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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Telecommunication development

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Academic literature on the topic 'Telecommunication development'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Telecommunication development"

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Röller, Lars-Hendrik, and Leonard Waverman. "Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simultaneous Approach." American Economic Review 91, no. 4 (September 1, 2001): 909–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.4.909.

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In this paper we investigate how telecommunications infrastructure affects economic growth. We use evidence from 21 OECD countries over a 20-year period to examine the impacts that telecommunications developments may have had. We jointly estimate a micromodel for telecommunication investment with a macro production function. We find evidence of a significant positive causal link, especially when a critical mass of telecommunications infrastructure is present. Interestingly, the critical mass appears to be at a level of telecommunications infrastructure that is near universal service. (JEL O57, O47, L69)

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Chikhun, Lyudmila, and Mariya Tokareva. "Factors Affecting the Competitiveness of Telecommunication Companies on the World Market." Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2017, no. 6 (December 30, 2017): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105201764.

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The development of information and communication technologies has contributed to the fact that the telecommunication industry has become one of the strategic sectors of the economy on which the functioning of other branches of the economy depends. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the factors that influence the competitiveness of telecommunications companies and shape the image of the future telecommunication sector as a whole. The article analyzes two theoretical approaches to the definition of competitiveness: static and dynamic. Due to the importance of the dynamic approach for determining the competitiveness for the telecommunication market, the main internal and external factors affecting telecommunication companies nowadays and having a significant effect in future were identified. External factors were determined using STEEPV-analysis. For internal factors, the following classification was proposed: technological, organizational and marketing innovations. Among the external factors, the digitalization of the economy and society becomes the most important for telecommunication companies, technological innovations are among the internal factors. The factors revealed during the research can be used for foresight of the telecommunications sector of Russia, the definition of scenario conditions for forecasting the development of information and communication technologies, the formation of a strategic policy of telecommunication companies.

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Li, Nan. "The Principle and Characteristic of Telecommunication Network Interconnection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (September 2012): 1652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.1652.

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As a typical network industry, the inherent characteristic in technology and economy of telecommunication determine that its effective competition requires equal interconnection. This article analyzes the principle and network economy characteristics of telecommunication network interconnection, expecting provides the basis for promoting rapid and healthy development of the telecommunications industry.

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Kaluhina, N. A., A. V. Sakun, and T. M. Tardaskina. "INNOVATIVE STRATEGY OF THE TELECOMMUNICATION ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT." SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA 2, no. 2(10) (2017): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2017-2-2(10)-31-38.

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Malinowski, Mariusz. "Regional differences in telecommunications infrastructure and development of enterprises." Management 16, no. 1 (May 1, 2012): 160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10286-012-0012-x.

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Regional differences in telecommunications infrastructure and development of enterprises The aim of this article is to determine the effect of various elements of telecommunication infrastructure for the development of enterprises in individual voivodeships. In the first part of the article the present author has characterized the telecommunications infrastructure and presented it as a factor in the development of enterprises. In the second part, based on statistical data, the relationship between the development of telecommunications infrastructure and the enterprise development in individual voivodeships in 2006-2010 was examined.

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Kazmina, I. V. "The main trends in the development of information and telecommunication technologies when creating high-tech products." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 81, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2019-4-291-297.

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The features of the application of information and telecommunication technologies in high-tech enterprises are examined in order to increase the efficiency of production activities. It is determined that the basis of telecommunication technologies is the procedure for information exchange and data transfer. Telecommunication technologies provide remote transmission of all forms of information, including data, voice, video, between computers via various types of communication lines. Analysis of the results of the classification of information technologies and areas for improving information support in the production of high-tech products allowed us to identify trends in the development of modern information technologies. These trends are due to the dynamics of the development of industrial enterprises and the external environment, which leads to functional changes in the management system of a high-tech enterprise and provides significant economic growth in developed countries. The main promising means for data transmission are the Internet, wireless mobile radio networks, laser and fiber-optic communication lines. The most important task of telecommunication technologies in the field of economics is electronic exchange. This indicates the importance of the telecommunications aspect in the functioning of the information system. Telecommunication technologies that provide data transfer, make it possible to implement a continuous exchange of information through global networks. Modern telecommunication technologies are widely used in creating network options for information technology. It was determined that a significant achievement of telecommunication technologies was the possibility of real-time control of financial, banking, trading and other operations regardless of the territorial location of their participants. Telecommunication technologies are becoming the elements that informally unite the vast territory of Russia.

