers the existing telecommunication infrastructure in each one of the six peripheral member states in relation with the development and implementation of some important telematic systems in these areas. The main features of the proposed technologies as well as the establishment of the possible cost effective strategies for IBC (Integrated Broadband Communication) implementation in rural areas is also provided. It appears that teleworking is a key element for rural development and can be implemented through the realization of the IBCNs (IBC Networks). By taking lessons from some of the most important experimental initiatives which have already been introduced in some countries, useful recommendations in the policy to be adopted by the EC are drawn and presented.
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Hideg, Gabriella. "Role Model Choice Habits of Primary School and University Students in An International Perspective." International Journal of Advanced Research 3, no. 1 (September 2, 2021): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/ijar.3.1.400.
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By the XXI century, we are always online thanks to the available modern telecommunication tools, so certain concepts, results, and value systems are therefore revalued. This change, which involves loss of value as well, is present in all areas of life and has an impact on the morality and value perception of the growing generation. The purpose of the study is on the one hand to present and analyse the changes in values of today's society. On the other hand, its purpose is to give a picture of the role model choices of today's young people. As a test method, we used a questionnaire survey method besides exploring the domestic and international literature. A total of 687 people participated in the survey. The study was conducted with the participation of six countries, including four in Europe - Hungary, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia - and two outside Europe - Malaysia and Kenya. Our hypotheses were: H1: It is assumed that most of the young people have an athlete role model; H2: It is assumed that in Kenya and Malaysia there is a significantly higher proportion of those who choose athlete role models and they are chosen along with positive values; H3: It is assumed that, due to social, economic, and cultural disparities, I can show significant differences in the choice of role models for young people surveyed in Central and Eastern European and non-European countries. As a result, the habits of athlete role model choice among the interviewed young people of six countries become comparable. We get a clearer picture of the values along which young people choose an orientation person
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Kirilenko, Viktor, and Georgy Alekseev. "The Harmonization of Russian Criminal Legislation on Counteracting Cybercrime with the Legal Standards of the Council of Europe." Russian Journal of Criminology 14, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 898–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(6).898-913.
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Crimes that happen in the virtual environment created by digital technologies inflict considerable economic damage. Mercenary motives of criminals in the information society are giving rise to increasingly more and more sophisticated methods of abusing the trust of computer networks’ users. The harmonization of Russian legislation on counteracting cybercrimes with the legal standards of the Council of Europe is inevitable due to the trans-border character of crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies, and to their high public danger. The methodology of researching cybercrime is based on the comparative analysis of Russian law enforcement practice on crimes in the sphere of computer information and the most progressive practices of counteracting cybercrime in the member states of the Council of Europe. The methods of inclusive observation and discursive analysis make it possible to identify latent delicts in contemporary information space. The analysis of criminal legislation and the practices of criminal behavior in cyberspace are aimed at improving the measures of counteracting the violations of fundamental human rights in the process of the digitization of economy, when fraud based on the abuse of network users’ trust becomes the most typical virtual crime. Internet users are interested in reporting the facts of offences in the information space on the condition that the state protects their fundamental freedoms. The creation of closed social networks by criminal organizations and the widening technical opportunities for extortion result in the creation of universal schemes that enrich criminals, who are not only interested in reducing the state’s influence on public relations, but are also trying to establish their dominance in the economic space of information society. The effective policy of law enforcement bodies on counteracting economic crimes in the global information space requires an international consensus regarding the development of public-private partnership in identifying cybercrimes and suppressing criminal practices connected with the use of information technologies.
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Cawley, Richard A. "Telecommunications in Europe." Telecommunications Policy 17, no. 3 (April 1993): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-5961(93)90007-p.
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Laborie, Léonard. "Le telecomunicazioni dagli anni Cinquanta agli anni Novanta. Tra concorrenza e armonizzazione: genesi di una nuova icona dell'Europa integrata." MEMORIA E RICERCA, no. 30 (July 2009): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2009-030009.
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- This article aims at placing in an historical perspective the changes that gave birth in the Eighties and Nineties to the contemporary "transnational and liberalized" European telecommunications landscape. Telecommunications networks are articulated around a triangle linking operators (services providers), manufacturers (gears providers) and regulators (providing operating rules). In Europe, this triangle formed strong national monopoly till the Eighties within each nation: a compartmentalized organisation highly contrasting with the idea and prospect of a common market. This landscape was swept away from the Eighties on, the telecommunications sector becoming an icon of an integrated and dynamic Europe, around a common policy combining technical harmonisation (the GSM standard for instance) and deregulation. This article addresses the questions of the origin, goals and stakeholders of a common policy for a long time impossible to achieve, redefined at several occasions, and, at the end, emblematic.Parole chiave: Telecomunicazioni, Cooperazione europea, Armonizzazione tecnica, CEPT, CEE, GSM Telecommunications, European cooperation, Technical Harmonization, CEPT, CEE, GSM
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Costea, Mihai, Gabriela Arionesei, and Cristian Valentin Hapenciuc. "THE ADOPTION AND USE OF NEW INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AT THE LEVEL OF CEE-EU COUNTRIES." CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (September 24, 2018): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1135.
