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Truntsevskiy, Yuriy V., and Konstantin V. Ketsko. "CRIMINAL THREATS OF E-COMMERCE: INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL ASPECTS." Public international and private international law 6 (October 29, 2020): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3910-2020-6-18-22.
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Economic criminality, being driven by the digitalization of economic relations, switches to the area of electronic commerce and uses all the advantages emerging with the development of information and telecommunication technologies, which requires modern regulation of such relations by the state and international community. The authors consider electronic commerce as various economic relations that use electronic, telecommunication, information resources and technologies. Electronic commerce can potentially offer many advantages as compared with a more traditional trade, although its use also has some negative consequences and faces real threats of cybercrime mentioned in this article; electronic trade may be subject to money laundering. The authors identify the following: categories of cybercrime in the area of electronic commerce; types of cybercrimes using computers; types of cybercriminals; lines (levels) and key tasks of combating crimes in the area of electronic commerce.
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Fuchs, Kamila. "CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN TELECOMMUNICATION SECTOR COMPANIES ‒ SELECTED ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, no. 495 (2017): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2017.495.03.
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Cherkasova, E. "Spain and Crisis: Political Aspects." World Economy and International Relations, no. 9 (2013): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2013-9-33-41.
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The article considers the causes and the nature of the economic crisis which was a heavy blow for Spanish economy being in need of structural reforms. The domestic political consequences of the crisis included the change of government, the emergence of new protest movements and strengthening of separatism. Under the Brussels' pressure, Spain was forced to make significant adjustments to its national anti-crisis strategy which had a high social price. Particular attention is given to relations with the EU and the impact of the crisis on the country's foreign policy.
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Cooke, P. "Some Spatial Aspects of Regulatory and Technological Change in Telecommunication Industries." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 24, no. 5 (May 1992): 683–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a240683.
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This paper makes a contribution to the analysis of regulatory change, an aspect of the broader theoretical debate initiated by the ‘regulation school’ of economic theorists and others. Unlike much of that debate this paper is focused on an empirical field—telecommunications deregulation—and on questions of market strategy rather than those purely of production. After an analysis of the nature and rationale for regulation there is a focus upon the political and economic processes leading to deregulation in the telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom and USA. Attention is directed to ‘natural monopoly’ and ‘public service’ rationales for regulation and the importance of spatial issues is noted. The deregulatory climate and its effects upon computing and communication are then traced out and it is shown how corporate activity is tending towards ‘quasi-regulation’ to reduce competitive and market-based uncertainties.
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Rezghdeh, Keyvan, and Sajjad Shokouhyar. "A six-dimensional model for supply chain sustainability risk analysis in telecommunication networks: a case study." Modern Supply Chain Research and Applications 2, no. 4 (May 19, 2020): 211–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mscra-09-2019-0018.
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PurposeThe main purpose of the present study was to improve and develop previously proposed models for Iran telecommunication networks. It should be noted that the six-dimensional (6D) sustainability model used in this study will be a useful and comprehensive model for industries. Since, the new dimension of IT along with the five well-known economic, social, environmental, technical and institutional aspects of organizations is considered to have great impacts on supply chain sustainability; the proposed framework can be practical.Design/methodology/approachAccording to the related literature review, there are two research streams in supply chain management. The first stream is exploratory research, seeking out conceptual discussions in this area. The second one is associated with mathematical models and techniques, aiming to set decision-making rules in this regard (Agrell et al., 2004). In this study, evaluation was performed using the FMEA method as an analytical technique based on the principle of pre-occurrence prevention to identify potential failure factors in sensitive systems (Mohammadfam and Kianfari, 2008).FindingsAfter identifying the risks and causes of the incidence and effects and consequences of risks, preventive and risk control measures and advisory strategies were presented. Customers with 45.76% share in critical risks are threatening to maintain supply chain in these companies. During this study, it was found that 33.9% of the main source of supply chain critical risks was customers, constituting 45.76% of such risks, accompanied by organization, having a 38.88% share of critical risk generation. The study findings also revealed that 33.9% of critical risks were mainly (equally) related to economic and technical aspects of supply chain sustainability in telecommunication networks. Moreover, as a newly-introduced sixth dimension, IT represented 10.17% of critical risks threatening supply chain sustainability in such networks. Critical risks are mainly related to the economic and technical aspects (equally) with the sustainability of the telecommunication networks supply chain. Also, as a new finding and the sixth dimension, 10.17% of the critical risks that threaten the sustainability of the telecommunication networks supply chain have the information technology dimension.Originality/valueThe internet and fixed and mobile data services are provided by several private companies in Iran, which are relatively similar in terms of their supply chains. In order to manage the sustainability of Iran's telecommunication supply chain, telecommunication networks affiliated to Iran Telecommunication Company (ITC), operating in the field of data and internet services and fixed telephone were selected in 31 provinces. The intended networks were also providing an important part of the country's needs including Mobile Telecommunication Company of Iran, a subsidiary of Iran's telecommunication networks, as one of the top companies in this industry. Accordingly, all the networks studied in this study needed to be identified with regard to communication sustainability risks, since they provide management solutions to each other by segregating risks. In this study, 68 managers and 72 experts participated in different work teams of telecommunication networks.
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Flinchpaugh, Steven G. "Economic Aspects of the Viceregal Entrance in Mexico City." Americas 52, no. 3 (January 1996): 345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008005.
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On November 4, 1640, a ship two months out of Cádiz entered the harbor of Veracruz and dropped anchor opposite the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa. On board was the new Viceroy of the Kingdom of New Spain, the Duque de Escalona, Diego López Pacheco. The viceroy’s arrival in Veracruz was but the first act in the elaborate drama of colonial government. Escalona and his party tarried in the port, passing the time inspecting the king’s troops and fortifications while they recuperated from the crossing and prepared for the journey to Mexico City. Accompanied by a mounted escort, gentlemen from the towns and cities of New Spain, a retinue of priests, servants and relatives, a herd of sheep, cattle, and other livestock, and by a baggage train carrying the stores of food and wines he brought with him from Spain, the viceroy would climb from sea level to the central meseta of New Spain, an ascent of nearly 8000 feet. The trip to Mexico City was a time for introductions, feasts, toasts, and pageants; but, it was also a time for politics, as the local notables, merchants, and government officials who accompanied the viceroy’s party vied for a favorable processional position and attempted to arrange a place at court for themselves, their relatives, and clients. Each village or town through which the viceroy passed would welcome him according to local custom and means. In larger towns like Puebla, this meant sumptuous entertainment, a procession to the cathedral followed by a reception and banquet. The viceroy could expect a more humble, but no less colorful reception when he passed through one of the dozens of smaller Indian communities along the route.
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Castells, A. "Catalonia and Spain at the crossroads: financial and economic aspects." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/gru022.
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Esakki Muthu, K., and K. Rajamannar. "A Study on Impact of Make in India in Indian Foreign Direct Investment." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v8i2.1878.