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Franchuk, Olena, Mariana Petrova, and Galina Tolkachova. "Elements of control of competitiveness of telecommunication companies." Economics, ecology, socium 2, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/2616-7107/2018.2.4-3.

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Introduction. The importance of telecommunications in the socio-economic sphere is growing, providing support for the development of the national economy, since the priority development of telecommunications, compared with the overall pace of economic development, significantly increases the competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy. Therefore, the management of telecommunications companies is defined as one of the priority areas of government in the face of growing competition, which makes the problem of increasing the competitiveness of telecommunications services and the telecommunications operator as a whole urgent. Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to study the methodological issues of substantiating the elements of enterprise competitiveness in the telecommunications services market, as well as studying the gradation of the level of competitiveness and recommendations for their use in managing the competitiveness of an enterprise. Results. The scientific and theoretical approaches to the essence of the concept of «competitiveness» are considered. The study made it possible to form its own scientific vision of the economic category “competitiveness of telecommunication companies”. It is noted that modern global trends in the development of the telecommunications market affect its new type in the conditions of the formation of the information society. The main forms of competition in the telecommunications services market are considered. The features of modern telecommunications are highlighted. Disclosed policy in the space of competition regulation in the market of telecommunication services. Conclusions. Identified and analyzed the basics of managing the competitiveness of telecommunications companies operating in a competitive environment, which is characterized by constant technological innovation.. The main elements of the process of managing the competitiveness of telecommunications companies are substantiated as components of the internal and external environment that determine or can determine the future performance of the company in the international and domestic markets, which will help create the conditions for the implementation of a highly developed information and telecommunications infrastructure to provide telecommunications services to all segments of the population.

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Luo, Guande. "Application of Optical Network Transmission Technology in Telecommunication Network." Journal of Networking and Telecommunications 2, no. 3 (October 18, 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/jnt.v2i3.1363.

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<p>In the telecommunication network, the optical network transmission system is one of the most important components. The system mainly includes two elements, namely transmission media and node equipment. In the specific operation process, the effective use of the system can fundamentally provide practical and effective support for the telecommunication network, and it is safer and more effective applied in the telecommunication support network and various business networks. Moreover, it can carry out long-distance and large-capacity business transmission. Optical network transmission system and technology has a vital direct impact on the safe operation and innovative development of telecommunications networks, so it is very important and necessary to analyze and discuss the application of this technology in telecommunications networks. This article focuses on the analysis and discussion of the application of optical network transmission technology in telecommunication network and the specific implementation strategy, aiming to provide some reference for relevant practitioners.</p>

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Gvozdov, R. Y., and R. V. Oliynykov. "Method and technique of formal design of complex information security system in information and telecommunication systems." Radiotekhnika, no. 203 (December 23, 2020): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2020.4.203.08.

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The aim of the article is to develop a methodology for the formal design of the complex information security system in information and telecommunication systems. At the moment, there are no methods for the formal design of complex information security system in information and telecommunication systems, so the development of such a methodology is an urgent task. The article discusses the methods of formalized modeling of information security policy and methods of formalized description of the information and telecommunications system and information processing processes. The necessity of formal design of complex information security system is substantiated and the requirements for the development of formal descriptions of an integrated information security system in accordance with regulatory documents in the field of technical protection of information are described. The comparative characteristics of the methods of formalized modeling of information security policy and methods of formalized description of the information and telecommunication system and information processing processes are given. As a result of the comparison, it is proposed to use the UML method for the formal description of the information-telecommunication system, and the UMLsec method for the security policy modeling. An algorithm for the formation of a complex of protection facilities in an information and telecommunications system is proposed from a formal model of security policy and from a formalized description of an information and telecommunications system and information processing processes.

