Journal articles on the topic 'TELECOM CRISIS'

Telecom's directory publishing business produced the White and Yellow Pages directories from 1975 to 1991. Prior to 1980, directory publishing was regarded within Telecom as a side show to the mainstream business – telecommunications. In 1976 the directory publishing business was in a crisis; it ranked in the top three of Telecom's public relations problems, was operating at a loss which would rapidly increase, and was becoming untenable. Over the next 15 years the publishing business was transformed to become the most profitable and innovative business in Telecom. This is the story of that transformation, which also illustrates the difficulty in innovating in a public service business at that time. A remarkable improvement in performance in the first five years failed to establish credibility within Telecom. What might have taken less than ten years to achieve in the private sector took more than 20 years in Telecom and Telstra.

Telecom's directory publishing business produced the White and Yellow Pages directories from 1975 to 1991. Prior to 1980, directory publishing was regarded within Telecom as a side show to the mainstream business – telecommunications. In 1976 the directory publishing business was in a crisis; it ranked in the top three of Telecom's public relations problems, was operating at a loss which would rapidly increase, and was becoming untenable. Over the next 15 years the publishing business was transformed to become the most profitable and innovative business in Telecom. This is the story of that transformation, which also illustrates the difficulty in innovating in a public service business at that time. A remarkable improvement in performance in the first five years failed to establish credibility within Telecom. What might have taken less than ten years to achieve in the private sector took more than 20 years in Telecom and Telstra.

Even though the emerging economies are growing with a fast pace, they have their own problems like growing population, corruption low per capita income and low purchasing power. India has its considerable dynamics like lower middle-class consumers, price competition, disruptive technologies and corruption. The present case study is about a struggling player of telecom industry in India. The telecom sector of India is an oligopoly market with only few dominant players. Entry of Relience-Jio in the year 2016 disrupted the market and making it difficult for all well-established companies to stay afloat. Aircel India, once a poster boy of Indian telecom sector, finds itself into intensive competition and numerous corruption charges. The case presents an opportunity in front of the students to evaluate a series of difficult decisions, all of which require trade-offs in the interest of keeping the company afloat. The case is developed by the data collected using unobtrusive methods from newspaper articles and research reports on the topic.

This case is set in the period after the worldwide financial crisis that started in mid 2007. Focusing on SK Telecom, one of South Korea's largest telecommunications providers, it reviews the previous strategies implemented by the Korean firm as well as the key challenges that SK Telecom has faced during the period of 2008–2009. This case also reviews the other global strategies undertaken by other major telecommunications companies from other countries. Faced with home market stagnation as well as distressed credit markets, SK Telecom requires a renewed strategy for further growth ahead. The case allows students to examine the threats and opportunities associated with the firm's internal and external environment, review its corporate portfolio, and formulate strategies for future growth of the firm. This case also highlights the different challenging market conditions in various markets and how these conditions affect the viability of SK Telecom seeking growth overseas.

In recent years, with the arrival of the era of mobile Internet, the “pipeline” crisis of telecom operators began to highlight, and tends to be serious. To avoid channelization, the leading telecom industry proposed successively the development strategy of “intelligent pipeline” on mobile Internet. In this context, the pipeline capacity requirements are analyzed, and the concept of 3D pipeline are put forward, then the nature of pipeline, such as extensity, systematicness and openness, are analyzed. Secondly, this paper also researches the method (add, subtract, multiply and divide) of pipeline. Finally, an application model of 3D pipeline is proposed.

The article examines the impact of the self-isolation regime on the telecommunications industry, in particular, on the company "ER-Telecom". It also clearly demonstrates what problems the company has faced, what conclusions it has drawn for itself, and how to correctly get out of this situation when the whole country is in a state of crisis.

To resolve the “pipeline” crisis for telecom operators, this study pioneers the application of Group theory in communication operation pipeline system. The pipeline entity group model was built for information transmission in the pipeline system to analyze operation of pipeline entities. The equations of pipeline system network traffic were established according to the flux conservation principle and matrix of pipeline network. Based on pipeline entity group model, dimensionality of the matrix was reduced. The solution scheme of the flow state transition relationship of the pipeline system is obtained, which will be very useful for the telecom operators to construct high-level mobile e-commerce application model and architecture.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the optimal leverage ratio, speed of adjustment, and which factors contribute to achieving the target of selected telecom companies in a partial adjustment framework from 2008 to 2017. Further is to analyze the likelihood of bankruptcy of sample companies by Altman Z-Score model and to suggest which theory of capitals structure is better in explaining leverage strategies and judicious mix of debt and equity structure of the selected telecom companies. Design/methodology/approach This paper chooses a partial adjustment model and uses the generalized method of moments technique to identify the variables that influence the target leverage ratio and the factors that influence the speed at which the target leverage is adjusted. Second, the Altman Z-score model is used in this paper to research the financial status of telecom companies using financial instruments and techniques. Findings For Indian telecom firms, firm-specific variables such as profitability, NDTS and Z-score lead to greater debt adjustment towards optimal level target leverage. The paper also highlights new paradigms in the Indian telecom sector, stating that top market leaders such as Bharti Airtel, BSNL, Idea, Vodafone and R.com, among others, should focus on debt reduction and interest payments, as well as implement new strategies to solve the crisis and change financial policies. Research limitations/implications It mainly focuses on firm-specific variables because the firm-specific variables affect the leverage framework. The country-specific variables are not taken into the study. These results may be unique to telecom companies due to some peculiarities existing in the telecom sector in India. Although other sectors, both national and international level, can be taken into consideration. Practical implications This paper has ramifications for corporate executives, investors and policymakers in India, for example, in terms of considering different transition costs while changing a telecom company’s financing decisions. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper of its kind to look at both financial and econometric tools to assess financial performance using the Altman Z-Score model, as well as decide leverage strategies and the pace with which they can be adjusted to target leverage in the context of Indian telecom companies.