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That impact of globalization on employment can be a Central concern of current political current economic climate. For the “Make in India” promotion, the Government of India has diagnosed twenty-five precedence sectors that will be offered properly. Foreign direct investment (FDI) in India has received a the spian enhancement from instigating the Make in India scheme, as per the most recent Economic Survey. The investment climate in India has improved. Intending to attract and promote FDI, the Government of India (GoI) has put in place a policy framework on FDI, which is transparent, predictable, and easily comprehensible. India received FDI Inflow during 2014-2018 of US$ 223. Sectors such as Services, Computer software & hardware, Telecommunications, Trading, and Construction attracted the highest FDI. Most of the foreign countries like to invest in India during the 2018-19, India received the maximum FDI equity in flows from Mauritius, followed by Singapore and Japan. Total FDI investments in India during 2018-2019 are 62,001 cores, Government of India new polices to promote the FDI impact top 10 sectors services sector, Telecommunications, Computer software and hardware, Construction Development, Trading, Automobile Industry, Chemicals, Drugs & Pharmaceuticals, Construction (Infrastructure) Activities, Power. Most as of late, the all-out FDI value inflows for April 2019 contacted 36,463 crores. India During 2018-2019, India got the greatest FDI value inflows from Mauritius (Rs 57,139 crore), trailed by Singapore (112,362 crores), Netherlands (9,423 crores), USA (10,119 crores), and Japan (3, 28 4crore). This paper aims at explaining the impact of Make in Indian Foreign Direct Investment in various aspects.
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Pastukhov, A. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION." Экономическая наука сегодня, no. 10 (December 11, 2019): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2309-6667-2019-10-218-223.
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The article is devoted to the development of the education system in the context of globalization of the economy, socio-economic relations and the introduction of the distance education, telecommunication, communication technologies. It presents aspects of the knowledge management and the formation of educational complexes as institutional conditions and social environment for the development of educational systems.
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Cherkasova, E. "Spain: Opinion on European Integration." World Economy and International Relations, no. 11 (2014): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-11-48-53.
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The article analyzes the changes that characterize Spanish approach to political aspects of European integration, and more specifically, the approach of different political parties to the process. Spanish political circles and even think tanks pay relatively little attention to theoretical aspects of European integration, whereas practical relations with the EU are of paramount importance. This is due to the fact that the question of belonging to the EU was settled in Spain long ago and definitively. Majoritarian character of Spanish democracy facilitates the transfer of powers from Brussels to Madrid, i.e. objectively favors the choice of federalization. Nevertheless, Spain continues to upload its national preferences onto the EU decision-making process. In recent years, Spain’s influence and authority in the EU have declined because of the economic crisis. This loss of authority will be overcome as soon as the economic growth is resumed. Constantly emphasizing its belonging to the core of the EU, the “Old Europe”, and to the core of the euro zone, maintaining close relationship with the Latin group within the EU, Spain has consistently advocated a united and strong Europe with a Common Foreign and Security Policy.
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Baita-Saavedra, Cordal-Iglesias, Filgueira-Vizoso, and Castro-Santos. "Economic Aspects of a Concrete Floating Offshore Wind Platform in the Atlantic Arc of Europe." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 25, 2019): 4122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214122.
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The objective of this paper is to examine the economic aspects of a concrete offshore wind floating platform in the Atlantic Arc of Europe (Portugal and Spain). The life-cycle cost of a concrete floating offshore wind platform is considered to calculate the main economic parameters that will define the economic feasibility of the offshore wind farm. The case of study is the concrete floating offshore wind platform Telwind®, a spar platform with a revolutionary way of installing using a self-erecting telescopic tower of the wind turbine. In addition, the study analyses thirteen locations in Spain and twenty in Portugal, including the Atlantic islands of both countries. Results indicate that the economically feasible location to install a concrete offshore wind farm composed of concrete platforms is the Canary Islands (Spain) and Flores (Portugal).
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Kovalchuk, M. "Basque separatism vs Catalan independence movement: socio-cultural aspects." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-1-33-38.
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The current situation in Spain is characterized by the confrontation of two movements known as «independence movement» and «separatism». Both the Basque region and Catalonia have their own language, culture and a long history of the development of isolation tendencies. However, the objectives and the ways to achieve them have been different for a long time. In order to preserve the sociocultural unity of Spain it is necessary to eliminate the factors that that prevent people from finding the solution to the conflict, and the most important thing is to initiate dialogue, reach a compromise and be ready to stand by the words. It is difficult to imagine that any part will be separated from Spain from the economic point of view and, above all, socio-cultural, because the majority of Spanish population considers Spain as a strong and united State.
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Striy, Lyubov, Vasiliy Orlov, and Lolita Zakharchenko. "ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF ENTERPRISES OF THE TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY IN CONDITIONS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEWEST TECHNOLOGIES." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-1-207-213.
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The purpose of the article is to present the results of research on the direction of changing the content and forms of economic activity of telecommunication enterprises in the process of introducing the newest technologies. The article also proposes a micro model of one of the possible options for increasing the effectiveness of the economic activity of an enterprise by organizing its effective interaction with all participants of the telecommunication market. The study was performed on the example of communication enterprises operating in the communication space of Ukraine. Since the current markets for communication services integrated with the cyberspace of the Internet are virtually global, it can be assumed that the results are typical for other communication spaces. Methodology. Theoretical and methodological basis of the research are monographs, scientific books, scientific articles of modern scientists in the field of telecommunications, the newest information and communication technologies, economic globalization, development of the Internet. The basic documents that form the basis for analysing the performance of telecommunications enterprises are statistical data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Other available Internet publications have also been used. To ensure the validity of research results, the following methods were used: survey methods for clarifying concepts; economic-statistical and method of graphic representation in the study of directions of changes in economic activity of telecommunications enterprises in Ukraine; economic modelling, in particular, the heuristic anaxiomatization approach, in the development of micro models of cooperation of the communication enterprise with other market actors in the process of economic activity, and some others. Results. The conducted researches confirmed the assumption that there is a redistribution of incomes during the introduction of the newest technologies in the economic activity of telecommunication enterprises. The share of revenues from the provision of telecommunications services is declining, the share of revenues from the provision of Internet services is increasing. To increase the effectiveness of economic activities of telecommunications enterprises, a micro model of cooperation has been developed and justified by the enterprise of communication with other market players in the process of economic activity. Practical importance. The micro model of interaction reflects the actual structure of interaction between telecommunications enterprises and all participants in the global telecommunications market. Practical implementation of the model can contribute to increasing the efficiency of the economic activity of telecommunications enterprises in the context of the introduction of new technologies. The model can also be used by other researchers to study various aspects of economic activity in the real market where telecommunication companies operate. Value/ originality. The originality of the results lies in a detailed study of real trends of changes in the content of economic activity of telecommunication enterprises in the context of introducing new technologies, and in the development of a micro model for the interaction of the telecommunications enterprise with all other market players.
