Academic literature on the topic 'Teenagers – Sexual behavior – Western Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Teenagers – Sexual behavior – Western Australia":
1
Slater, James A., Randall T. Schuh, Gerasimos Cassis, Christine A. Johnson, and Paola Pedraza-Peñalosa. "Revision of Laryngodus Herrich-Schaeffer, an Allocasuarina feeder, with comments on its biology and the classification of the family (Heteroptera:Lygaeoidea:Rhyparochromidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 23, no. 2 (2009): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is08028.
Abstract:
Laryngodus Herrich-Schaeffer, 1850, is redescribed, including, for the first time, nymphal morphology. Three species are recognised based on qualitative morphology, a principle components analysis of morphometric data, and the study of sequence data from the mitochondrial genes COI and 16S. They are: L. australiae Herrich-Schaeffer from the south-western coastal area of Western Australia, L. cervantes, sp. nov., from southern Western Australia, and L. luteomaculatus, sp. nov., from western Victoria and adjacent South Australia. Sexual dimorphism in all species and variation in males of L. luteomaculatus, sp. nov. is documented and discussed. All species and their hosts are illustrated with colour digital images; scanning electron micrographs are used to illustrate male prosternal spines, antennnae, abdominal trichobothria, and other structures. Male genitalic morphology is illustrated with line drawings. Authoritative host identifications indicate that Laryngodus is restricted to feeding on several species of Allocasuarina (Casuarinaceae); nymphs and adults are known to live on the plants and to be strongly associated with the cone-like fruits. The tribal placement of Laryngodus is discussed.
2
Potter, IC, JW Penn, and KS Brooker. "Life cycle of the western school prawn, Metapenaeus dalli Racek, in a Western Australian estuary." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 1 (1986): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860095.
Abstract:
The absence of marine records for M. dalli below latitude 31�S., together with data on gonadal stages and spermatophore deposition on females of this species in the Swan estuary, provide very strong indications that the western school prawn typically breeds in estuarine environments in south-western Australia. The 0 + recruits, which first appeared in samples in February, remained in the estuary during the following months and by November had reached a size suitable for exploitation. At this time they were approaching sexual maturity and were starting to move from the shallows to the deeper waters of the estuary where they remained for their second year of life. In contrast to Australian Penaeus species, M. dalli mates during the intermoult period when the shell is hard rather than immediately after moulting.
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MOUND, LAURENCE A., and KAMB MINAEI. "New fungus-feeding thrips (Thysanoptera–Phlaeothripinae) from tropical Australia." Zootaxa 1150, no. 1 (March 14, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1150.1.1.
Abstract:
Three new genera and seven new species of fungal-feeding thrips are described from the northern, tropical zone of Australia. Majerthrips barrowi gen. et sp. n. is a large species exhibiting polymorphism associated with wing development and sex, whereas Senithrips psomus gen. et sp. n. is a minute monomorphic species with little sexual dimorphism. Also monomorphic is Jacotia rhodorcha sp.n., the fourth species described in this genus from Australia. These three were all taken during a biodiversity survey of Barrow Island, Western Australia. Structural variation in Streptothrips tribulatius sp. n. from Cape Tribulation, Queensland, confirms the existence of dimorphism in this genus between winged and wingless individuals. Stomothrips mouldeni differs from the single described species in this genus in having the mouth cone directed ventrally not posteriorly; it was collected from Cycas pruinosa in the north of Western Australia. Also in this area but living at the base of Triodia grasses, Apostlethrips apostus and A. pygus gen. et spp. n. are remarkable amongst the Eurythrips group of leaf-litter phlaeothripines in lacking sense cones on antennal segment III, and lacking tergal wing retaining setae in macropterae, also in the setose abdominal apex.
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Garnock-Jones, P. J., R. E. Brockie, and R. G. FitzJohn. "Gynodioecy, sexual dimorphism and erratic fruiting in Corynocarpus laevigatus (Corynocarpaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 8 (2007): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07054.
Abstract:
The New Zealand karaka tree, Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R. & G.Forst., is shown to be gynodioecious. Flowers on female plants have large but empty anthers and many set fruit. Flowers on male plants produce pollen and each has a fully developed ovule. On most male plants, a low proportion of flowers set fruit. Inflorescences and flowers on male and female trees are similar in overall appearance, except that the flower parts on males are larger and flowers open more widely. Even the gynoecia on male plants are larger in most respects. We also report that although trees retain their gender, their intensity of fruiting varies from year to year. Some observations indicate that other species of Corynocarpus in Australia and the south-western Pacific might also be gender dimorphic.
