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Mukhopadhyay, Tanmay, and Soumen Bhattacharjee. "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Analyses of Threatened Amblyceps mangois from Sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India Through Rapd and ISSR Fingerprinting." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 77, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cjf-2019-0004.
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Abstract Amblyceps mangois or the “Indian torrent catfish” is a tropical, freshwater, hill-stream species that has ornamental-commercial value and has been included within the “Endangered” category in the list of threatened freshwater fishes of India. A total fourteen populations from the Terai and Dooars region of northern West Bengal, India were analyzed to study the genetic architecture of this species with the help of RAPD and ISSR markers. The observed number of alleles (S), Nei’s gene diversity (H) and Shannon’s information index (H´ or I) showed the highest values in the Teesta river system and the lowest values in the Mahananda river system. The UPGMA-based dendrogram and PCoA, based on RAPD and ISSR fingerprints, showed that the Mahananda and the Teesta river populations formed a group distinct from the remaining Jaldhaka river population. We further considered the fourteen riverine populations into nine groups according to the continuity of the water flow for SHE analysis. It was found that the three components, i.e. the pattern of diversity (H´), richness (S) and evenness (E), have varied and fluctuated across all fourteen populations from higher to lower altitude as the river flows downstream. AMOVA, PhiPT and genetic hierarchical analyses showed that a distinct hierarchical structure is present in Amblyceps populations in the study region. Low levels of genetic diversity/variation and genetic hierarchical structure with high genetic divergence were found in the present study as an indicator of the recent picture of threatened status of this species. This study is the initial attempt to characterize and evaluate the genetic architecture of the species from this region and there is a scope to manage the evolutionary significant units (ESU) for conservation purpose.
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Indrakishor, Manish Kumar, Muskan, and Vaibhav sharma. "Application of Cloudburst Prediction System: A Review." Industrial Engineering Journal 51, no. 07 (2022): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36893/iej.2022.v51i7.032-037.
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Abrupt and powerful downpours known as "cloudbursts" can cause disastrous flash floods, landslides, and damage to infrastructure. Twenty-three army troops were washed away and five people killed as a result of the recent flood in Sikkim triggered by a cloudburst over Lhonak Lake in north Sikkim, which overflowed and raised the water levels in the Teesta River. Researchers have created a system based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), weather forecasting, and data mining approaches for weather prediction by modeling meteorological data in order to address the urgent challenge of anticipating and managing cloudburst incidents. The suggested approach in this research describes a real-time cloudburst prediction system that makes use of sophisticated anomaly detection techniques and is based on a machine learning model.
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Qamar, Mohd Ziaul, Manoj Kumar Verma, Asit Meshram, and Neena Isaac. "Model studies for desilting basin for Teesta-VI H.E. project, Sikkim – a case study." Brazilian Journal of Development 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2024): 1157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv10n1-076.
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Desilting basins play an important role in run-of-river hydro power projects on Himalayan Rivers. These rivers carry huge amount of sediment with them, due to steep slopes and fragile geology of the region. The suspended sediment enters through the power intake and ultimately the power house. This causes heavy damage to the turbines and other under water parts. Therefore, desilting basins are provided to eliminate suspended sediment from the water conductor system. The design of desilting basin is verified on a physical model for 90% removal of suspended sediment coarser than 0.2 or 0.3 mm and efficacy of flushing tunnel below in transporting the settled sediment. Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune has conducted physical model studies for desilting basin for various hydro power projects in India and neighbouring countries. One such study, Hydraulic model studies for desilting basin for 500 MW Teesta-VI Hydro Electric Project, Sikkim is presented in this paper. Various design parameters such as length of desilting basin, length and bed slope of inlet transition, outlet transition, size of silt flushing tunnel, size and spacing of openings connecting main basin with silt flushing tunnel etc. were tested during the model studies. The results in terms of settling efficiency for 0.3 mm size particles were obtained.
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Singh, Vishal, Ashutosh Sharma, and Manish Kumar Goyal. "Projection of hydro-climatological changes over eastern Himalayan catchment by the evaluation of RegCM4 RCM and CMIP5 GCM models." Hydrology Research 50, no. 1 (September 14, 2017): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2017.193.