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Martínez-Ibarra, Emilio, María Gómez-Martín, and Xosé Armesto-López. "Climatic and Socioeconomic Aspects of Mushrooms: The Case of Spain." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 16, 2019): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041030.
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Fungi are some of the most diverse organisms on earth and since prehistoric times have played an important role in human society. In recent years they have become a strategic asset not only in the conservation and management of ecosystems but also as a resource for halting the exodus from rural areas in peripheral Mediterranean regions, such as inland eastern Spain. In view of this important ecological and socioeconomic role, in this paper we present a geographical analysis of edible fungi, paying particular attention to the Spanish case. To this end we carried out a bibliographic review of the climatic factors affecting the fruiting of these fungi and the socioeconomic aspects of their commercial exploitation. We also performed an online search for mycotourism-related activities and explored the statistical data on the cultivation of edible mushrooms and its economic impact. Our main findings include a synthesis of the international research on the effects of climatic variability on the natural production of macrofungi, and an assessment of the economic viability and the social importance of mushrooms in Spain, in particular in relation to the current and future potential of mushroom cultivation and the multifunctional management and use of forests.
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Díaz-Parra, Ibán, and José Candón Mena. "Squatting, the 15-M Movement, and Struggles for Housing in the Context of the Spanish Social Crisis." Human Geography 8, no. 1 (March 2015): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861500800103.
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The last few decades have seen the rise to predominance of social movements emphasizing ideological aspects of mobilisation. This new tendency invites a re-evaluation of the material aspects of social mobilisation. Since the onset of the last economic crisis, the housing issue, and mobilizations around it, have assumed increasing significance. Occupations of vacant housing in Spain by people in need have escalated rapidly. This research describes the housing movement in Spain, and occupation as a solution. Before the economic crisis, occupation was fundamentally linked with the squatting movement. Now it is linked more with struggles against eviction. This article examines the specific cases of Seville, and the Corralas movement.
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García-Fernández, Rosa María, and Candela Ruiz Tobar. "What Happened to Polarization and Inequality Between 2008 and 2018 in Spain?" Applied Economics Quarterly: Volume 66, Issue 3 66, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/aeq.66.3.209.
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The main objective of this paper is to empirically examine the dynamics of income distribution in Spain between 2008 and 2018 using SILC data. We consider the concepts of polarization and inequality as different aspects of the income distribution. To compute both aspects, we use the measures of Palacios-González and García-Fernández (2012) and the Gini index respectively. Findings indicate that polarization and inequality fluctuate around an upward trend during these years in Spain. Furthermore, the lower and middle income households have been more adversely affected than those with higher incomes, and the middle class has not benefited from the economic growth in Spain.
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Pavlova, Natalya, Andrey Shastitko, and Karina Ionkina. "Economic Framework of Tariffs’ Determination in Telecommunication Services: a Digital Business in an "Analogue" Environment?" Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2019, no. 6 (December 30, 2019): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105201967.
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The article analyses the economic aspects of the application of antitrust legislation in the context of abuse of dominant position prohibition (primarily in the form of setting excessive prices) in industries that are characterized by a complexity of services both on the production side and on the demand side. Evidence from several recent antitrust cases against mobile network operators in Russia has shown that the analysis of prices for individual mobile services is incorrect outside the context of complex pricing under high joint fixed costs. The aim of this article is to explain the economic basis for changing the tariffs of telecommunication services in terms of antitrust legislation requirements. The article presents a direction for assessing the state of competition and the corresponding behavior of market participants (for example, attributes of determining excessive prices) taking into account the characteristics of the telecommunications industry, specially, the mobile services industry. Moreover, it is shown that mobile services exhibit the effects of active competition: a high quality of communication, high rates of innovative activity in the industry as a whole, as well as low prices.
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García, Fernando Almeida. "Tourism policy and territorial imbalances in Spain." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 22, no. 22 (December 1, 2013): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2013-0027.
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AbstractThis paper aims to analyse Spanish tourism policy and its relation to a series of facts. The research combines an extensive review of the existing studies into the aspects of tourism policy linked to government, geography and economy with an examination of statistical sources. The main issues and findings analysed in this study are highlighted below. Firstly, the evolution of tourism policy of Spain in the last 60 years in relation to the process of national economic development is analysed. Secondly, a limited role of tourism on economic and territorial balance as well as changes in the regional distribution in the supply of hotel accommodation is highlighted. Thirdly, territorial changes related to the supply of hotel accommodation and GDP per capita are discussed. Finally, certain topics are suggested for future debate: tourism and imbalance as well as tourism and development.
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Alves, R. R., E. Fraj-Andrés, A. Rojo-Alboreca, and C. R. Gracioli. "Implementation of Forest Certification in Brazil, Spain And Portugal: An Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Application." International Forestry Review 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554819825863726.
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Forest certification is an important mechanism for the legitimation of environmental practices in the sustainable forest management. Its basis are the forest management standards, which represent the guidelines for defining sustainable forest management through a hierarchical structure (principles, criteria and indicators), which includes social, environmental and economic issues. The main certification systems in the world, FSC and PEFC, have adopted this structure in their forest management standards. This work aims to evaluate the perception of experts in Brazil, Spain and Portugal regarding the level of difficulty to implement forest certification applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The principal results indicated that, in general, the principles related to environmental aspects are considered the most complicated to comply, the social aspects are much more difficult to achieve in the case of Brazil, and the economic aspects are not considered as an important problem in any of the three countries.
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Kabaklarli, Esra, Fatih Mangir, and Bansi Sawhney. "Impact of Infrastructure on Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach Using PMG Estimator." International Review of Business and Economics 2, no. 2 (2018): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.2.2.2.
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Growth theory asserts that infrastructure investments promote economic growth by improving the quality of life and increasing private sector productivity . Transport services, water utility services and telecommunication services provide better facilities to attract FDI (foreign direct investment) and increase productivity across sectors. The aim of this article is to analyze whether transport infrastructure investments have a strong effect on the economic growth. It also attempts to analyze the differential impact of each type of infrastructural spending on economic growth. Our data set covers annual data from 1993 to 2015 period for 15 OECD countries (Austria, Turkey, Czech Republic, Spain, Finland, Japan, Germany, Ireland, Italy, France, Korea, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, U.K) and China. In this study, we employ a Pool Mean Group (PMG) estimator to find long run and short run relations between the variables. Output elasticity of air transport is found to be positive and significant at five percent level and there exists a long run relationship between GDP per capita and other explanatory variables such as transport infrastructure indicators, gross capital formation and labor force. The crowding- out hypothesis is also supported by coefficients on county specific results. Our data set includes infrastructure variables such as Railways, (million passenger-km), Air transport, (freight, million ton-km), Individuals using the Internet (% of population).