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This paper focuses on determining the current state of adoption of new information and communication technologies by the population of EU countries from the Central and Eastern parts of Europe (referred in the paper as CEE-EU countries). We have conducted a detailed analysis between Romania and Bulgaria because there are historical, geographical, political and economic similarities between these two neighbouring countries. In order to objectively reflect the results of the comparative analysis at the regional level, we have used the data provided by the World Economic Forum through the Competitiveness Index, the International Institute for Management Development through the Competitiveness Yearbook and the International Telecommunication Union through the ICT Development Index. The results of the comparative analysis reflect many regional disparities. At the same time, it can be noticed that both Romania and Bulgaria are the countries with the weakest results regarding the penetration rate of Internet accessibility in their populations, a fact which leads to a low degree of adaptability of the human capital to new information technologies and, implicitly, a low rate of adoption of the Internet in the sphere of business and public services. This is explained by the insufficient development of ICT infrastructure in the rural area, caused by numerous factors such as insufficient economic development and the low purchasing power of the population, but also by the relatively low level of education in ICT use. Although the influx of information and communication technologies occurred after the 1990s, namely at a time when even countries like Romania or Bulgaria were already part of the free market economy, the gaps recorded during the communist regime (economic, but especially socio-cultural), were apparently difficult to recover in the years to come, therefore this upsurge in information technology has been somewhat delayed in the South-Eastern area of Europe.
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Veretennikov, N. P. "THE ARCTIC: TRANSPORT AND INFORMATIONAL-TELECOMMUNICATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE, ECONOMY, AND NATIONAL SECURITY." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 70, no. 4/2020 (December 27, 2020): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.4.2020.70.002.
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At the current time, it is impossible to manage the economy of the Russian Arctic regions without creating an infrastructure that will allow organizing effective management of the entire complex of industries located in these territories. In order to organize the development of the territory and living conditions on it, it is necessary to create the infrastructure and environment for comfortable living of the employed and residing population. First of all, it concerns the necessity to strengthen integration processes as the population living there experiences discomfort from the impossibility to use modern telecommunication and information services. In this article the author analyzes and proposes the concept of development and use of fiber-optic communication lines, which could provide (after their installation) the most inhabited communities with digital economy services at affordable prices. The population living in the northern regions and working in hydrocarbon production companies is partially provided with modern services through the construction of departmental communication lines for the management of production and transportation complexes. Get the integration of regional management systems based on the development of digital economy from the laying of Russian communication lines, replacing the use of satellite Internet owned by foreign companies. This will help to use information resources more efficiently in the process of management and interactions to solve common tasks of the Russian Arctic zone where the population lives on a permanent basis. In addition, the most important part of the construction of modern communication lines in the Arctic is to ensure the country’s defense capability of its northern borders, protection of the Northern Sea Route — the main route for the delivery of liquefied gas to Europe and Asia.
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Munday, Peter. "Cordless Telecommunications in Europe." Electronics & Communications Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (1992): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ecej:19920003.
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Klobusicky-Mailänder, Elizabeth. "Telecommunications Simulation: Europe 1992." ReCALL 2, no. 2 (May 1990): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344000002366.
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When Professor Jonathan Wilkenfeld presented ICONS to a group of staff and students from Karlsruhe College in Spring 1989 and subsequently let us in as “observers” of the ongoing simulation, we hardly suspected what a radically new kind of learning experience awaited us in an ordinary language class when we participated “for real” in Autumn 1989.
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Hansen, Suella, David Cleevely, Simon Wadsworth, Hilary Bailey, and Oliver Bakewell. "Telecommunications in rural Europe." Telecommunications Policy 14, no. 3 (June 1990): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-5961(90)90041-o.
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Matsur, Vladimir A. "Chinese smartphones in Latin America. Geographical and institutional bases of production." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 9 (2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0021675-1.
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Latin America has been demonstrating steady growth of the smartphone market over the past two decades due to the “catching up digitalization” of the population. Against the background of this process, bypassing the classical stages of the development of telecommunication systems, financial technologies have flourished in the region, the 5G standard is being actively implemented. The low purchasing power of the population and the national business community contributes to the growing attractiveness of Chinese smartphone brands and production chains with Chinese participation. Thus, Latin America is the most important supplier of traditional metal resources for Chinese manufacturers of smartphones and their components. In recent years, there has been a trend with the placement of smartphone production directly in Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil) in order to compete with brands from Japan, the Republic of Korea, the USA and Europe. Due to serious competition the penetration of Chinese manufacturers into a new market requires a new territorial organization of production. An analysis of the placement of Chinese smartphone assembly factories in Latin America over the past 10 years has shown two geographical production models. The Brazilian model assumes the placement of production facilities in densely populated industrial clusters with an emphasis on the use of skilled labor and the organization of a full production cycle directly by the Chinese brand. The Argentine model focuses on the preferences of free economic zones and only the final assembly of smartphones by local firms without an exclusive contract.