In recent years, the telecommunications services sector has made a remarkable contribution to the global economy, thereby attracting the interest of researchers. This study aims to examine the relationship between total leverage and its main components (short-term and longterm leverage) and firm-specific and country-specific factors affecting the capital structure of European telecom operators during 2009-2020. The observed period, beginning right after the world economic crisis in 2008, was characterized by a stable economy and the expansion of mobile communications, and the Internet and multimedia services. We used dynamic panel regression models with 9 explanatory and three dependent variables and concluded that liquidity, profitability, sales growth, assets turnover, cost of debt, and non-debt tax shield had a significant influence on the capital structure of European telecom operators. We found that total leverage and long-term leverage significantly depend on their previous year's values. Tangibility, size of firm, and country GDP growth rate were not significantly associated with the capital structure of telecom operators within the observed period. The findings about a dominant negative impact of liquidity and profitability, and the positive impact of sales growth on leverage, are in line with the postulations of the pecking-order theory. This study can be helpful to managers and other stakeholders in improving their understanding of the factors affecting the capital structure of telecom operators.

In recent years, there have been frequent cases of telecom network fraud. Because cunning crooks have long extended their claws to the pure campus. "Post-00" college students grow up in the Internet era and like to participate in online activities and online part-time jobs. In order to prevent college students from falling into the crisis of telecommunications network fraud, although colleges and universities have repeatedly reminded them of security education, the effectiveness of education still needs to be improved. Among them, the fake identity fraud encountered by Xiao Chen is a typical high-incidence telecom network fraud case. By analyzing the causes of cases, the case handling process of ideological and political workers is expounded, and the case reflection and enlightenment are summarized, which provides effective reference ideas for the prevention and control of campus online fraud.

VPN usage across the world has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. With companies trying to lay the course through this unfamiliar state, corporations had to implement a Business Continuity Plan which included several elements to maintain a scalable and robust VPN connection. During this time of uncertainty, best practices need to be deployed by corporations and government entities more than ever. The purpose of this study is to highlight the necessary path SD Telecom would take to ensure a secure, reliable network during global traffic surge. Specific VPN solutions, access needs, and eligibility requirements vary based on the end user. The question being investigated is: How does a major telecom company carefully extent VPN services during a novel pandemic? It is hoped this study will inform Information Security personnel and employees about the process and procedures for scaling VPN during a major crisis.

Due to the COVID-19 crisis, a continuation of business has become problematic. Most economic activities have shut down with huge losses. People at home, online businesses, video conferencing, movies on OTT platforms and e-learning, are the new normal. Seamless connectivity solutions are crucial. Living with COVID-19 has substantially reduced the movement of employees from homes to workplaces. Everyone needs telecommunication for business continuity, which has enhanced demand for telecom. While most industries faced a slump, Information and Telecommunication (ICT) industry has taken off. The IT and telecom ecosystems have reached a new symbiotic high to meet the massive demand. This paper discusses the impact of COVID-19 on the ICT industry and ‘Data Consumption’ concerning ‘Average Revenue per User (ARPU)’ and other indicators; it studies the impact of lockdown on Content Delivery Networks and their adaptation to higher usage; it predicts the impact of COVID-19 on the future of the ICT industry in India.

This study aims to identify the role of corporate social responsibility in managing risks and crises, as corporate social responsibility expresses a proactive way to avoid potential risks and crises in the activities of institutions, and the experience of Zain Telecom in this field has been highlighted, as the latter works to adhere to adopting the principles of responsibility Social Development in all its activities, and it constantly seeks to apply responsible and sustainable practices, which leads to avoiding crises, improving risk management practices, establishing a governance environment that contributes to building constructive relationships with stakeholders and governments, creates a safe environment for the group's work and improves the practices of its departments.

Much like the financial crisis that precipitated a new world order, a quiet revolution of some sorts is happening in the telecom industry worldwide. The bankruptcy of stalwarts such as Nortel and the impregnation of Google and Apple into the mobile phone space at an amazing alacrity are changing the world order once dominated by the likes of biggies such as AT&T. What are these changes and what can we expect in the future? We explore in this article, the emerging technologies, market evolution, business models and regulatory interventions and indicate possible research directions in the area of data communications and networking in the coming days. 

This article adopts a neo-Gramscian perspective to analyze an impactful case of workers’ resistance escalating into civil society and the state, over the course of a social crisis triggered by employee suicides at the main French telecom firm in 2009 to 2010. On the basis of press data and interviews with key actors of the resistance, we produce a narrative of hegemonic transformation in three phases: (a) the rise of a new “hegemonic despotism” steering workers’ resistance within the firm, (b) the emergence of a counter-hegemony reaching out to the broader civil society, and (c) hegemonic transformation via state intervention. We contribute to the theoretical understanding of resistance by highlighting the role of a “hybrid space” spanning the firm, civil society, and the state in this “cascade effect” of resistance. Hybrid spaces enable the sharing, development, and leverage of discursive and material resources across the three main spheres of neoliberal hegemony.

In this paper we identify some sources of resilience in regional production districts (RPDs) faced with external shocks. We analyze Madrid's electronics district, which has managed to survive and prosper even after the turbulent period of the early 1990s when Spanish telecommunications services and product markets were liberalized. The study of structural changes alone in RPDs as they respond to external shocks may not sufficiently account for other important sources of some districts' resilience. Also playing important roles may be the conscious strategies of districts' leading firms. We study changes occurring after shock with quantitative data coming from surveys performed before and after telecommunications reform was implemented. Most other recent studies of change in RPDs compare instead the current situation with a qualitative description of the previous situation. We also build on previous empirical work, provide recent regional statistics, and compile information from the daily business press published over more than a decade. Anticipating the end of its various monopolies well in advance, the Spanish carrier Telefónica began searching for new growth opportunities as early as the mid-1980s. With Madrid's electronics district having evolved from a state-anchored district to an emerging high-technology district, Telefónica benefited from its production and development linkages there which confered a competitive advantage in winning foreign markets, especially in Latin America. Since the crisis, a process of reagglomeration has occurred in the district. Several large multinational suppliers of telecom equipment have relocated some of their production to Madrid and assigned greater importance to their R&D laboratories there.

Over-the-top (OTT) service refers to content included in basic telecommunications subscriptions without the additional features provided by telecom operators. The booming OTT business has had a huge impact on traditional telecommunications businesses such as voice and short message services, and the sense of crisis among telecommunications operators shows that the channeling trend has become more and more obvious. Faced with competition on the distribution of interests between channels and contents, telecommunications operators and OTT service providers are engaged in a fierce competition and cooperation game. To explore this competition relationship, this paper first establishes an evolutionary model, discussing the competition and cooperation behaviors of telecommunications operators and OTT service providers, and then conducts research on the degree of the effects of cooperation in terms of the combination of strategic factors, including cooperation cost sharing, the benefits distribution mechanism, research and development benefits, spillover effect, and network externality. Additionally, a replicator dynamic system is developed to study the influence of related strategic factors on evolutionary equilibrium. Finally, to verify the theoretical results, a simulation experiment is conducted to further clarify the meaning of the model and obtain meaningful results. The evolutionary game model and method provided in this paper are expected to help both parties make better decisions for future operating strategies.