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Anikeeva, N. E. "The Actual Problems of Modern Spain." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(39) (December 28, 2014): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-6-39-138-143.
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The important aim of national and Spanish historiography and political science is to study history and foreign policy of modern Spain. The author studied articles and monographies of spanish politicians and researchers ( M. Rahoy, I. Aries, A. Rubalcaba, I. Molina) for the preparation of this article during the scientific trip to Madrid (Complutense University, Faculty of Political Science and Sociology), which was held in the framework of cooperation between the Bank Santander and MGIMO (University). The paper analyzes the political and economic aspects of life in Spain, and its foreign policy of the period of government of Mariano Rajoy (from 2011 to the present time). The article is dedicated to actual problems of modern Spain: the economy and the priorities of the government of M.Rajoy, the problem of separatism and political system of the country. Modern Spain is still recovering economically from the euro debt crisis and continues to struggle with near-record unemployment. Domestic economic recovery of Spain and the country's foreign position are closely linked. The European integration process still remains the main strategic task of the spanish foreign policy. Spain increases its role in world politics and obtains a non-permanent UN's Security Council seat for the 2015-2016 term.
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Custodio, Emilio, José Miguel Andreu-Rodes, Ramón Aragón, Teodoro Estrela, Javier Ferrer, José Luis García-Aróstegui, Marisol Manzano, Luis Rodríguez-Hernández, Andrés Sahuquillo, and Alberto del Villar. "Groundwater intensive use and mining in south-eastern peninsular Spain: Hydrogeological, economic and social aspects." Science of The Total Environment 559 (July 2016): 302–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.107.
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ROTELLAR, EMILIO. "Social, Ethical, and Economic Aspects of the Treatment for End-Stage Renal Failure in Spain." Artificial Organs 18, no. 12 (December 1994): 942–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.1994.tb03347.x.
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Bernabé-Crespo, Miguel Borja, Encarnación Gil-Meseguer, and José M. Gómez-Espín. "Desalination and water security in Southeastern Spain." Journal of Political Ecology 26, no. 1 (September 19, 2019): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v26i1.22911.
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<p>The Segura Hydrographic Demarcation (DHS), in Southeastern Spain, is an area of hydric deficit caused by low and irregular rainfall and a dense population. In this region water scarcity is a burning issue that polarizes society for or against different models of ensuring water supply. Given the current demand for water throughout Spain, desalination has been used to increase water supply, and as insurance against drought. Ten seawater desalination plants and hundreds of brackish aquifer desalination plants treat water in the Southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, both for human consumption and for irrigation, contributing to economic, energetic, processual and economic aspects of territorial organization in the Southeast of Spain. This article reviews debates over desalination, water transfers, and the best way to meet water demands in that region. While desalination allows an increase in water supply, dependence on that source increases energy costs and may lead to mistaken assumptions among users about water scarcity and availability.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>seawater desalination, brackish aquifer desalination, human water supply, social debate, irrigation, Southeast of Spain</p>
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Aydın Öztürk, Tuğba, and Nick Crossley. "Türkiye’de Dijital Müzikteki Yeni Ekonomik Modellerin Sosyolojik ve Kültürel Yönleri." Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 7, no. 13 (November 2021): 295–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.7.13.92.
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This research explained new economic models in the digital music industry in view of cultural, technological, and sociological aspects. The importance of local entrepreneurship, as well as global markets, were accessed. There have been many developments in digital music in the past two decades. These developments have affected relations between the digital economy and music technology. The study is mainly focused on the Turkish music market. Why the subscription and bundling models are on the rise? How does an economic merger between telecommunication companies and digital music services work? What are the effects of the recent developments in technology, in particular smartphones on music industry? The partnership of Turkcell, the largest GSM operator in Turkey, and one of the top 5 in Europe and Turkish digital music service Fizy was exemplified. Thus, the significance of local markets in the digital era, expectations of the audiences, the applicability of streaming, and bundling economic models in Turkey have been examined.
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Angelia, Putri, Rendy Munadi, and Nachwan Mufti Adriansyah. "Frequency recommendation for long term evolution network implementation using simple multi attribute rating technique." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 25, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i3.pp1563-1570.
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<span>The increasing demand for telecommunication services causes data traffic density. Therefore, in this research, the long-term evolution (LTE) network expansion was carried out using a choice of frequency bands of 700 MHz, 2100 MHz, and 2300 MHz. The analysis was carried out from the technical and economic aspects. Frequency band recommendations were obtained using the simple multi-attribute rating technique (SMART) method. This research was conducted using a case study of Semarang City. Based on the simulation results, the average of reference signal receive power (RSRP) values for frequency 700 MHz and 2300 MHz is in the very good range, while the frequency of 2100 MHz is in the good range. The signal to interference noise ratio (SINR) values for the three frequencies are in the normal category and the throughput values are in the very good category. The techno-economic calculations of the three frequencies, namely the value of internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), and payback period are included in the business category that is feasible to do. Based on the ranking results, the 700 MHz frequency is the most superior, both in terms of technical and economic aspects.</span>
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Buendía, Luis. "A perfect storm in a sunny economy: a political economy approach to the crisis in Spain." Socio-Economic Review 18, no. 2 (April 17, 2018): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwy021.
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Abstract Although Spain’s economy was seen as a miracle during the most recent expansive phase (for its labour market outcomes in terms of job growth, among other things), the economy’s development during those years suffered from severe problems that deserve attention. This became more relevant in a context like the current one, where there is no consensus around which economic policies might lead the country back onto a stable growth path. Using a systemic approach in which we analyse the growth model, the role of Spain in the European division of labour, the financial sector, the labour market, the public sector, and the distribution of income, we contend that, in contrast with several narratives concerning the crisis in Spain: (i) the ‘living-beyond-our-means’ discourse is not true; and (ii) certain political and economic aspects, usually missing in those narratives, are essential to understanding the recent evolution of Spain.
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Dadalko, V. A., Ya G. Sud'bina, and S. V. Dadalko. "The issues of international cooperation of Russia in countering the economic crime." National Interests: Priorities and Security 16, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 1264–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.16.7.1264.
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Subject. We analyze the aspects of Russia's cooperation with other countries in countering the economic crime. Objectives. The article analyzes methods and goals of Russia's cooperation with other countries, dealing with general issues and aspects coordinated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Federal Security Service, Federal Customs Service and Federal Service for Financial Monitoring. Methods. The study is based on the economic analysis, methods of classification and modeling, deduction and synthesis. Results. We studied what various international relations organizations of Russia do in countering the economic crime. We unveil some aspects of such a cooperation, i.e. legal attache, international treaties, common security council, communications, international compliance. Russia was found to cooperate most actively with Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Cyprus, Latvia, France, the USA, Spain, Germany, Kazakhstan, Palestine, Israel, Azerbaijan and Armenia. Conclusions and Relevance. States need the international cooperation and its advancement to effectively counteract with the economic crime. It is especially important as the transnational crime proliferates. However, the international cooperation is impossible if institutional, legal and regulatory aspects are not refined. The article suggests what should be dine to make the cooperation more effective.