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Atsu, Francis, Charles Agyei, William Phanuel Darbi, and Sussana Adjei-Mensah. "The impact of telecommunication revenue on economic growth: evidence from Ghana." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-10-2011-0076.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-run impact of telecommunications revenue and telecommunications investment on economic growth of Ghana for the time horizon 1976-2007. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses the Augmented Dickey Fuller and Phillips Perron unit root test to explore the stationarity property of the variables and the Engle-Granger residual-based test of cointegration to model an appropriate restricted error correction model. Findings – The outcome of the analysis produced mixed results. Telecommunications revenue does not contribute significantly whilst telecommunications investment does. Practical implications – Policy makers will have to deal with a conundrum; while designing targeted policies that will attract more telecommunication investment in order to maximize the corresponding revenues and the economic growth it brings in its wake, they must at the same time find ways and resources to grow the economy to a point or threshold where revenue from telecommunications can have the much needed impact on their economies. Originality/value – The study is one of the first that has investigated the line of causality between telecommunication revenue and economic growth unlike previous research that mainly focused on the impact of telecommunication infrastructure on economic development.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Telecommunication development"

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Ng, Ka-lai Carrie. "The development of telecommunication markets in major Asian countries /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18835417.

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Case, Michael A. "Network infrastructure essentials course development." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2006. http://165.236.235.140/lib/MCase2007.pdf.

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Chan, Pun-yuen. "Innovation in product and services development process as new source of competitive advantages for Hong Kong Telecom /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19876373.

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Stone, Philip Benton. "The relative importance of telecommunications investments on selected measures of socio-economic development." Connect to resource, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1262101313.

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吳嘉麗 and Ka-lai Carrie Ng. "The development of telecommunication markets in major Asian countries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31268225.

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Tse, Kam-sing Ivan. "Strategic development of telecommunication market in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13497959.

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Suwannoi, Paisan, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Telecommunication technology and the professional development of teachers : challenge and opportunity." Deakin University. School of Social and Cultural Studies in Education, 2000. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20060713.104559.

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The thesis explores an effective model for using the internet in a distance training program for secondary school teachers. The professional development program, the dissertation, titled The Virtual University: Professional development for teachers, was initiated based on aspects of telecommunication technology and the professional development for Thai school teachers. The question of this program was How could information technology be used in developing an appropriate professional development model for Thai teachers? Prior to the project, the four research studies were conducted to formulate the related base line information and supported framework for the program development. The four researches are: (1) Telecommunication Technology in Thai Schools, (2) The Role of University on Science Teachers Development, (3) Computer Education Curriculum for Student Teachers: Theory and Practice, and (4) Teachers Perceptions of the Academic Link Project Between Schools and Universities for Teacher Professional Development. The first research study provides the information about the necessary basic factors for change in Thai secondary schools and the new insights and understandings about change in Thai schooling. The major findings were the understandings about teachers need for professional development, the available support in Thai school for professional development, and the limitations of professional development of teachers. The second research study provides the information about the roles of university faculty on initiation and operation of science teacher development programs, science teaching and learning resources centers, science instructional media design and production services, science teaching clinics, and science teachers associations. The third research study provides the conceptual framework for both preservice and inservice curriculum development program for teacher development. The last research study provides a base of descriptive information about the perspectives of school teachers towards the academic link project between schools and universities and the partnership which can assist in its establishment. The findings of these four research tasks were used for the formation of the framework of the dissertation. The EDNET Project, an example of teachers professional development through the information technology based training, was developed and implemented with ten school teachers in Khon Kaen.

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Tomaszewski, Piotr. "Software Development Productivity Issues in Large Telecommunication Applications." Licentiate thesis, Ronneby : Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2005. http://www.bth.se/fou/forskinfo.nsf/01f1d3898cbbd490c12568160037fb62/f7452f4c8d5c134ec125700d0048226b!OpenDocument.

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Tse, Kam-sing Ivan, and 謝金星. "Strategic development of telecommunication market in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31265844.

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Shuler, Cynthia Jenkins. "Telecommunication Organization Employee Development Program's Role in Employee Engagement." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7897.

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The risk of losing the most talented workers due to limited career opportunities had become an issue for telecommunication organizations. Talented workers became disengaged when there were limited opportunities for growth and development. To address this issue, human resource practitioners created employee development programs aimed at increasing employee engagement to help retain talented workers. However, data to determine the link between employee development programs, engagement, and retention were limited. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore managers' and employees' perceptions of how a telecommunication organization's employee development program contributes to employee engagement and to explore employees' experiences resulting from the transfer of learning. Kahn's engagement model and Kirkpatrick's and Phillips's and Phillips's evaluation models provided the conceptual framework for this study. The guiding research questions focused on employees' and managers' perceptions of how the telecommunication organization's employee development program contributes to employee engagement and on employees' experiences resulting from the transfer of learning engagement concepts and activities. Using purposeful sampling, 10 employees who attended the employee development program and 5 managers shared their perceptions and experiences. The thematic analysis of the interview data uncovered 3 themes that are critical for engagement – employee-centric culture, support for career development, and management knowledge needed for real-time support. The implication of the project study was a 3-day professional development workshop for managers. Understanding how the employee development program contributes to employee engagement could offer better ways to retain talents.