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Abstract Here, a regional climate model (RCM) RegCM4 and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) global climate models (GCMs) such as Coupled Physical Model (CM3), Coupled Climate Model phase 1 (CM2P1) and Earth System Model (ESM-2M) with their representative concentration pathway (RCP) datasets were utilized in projecting hydro-climatological variables such as precipitation, temperature, and streamflow in Teesta River basin in north Sikkim, eastern Himalaya, India. For downscaling, a ‘predictor selection analysis’ was performed utilizing a statistical downscaling model. The precision and applicability of RCM and GCM datasets were assessed using several statistical evaluation functions. The downscaled temperature and precipitation datasets were used in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for projecting the water yield and streamflow. A Sequential Uncertainty Parameter Fitting 2 optimization algorithm was used for optimizing the coefficient parameter values. The Mann–Kendall test results showed increasing trend in projected temperature and precipitation for future time. A significant increase in minimum temperature was found for the projected scenarios. The SWAT model-based projected outcomes showed a substantial increase in the streamflow and water yield. The results provide an understanding about the hydro-climatological data uncertainties and future changes associated with hydrological components that could be expected because of climate change.
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Thakur, P. K., P. R. Dhote, A. Roy, S. P. Aggarwal, B. R. Nikam, V. Garg, A. Chouksey, et al. "SIGNIFICANCE OF REMOTE SENSING BASED PRECIPITATION AND TERRAIN INFORMATION FOR IMPROVED HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATION IN PARTS OF HIMALAYAN RIVER BASINS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-911-2020.
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Abstract. The Himalayan region are home to the world’s youngest and largest mountains, and origins of major rivers systems of South Asia. The present work highlight the importance of remote sensing (RS) data based precipitation and terrain products such as digital elevation models, glacier lakes, drainage morphology along with limited ground data for improving the accuracy of hydrological and hydrodynamic (HD) models in various Himalayan river basins such as Upper Ganga, Beas, Sutlej, Teesta, Koshi etc. The satellite based rainfall have mostly shown under prediction in the study area and few places have are also showing over estimation of rainfall. Hydrological modeling results were most accurate for Beas basin, followed by Upper Ganga basin and were least matching for Sutlej basin. Limited ground truth using GNSS measurements showed that digital elevation model (DEM) for carto version 3.1 is most accurate, followed by ALOS-PALSAR 12.5 DEM as compared to other open source DEMs. Major erosion and deposition was found in Rivers Bhagirathi, Alakhnanda, Gori Ganga and Yamuna in Uttarakhand state and Beas and Sutlej Rivers in Himachal Pradesh using pre and post flood DEM datasets. The terrain data and river cross section data showed that river cross sections and water carrying capacity before and after 2013 floods have changed drastically in many river stretches of upper Ganga and parts of Sutlej river basins. The spatio-temporal variation and evolution of glacier lakes was for lakes along with GLOF modeling few lakes of Upper Chenab, Upper Ganga, Upper Teesta and Koshi river basin was done using time series of RS data from Landsat, Sentinel-1 and Google earth images.
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G N, RAHA, BANDYOPADHYAY S, and DAS S. "Heavy rainfall analysis over Teesta catchment and adjoining areas of Sub-Himalayan West Bengal and Sikkim." MAUSAM 71, no. 1 (August 4, 2021): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v71i1.12.
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Heavy rainfall (HRF) forecasting in hilly region is always a challenge to the operational forecasters. Synoptic Analogue Model (SAM) is considered as one of the useful tools for HRF forecasting in topographically influenced hilly regions. In every monsoon season, the Teesta river catchment and its adjoining areas in Sub-Himalayan West Bengal and Sikkim (SHWB-S) generally receive several events of HRF. With the primary objective to find the method to issue HRF warning over Teesta river catchment and adjoining areas in SHWB-S, a SAM has been developed by analyzing 18 years (1998-2015) data comprising prevailing synoptic situations affecting the area and daily rainfall data of subsequent day of HRF. In addition, impact of different synoptic systems on the distribution of HRF has also been studied. The results revealed that there exists a good agreement between daily HRF warnings issued with the corresponding HRF event observed over this region on the next day.