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López-Penabad, María-Celia, José Manuel Maside-Sanfiz, Juan Torrelles Manent, and Ana Iglesias-Casal. "Application of the DEA Double Bootstrap to Analyze Efficiency in Galician Sheltered Workshops." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 16, 2020): 6625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166625.
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Sheltered workshops (SW), as social enterprises, need to be efficient and maintain a balance between social aspects and economic prosperity. An important part of research on the subject has been focused on measuring the economic value created by these entities. In this study, we analyzed performance of SWs in Galicia (Spain), from the point of view of efficiency, combining social and economic aspects and investigating its key determinants. Using panel data from 609 entities from 2008 to 2017, we followed Simar and Wilson’s two-stage approach (2007). Specifically, we used data envelopment analysis (DEA) at the first stage to estimate efficiency scores and then used truncated regression estimation with double-bootstrap to test the significance of explanatory variables. Our results show that SWs have high levels of performance, higher in economic than in social terms, and we found that several factors, such as size and age, positively influence total, economic and social efficiency individually. We also found a positive, significant relationship between social efficiency and economic profitability.
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Sharoichenko, Natalia. "Spain and the European Union: topical issues of interaction." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 4 (December 28, 2017): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2017-4-70-73.
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This article analyzes various aspects of interaction of Spain and European Union (EU) at the present stage. Due to the fact that the studied period is less than six months (including several events happened in a period less than a month) before presenting the paper, this research is topical and covers issues which were not examined before in academic literature. The aim of the study is to analyze major problems on which Spain has made suggestions for positive changes in the EU recently. The research was conducted with the help of such methods, as event-analysis, comparison and system approach. The article implies consistent and coherent analysis of important recent events, political and economic processes which actors were Spain and the European Union. In order to make the research comprehensive, materials of international media, official statements and papers of researchers from Spanish-speaking countries on associated topics were studied. The main conclusion on Spain’s participation in political and economic processes at the level of the EU is that Spain suggests different ways to strengthen economies of the Eurozone, accelerate integration in the framework of the EU, resolve migration crisis and fight against terrorism in Europe. Thanks to economic growth during this year and relative stabilization of political situation after the party crisis, Spain began to participate more actively in international projects within the EU, and it is engaged in a constructive dialogue on the most urgent European problems.
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Castro-Santos, Laura, Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso, Carlos Álvarez-Feal, and Luis Carral. "Influence of Size on the Economic Feasibility of Floating Offshore Wind Farms." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2018): 4484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124484.
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This paper uses a method to analyze the economic influence of the size of floating offshore wind farms. The economic aspects analyzed, LCOE (Levelized Cost Of Energy) and costs, depend on the number of floating offshore wind turbines, which establishes the effect of the size of the farm. This influence has been carried out for a map in a specific location. Regarding the case study, 18 alternatives have been considered taking into account the total power of the farm and the types of floating platforms. These aspects have been studied for the location of Galicia (Spain). Results indicate how LCOE and costs vary when the size of the floating offshore wind farm is increased for the studied kinds of offshore structures. Results are useful for planning an offshore wind farm in deep waters in future investments.
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Fuentes-Bargues, José Luis, Mª José Bastante-Ceca, Pablo Sebastián Ferrer-Gisbert, and Mª Carmen González-Cruz. "Analysis of the Situation of Social Public Procurement of Works at the Valencian Region (Spain)." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010175.
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Construction is one of the most important sectors in terms of economic volume and number of employees. It represents approximately 10% of the Gross Domestic Product of the European Union and employs 7% of its total labour force. In a construction project, procurement is employed in many of the stages, so it can constitute an adequate mechanism to integrate sustainability initiatives. Research concerning economic aspects in procurement has always been present in the construction sector, whereas research related to environmental aspects has been gaining attention in the last years. Nevertheless, social aspects are still not very present in the literature on public procurement. The main objective of this research is to analyse the use of social criteria in public tendering processes of public works in the Valencian region of Spain. The results show that Valencian public entities include social criteria for the 11.7% of adjudicated public works. This value is very low when compared with other studies developed in different countries worldwide. Social criteria, just like in other cases, are used more frequently the larger the budget of the project and the longer the execution time. The average weight of social criteria for the tendering process is low (7.0 out of 100), although entities that usually consider these criteria are aware of their importance and give them a higher weight, in global terms.
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Hamann, Kerstin. "Spanish Unions: Institutional Legacy and Responsiveness to Economic and Industrial Change." ILR Review 51, no. 3 (April 1998): 424–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399805100304.
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Using empirical data drawn from multiple sources, including interview material, the author examines Spanish trade unions' responses to the reorganization of Spain's economy and changes in the structure of industrial production in the 1980s and 1990s. She argues that Spanish unions, though not in a strong position compared to unions in other Western European countries, avoided a crisis situation by designing flexible strategies and redefining some aspects of Spain's industrial relations institutions. This quick adjustment was possible, the author argues, because the organizations, institutions, and strategies requiring change were not deeply ingrained, given the short history of democratic politics in Spain.
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Gspurning, Josef. "Selected aspects of the lifeworld of young women illustrated by the district of south-eastern Styria." Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, SASA 72, no. 3 (2022): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ijgi2203291g.
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The worldwide trend of migration from the peripheral rural areas (?rural exodus?) to the central areas of a region raises the question of how to deal with it in some regions of Austria. On the one hand, the loss of population always represents a loss of importance for a municipality, whereas on the other hand, a strong influx puts a strain on the central areas and the increased land consumption poses a challenge for the environment and spatial planners. Depending on the region, this can have various causes, whereby specific pull factors of the central areas as well as a set of push factors of the surroundings are relevant. Within the framework of a study lasting several years and using a mix of selected methods, an attempt was made to work out or characterize those aspects of the female rural lifeworld that represent the decisive factors for shaping the further life paths of women. In this context, the economic structure and organization proved to be particularly important factors for successful economic and land use development, sufficient natural resources, and environmental quality for housing and quality of life as well as a potential for a leisure economy, good accessibility, and infrastructure in terms of transport development and information and telecommunication technologies (distance to the higher-level economic centers is a significant obstacle to development). Finally, cultural values, social trends, and human capital with the existing gender-specific role patterns also play a certain role in the consideration of migration.
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Prokhorenko, I. "Regional Development Policy in Spain: Instruments and Mechanisms." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2015): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-5-41-51.