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Books on the topic "Telecommunication development"

1

Kayani, Rogati. Options for rural telecommunications development. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1997.

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J, Saunders Robert. Telecommunications and economic development. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Published for the World Bank [by] the Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.

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World-class telecommunications service development. Boston, Mass: Artech House, 1998.

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Riverson, L. Kwabena. Telecommunications development: The case of Africa. Lanham: University Press of America, 1993.

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Blyth, W. John. Telecommunications: Concepts, development, and management. 2nd ed. Mission Hills, Calif: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 1990.

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Blyth, W. John. Telecommunications: Concepts, development, and management. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Educational Pub., 1985.

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Blyth, W. John. Telecommunications: Concepts, development, and management. Encino: Glencoe, 1985.

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Warf, Barney. Bibliography of telecommunications and regional development. Chicago, Ill: Council of Planning Librarians, 1989.

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Borg, Parker. Telecommunications and economic development in the Caribbean. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division, 1988.

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U.S.-Africa Communication Conference (1st 1992 Washington, D.C.). An overview of telecommunications development in Liberia. [Liberia: s.n., 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Telecommunication development"

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Li, Zhengmao. "Telecommunication 4.0 Development Pursuit and Vision." In Telecommunication 4.0, 17–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6301-5_2.

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Li, Zhengmao. "Telecommunication 4.0 Opens New Mode, New Space and New Development of the Future." In Telecommunication 4.0, 91–106. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6301-5_5.

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Daim, Tuğrul U., and Zahra Faili. "Value Roadmap Development for Telecommunication Industry." In Industry 4.0 Value Roadmap, 75–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30066-1_8.

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Haule, John James. "A Model for Telecommunication Development in Africa." In International Science and Technology, 151–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11672-0_9.

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Qiu, Xin. "Development in Chinese Post and Telecommunication Construction." In Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path, 133–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9558-1_7.

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Czarnecki, Christian, Axel Winkelmann, and Myra Spiliopoulou. "Making Business Systems in the Telecommunication Industry More Customer-Oriented." In Information Systems Development, 169–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9790-6_14.

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Nijkamp, Peter. "Tourism, Marketing and Telecommunication: A Road Towards Regional Development." In Tourism and Sustainable Economic Development, 37–55. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4321-3_2.

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Grishunin, Sergei, and Svetlana Suloeva. "Development of Project Risk Rating for Telecommunication Company." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 752–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46301-8_66.

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van Niekerk, Bruce Alistair, Tariq Ekeramodien Kahn, and Vipin Balyan. "Development of a Down-Converter for a Software-Defined Radio Environment." In Micro-Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, 255–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2329-8_26.

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Bond, Gregory W., Eric Cheung, Healfdene H. Goguen, Karrie J. Hanson, Don Henderson, Gerald M. Karam, K. Hal Purdy, Thomas M. Smith, and Pamela Zave. "Experience with Component-Based Development of a Telecommunication Service." In Component-Based Software Engineering, 298–305. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11424529_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Telecommunication development"

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Zhen He and Kaiyi Li. "Structure in telecommunication network." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Computer Technology and Development (ICCTD). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icctd.2010.5645974.

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Place, C. "Signalling and telecommunication compatibility issues." In IET Professional Development Course on Electric Traction Systems. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2012.0080.

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Place, C. "Signalling and telecommunication compatibility issues." In IET Professional Development Course on Electric Traction Systems. IET, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic.2010.0203.

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Place, C. "Signalling and Telecommunication Compatibility Issues." In IET 13th Professional Development Course on Electric Traction Systems. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2014.1441.

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Gul, Ensar, Taylan Sekerci, Aziz C. Yücetürk, and Ünal Yildirim. "Using XP in Telecommunication Software Development." In 2008 The Third International Conference on Software Engineering Advances (ICSEA). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsea.2008.11.

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Zhukova, Marina, and Artem Stefarov. "Development of the protected telecommunication systems." In 2015 International Siberian Conference on Control and Communications (SIBCON). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sibcon.2015.7147061.