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Kumar, Konthoujam Shyam, and Umesh Chandra Goswami. "Morphometric Analysis and Identification on Specific Metric Characters Pertaining Growth of the Osteobrama cotio of the Brahmaputra, Barak and Teesta River of North Eastern Himalayan River Systems." Proceedings of the Zoological Society 66, no. 1 (August 29, 2012): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12595-012-0046-z.
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Brügmann, G., J. Krause, T. C. Brachert, O. Kullmer, F. Schrenk, I. Ssemmanda, and D. F. Mertz. "Chemical composition of modern and fossil Hippopotamid teeth and implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions and enamel formation: 1. major and minor element variation." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 3 (May 31, 2011): 5197–250. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-5197-2011.
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Abstract. Bioapatite in mammalian teeth is readily preserved in continental sediments and represents a very important archive for reconstructions of environment and climate evolution. This project intends to provide a detailed data base of major, minor and trace element and isotope tracers for tooth apatite using a variety of microanalytical techniques. The aim is to identify specific sedimentary environments and to improve our understanding on the interaction between internal metabolic processes during tooth formation and external nutritional control and secondary alteration effects. Here, we use the electron microprobe, to determine the major and minor element contents of fossil and modern molar enamel, cement and dentin from hippopotamids. Most of the studied specimens are from different ecosystems in Eastern Africa, representing modern and fossil lakustrine (Lake Kikorongo, Lake Albert, and Lake Malawi) and modern fluvial environments of the Nile River system. Secondary alteration effects in particular FeO, MnO, SO3 and F concentrations, which are 2 to 10 times higher in fossil than in modern enamel; secondary enrichments in fossil dentin and cement are even higher. In modern and fossil enamel, along sections perpendicular to the enamel-dentin junction (EDJ) or along cervix-apex profiles, P2O5 and CaO contents and the CaO/P2O5 ratios are very constant (StdDev ~1 %). Linear regression analysis reveals very tight control of the MgO (R2∼0.6), Na2O and Cl variation (for both R2>0.84) along EDJ-outer enamel rim profiles, despite large concentration variations (40 % to 300 %) across the enamel. These minor elements show well defined distribution patterns in enamel, similar in all specimens regardless of their age and origin, as the concentration of MgO and Na2O decrease from the enamel-dentin junction (EDJ) towards the outer rim, whereas Cl displays the opposite variation. Fossil enamel from hippopotamids which lived in the saline Lake Kikorongo have a much higher MgO/Na2O ratio (∼1.11) than those from the Neogene fossils of Lake Albert (MgO/Na2O∼0.4), which was a large fresh water lake like those in the western Branch of the East African Rift System today. Similarly, the MgO/Na2O ratio in modern enamel from the White Nile River (∼0.36), which has a Precambrian catchment of dominantly granite and gneisses and passes through several saline zones, is higher than that from the Blue Nile River, whose catchment is the Neogene volcanic Ethiopian Highland (MgO/Na2O∼0.22). Thus, particularly MgO/Na2O might be a sensitive fingerprint for environments where river and lake water have suffered strong evaporation. Enamel formation in mammals takes place at successive mineralization fronts within a confined chamber where ion and molecule transport is controlled by the surrounding enamel organ. During the secretion and maturation phases the epithelium generates different fluid composition, which in principle, should determine the final composition of enamel apatite. This is supported by co-linear relationships between MgO, Cl and Na2O which can be interpreted as binary mixing lines. However, if maturation starts after secretion is completed the observed element distribution can only be explained by recrystallization of existing and addition of new apatite during maturation. Perhaps the initial enamel crystallites precipitating during secretion and the newly formed bioapatite crystals during maturation equilibrate with a continuously evolving fluid. During crystallization of bioapatite the enamel fluid becomes continuously depleted in MgO and Na2O, but enriched in Cl which results in the formation of MgO, and Na2O-rich, but Cl-poor bioapatite near the EDJ and MgO- and Na2O-poor, but Cl-rich bioapatite at the outer enamel rim. The linkage between lake and river water composition, bioavailability of elements for plants, animal nutrition and tooth formation is complex and multifaceted. The quality and limits of the MgO/Na2O and other proxies have to be established with systematic investigations relating chemical distribution patterns to sedimentary environment and to growth structures developing as secretion and maturation proceed during tooth formation.