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The article explores practices of the regional development policy in Spain (in other words, regional policy) as the central government’s regulation of economic and territorial development, with a view to their possible efficiency for the Russian Federation. The author singles out Spanish regions (17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities) and local communities (provinces, municipalities and islands) as objects of the regional development policy, reviews goals and objectives of this policy. The paper focuses on analyzing, particularizing and comparing of instruments and mechanisms relevant to this policy line of the Spanish state, its institutional and political aspects in time of Franco's rule and during the post-Francoist period. The variation of economic development in the regions of Spain, different parameters of this variation and some factors of the autonomous communities' economic development are estimated. The specific character of interrelationship between central, regional and local authorities in the context of the Spanish State of Autonomies and of the territorial development dynamics, the peculiarities of the operational inter-budgetary relations model, problems of the local government and self-government as well as of decentralization of metro- and megapolises’ governance are examined. The questions of public discussions in Spanish society about the outcome and efficiency of the central government’s regional development policy are touched upon. The regional development policy in Spain is considered as extremely politicized, semi-structured, contentious and ambiguous in consequence of the legal and socio-economic asymmetry of the autonomous communities and also of the ongoing process of federalization in Spain. As in recent years Spain is steadily losing its previous status of the subsidized territory and is turning into a donor of the European Union regional policy, it is necessary for Spanish authorities to make the regional development policy more active and to take a different view of its objectives and opportunities. Acknowledgements. The work is executed according to the fundamental studies programme of the Presidium of RAS no. 31, project 6.6 “Foreign Experience of Regional Policy, and Possibilities of Its Usage in Russia”.
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Yakovlev, P. "Russia and Spain in the midst of global trade wars." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 4 (December 28, 2019): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-4-58-66.
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In recent years, the world economy has become more unstable and relations between countries in different regions have deteriorated. As a result, we can talk about an international economic confrontation. The main reasons for this situation seem to be traceable: so-called trade wars, neo-protectionism, financial and other sanctions. Many countries around the world, including Russia and Spain, are victims of one or more aspects of the phenomenon. Trade wars are undoubtedly at the heart of economic battles. They have a long history, but the current wave of trade wars has been driven by President Donald Trump’s economic policies. In his opinion, the root of the U.S. economic problems lies in its trade deficit with China, the European Union, Mexico and some other countries of the world. With the idea that “trade wars are good and easy to win”, Washington unilaterally tore up the agreements reached: the Paris climate accord, the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the nuclear deal with Iran, the free trade agreement with Mexico and Canada. In addition, Trump has raised tariffs on hundreds of manufactured goods imported by the United States (steel, aluminum, washing machines, solar panels, etc.) and threatened the European Union with higher tariffs on cars. The trade wars unleashed by the White House will have long-term direct and indirect consequences for the state of the world economy. Russia and Spain are heavily dependent on international markets. That is why complications in world trade are contrary to the interests of both countries.
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Shestak, Victor, Vladimir Dubrovin, and Zoya Ilyicheva. "Models of the Pre-Procedural Level of Investigation of Economic Crimes: Spanish Experience." Russian Journal of Criminology 14, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(1).148-155.
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Pre-procedural or non-procedural activities for the investigation of economic crimes are the activities to investigate crimes committed in the sphere of economy that are carried out before the initiation of criminal proceedings. In Spain, it is entrusted to the following state bodies: the judicial police, the prosecutor's office, and administrative bodies. The choice of the pre-procedural model of investigating an economic crime in modern Spain is subject to a variety of factors, including the specifics of interpersonal relations that have developed between law enforcement officials. The distinctive features inherent in the Spanish pre-procedural activity in the investigation of economic crimes are its spontaneity and the lack of uniformity in the procedure for its conduct. In particular, there is no legal certainty as to who decides on the commencement of pre-procedural activities to investigate an economic crime, as well as orderliness in who is assigned the main responsibility in the direction of its progress. The non-procedural investigation of economic crimes in Spain is carried out in accordance with the models that were gradually introduced into practice through the generalization of the customs of professional activities of law enforcement agencies that are understandable only to the staff of the bodies considered in the article. In modern times in Spain, four non-procedural models of the investigation of economic crimes with different constituent composition have been formed. In this case, it is impossible not to note the role of the administrative bodies in the investigation of economic crimes. Some Spanish researchers refer it to a separate investigation model, since it has its own order and dynamics. At the same time, the models under consideration are increasingly moving away from the order of investigation established by law, which calls into question legal security and creates a threat to the principle of legality. Within the framework of the projects on the reform of criminal justice in Spain, it is proposed to assign the responsibility for investigating criminal cases, particularly for economic crimes, to the prosecutor and the judge responsible for ensuring procedural guarantees. However, the feasibility of this project, even in the opinion of the Spanish researchers themselves, is questionable. In this regard, the authors in this article consider not only the positive aspects of each non-procedural model for the investigation of economic crimes in Spain, but also their shortcomings.
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Jasni, Nur Syuhada, Haslinda Yusoff, Mustaffa Mohamed Zain, Noreena Md Yusoff, and Nor Syafinaz Shaffee. "Business strategy for environmental social governance practices: evidence from telecommunication companies in Malaysia." Social Responsibility Journal 16, no. 2 (April 18, 2019): 271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-03-2017-0047.
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Purpose The present digital era has integrated the conventional telecommunications companies as service providers in this ever-competitive environment. Towards gaining business competitiveness, businesses are operated from the stance of dynamic business model that places focus on both economic activities and, more importantly, value-added benefits. One essential value embedded into business strategies refers to the aspect of sustainability in conjunction to environmental social governance (ESG). Within the context of Malaysia, ESG practices have been expected to grow rapidly in years to come, along with the vision of becoming a digital economy nation, by 2050. The continuous discussions appear to support the significance of implementing ESG practices amidst organizations, which in turn, could enhance a more sustainable economic growth for the country. Although many studies have probed into the dimensions of ESG, little attention has been given to the ESG practices incorporated into business strategy agenda. Design/methodology/approach This paper combed through the literature to retrieve the multi-dimensions of ESG concepts, as well as related in-depth insights into ESG disclosures amongst leading companies established in Malaysia. As for the research design, this study used the content analysis method and the ESG Grid as the benchmarking tool to explore superior commitments amongst its peers. Findings As a result, this study stumbled upon two major outcomes: the pattern of ESG disclosures in telecommunications industry and the approaches in implementing ESG practices in telecommunications companies. These two aspects appear essential to establish a competitive advantage, apart from addressing the issues raised by concerned stakeholders. Research limitations/implications Future studies may explore deeper into comprehending the ESG practices by using the interview method and incorporating other industry or arena. Practical implications The decisions made by the companies to invest in ESG practices mark the ability of a company in devising viable survival strategies within the industry. Originality/value Hence, this study offers several vital insights into the practical value to learn from the best experiences, aside from analyzing the current progress of ESG practices within the context of developing nation.
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Savini, Paola. "Remembering Operación Triunfo." TV Formats and Format Research 5, no. 9 (August 1, 2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18146/2213-0969.2016.jethc100.