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Martínez, Ignacio, Belén Zalba, Raquel Trillo-Lado, Teresa Blanco, David Cambra, and Roberto Casas. "Internet of Things (IoT) as Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Enabling Technology towards Smart Readiness Indicators (SRI) for University Buildings." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 7647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147647.
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Non-residential buildings contribute to around 20% of the total energy consumed in Europe. This consumption continues to increase globally. Smart building proposals (focused on Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB), air quality monitoring, energy saving with thermal comfort, etc.) were already necessary before 2020, and the pandemic has made this research and development area more essential. Furthermore, the need to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and obtain technological solutions based on the Internet of Things (IoT) requires holistic contributions through real installations that serve as spaces for measuring, testing, study and research. This article proposes a “measure–analyse–decide and act” methodology to quantify the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) for university buildings as a reference environment for energy efficiency and COVID-19 prevention models. Two conceptual spaces (physical and digital) within two dimensions (users and infrastructures) are designated over an IoT three-level model (information acquisition, interoperable communication, and data-driven decision). An IoT ecosystem (sensoriZAR) was implemented as a proof-of-concept of a smart campus at the University of Zaragoza, Spain. Focused on CO2 and energy consumption monitoring, the results showed effectiveness through real installations, demonstrating the IoT potential as SDG-enabling technologies. These contributions allow not only experimental lab tests (from the authors’ expertise in several specialties of Industrial, Mechanical, Design, Thermal, Electrical, Electronic, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering) but also a reference model for direct application in academic works, research projects and institutional initiatives, extendable to professional environments, buildings and cities.
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Blackman, Colin, Paul Nihoul, and Robert Queck. "Telecommunications in Europe: Quo vadis?" info 2, no. 3 (June 2000): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636690010801537.
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Godinho, Myron Anthony, Sameera Ansari, Guan Nan Guo, and Siaw-Teng Liaw. "Toolkits for implementing and evaluating digital health: A systematic review of rigor and reporting." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 28, no. 6 (February 23, 2021): 1298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab010.
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Abstract Objective Toolkits are an important knowledge translation strategy for implementing digital health. We studied how toolkits for the implementation and evaluation of digital health were developed, tested, and reported. Materials and Methods We conducted a systematic review of toolkits that had been used, field tested or evaluated in practice, and published in the English language from 2009 to July 2019. We searched several electronic literature sources to identify both peer-reviewed and gray literature, and records were screened as per systematic review conventions. Results Thirteen toolkits were eventually identified, all of which were developed in North America, Europe, or Australia. All reported their intended purpose, as well as their development process. Eight of the 13 toolkits involved a literature review, 3 did not, and 2 were unclear. Twelve reported an underlying conceptual framework, theory, or model: 3 cited the normalization process theory and 3 others cited the World Health Organization and International Telecommunication Union eHealth Strategy. Seven toolkits were reportedly evaluated, but details were unavailable. Forty-three toolkits were excluded for lack of field-testing. Discussion Despite a plethora of published toolkits, few were tested, and even fewer were evaluated. Methodological rigor was of concern, as several did not include an underlying conceptual framework, literature review, or evaluation and refinement in real-world settings. Reporting was often inconsistent and unclear, and toolkits rarely reported being evaluated. Conclusion Greater attention needs to be paid to rigor and reporting when developing, evaluating, and reporting toolkits for implementing and evaluating digital health so that they can effectively function as a knowledge translation strategy.
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Koti, Sorina, and Klaudeta Merollari. "Government Regulation, Technology and Development of SME-s." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 3 (April 30, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i3.p28-38.
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The aim of the paper is to analyze the factors that determine business growth and the impact on the GDP of the country. The paper analyses Albania, as one of the countries in the South East Europe. Albania is still passing through a transition period at all levels, economic and political. Albania has made serious steps in the development of the state of law, of the financial system and it is working on the achievements of goals, such as: becoming an EU member, stabilization of the fiscal and monetary policies, stability of prices, fighting against corruption, incentives for private investments, reduction of business’s taxes etc. The achievement of these goals will bring more motivation and incentives for growth, an increase in domestic and foreign direct investments. The government of Albania is still working on the future strategies that will bring Albania near to the European countries. The partial achievement of the above goals has created a positive environment, but still there is enough room for change and stabilization. The Albanian governments have improved the business climate, in order to create easier methods in the way of doing business, by attracting more foreign investors and creating a positive climate. Albania has experienced an increase of interest from foreign companies, which have invested in the main fields of economic such as: banking, energy, telecommunication, gas-oil, supermarkets, construction etc. However, some fiscal policies have changed during the last three years, which has caused a tightening of credit, investment, growth and income. Nowadays, Albania is not in a good position compare to neighborhood countries and it is facing recession problems that need immediate solution to overcome the crisis.