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Brügmann, G., J. Krause, T. C. Brachert, O. Kullmer, F. Schrenk, I. Ssemmanda, and D. F. Mertz. "Chemical composition of modern and fossil Hippopotamid teeth and implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions and enamel formation – Part 1: Major and minor element variation." Biogeosciences 9, no. 1 (January 6, 2012): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-119-2012.
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Abstract. Bioapatite in mammalian teeth is readily preserved in continental sediments and represents a very important archive for reconstructions of environment and climate evolution. This project provides a comprehensive data base of major, minor and trace element and isotope tracers for tooth apatite using a variety of microanalytical techniques. The aim is to identify specific sedimentary environments and to improve our understanding on the interaction between internal metabolic processes during tooth formation and external nutritional control and secondary alteration effects. Here, we use the electron microprobe to determine the major and minor element contents of fossil and modern molar enamel, cement and dentin from Hippopotamids. Most of the studied specimens are from different ecosystems in Eastern Africa, representing modern and fossil lacustrine (Lake Kikorongo, Lake Albert, and Lake Malawi) and modern fluvial environments of the Nile River system. Secondary alteration effects - in particular FeO, MnO, SO3 and F concentrations – are 2 to 10 times higher in fossil than in modern enamel; the secondary enrichment of these components in fossil dentin and cement is even higher. In modern and fossil enamel, along sections perpendicular to the enamel-dentin junction (EDJ) or along cervix-apex profiles, P2O5 and CaO contents and the CaO/P2O5 ratios are very constant (StdDev ∼1%). Linear regression analysis reveals tight control of the MgO (R2∼0.6), Na2O and Cl variation (for both R2>0.84) along EDJ-outer enamel rim profiles, despite large concentration variations (40% to 300%) across the enamel. These minor elements show well defined distribution patterns in enamel, similar in all specimens regardless of their age and origin, as the concentration of MgO and Na2O decrease from the enamel-dentin junction (EDJ) towards the outer rim, whereas Cl displays the opposite trend. Fossil enamel from Hippopotamids which lived in the saline Lake Kikorongo have a much higher MgO/Na2O ratio (∼1.11) than those from the Neogene fossils of Lake Albert (MgO/Na2O∼0.4), which was a large fresh water lake like those in the western Branch of the East African Rift System today. Similarly, the MgO/Na2O ratio in modern enamel from the White Nile River (∼0.36), which has a Precambrian catchment of dominantly granites and gneisses and passes through several saline zones, is higher than that from the Blue Nile River, whose catchment is the Neogene volcanic Ethiopian Highland (MgO/Na2O∼0.22). Thus, particularly MgO/Na2O might be a sensitive fingerprint for environments where river and lake water have suffered strong evaporation. Enamel formation in mammals takes place at successive mineralization fronts within a confined chamber where ion and molecule transport is controlled by the surrounding enamel organ. During the secretion and maturation phases the epithelium generates different fluid composition, which in principle, should determine the final composition of enamel apatite. This is supported by co-linear relationships between MgO, Cl and Na2O which can be interpreted as binary mixing lines. However, if maturation starts after secretion is completed, the observed element distribution can only be explained by equilibration of existing and addition of new apatite during maturation. It appears the initial enamel crystallites precipitating during secretion and the newly formed bioapatite crystals during maturation equilibrate with a continuously evolving fluid. During crystallization of bioapatite the enamel fluid becomes continuously depleted in MgO and Na2O, but enriched in Cl which results in the formation of MgO, and Na2O-rich, but Cl-poor bioapatite near the EDJ and MgO- and Na2O-poor, but Cl-rich bioapatite at the outer enamel rim. The linkage between lake and river water compositions, bioavailability of elements for plants, animal nutrition and tooth formation is complex and multifaceted. The quality and limits of the MgO/Na2O and other proxies have to be established with systematic investigations relating chemical distribution patterns to sedimentary environment and to growth structures developing as secretion and maturation proceed during tooth formation.