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The music format Operación Triunfo (2001–2011), which aired on RTVE for the first time in 2001, started as a television (TV) and musical success in Spain and today is one of the most famous shows around the world as well as an incredible socio-economic phenomenon in Spanish TV. This paper describes the format concept and results. Both commercial and social aspects are introduced to understand why, after 15 years, it is remembered with nostalgia and remains a shining example of a good communication project and a perfect balance between the global and the local, despite the lack of great success in the following years in Spain and abroad.
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Castro-Santos, Laura, and Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso. "A Software for Calculating the Economic Aspects of Floating Offshore Renewable Energies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010218.
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The aim of this work is to develop a software to calculate the economic parameters so as to determine the feasibility of a floating offshore renewable farm in a selected location. The software can calculate the economic parameters of several types of offshore renewable energies, as follows: one renewable energy (floating offshore wind—WindFloat, tension leg platform (TLP), and spar; floating wave energy—Pelamis and AquaBuoy), hybrid offshore wind and wave systems (Wave Dragon and W2Power), and combined offshore wind and waves with different systems (independent arrays, peripherally distributed arrays, uniformly distributed arrays, and non-uniformly distributed arrays). The user can select several inputs, such as the location, configuration of the farm, type of floating offshore platform, type of power of the farm, life-cycle of the farm, electric tariff, capital cost, corporate tax, steel cost, percentage of financing, or interest and capacity of the shipyard. The case study is focused on the Galicia region (NW of Spain). The results indicate the economic feasibility of a farm of floating offshore renewable energy in a particular location in terms of its costs, levelized cost of energy (LCOE), internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), and discounted pay-back period. The tool allows for establishing conclusions about the dependence of the offshore wind resource parameters, the main distances (farm–shore, farm–shipyard, and farm–port), the parameters of the waves, and the bathymetry of the area selected.
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Lago-Peñas, Santiago, Xoaquín Fernández-Leiceaga, and Alberto Vaquero-García. "Spanish fiscal decentralization: A successful (but still unfinished) process." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 35, no. 8 (April 20, 2017): 1509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654417704663.
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Both fiscal and political decentralization have been a worldwide trend in recent decades. Spain is probably the best example of this evolution, insofar as it became one of the most decentralized countries in the world in just over three decades, departing for a highly centralized institutional framework. This paper aims to conduct a detailed analysis of this process, focusing on the fiscal aspects. While we show the successful aspects, we also point out its shortcomings and failures. Those lessons from Spain can be very useful for centralized or low decentralized countries involved in designing institutional reforms to become more decentralized. Our second aim is to review the way in which the Spanish sub-central levels of government have responded to the so-called “Great recession”. Again, Spain is a good laboratory for what actually works and what does not in the area of stability and fiscal sustainability in decentralized states, for two reasons. First, it is by far the country which has suffered the brunt of the economic and financial crisis most acutely among those with a federal structure. And second, subsequent different solutions for tackling the fiscal crisis of sub-central governments have been tested.
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Gómez-Limón, José A., and Jesús Barreiro-Hurlé. "Valoración de bienes ambientales complejos: Una alternativa multicriterio." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 7, no. 14 (October 14, 2011): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2007.14.05.
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Economic valuation of complex environmental goods has several issues still opened to debate. This paper focuses on two of these aspects; linearity of attributes in the valuation function and individual utility function heterogeneity. A methodological approach based on Multi-attribute Utility Theory is proposed which allows to contrast the impact of these concerns on environmental good valuation. We apply the proposed methodology to value a protected natural in the province of Granada (Spain). From the results obtained we can conclude that attribute non-linearity and individual utility function’s heterogeneity are relevant aspects to be taken into account in environmental valuation.
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Omobuwa, O., and M. B. Hassan. "Nigeria’s development process, methodology and milestones planned for VISION 20:2020 - 13 years after." Research Journal of Health Sciences 9, no. 2 (April 13, 2021): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rejhs.v9i2.10.
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Infrastructure development
Infrastructural development is a key requirement for the development of any nation as it is an indispensable tool in facilitating growth and development. The usefulness of infrastructure cuts across many varying sectors relevant to development including health, education, agriculture, telecommunication, power, etc. as well as the sustenance of economic growth and preservation of the environment for sustainable economic development. This article takes a look at the critical areas/aspects of infrastructure for the purpose of judging the level of accomplishment of the Vision 2020. The sectors examined are: power supply, transportation, information communication and technology (ICT), education, health, agriculture, land use management, rural and urban development, water supply and waste management. By and large, Nigeria can not be said to have met her tall, yet laudable goals of the vision 2020, largely as a result of inadequacies in governance, policies and other factors. There is a great need for significant improvement in the political will of the government of the day to commit to the goals and aspirations of the nation for rapid development.
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Rodríguez Sousa, Antonio Alberto, Jesús M. Barandica, and Alejandro Rescia. "Ecological and Economic Sustainability in Olive Groves with Different Irrigation Management and Levels of Erosion: A Case Study." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 28, 2019): 4681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174681.
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In the last 50 years, both the agricultural labour force and irrigated land area have increased almost eightfold in Spain. The main objective of irrigation, in the short term, is to increase agricultural production. However, in the long term, the environmental externalities of irrigation and its direct relationship with soil erosion processes are more uncertain and still poorly studied. In this study, in an olive-growing region of Andalusia, Spain, the variation of several soil parameters related to irrigation and erosion levels was analysed. The results showed that irrigation, while increasing the productive level of the olive groves, entails a progressive alteration of the soil, modifying physical aspects (greater compaction and humidity of the soil together with lower gravel content, porosity and soil weight) and chemical aspects (reduction of the organic matter of the soil and the content of nitrates) that can aggravate the consequences of the erosive processes. In the long term, the productive benefit attributed to irrigation could be unsustainable from an ecological and, consequently, economic point of view. In addition, the lack of sustainability of olive irrigation agroecosystems could be exacerbated by the future restrictive impacts of climate change on water resources in Mediterranean environments. This situation demands spatial planning and alternative management based on soil conservation and rational and efficient forms of irrigation to ensure the sustainability of olive groves and their economic viability.
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Membiela-Pollán, Matías, María Alló-Pazos, Carlos Pateiro-Rodríguez, and Félix Blázquez-Lozano. "The Inefficiency of the Neoclassical Paradigm in the Promotion of Subjective Well-Being and Socioeconomic, and Environmental Sustainability: An Empirical Test for the Spanish Case." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 11, 2019): 7102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247102.
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The recent literature developed in the field of happiness economics highlights the overvaluation of income and material prosperity as determinants of happiness, and calls into question many of the assumptions of traditional economic theory linked to “rationality” and the “non-satiety” of the consumer. This article aimed to study which factors explain individual subjective well-being, paying special attention to the role of income and the incidence of social variables and focusing on the case of Spain. As a novelty, this research introduces variables such as trust or the perception of justice, among others. Based on the analysis of the European Social Survey and through the estimation of an ordered logit, we find that, in line with the theory of happiness economics, the material aspects do not play a relevant role as explanatory of subjective well-being, unlike social aspects, such as sociability and trust in people (social capital). In addition, our results indicate that in the case of Spain, the most materialistic people are associated with a lower level of happiness. Thus, it seems that the excess of concern for material and economic issues in the pursuit of happiness undermines socioeconomic and environmental sustainability by causing the “wealth destruction effect”.