<div><p><em>The Asian crisis of 1990, the US accounting scandals like that of Enron, World com, Adelphia, European scandals of Ahold and the present economic crunch all have enforced the importance of effective corporate governance mechanism and global GAAP. All these activities have forced the development of some universal reporting standards i.e. IFRS. The benefits which Indian companies hope to reap after IFRS adoption are numerous. But no benefits can be drawn without facing some crucial challenges. The current shaken market confidence globally may present significant challenges to organizations. Adoption of IFRS could result in an added considerable volatility in reported earnings and some performance specific measures like EPS and P/E Ratio. Entities will have to clarify reasons for this IFRS related volatility apart from other macroeconomic factors. This paper talks about some such challenges and impact of IFRS implementation in some sectors of the Indian economy. The sectors mainly touched upon are that of retail, technology, telecom and power. The paper closes with two small cases of JK Paper and Wipro who have gone for the adoption of IFRS. The cases will aid in understanding the implementation issues of IFRS.</em></p></div>

Renewable energy is considered to be sustainable solution to the energy crisis and climate change. The transition to renewable energy needs to be considered on a sectoral basis and one such sector that can potentially decarbonized with renewable energy is the telecommunication sector. Several base transceiver stations (BTS) in remote regions have unstable electric supply systems. Diesel generators (DG) are a common solution to energy problems on such telecommunication sites. However, they have high fuel costs on the global market and contribute to high carbon emissions. Hybrid renewable energy systems may provide a stable power output by integrating multiple energy sources, essential for supplying a dependable and uninterrupted power supply in the context of the telecom sector, notably base transceiver stations (BTS). Deploying such a system might also help BTS, which relies mainly on diesel generators with battery storage backup, reduce operational costs and environmental problems. This study presents the framework for large-scale photovoltaic system penetration based on techno-economic analysis (based on actual on ground data with least assumptions) in base transceiver stations (BTS) encapsulating telecom sector spread across various geographical regions. The proposed framework includes a mathematical model complemented with system design in HOMER software tool. The techno-economic aspects of the study were spread across 2, 12 and 263 sites, along with comparison analysis of photovoltaic system installation with and without energy storage devices, respectively. The sites included both on-grid and off-grid sites, which were exposed to high levels of power outages and subjected to reliance on costly and environmentally hazardous diesel generators. Optimization results showed that the photovoltaic system with a diesel generator and battery storage system provide a promising solution to the energy problem, with an average decrease in LCOE of 29%, DG hour’s reduction by 82% with 92% reduction in carbon emission and a reduction in NPC of 34% due to the high availability of solar. The techno-economic analysis indicated that optimized photovoltaic system and storage results in both on–off grid BTS sites with better options, amid low cost of energy and free accessibility of solar. Moreover, the results spread across geographical regions aiming at a reliable and environmentally friendly option that reduces load on utility grid across on-grid BTS sites and substantial overall reduction in diesel usage.

Abstract. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and its evolutions are nowadays the most affordable and widespread data communication infrastructure available almost world wide. Moreover the always growing cellular phone market is pushing the development of new devices with higher performances and lower power consumption. All these characteristics make UMTS really useful for the implementation of an "easy to deploy" temporary real-time seismic station. Despite these remarkable features, there are many drawbacks that must be properly taken in account to effectively transmit the seismic data: Internet security, signal and service availability, power consumption. – Internet security: exposing seismological data services and seismic stations to the Internet is dangerous, attack prone and can lead to downtimes in the services, so we setup a dedicated Virtual Private Network (VPN) service to protect all the connected devices. – Signal and service availability: while for temporary experiment a carefull planning and an accurate site selection can minimize the problem, this is not always the case with rapid response networks. Moreover, as with any other leased line, the availability of the UMTS service during a seismic crisis is basically unpredictable. Nowadays in Italy during a major national emergency a Committee of the Italian Civil Defense ensures unified management and coordination of emergency activities. Inside it the telecom companies are committed to give support to the crisis management improving the standards in their communication networks. – Power consumption: it is at least of the order of that of the seismic station and, being related to data flow and signal quality is largely unpredictable. While the most secure option consists in adding a second independent solar power supply to the seismic station, this is not always a very convenient solution since it doubles the cost and doubles the equipment on site. We found that an acceptable trade-off is to add an inexpensive Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) circuit to the UMTS router power supply that switches off the data transmission when the power is low. This greatly reduces the probability of data loss but lowers the real-time data availabilty. This approach guarantees on the average a satisfactory data acquistion rate, only in very few cases and when the real-time data is extremely important for a particular site we needed to double the power supply on the site. Overall the UMTS data transmission has been used in most temporary seismic experiments and in all seismic emergencies happened in Italy since 2010 and has proved to be a very cost effective approach with real-time data acquisition rates usually greater than 97 % and all the benefits that result from the fast integration of the temporary data in the National Network monitoring system and in the EIDA data bank.

PurposeThis case study aims to analyse the different factors that cause a decline in an organisation's performance. It projects data for the prospective case readers to explore the possible approaches for the Chairman-cum-Managing Director (CMD) of Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) to turnaround both the organisations. Furthermore, the case compels the readers to study the Indian Telecom industry to analyse the competitive behaviour and the consequent actions necessary to survive and thrive amongst their peers. From the theoretical perspective, the case emphasises the recent change observed in the Telecom industry regarding the transition from value-chain to value-network.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected the case facts and data for the case study from secondary sources like the latest news articles, the CRISIL database, company annual statements, company press releases and government regulatory body web portals.FindingsThe case study has identified the issues pertinent in the public sector companies in India, especially in the telecom sector, concerning leadership, pending government financial commitments and a slow-moving attitude towards taking action.Originality/valueThe case study highlights the management problems faced by the CMD of the two public sector telecom companies i.e. BSNL and MTNL.