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Brügmann, G., J. Krause, T. C. Brachert, B. Stoll, U. Weis, O. Kullmer, I. Ssemmanda, and D. F. Mertz. "Chemical composition of modern and fossil Hippopotamid teeth and implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions and enamel formation – Part 2: Alkaline earth elements as tracers of watershed hydrochemistry and provenance." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 3 (March 23, 2012): 3645–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-3645-2012.
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Abstract. For reconstructing environmental change in terrestrial realms the geochemistry of fossil bioapatite in bones and teeth is among the most promising applications. This study demonstrates that alkaline earth elements in enamel of Hippopotamids, in particular Ba and Sr are tracers for water provenance and hydrochemistry. The studied specimens are molar teeth from Hippopotamids found in modern and fossil lacustrine settings of the Western Branch of the East African Rift system (Lake Kikorongo, Lake Albert, and Lake Malawi) and from modern fluvial environments of the Nile River. Concentrations in enamel vary by ca. two orders of magnitude for Ba (120–9336 μg g−1) as well as for Sr (9–2150 μg g−1). Concentration variations in enamel are partly induced during post-mortem alteration and during amelogenesis, but the major contribution originates from the variable water chemistry in the habitats of the Hippopotamids which is dominated by the lithologies and weathering processes in the watershed areas. Amelogenesis causes a distinct distribution of Ba and Sr in modern and fossil enamel, in that element concentrations increase along profiles from the outer rim towards the enamel-dentin junction by a factor of 1.3–1.5. These elements are well correlated with MgO and Na2O in single specimens, thus suggesting that their distribution is determined by a common, single process. Presuming that the shape of the tooth is established at the end of the secretion process and apatite composition is in equilibrium with the enamel fluid, the maturation process can be modeled by closed system Rayleigh crystallization. Enamel from many Hippopotamid specimens has Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca which are typical for herbivores, but the compositions extend well into the levels of plants and carnivores. Within enamel from single specimens these element ratios covary and provide a specific fingerprint of the Hippopotamid habitat. All specimens together, however, define subparallel trends with different Ba/Sr ranging from 0.1 to 3. This ratio varies on spatial and temporal scales and traces provenance signals as well as the fractionation of the elements in the hydrological cycle. Thus, Sr concentrations and Ba/Sr in enamel differentiate between habitats having basaltic or Archean crustal rocks as the ultimate sources of Sr and Ba. The provenance signal is modulated by climate change. In Miocene to Pleistocene enamel from the Lake Albert region, Ba/Sr decreases systematically with time from about 2 to 0.5. This trend can be correlated with changes in climate from humid to arid in vegetation from C3 to C4 biomass as well as with increasing evaporation of the lake water. The most plausible explanation is that with time, Ba mobility decreased relative to that of Sr. This can arise if preferential adsorption of Ba to clay and Fe-oxide-hydroxide is related to increasing aridification. Additionally, weathering solutions and lake water can become increasingly alkaline and barite becomes stable. In this case, Ba will be preferentially deposited on the watershed of Lake Albert and rivers with low Ba/Sr will feed the habitats of the Hippopotamids.
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Mitchell, W. A., D. R. Bridgland, and J. B. Innes. "Late Quaternary evolution of the Tees–Swale interfluve east of the Pennines: the role of glaciation in the development of river systems in northern England." Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 121, no. 4 (January 2010): 410–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2010.04.001.
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Brügmann, G., J. Krause, T. C. Brachert, B. Stoll, U. Weis, O. Kullmer, I. Ssemmanda, and D. F. Mertz. "Chemical composition of modern and fossil hippopotamid teeth and implications for paleoenvironmental reconstructions and enamel formation – Part 2: Alkaline earth elements as tracers of watershed hydrochemistry and provenance." Biogeosciences 9, no. 11 (November 26, 2012): 4803–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4803-2012.