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JAIN, MADHU, and RITU GUPTA. "REDUNDANCY ISSUES IN SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 18, no. 01 (February 2011): 61–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539311004093.
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The redundancy is a widely spread technology of building computing systems that continue to operate satisfactorily in the presence of faults occurring in hardware and software components. The principle objective of applying redundancy is achieve reliability goals subject to techno-economic constraints. Due to a plenty of applications arising virtually in both industrial and military organizations especially in embedded fault tolerance systems including telecommunication, distributed computer systems, automated manufacturing systems, etc., the reliability and its dependability measures of redundant computer-based systems have become attractive features for the systems designers and production engineers. However, even with the best design of redundant computer-based systems, software and hardware failures may still occur due to many failure mechanisms leading to serious consequences such as huge economic losses, risk to human life, etc. The objective of present survey article is to discuss various key aspects, failure consequences, methodologies of redundant systems along with software and hardware redundancy techniques which have been developed at the reliability engineering level. The methodological aspects which depict the required steps to build a block diagram composed of components in different configurations as well as Markov and non-Markov state transition diagram representing the structural system has been elaborated. Furthermore, we describe the reliability of a specific redundant system and its comparison with a non redundant system to demonstrate the tractability of proposed models and its performance analysis.
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Al Jabri, Salem Ali, Slim Zekri, Domingo Zarzo, and Mushtaque Ahmed. "Comparative analysis of economic and institutional aspects of desalination for agriculture in the Sultanate of Oman and Spain." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 156 (2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24066.
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Barrows, Samuel D. "Assessing PIIGS Country Performance against Themselves and the EU." Asian Social Science 16, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n4p74.
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This study reviews research and provides discussions on various aspects of optimal currency areas, the link between debt and growth rates, and government debt levels for the PIIGS countries which consist of Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain. Ten years after the Great Financial Crisis (GFC), and five years after 2013, the year of peak debt levels to GDP for the PIIGS countries and the year of the lowest real GDP levels between 2011 and 2018 for the PIIGS countries, this study provides an assessment of PIIGS country performance relative to each other and to the EU. The study time frame includes the years 2013 and 2018 using twelve measurements grouped into four sections which provide insight into the economic performance of the PIIGS countries. The sections are Trade Flows, Industry / Debt / Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Demographics, and Economic Outcomes. Based on a summary analysis of the measurements, the overall ranking is: Ireland, followed by the EU, Spain, Portugal, Italy then Greece.
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Perbawani, Firsty Chintya Laksmi. "Spain and Pandemic COVID-19: State of alarm to Climate Lacking in Various Aspects." Jurnal Global & Strategis 14, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jgs.14.2.2020.421-436.
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Tulisan ini membahas bagaimana Spanyol merespon fenomena pandemi COVID-19. Fokus dimulai pada awal kemunculan virus yang mendorong pemerintah mengeluarkan kebijakan dengan empat lokus utama: (1) general confinement atau upaya pelarangan masyarakat keluar rumah; (2) penghentian beberapa kegiatan ekonomi; (3) penyediaan sumber daya kesehatan; dan (4) penyusunan kebijakan mitigasi lanjutan. Penulis melihat pola respon yang terjadi cenderung reaktif daripada antisipatif. Walaupun berbagai langkah strategis sudah dilakukan, hingga akhir Juni 2020, Spanyol gagal membendung kurva sehingga menjadi salah satu negara Eropa terburuk dengan total lebih dari 240.000 kasus. Penulis berargumen faktor kontributornya adalah adanya lacking climate atau iklim serba “kekurangan” di berbagai aspek, sehingga menyebabkan Spanyol menjadi episentrum virus. Kekurangan dapat dilihat secara empiris pada aspek manajemen politis yang asimetris antara pemerintah pusat dengan pemerintah lokal di tujuh belas komunitas otonom; aspek teknologi pengumpulan data yang paradoks; aspek pelayanan kesehatan yang bermasalah; hingga aspek organisasional di tataran Uni Eropa yang mengaburkan fokus Spanyol untuk seharusnya membenahi keadaan nasionalnya terlebih dahulu. Tulisan ini membuktikan bahwa koordinasi menjadi hal yang sangat krusial bagi Spanyol dalam menghadapi krisis kesehatan global, COVID-19.Kata kunci: Spanyol, pandemi, COVID-19, state of alarm, normalitas baru This paper discusses how Spain has responded to the COVID-19 outbreaks. The focus of discussion began when virus emergences which prompted the government to issue policies with four main focus: (1) general confinement or efforts to prohibit people from leaving the house; (2) cessation of some economic activities; (3) provision of health resources; and (4) preparation of advanced mitigation policies. The author sees that the response pattern tends to be reactive rather than anticipatory. Although various strategic steps have been taken, Spain failed to stem the curve until the end of June 2020. Therefore, it became one of the worst European countries, with more than 240.000 cases. The author argues that the contributing factor is “lacking climate” in various aspects, causing Spain to become the epicenter of the virus. The shortcomings can be seen empirically in the asymmetric characteristics of political management, between the central government and local government in seventeen autonomous communities; paradoxical aspects of data collection technology; problematic aspects of health services; to the organizational part at the level of the European Union which obscures the focus of Spain on what should first fix its national situation. This paper proves that coordination is very crucial for Spain in facing the global health crisis, COVID-19.Keywords: Spain, pandemic, COVID-19, state of alarm, a new normality
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Fisac, Ramon, and Ana Moreno-Romero. "Understanding social enterprise country models: Spain." Social Enterprise Journal 11, no. 2 (August 3, 2015): 156–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sej-02-2014-0012.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the historical institutional context of Spain in the past 40 years and to analyze the influence of institutional factors in the current model of social enterprise existing in the country. Design/methodology/approach – This study draws on the theory of historical institutionalism, national-level empirical data and Kerlin conceptual framework (2013) that informs models of social enterprise. Findings – This paper describe some traits of Spain’s social enterprise that can be explained by the evolution of its institutional context in the past 40 years. It helps to validate, from a historical institutionalistic perspective, aspects of the Kerlin framework for social enterprise models. It also begins to show that the analysis of regional differences in the context should be taken into consideration when examining a country’s social enterprise space. Research limitations/implications – This discussion paper encourages academics to analyze regional differences in the emergence of social enterprise within a country. The main limitation of the paper is the lack of an “official” definition of social enterprise in Spain. Originality/value – This paper applies a valuable framework to a country with a unique political and economic history in the past 40 years. It contributes to enrich the research on the emergence and development of social enterprises in a variety of contexts and advances understanding of how regional differences inside a country influence the development of social enterprises.