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Usher, Kayley M., David C. Sutton, Simon Toze, John Kuo, and Jane Fromont. "Sexual reproduction in Chondrilla australiensis (Porifera:Demospongiae)." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 2 (2004): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03058.
Abstract:
Increasingly, sponges are being used as models for a wide range of biological systems. However, little is known about the reproductive biology of a group that has been shown to lack gonads or gonadal ducts. The development of gametes in the oviparous demosponge Chondrilla australiensis at Fremantle, Western Australia, was investigated using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy over 5 years. Results indicate that C. australiensis is gonochoric and oviparous. Egg and sperm development were first apparent inside choanocyte chambers, with both types of gamete apparently developing from choanocytes. During egg development, large numbers of nurse cells appeared attached to eggs, with which they fused at the time of spawning. The origin of the nurse cells remains unclear, but they may also have a choanocyte origin. Eggs took 4 weeks to develop and sperm took approximately 2 weeks, during which time the nucleus condensed and the cytoplasm reduced. Mature sperm could occupy almost the entire matrix of fecund males and were not contained in cysts. Spawning occurred in late summer and autumn over a period of 4–5 days, when the tides were at the maximum height for the month.
6
Short, Jeff, J. D. Richards, and Bruce Turner. "Ecology of the western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville) (Marsupialia: Peramelidae) on Dorre and Bernier Islands, Western Australia." Wildlife Research 25, no. 6 (1998): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97131.
Abstract:
Population structure, reproduction, condition, movements and habitat preference were assessed for western barred bandicoots (Perameles bougainville) on Dorre and Bernier Islands over seven trapping sessions between 1988 and 1995. Data comes from 372 captures of bandicoots in 2535 trap-nights (an average of 14·7 captures per 100 trap-nights). Trap success was 5.7–25.8% on Dorre and 5.7–7.6% on Bernier. Recaptures within a trip made up 29% of bandicoot captures. The overall sex ratio (excluding recaptures) was skewed heavily towards males at 1.7: 1 for trapped animals, but varied between male and female dominance at any time according to reproductive status of females. Sex ratio of pouch young was 1.2: 1. Production of young was concentrated in the wetter winter months. The smallest western barred bandicoot with pouch young weighed 175 g. Bandicoots showed a pattern of increasing litter size with size of mother. Females with young had an average litter size of 1.8, with young reaching independence at about 100 g body weight. Large testes size relative to body size in males suggested a promiscuous mating system. Body condition could be predicted by sex (females were typically in better condition than males) and by rainfall over the previous 2 months. Some sexual dimorphism was evident, with females having longer heads and typically being heavier than males. There was no detected dimorphism between island populations. Movements of bandicoots appeared limited, with the median distance moved by animals captured more than once within a 9–11-day trapping session being 154 m. There was no significant difference in movements between the sexes, with males moving a median distance of 160 m and females 138 m within trapping sessions. The greatest movement by a male was 1020 m while the greatest distance moved by a female was 490 m. Only 13% of recorded movements were greater than 400 m. Home ranges overlapped, with 51% of traps catching more than one individual and as many as five males being caught at the same trap site. Bandicoots were widely dispersed through all habitats surveyed. Bandicoots appeared to suffer a substantial reduction in numbers on Dorre Island in a prolonged drought extending from October 1986 to April 1989, reducing overall trap success to less than 6% in the 1988 survey.
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DONNELLAN, STEPHEN C., SARAH R. CATALANO, STEPHEN PEDERSON, KIEREN J. MITCHELL, AIDAN SUHENDRAN, LUKE C. PRICE, PAUL DOUGHTY, and STEPHEN J. RICHARDS. "Revision of the Litoria watjulumensis (Anura: Pelodryadidae) group from the Australian monsoonal tropics, including the resurrection of L. spaldingi." Zootaxa 4933, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 211–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4933.2.3.
Abstract:
We show that the Wotjulum frog, Litoria watjulumensis (Copland, 1957), comprises two deeply divergent mitochondrial DNA lineages that are also reciprocally monophyletic for a nuclear gene locus and have discrete distributions. The taxa are differentiated in multivariate analysis of shape but show no appreciable differences in colour and pattern. The two taxa differ substantially in the degree of female biased sexual size dimorphism, with the western taxon showing considerably more pronounced dimorphism. We subsequently resurrect Litoria (Hyla) spaldingi (Hosmer, 1964) for populations from east of the Daly River system in the Northern Territory through to western Queensland and restrict L. watjulumensis to populations from the Kimberley region of north-western Australia and the Victoria River system of the western Northern Territory. The complex advertisement call of L. spaldingi is described for the first time.