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Abstract. This study demonstrates that alkaline earth elements in enamel of hippopotamids, in particular Ba and Sr, are tracers for water provenance and hydrochemistry in terrestrial settings. The studied specimens are permanent premolar and molar teeth found in modern and fossil lacustrine sediments of the Western Branch of the East African Rift system (Lake Kikorongo, Lake Albert, and Lake Malawi) and from modern fluvial environments of the Nile River. Concentrations in enamel vary by two orders of magnitude for Ba (120–9336 μg g−1) as well as for Sr (9–2150 μg g−1). The variations are partially induced during post-mortem alteration and during amelogenesis, but the major contribution originates ultimately from the variable water chemistry in the habitats of the hippopotamids which is controlled by the lithologies and weathering processes in the watershed areas. Amelogenesis causes a distinct distribution of MgO, Ba and Sr in modern and fossil enamel, in that element concentrations increase along profiles from the outer rim towards the enamel–dentin junction by a factor of 1.3–1.9. These elements are well correlated in single specimens, thus suggesting that their distribution is determined by a common, single process, which can be described by closed system Rayleigh crystallization of bioapatite in vivo. Enamel from most hippopotamid specimens has Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca which are typical for herbivores. However, Ba/Sr ranges from 0.1 to 3 and varies on spatial and temporal scales. Thus, Sr concentrations and Ba/Sr in enamel differentiate between habitats having basaltic mantle rocks or Archean crustal rocks as the ultimate sources of Sr and Ba. This provenance signal is modulated by climate change. In Miocene to Pleistocene enamel from the Lake Albert region, Ba/Sr decreases systematically with time from 2 to 0.5. This trend can be correlated with changes in climate from humid to arid, in vegetation from C3 to C4 biomass as well as with increasing evaporation of the lake water. The most plausible explanation is that Ba mobility decreased with increasing aridification due to preferential deposition with clay and Fe-oxide-hydroxide or barite on the watershed of Lake Albert.
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Sultana, Rebeka, and Md Shafiqul Bari. "Livelihood Improvement of Farmers through Agroforestry Practices in Teesta and Jamuna River Basins." Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry, January 18, 2021, 10–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2021/v7i130119.
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Agroforestry is one of the most sustainable land management systems practiced around the world due to the socioeconomic benefits to farmers. In Bangladesh, farmers practice agroforestry, applying indigenous knowledge. The objectives of the study are to explore the dominant agroforestry systems and species preferred by and to assess the socio-economic impact of agroforestry technologies on their livelihoods of farmers of the Char dwellers in Jamuna and Teesta river basins. The study was conducted at four Char Upazillas such as Kazipur, Shariakandi, Kaunia and Dimla. A total 120 farmers were surveyed during the research period using structured questionnaire with both open and closed ended questions. The majority of the respondents (56.67%) having low score in adoption of traditional agroforestry practices. Most of the farmers (94.17%) in Teesta and Jamuna river basins are practicing traditional homestead agroforestry system. The most frequent strategy was boundary tree plantation (44.17%) followed by scattered tree plantation technique on composite planting system, and the alley of cropland. A total of 41 tree species are abundant in Char areas of Teesta and Januna basins. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) is widely adaptable in Bangladesh including Char areas followed by Mango (Mangifera indica) in homestead besides, Mahagony (Swietenia mahagoni) is another abundant species planted in croplands boundaries of Char areas along with Akashmoni (Acacia auriculiformis). The farmers mentioned different problems they were facing in practicing agroforestry but ‘shade cast by trees’ was the major problem. Majority farmers of Char areas plant trees in homestead for fruits (63.33%) and in cropland for fuel wood (95.83%) and timber production (82.50%). Farmers’ livelihoods improved enormously by practicing agroforestry as they have more access to food, fodder and fuel wood which is reflected by greater access to livelihood capitals except social capital. However, the farmers have experienced increased incidences of pests and diseases to annual crops and trees. Agroforestry practices increases species diversity, ensure economic return and sustain farmers’ livelihoods. The respondents, local leaders and experts suggested the constrains of adopting agroforestry in Char areas are lack of awareness, education, technical skills, capital, technical assistance, interest, marketing and transportation facilities at the study areas . The government should initiate some agroforestry focused projects, especially in the Char areas for the capacity building of the farmers and equip them with the new farming techniques through trainings and orientation workshops. The farmers should be provided scientific guidance about suitable tree species grown on agricultural land with field crops, their silvicultural operations and tree management practices along with free services and inputs including seeds, seedlings and loan schemes for promoting agroforestry.