Abstract: This review portrays the plan of IoT on Keen entryway locks are keys that can be utilized to make a commonsense and productive security framework in homes and different structures. The update highlight is added with Remote. Remote is an electromagnetic telecom network that utilizations waves rather than links. The motivation behind this Keen Entryway Lock is to expand proficiency and diminish manual opening from within, however if you open the entryway from an external perspective, it is sufficient to utilize a cell phone. in the investigation, when a guest came, the guest saw a sensor warning before the entryway and afterward moved toward the notice sensor that had been planned with the past blynk application, the blynk application sent a notice through a cell phone, after the property holder realized that there was somebody before him and just opened the lock Savvy Entryway Lock by utilizing a cell phone if the property holder knows the guest. after guests see the green light the entryway has been opened, following a couple of moments the entryway will naturally lock once more. then, at that point, there is a press button from the indirect access to open the entryway in a crisis if the capacity of the cell phone doesn't attempt to open the entryway. the programmed work that I made in the entryway lock framework permits clients to effortlessly control and bind together the climate and states of the house without a moment's delay prior to going into or going out. Keywords: Smart Door Lock; Wireless; Smartphone; Android; Blynk; Abstrak: Ulasan ini menggambarkan rencana IoT pada kunci pintu masuk Keen adalah kunci yang dapat digunakan untuk membuat kerangka keamanan yang masuk akal dan produktif di rumah dan bangunan lain. Sorotan pembaruan ditambahkan dengan Remote. Remote adalah jaringan telekomunikasi elektromagnetik yang memanfaatkan gelombang daripada tautan. Alasan di balik Kunci Pintu Masuk Keen ini adalah untuk meningkatkan keterampilan dan mengurangi pembukaan manual dari dalam, tetapi jika Anda membuka pintu dari sudut pandang eksternal, cukup menggunakan ponsel. dalam pemeriksaan, ketika tamu datang, tamu melihat peringatan sensor sebelum pintu masuk dan kemudian bergerak menuju sensor pemberitahuan yang telah direncanakan dengan aplikasi blynk sebelumnya, aplikasi blynk mengirimkan pemberitahuan melalui ponsel, setelah pemilik properti menyadari bahwa ada seseorang di depannya dan baru saja membuka kunci Savvy Entryway Lock dengan memanfaatkan ponsel jika pemilik properti mengenal tamu tersebut. setelah tamu melihat lampu hijau pintu masuk telah dibuka, beberapa saat kemudian pintu masuk secara alami akan terkunci kembali. Kemudian, pada saat itu, ada tombol tekan dari akses tidak langsung untuk membuka pintu dalam keadaan darurat jika kapasitas ponsel tidak berusaha untuk membuka pintu. Pekerjaan terprogram yang saya buat dalam kerangka kunci pintu memungkinkan klien untuk dengan mudah mengontrol keadaan rumah tanpa penundaan sesaat sebelum masuk atau keluar Kata kunci: Pintu Pintar; Wireless; Smarphone; Android; Blynk;

The company's performance has always been measured based on financial ratios for a certain period. Measurement based on financial ratios is very dependent on the accounting treatment used in the preparation of corporate financial statements. The purpose of a company that is only oriented to the achievement of profits as big as when it is no longer relevant today. Therefore the responsibility of the company not only to the shareholders, but to all stakeholders. Performance appraisal of a company is very important that the assessment process must be in line with the effectiveness and efficiency in achieving competitive advantage in the business world. Since the last ten years has developed a new approach in assessing the financial performance of companies known as Economic Value Added (EVA). EVA model comes from the concept of capital cost (cost of capital), which is the risk faced by the company in making investments. The concept of Economic Value Added (EVA) as an alternative to performance measurement based on the value (EVA) is an approach in assessing the performance of the company by paying fair attention to the expectations of funders or investors. EVA is the profit left behind after deducting the capital cost (cost of capital) invested to generate the profit. Positive EVA values can be interpreted that the company's management has created value (creating value). Conversely, if the value of negative EVA means that there is no economic value added into the company. The goal to be achieved by the authors in this study is To determine the financial performance of Telecommunications Company in review of Economic Value Edded (EVA). And To know Which Telecommunication Company that provides better economic value.This research used qualitative analysis. The qualitative analysis method is used to interpret and analyze the result of EVA calculation, that is to measure the added value of the company by calculating all capital cost, either the capital contribution from the shareholder or from the loan, or the risk faced by the company in making the investment. To measure the company's performance required financial report data in the form of income statement and balance sheet, JCI, stock price and SBI rate data. Data Collection Procedure is the data of financial statements of companies from the telecommunications industry listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2005-2009, obtained from www.idx.co.id. Monthly monthly stock price index (IHSG) monthly from 2005-2009, interest rate of 12 month time deposit from 2005-2009 and stock price data used since 2005.The results show that only PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia Tbk alone can generate positive EVA, while PT Indosat Tbk and PT Bakrie Telecom Tbk generate negative EVA. Negative EVA values are caused by several factors, among others: because of the significant increase in fuel prices, followed by inflation and rising interest rates affecting people's purchasing power, rising capital costs and operational costs of both companies, the impact of the 2008 global financial crisis that affected on declining stock value and the impact of tariff war between telecommunication companies where telephone tariffs are lower and the decline in long distance call rates affects the telecommunication company's operating revenues.

Esta pesquisa tem o intuito de aclarar o tema de privatizações, partindo de seu contexto histórico e jurídico, até o caso da privatização do setor de telecomunicações no Brasil, considerando as medidas dos governos de Fernando Collor e FHC (Fernando Henrique Cardoso) para combater crises econômicas de acordo com as diretrizes do Consenso de Washington. Em seguida, reflete sobre os efeitos da transferência de Telecom da Telebrás para a iniciativa privada, a reordenação da atuação estatal, e suas consequências para a soberania nacional no setor. Por fim, analisa as privatizações em um setor de infraestrutura e a importância do investimento estatal em produção e desenvolvimento de tecnologias nacionais, a fim de preservar a supremacia dos interesses pátrios frente ao capital estrangeiro com a independência de tecnologias importadas.