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Trivedi, Aalok, Dereje Agonafer, Deepak Sivanandan, Mark Hendrix, and Akbar Sahrapour. "Compact Modeling of a Telecommunication Cabinet." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68134.

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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is widely used in the telecommunication industry to validate experimental data and obtain both qualitative and quantitative results during product development. A typical outdoor telecommunications cabinet requires the modeling of a large number of components in order to perform the required air flow and thermal design. Among these components, the heat exchanger is the most critical to thermal performance. The cabinet heat exchanger and other thermal components make up a complex thermal system. This thermal system must be characterized and optimized in a short time frame to support time-to-market requirements. CFD techniques allow for completing system thermal optimization long before product test data can be available. However, the computational model of the complex thermal system leads to a large mesh count and corresponding lengthy computational times. The objective of this paper is to present an overview of techniques to minimize the computational time for complex designs such as a heat exchanger used in telecommunication cabinets. The discussion herein presents the concepts which lead to developing a compact model of the heat exchanger, reducing the mesh count and thereby the computation time, without compromising the acceptability of the results. The model can be further simplified by identifying the components significantly affecting the physics of the problem and eliminating components that will not adversely affect either the fluid mechanics or heat transfer. This will further reduce the mesh density. Compact modeling, selective meshing, and replacing sub-components with simplified equivalent models all help reduce the overall model size. The model thus developed is compared to a benchmark case without the compact model. Given that the validity of compact models is not generalized, it is expected that this methodology can address this particular class of problems in telecommunications systems. The CFD code FLOTHERM™ by Flomerics is used to carry out the analysis.

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KEREBEL, A., and P. DUGAT. "Development of a telecommunication spacecraft propellant tank." In 22nd Joint Propulsion Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1986-1502.

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Khan, Shahzada Alamgir, and Kashif Azim Janjua. "Telecommunication Development and Regulatory Reforms in China." In 2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2007.1594.

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Seekola, Desmond L., and Shanti Cavanaugh. "Liquid crystal technology development for telecommunication applications." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Iam-Choon Khoo. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.405320.

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Reports on the topic "Telecommunication development"

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Lopez Carbajal, Hector A. Telecommunication Sector Policies for the Development of Information and Communication Technologies in Panama: Part I. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001309.

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De Lira Salvatierra, Irving Arturo. Telecommunication Sector Policies for the Development of Information and Communication Technologies in Panama: Part II. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001311.

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Meiksin, Zvi H. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND EXPERIMENTAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/800762.

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Rubin, Alex, Alan Omar Loera Martinez, Jake Dow, and Anna Puglisi. The Huawei Moment. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200079.

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For the first time, a Chinese company—Huawei—is set to lead the global transition from one key national security infrastructure technology to the next. How did Washington, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, fail to protect U.S. firms in this strategic technology and allow a geopolitical competitor to take a leadership position in a national security relevant critical infrastructure such as telecommunications? This policy brief highlights the characteristics of 5G development that China leveraged, exploited, and supported to take the lead in this key technology. The Huawei case study is in some ways the canary in the coal mine for emerging technologies and an illustration of what can happen to U.S. competitiveness when China’s companies do not have to base decisions on market forces.

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Herbert, George, and Lucas Loudon. The Size and Growth Potential of the Digital Economy in ODA-eligible Countries. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.016.

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This rapid review synthesises evidence on the current size of the digital market, the countries promoting development of digital business and their approach through Trade Policies or Incentive Frameworks, and the current and potential size of the market with the UK / China / US / other significant countries. It draws on a variety of sources, including reports by international organisations (such as the World Bank and OECD), grey literature produced by think tanks and the private sector, and peer reviewed academic papers. A high proportion of estimates of the size of the digital economy come from research conducted by or for corporations and industry bodies, such as Google and the GSMA (which represents the telecommunications industry). Their research may be influenced by their business interests, the methodologies and data sources they utilise are often opaque, and the information required to critically assess findings is sometimes missing. Given this, the estimates presented in this review are best seen as ballpark figures rather than precise measurements. A limitation of this rapid evidence review stems from the lack of consistent methodologies for estimating the size of the digital economy. The OECD is attempting to develop a standard approach to measuring the digital economy across the national accounts of the G20, but this has not yet been finalised. This makes comparing the results of different studies very challenging. The problem is particularly stark in low income countries, where there are frequently huge gaps in the relevant data.

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.

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