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Mondal, Sandeep Kumar, and Rishikesh Bharti. "Tracing hydrological, lithological and geothermal sources of Himalayan river system: a case study from the Teesta River Basin." Environmental Earth Sciences 83, no. 9 (April 29, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-11573-7.
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Mandal, Subhra Prakash, and Abhisek Chakrabarty. "Flash flood risk assessment for upper Teesta river basin: using the hydrological modeling system (HEC-HMS) software." Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 2, no. 2 (March 29, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40808-016-0110-1.
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Das, Satyabrata, Gyana Ranjan Tripathy, Santosh K. Rai, Mohd Danish, Divya Thakur, Som Dutt, and Shushanta Sarangi. "The Role of Sulfuric Acid in Continental Weathering: Insights From Dissolved Major Ions and Inorganic Carbon Isotopes of the Teesta River, Lower Brahmaputra System." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 22, no. 4 (March 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2020gc009324.
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Gupta, Kajol. "Resolving Teesta River Conflicts: Harnessing Institutional Solutions for Cross-Border Water Cooperation." Journal of Asian and African Studies, December 28, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219096231218436.
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This research delves into the enduring Teesta River water-sharing dispute between India and Bangladesh, highlighting the pivotal role of institutions, with insights gleaned from international experiences. It comprehensively reviews the historical evolution, notably the Farakka Barrage and key treaties in 1977 and 1996, illuminating the dispute’s deep-rooted origins. The study investigates the unresolved Teesta River conflict, rooted in pre-partition concerns and divergent water allocation demands. By analysing decades of negotiations and the involvement of joint commissions and technical groups, it contributes vital insights into effective conflict resolution mechanisms within shared river systems, offering significant understanding of India–Bangladesh relations.
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Roy, Suvra, Bijay Kumar Behera, Ramya V. L., Ajay Kumar Rout, Vikash Kumar, Pranay Kumar Parida, Asim Kumar Jana, et al. "Genetic characterization of minor carp (Labeo gonius) from Indian rivers revealed through mitochondrial ATPase 6/8 and D-loop region analysis: implications for conservation and management." Frontiers in Marine Science 11 (March 12, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1345649.
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India is the habitat of many freshwater fish species that make a significant contribution to endemism. However, the native species population is declining at a very fast rate due to pollution, habitat loss or degradation, new species introduction, hydrologic alterations, and overfishing. The minor carp, Labeo gonius, is one of the important fish species in the Indian river systems and holds enormous potential in culture fisheries. Therefore, the precise status of population structure is a prerequisite for the management of the species. In the present study, we assessed the potential of mtDNA ATPase 6/8 and D-loop regions as markers to determine the genetic diversity and phylogeography of L. gonius from Indian rivers. We have selected five major Indian rivers for investigation which could represent geographically distant populations of the studied fish. A total of 210 ATPase 6/8 sequences (842 bp) and 203 D-loop region sequences (683 bp) of L. gonius from the five major Indian rivers were submitted to NCBI. Results revealed that ATPase 6/8 has 17 haplotypes and 70 polymorphic sites with an overall haplotype diversity of 0.560 ± 0.036 and nucleotide diversity of 0.00347 ± 0.00. Furthermore, D-loop analysis revealed 58 haplotypes, 67 polymorphic sites, 0.954 ± 0.006 overall haplotype diversity, and 0.01914 ± 0.00 nucleotide diversity. The hierarchical AMOVA analysis indicated that a high proportion of the genetic variation (76.46% and 70.22% for the D-loop and ATPase 6/8 regions, respectively) was attributed to among-population variation under gene pool-1 (considering all the stocks from Ganga, Brahmaputra, Teesta, Narmada, and Mahanadi as a single pool). Furthermore, in gene pool-2, samples were divided into two groups: group 1 (Himalayan rivers)—Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Teesta; and group 2 (peninsular rivers)—Narmada and Mahanadi. Genetic variations in the D-loop and ATPase 6/8 regions were found among populations within groups at 70.65% and 53.48%, respectively. Haplotype network analysis revealed that there were significant differences in distributions and frequencies. The observed unique haplotypes might be useful for differentiating the stocks. In brief, the present study suggested that the D-loop and ATPase 6/8 regions are potential markers and represent a significant contribution to the genetic characterization of the minor carp L. gonius from major Indian rivers. Moreover, the L. gonius population along the east coast especially in the Himalayan rivers (Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Teesta river basin) is found to be genetically more diverse. The results would provide a scientific basis for the assessment of fisheries resources and management of this important species.