Competition in the business environment and rapid global developments have created great challenges for organizations, which increases the importance of strategic planning to ensure business continuity despite any potential crises and competitions. This study aims to clarify the impact of strategic planning on the performance of Jordanian telecom companies. In order to achieve the aim of the study, a comparison approach was adopted by reviewing previous studies that dealt with the subject and discussing the most important results that they reached. Accordingly, he concluded that strategic planning has an active and important role in developing the work of organizations so that it will be reflected positively on them. Therefore, we recommend through this study to activate strategic planning in the departments of Jordanian telecommunications companies to ensure more innovation and creativity in light of the intense competition for telecommunications services in the Jordanian market, with the need to develop a strategic plan to be evaluated periodically in line with the organization's mission and vision to ensure that it remains on the path. The correct approach that you seek in addition to the need to set short and long-term goals and strive to achieve them within the set strategic plan, in addition to the scientific contribution, there must be some obstacles represented in Research because this study during the Corona pandemic there was difficulty in collecting data or conducting interviews, so it is possible in the future to conduct this study by addressing a proposed model that addresses the variables that highlight strategic planning strategies on the performance of Jordanian telecom services companies and collect and analyze data to reach a more comprehensive scientific contribution.

Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft and Netflix have come under intense criticism for acquiring undue influence on the media, economy, society and democracy. Google and Facebook’s business models, especially, are cast as a form of ‘vampire economics’ responsible for the crisis of journalism and upending the media industries. Many media scholars argue that since the platforms increasingly function like media companies, media policy should be our North Star with respect to what new approaches to internet regulation should look like. This article agrees that a forceful response to the platforms is overdue but criticizes the case against them for too often resting on cherry-picked evidence and an exaggerated sense of their clout, while references to media policy obscure a better approach that draws on four principles from telecoms regulation to guide a new generation of internet regulation: structural separation, line of business restrictions (i.e., firewalls), public obligations and public alternatives.

Thaksin Shinawatra is a successful Thai business tycoon who has become extremely wealthy within the last fifteen years from investment in telecommunications and lately also in mass-transit infrastructure. He entered politics in the mid-1990s and became a party leader and minister in several governments. Through a study of Thaksin's business career and his political involvement I intend to illustrate how Thai politics functions in practice, as well as to highlight the intimate links between money and politics in Thailand, particularly in the telecommunications sector. During the economic boom the telecommunications sector was characterised by substantial profits and stiff competition, but after the economic crisis in July 1997 the Thai telecoms firms sustained heavy losses. In a surprise move the two biggest telecommunications conglomerates-Shinawatra and Charoen Phokapand-announced that they would merge some of their telecommunications firms, thereby creating one of the biggest concentrations of assets in Thailand and at the same time a de fact0 monopolisation of tlie telecommunications market. As if that were not enough, Shinawatra, together with his former arch-rival, has launched a new political party-Thai Rak Thai [Thai loves Thai]. This move may have profound implications for the development of Thai politics.'

Business environment today is characterized by many change, therefore, the economic institutions must be vigilante to promote and create a competitive advantage within their target market. The vigilance strategy of the most important and the most recent steering systems that ensure business organizations survival and continuity in a rapidly changing environment and the complexity of what revered prone to a range of events leading to the development of the occurrence of the institution in crisis . This is what the present study is trying to confirm, through a questionnaire addressed to 30 workers in the Telecom Algeria in Béchar. The study concluded with the paying attention to the system of strategic vigilance in its three axes (commercial, competitive and technological), So that the organization can create a competitive advantage in the Algerian telecom market.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic and associated measures implemented have rapidly changed how people move about and behave in society. Utilizing data on people’s mobility could provide unique and valuable insights to governments and institutions to better manage the crisis. These entities, however, have not traditionally had access to, nor the experience of applying, continuous anonymized and aggregated data on people mobility. This article aims to show how the Public Health Agency in Sweden successfully collaborated with a Nordic Telecoms operator to make use of such data during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, it investigates how the collaboration started, approaches used to go from data to insight, outcomes and impact, and lessons learned on both sides. Telia, the largest telecom operator in the Nordics, had an existing product commercially available that provided anonymized and aggregated insights about people’s movement. Several challenges existed within Telia as it was the first time worldwide a collaboration with a Public Health Agency would take place and social benefits had to be weighed against commercial and reputational risks. The hypothesis at the beginning of the pandemic was that the solution could be adapted to fit the needs of policymakers and the internal challenges could be overcome, while providing a meaningful contribution to the fight against the virus. The results show that it is possible to both form a mutually beneficial collaboration between a telecom operator and a public institution, and to make use of mobility data in evidence-based policymaking without compromising applicable personal data protection laws.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on the identification of different types of crises, their impact on project-based organizations' (PBOs) performance and exploring PBOs' capabilities to influence the effects of those crises.Design/methodology/approachThis study presents results from a large-scale survey (n = 283) comprising PBOs in the information technology, telecom and construction industries. The data analysis relies on structural equation modeling.FindingsThe study indicates that internal (as well as external) crises are negatively (as well as positively) associated with performance, which demonstrates the different effects that different kinds of crises have on performance. Furthermore, project-based organizational capabilities moderate the crisis–performance relation. In particular, the study demonstrates the contrasting effects that capabilities have on the management of crises indicating that some capabilities might worsen the effects of crises.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to dynamic capability and project management literature by identifying different types of crises that could impact short-and long-term performance and explore a set of capabilities required by PBOs to manage crises.

Amid the global economic downturn, Eurozone crisis and Libya war in 2011, Alibaba, Yahoo and Softbank’s dispute over Alipay brought China’s telecoms industry and, more importantly, foreign investment policies into the global spotlight. This article considers Chinese legislative framework regulating foreign investment in China’s telecoms industry, and more importantly, two transactional models, that is, the CCF and VIE structures, foreign investors have adopted in the past three decades to access China’s restricted telecoms industry. This article attempts to unveil the underlying reasons foreign investors creating and utilizing these transactional models and, more importantly, China’s recent regulatory instruments Chinese authorities have taken in tackling the VIE structure in telecoms industry. From a political economy lens, this article offers a possible rationale underpinning such movements in light of China’s policy direction.

AbstractTwo thirds of the surface of our planet are covered by water and are still poorly instrumented, which has prevented the earth science community from addressing numerous key scientific questions. The potential to leverage the existing fiber optic seafloor telecom cables that criss-cross the oceans, by using them as dense arrays of seismo-acoustic sensors, remains to be evaluated. Here, we report Distributed Acoustic Sensing measurements on a 41.5 km-long telecom cable that is deployed offshore Toulon, France. Our observations demonstrate the capability to monitor with unprecedented details the ocean-solid earth interactions from the coast to the abyssal plain, in addition to regional seismicity (e.g., a magnitude 1.9 micro-earthquake located 100 km away) with signal characteristics comparable to those of a coastal seismic station.

A été associée à la notion de gouvernance d'entreprise est étroitement crises financiers et économiques, Cette crise a révélé que la non-application de la gouvernance d'entreprise tel que a augmenté la sévérité de ces crises. Nous avons essayé à travers ce document de recherche est de mettre en évidence l'importance de l'utilisation de méthodes de gouvernance au sein des institutions, et la mesure de sa contribution à l'activation et le développement de la performance financière des institutions, et par l'étude de quelques-unes des institutions qui ont suivi les méthodes de gouvernance algériennes dans la gestion « Sonelgaz SPA, RouibaNCA, Ooredoo Telecom ».

Since the telecommunications companies experience great competition, high churn rate, data traffic issues during the Covid-19 pandemic and the upgrade to 5G connectivity, the finance management of a telecommunications company should be analyzed to study the volatility and returns in the sector. This paper aims to develop a goal programming model to examine the asset and liability management of a telecommunication company, namely Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM) in Malaysia. The result of this study shows that TM has achieved all the goals in maximizing assets, equities, profits, earnings and optimum management item while minimizing liabilities over the period of study from 2015 to 2019. Potential improvements on these goals have also been identified through this study. This paper has also contributed to the studies in financial management since past studies have not been done on asset and liability management in telecommunications companies which is rapidly growing and expanding even while the world is suffering from economy crisis during this pandemic.

AbstractGerman telecommunications reform came late because of high institutional constraints, powerful beneficiaries and reasonable functioning of the old system. It finally occurred because (1) the beneficiaries had less to lose, (2) Germany was falling behind, (3) reform was proven to work abroad and (4) the EC exerted pressure. The reform, particularly separation of posts from telecommunications, privatization of Deutsche Telekom and the creation of the RegTP, brought radical changes and the formation of new beneficiaries. The current sector crisis should spur research in the stability of competition in network industries and a reevaluation of the current reforms. Further reforms are required by new EC rules that will provide a more unified framework for the entire telecommunications sector. In the long run, privatization and liberalization will be completed, while some kinds of telecommunications-specific regulation will continue. Dominant firm regulation of end-user services is likely to be abolished down the road, while bottleneck regulation may persist. The remaining amount of dominant firm regulation and the pace of deregulation will depend heavily on market boundaries between (a) wireless and fixed networks, (b) high and low capacity subscriber access and (c) high-density and lowdensity networks. Assessing the interaction between market boundaries and market power requires economic research of intermodal competition and market power.

IntroductionOrganizational culture determines the ability of companies to adapt, transform, and innovate, thereby directly affecting their profitability and competitiveness. However, the same applies to the public sector since, now more than ever, it has to be agile in order to shield its society and economy against modern challenges (such as COVID-19, climate change, and digitalization). This article uses the case of Greece as an example to present the need for change in organizational culture to unlock its development and growth potential through transformation, adaptation, and innovation. To support our argument, we combine the findings of the international literature regarding the relationship between organizational culture and the aforementioned elements, as well as empirical evidence from Greece.MethodsIn particular, we assess organizational culture pertaining to the major sector reforms that took place in Greece, as a result of the recent economic and financial crisis, by presenting and evaluating comparative empirical findings on the characteristics of the prevailing and desired future organizational culture.Results and discussionExamining and comparing the results of previous studies in Greece that used the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI) questionnaire survey in both private (such as banking and telecoms) and public sectors (such as social security, public revenues authority, and hospitals), two interesting results arise: (i) there is a clear distinction between the public sector and the private sector, with the former being mainly characterized by “hierarchy culture,” while the latter by “market culture” and (ii) in both sectors and all industries/services, the desire to prevail in future organizational culture is the “clan culture.” These findings are of immense importance as organizational culture issues play a key role in formulating future strategic plans, enabling the development of key sectors of the Greek economy and enhancing effective governance and social services. Concisely, our results draw useful conclusions for policy implications and academics, implying that there is an emergent need for organizational transformation in both private and public sectors in Greece, which can be achieved through new innovative methods of organization and operation, creating a new more agile, adaptive, and innovative culture.