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Hayward, N., J. M. Magnall, M. Taylor, R. King, N. McMillan, and S. A. Gleeson. "The Teena Zn-Pb Deposit (McArthur Basin, Australia). Part I: Syndiagenetic Base Metal Sulfide Mineralization Related to Dynamic Subbasin Evolution." Economic Geology, July 14, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4846.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Divergent genetic models have been proposed for clastic dominant (CD-type) massive sulfide Zn-Pb mineralization in the Proterozoic Carpentaria Zn Province. Due to varying degrees of tectonic overprint, it has been difficult to accurately constrain structural and paragenetic timing aspects of the CD-type genetic model, and the most basic timing constraints (syngenetic vs. epigenetic, synextension vs. syninversion) remain debated. The recently discovered Teena Zn-Pb deposit is hosted by an exceptionally well preserved subbasin that permits relative timing relationships to be well defined. Using a combination of geophysical, structural, sedimentological, and petrographic datasets, a new model for subbasin development and syndiagenetic hydrothermal replacement mineralization is developed for the Teena mineral system. At Teena, sulfide mineralization was deposited from lateral fluid flow beneath an impermeable seal several hundred meters below the paleosurface and maximum flood surface, after formation of fine-grained diagenetic pyrite (py1) and dolomite nodules. Sulfide mineralization resulted from syndiagenetic carbonate replacement and pore space cementation where thermochemical sulfate reduction took place. The sulfide mineralization is therefore partly cospatial but not cogenetic with its thick pyritic hanging wall, and its lateral alteration footprint is much smaller than predicted by sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) models. An additional zone of low-grade Zn-Pb mineralization in the footwall W-Fold Shale Member represents a different style of mineralization not previously reported for Carpentaria CD-type Zn deposits: it is associated with strata-bound lenses of hydrothermal dolomite (HTD) that formed by both replacement and carbonate dissolution and infill, which yielded diverse cavity-infill textures that include coarse-bladed dolomite fans cemented by interstitial sphalerite, dolomite, and quartz. Volumetrically minor Zn mineralization is also present in a fault conduit hydrothermal breccia and in hanging-wall synorogenic vein sets derived by hydrothermal leaching and remobilization of Zn from the underlying mineralized zones. Whereas both the Teena and nearby McArthur River Zn-Pb deposits are located along the northern margin of the 3rd-order Hot Spring-Emu subbasin, they formed in separate 4th-order subbasins in association with local extensional growth faults. Growth fault movement in the Teena subbasin was initiated during deposition of the W-Fold Shale Member and persisted episodically until a weak structural disconformity associated with sedimentary facies regression developed in the Upper HYC unit. Shifting patterns in depocenter location, sedimentary facies development, mineralization, and alteration zonation are attributed to progressive growth and linkage of segments of a regionally anomalous ENE-trending, synsedimentary fault zone. Similar patterns of extensional subbasin development were repeated in other Zn-mineralized subbasins throughout the River supersequence across the northern Carpentaria Zn Province, and formed in response to a short-lived episode of north-northwest–south-southeast regional extension around ca 1640 ± 5 Ma, triggered by far-field subduction events.