Since their first encounter with colonial administrators in 1963, approximately 2,000 indigenous people living in the Nimakot region of central New Guinea have been struggling with a tension between their indigenous way of life and the imperatives of the state. It is not just that they are on the international border between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia and therefore difficult to categorise into this or that country. It is that they do not habitually conceptualise themselves and others in categorical terms. They value and focus on relationships rather than categories. In their struggle to adapt the blooming buzzing complexities of their semi-nomadic lifestyle and relational logic to the strict and apparently static lines, grids, and coordinates of rationalistic statecraft they have become torn by duelling conceptions of “kantri” itself (Melanesian Tok Pisin for “country”). On the one hand, kantri invokes an unbroken rural landscape rich with personal and cultural memories that establish a firm and deep relationship with the land and the ancestors. Such a notion fits easily with local conceptions of kinship and land tenure. On the other hand, kantri is a bounded object, part of an often frustrating and mystifying system of categorization imposed by strict and rationalist mechanisms of statecraft. The following analyses this tension based on 22 months of intensive and intimate participant observation in the region from 1999-2006 with a special focus on the uses and impacts of writing and other new communication technologies. The categorical bias of statecraft is enabled, fostered, extended, and maintained by the technology of writing. Statecraft seeks (or makes) categories that are ideally stable, permanent, non-negotiable, and fit for the relative fixity of print, while the relationships emphasised by people of Nimakot are fluid, temporary, negotiable, contested and ambiguous. In contrast to the engaged, pragmatic, and personal view one finds in face-to-face relationships on the ground, the state’s knowledge of the local is ultimately mediated by what can be written into abstract categories that can be listed, counted and aggregated, producing a synoptic, distanced, and decontextualising perspective. By simplifying the cacophonous blooming buzzing complexities of life into legible categories, regularities, and rules, the pen and paper become both the eyes and the voice of the state (Scott 2). Even the writing of this paper is difficult. Many sentences would be easier to write if I could just name the group I am discussing. But the group of people I am writing about have no clear and uncontested name for themselves. More importantly, they do not traditionally think of themselves as a “group,” nor do they habitually conceptualise others in terms of bounded groups of individuals. The biggest challenge to statecraft’s attempts to create a sense of “country” here is the fact that most local people do not subjectively think of themselves in categorical terms. They do not imagine themselves to be part of “adjacent and competitive empires” (Strathern 102). This “group” is most widely known as the western “Atbalmin” though the name is not an indigenous term. “Atbalmin” is a word used by the neighbouring Telefol that means “people of the trees.” It was adopted by early patrol officers who were accompanied by Telefol translators. As these early patrols made their way through the “Atbalmin” region from east to west they frequently complained about names and their inability to pin or pen them down. Tribal names, clan names, even personal names seemed to change with each asking. While such flexibility and flux were perfectly at home in an oral face-to-face environment, it wasn’t suitable for the colonial administrators’ relatively fixed and static books. The “mysterious Kufelmin” (as the patrol reports refer to them) were even more frustrating for early colonial officers. Patrols heading west from Telefomin searched for decades for this mysterious group and never found them. To this day nobody has ever set foot in a Kufelmin village. In each valley heading west patrols were told that the Kufelmin were in the next valley to the west. But the Kufelmin were never there. They were always one more valley to the west. The problem was that the administrators wrongly assumed “Kufelmin” to be a tribal name as stable and categorical as the forms and maps they were using would accept. Kufelmin simply means “those people to the West.” It is a relational term, not a categorical one. The administration’s first contact with the people of Nimakot exposed even more fundamental differences and specific tensions between the local relational logic and the categorical bias of statecraft. Australian patrol officer JR McArthur crested the mountain overlooking Nimakot at precisely 1027 hours on 16 August 1963, a fact he dutifully recorded in his notebook (Telefomin Patrol Report 12 of 1962/63). He then proceeded down the mountain with pen and paper in hand, recording the precise moment he crossed the Sunim creek (1109 hours), came to Sunimbil (1117 hours), and likewise on and on to his final destination near the base of the present-day airstrip. Such recordings of precise times and locations were central to McArthur's main goal. Amidst the steep mountains painted with lush green gardens, sparkling waterfalls, and towering virgin rainforests McArthur busied himself examining maps and aerial photographs searching for the region’s most impressive, imposing, and yet altogether invisible feature: the 141st Meridian East of Greenwich, the international border. McArthur saw his work as one of fixing boundaries, taking names, and extending the great taxonomic system of statecraft that would ultimately “rationalise” and order even this remote corner of the globe. When he came to the conclusion that he had inadvertently stepped outside his rightful domain he promptly left, noting in his report that he purchased a pig just before leaving. The local understanding of this event is very different. While McArthur was busy making and obeying categories, the people of Nimakot were primarily concerned with making relationships. In this case, they hoped to create a relationship through which valuable goods, the likes of which they had never seen, would flow. The pig mentioned in McArthur's report was not meant to be bought or sold, but as a gift signifying the beginning of what locals hoped would be a long relationship. When McArthur insisted on paying for it and then promptly left with a promise that he would never return, locals interpreted his actions as an accusation of witchcraft. Witchcraft is the most visible and dramatic aspect of the local relational logic of being, what might be termed a relational ontology. Marilyn Strathern describes this ontology as being as much “dividual” as individual, pointing out that Melanesians tend to conceptualise themselves as defined and constituted by social relationships rather than independent from them (102). The person is conceptualised as socially and collectively constituted rather than individuated. A person’s strength, health, intelligence, disposition, and behaviour depend on the strength and nature of one’s relationships (Knauft 26). The impacts of this relational ontology on local life are far reaching. Unconditional kindness and sharing are constantly required to maintain healthy relations because unhealthy relations are understood to be the direct cause of sickness, infertility, and death. Where such misfortunes do befall someone, their explanations are sought in a complex calculus examining relational histories. Whoever has a bad relation with the victim is blamed for their misfortune. Modernists disparage such ideas as “witchcraft beliefs” but witchcraft accusations are just a small part of a much more pervasive, rich, and logical relational ontology in which the health and well-being of relations are conceptualised as influencing the health and well-being of things and people. Because of this logic, people of Nimakot are relationship experts who navigate the complex relational field with remarkable subtleness and tact. But even they cannot maintain the unconditional kindness and sharing that is required of them when their social world grows too large and complex. A village rarely grows to over 50 people before tensions lead to an irresolvable witchcraft accusation and the village splits up. In this way, the continuous negotiations inspired by the relational ontology lead to constant movement, changing of names, and shifting clan affiliations – nothing that fits very well on a static map or a few categories in a book. Over the past 45 years since McArthur first brought the mechanisms of statecraft into Nimakot, the tensions between this local relational ontology and the categorical logic of the state have never been resolved. One might think that a synthesis of the two forms would have emerged. Instead, to this day, all that becomes new is the form through which the tensions are expressed and the ways in which the tensions are exacerbated. The international border has been and continues to be the primary catalyst for these tensions to express themselves. As it turns out, McArthur had miscalculated. He had not crossed the international border before coming to Nimakot. It was later determined that the border runs right through the middle of Nimakot, inspiring one young local man to describe it to me as “that great red mark that cuts us right through the heart.” The McArthur encounter was a harbinger of what was to come; a battle for kantri as unbounded connected landscape, and a battle with kantri as a binding categorical system, set against a backdrop of witchcraft imagery. Locals soon learned the importance of the map and census for receiving state funds for construction projects, education, health care, and other amenities. In the early 1970s a charismatic local man convinced others to move into one large village called Tumolbil. The large population literally put Tumolbil “on the map,” dramatically increasing its visibility to government and foreign aid. Drawn by the large population, an airstrip, school, and aid post were built in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Locally this process is known as “namba tok,” meaning that “numbers (population, statistics, etc.) talk” to the state. The greater the number, the stronger the voice, so locals are now intent on creating large stable villages that are visible to the state and in line for services and development projects. Yet their way of life and relational cultural logics continue to betray their efforts to create such villages. Most people still navigate the complexities of their social relations by living in small, scattered, semi-nomadic hamlets. Even as young local men trained in Western schools become government officials in charge of the maps and census books themselves, they are finding that they are frustrated by the same characteristics of life that once frustrated colonial administrators. The tensions between the local relational ontology and the categorical imperatives of the state come to rest squarely on the shoulders of these young men. They want large stable villages that will produce a large number in the census book in order to bring development projects to their land. More importantly, they recognise that half of their land rests precariously west of that magical 141st Meridian. A clearly defined and distinct place on the map along with a solid number of names in the census book, have become essential to assuring their continued connection with their kantri. On several occasions they have felt threatened by the possibility that they would have to either abandon the land west of the meridian or become citizens of Indonesia. The first option threatens their sense of kantri as connection to their traditional land. The other violates their new found sense of kantri as nationalistic pride in the independent state of Papua New Guinea. In an attempt to resolve these increasingly pressing tensions, the officers designed “Operation Clean and Sweep” in 2003 – a plan to move people out of their small scattered hamlets and into one of twelve larger villages that had been recognised by Papua New Guinea in previous census and mapping exercises. After sending notice to hamlet residents, an operation team of over one hundred men marched throughout Nimakot, burning each hamlet along the way. Before each burning, officers gave a speech peppered with the phrase “namba tok.” Most people listened to the speeches with enthusiasm, often expressing their own eagerness to leave their hamlet behind to live in a large orderly village. In one hamlet they asked me to take a photo of them in front of their houses just before they cheerfully allowed government officers to enter their homes and light the thatch of their rooftops. “Finally,” the officer in charge exclaimed triumphantly, “we can put people where their names are.” If the tension between local relational logics and the categorical imperatives of the state had been only superficial, perhaps this plan would have ultimately resolved the tension. But the tension is not only expressed objectively in the need for large stable villages, but subjectively as well, in the state’s need for people to orient themselves primarily as citizens and individuals, doing what is best for the country as a categorical group rather than acting as relational “dividuals” and orienting their lives primarily towards the demands of kinship and other relations. This tension has been recognised in other contexts as well, and theorised in Craig Calhoun’s study of nationalism in which he marks out two related distinctions: “between networks of social relationships and categories of similar individuals, and between reproduction through directly interpersonal interactions and reproduction through the mediation of relatively impersonal agencies of large-scale cultural standardization and social organization” (29). The former in both of these distinctions make up the essential components of relational ontology, while the latter describe the mechanisms and logic of statecraft. To describe the form of personhood implicit in nationalism, Calhoun introduces the term “categorical identity” to designate “identification by similarity of attributes as a member of a set of equivalent members” (42). While locals are quick to understand the power of categorical entities in the cultural process of statecraft and therefore have eagerly created large villages on a number of occasions in order to “game” the state system, they do not readily assume a categorical identity, an identity with these categories, and the villages have consistently disintegrated over time due to relational tensions and witchcraft accusations born from the local relational ontology. Operation Clean and Sweep reached its crisis moment just two days after the burnings began. An influential man from one of the unmapped hamlets scheduled for burning came to the officers complaining that he would not move to the large government village because he would have to live too close to people who had bewitched and killed members of his family. Others echoed his fears of witchcraft in the large government villages. The drive for a categorical order came head to head with the local relational ontology. Moving people into large government villages and administering a peaceful, orderly, lawful society of citizens (a categorical identity) would take much more than eliminating hamlets and forced migration. It would require a complete transformation in their sense of being – a transformation that even the officers themselves have not fully undertaken. The officers did not see the relational ontology as the problem. They saw witchcraft as the problem. They announced plans to eradicate witchcraft altogether. For three months, witchcraft suspects were apprehended, interrogated, and asked to list names of other witches. With each interrogation, the list of witches grew longer and longer. The interrogations were violent at times, but not as violent or as devastating as the list itself. The violence of the list hid behind its simple elegance. Like a census book, it had a mystique of orderliness and rationality. It stripped away the ugliness and complexity of interrogations leaving nothing but pure categorical knowledge. In the interrogation room, the list became a powerful tool the officer in charge used to intimidate his suspects. He often began by reading from the list, as if to say, “we already have you right here.” But one might say it was the officer who was really trapped in the list. It ensnared him in its simple elegance, its clean straight lines and clear categories. He was not using the list as much as the list was using him. Traditionally it was not the witch that was of concern, but the act of witchcraft itself. If the relationship could be healed – thereby healing the victim – all was forgiven. The list transformed the accused from temporary, situational, and indefinite witches involved in local relational disputes to permanent, categorical witches in violation of state law. Traditional ways of dealing with witchcraft focused on healing relationships. The print culture of the state focuses on punishing the categorically “guilty” categorical individual. They were “sentenced” “by the book.” As an outsider, I was simply thought to be naïve about the workings of witchcraft. My protests were ignored (see Wesch). Ultimately it ended because making a list of witches proved to be even more difficult than making a list for the census. Along with the familiar challenges of shifting names and affiliations, the witch list made its own enemies. The moment somebody was listed all of their relations ceased recognising the list and those making it as authoritative. In the end, the same tensions that motivated Operation Clean and Sweep were only reproduced by the efforts to resolve them. The tensions demonstrated themselves to be more tenacious than anticipated, grounded as they are in pervasive self-sustaining cultural systems that do not overlap in a way that is significant enough to threaten their mutual existence. The relational ontology is embedded in rich and enduring local histories of gift exchange, marriage, birth, death, and conflict. Statecraft is embedded in a broader system of power, hierarchy, deadlines, roles, and rules. They are not simply matters of belief. In this way, the focus on witches and witchcraft could never resolve the tensions. Instead, the movement only exacerbated the relational tensions that inspire, extend, and maintain witchcraft beliefs, and once again people found themselves living in small, scattered hamlets, wishing they could somehow come together to live in large prosperous villages so their population numbers would be great enough to “talk” to the state, bringing in valuable services, and more importantly, securing their land and citizenship with Papua New Guinea. It is in this context that “kantri” not only embodies the tensions between local ways of life and the imperatives of the state, but also the persistent hope for resolution, and the haunting memories of previous failures. References Calhoun, Craig. Nationalism. Open UP, 1997. Knauft, Bruce. From Primitive to Postcolonial in Melanesia and Anthropology. Ann Arbor: U Michigan P, 1999. McArthur, JR. Telefomin Patrol Report 12 of 1962/63 Strathern, Marilyn. The Gender of the Gift. U California P, 1988. Scott, James. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Yale UP, 1998. Wesch, Michael. “A Witch Hunt in New Guinea: Anthropology on Trial.” Anthropology and Humanism 32.1 (2007): 4-17.