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Coulson, G., A. M. MacFarlane, S. E. Parsons, and J. Cutter. "Evolution of sexual segregation in mammalian herbivores: kangaroos as marsupial models." Australian Journal of Zoology 54, no. 3 (2006): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05062.
Abstract:
Sexual segregation is best known in sexually dimorphic ungulates. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of sexual segregation in ungulates, but all are reducible to the influence of two factors: body size and sex-specific reproductive strategy. Definitive tests of these hypotheses are lacking in ungulates because these factors are confounded, all males being somewhat larger than females. Kangaroos represent a parallel radiation of terrestrial herbivores, but their populations are composed of a spectrum of adult body sizes, ranging from small males the same size as females to large males more than twice the size. We exploited this heteromorphism to assess the independent influences of size and sex in these ungulate analogues. We conducted a preliminary study of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) in north-western Victoria, Australia. Adult males predominately occupied grassland habitat, whereas females occurred mostly in lakebed, woodland and shrubland. Single-sex groups occurred more often than expected during the non-mating season. The diet of large males had the highest proportion of grass, and females had the least. These initial results indicate that both size and sex influence segregation in this species, confirming the worth of kangaroos as marsupial models for research into the evolution of sexual segregation.
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THORBURN, DEAN C., DAVID L. MORGAN, ANDREW J. ROWLAND, and HOWARD S. GILL. "Freshwater Sawfish Pristis microdon Latham, 1794 (Chondrichthyes : Pristidae) in the Kimberley region of Western Australia." Zootaxa 1471, no. 1 (May 10, 2007): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1471.1.3.
Abstract:
The Freshwater Sawfish Pristis microdon was captured in marine waters of King Sound, and estuarine and fresh waters of the Fitzroy and Robinson rivers, in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. In light of the IUCN listing of the species as critically endangered, non-destructive means, including tagging-recapture data and information from specimens found dead on the banks, were utilised. Observations of sexual maturity, annuli present on vertebrae, recaptures of tagged individuals and length-frequency data suggested that the freshwaters of the Fitzroy River are a nursery for this species where immature individuals (up to 2800 mm total length) remain for a maximum of four or five years. Morphology and counts of the number of rostral teeth indicated that, in most cases, the rostral tooth morphology can be used to differentiate male and female P. microdon and also are useful in distinguishing this species from the congeneric and sympatric Pristis clavata. Furthermore, differences in the relationship between rostrum length and total length between the sexes may provide an effective diagnostic tool for the collation of historical distribution and sex ratio data from rostrums held in private collections. Rostral tooth counts and length at age data also suggest that the synonymisation of P. microdon, Pristis zephyreus and Pristis perotteti is not warranted.
10
Hand, S., and A. York. "Morphological Variation in the Dentition and Skull of the Australian Ghost Bat, Macroderma-Gigas (Microchiroptera, Megadermatidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 38, no. 3 (1990): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9900263.
Abstract:
Morphological variation in the dentition and some cranial characters of the Australian ghost bat, Macroderma gigas, is reviewed by means of univariate and multivariate analyses. Specimens examined are drawn from existing populations across northern Australia; also included for parts of this study are mummified remains from southern central South Australia and late Pleistocene subfossil specimens from south-western Western Australia. No clear-cut geographic pattern in morphological variation in M. gigas is indicated by multivariate anlysis (i.e. principal components analysis), although there is some evidence for clinal variation from univariate analysis (i.e. Scheffe's multiple-comparions procedure). Northern Australian ghost bats (with the exception of north-eastern Australian indiv~duals) tend to be smaller than their southern counterparts. Sexual dimorphism appears to be low. Independent patterns of covariation among characters are extracted by principal components analysis: cheek tooth widths cluster separately from lengths; lengths and widths of the same teeth cluster separately from those of occluding teeth; and cranial measurements cluster separately from tooth measurements. Patterns in the data suggest that the number of characters needed to be examined in future morphometric studies of the vulnerable ghost bat can be significantly reduced.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Teenagers – Sexual behavior – Western Australia":
1
Dashlooty, Ashraf. "Sexual coercion among year 11 and year 12 high school students." University of Western Australia. School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0079.
Abstract:
Adolescence is a time of accelerated physical and sexual growth, and many students become sexually active before they finish secondary schooling. Unfortunately, many adolescents and young adults experience sexual coercion in their intimate relationships. Sexual coercion is defined broadly as verbal or physical pressure to engage in sexual activity. This study sought to examine sexual coercion experiences of Year 11-12 high school, male and female students in their peer dating and relationships. Before retrieving such information, a modified Sexual Experiences Survey (SES) questionnaire was designed. This was named the Adolescent Dating and Relationship Survey (ADRS) which, subsequently, was examined by experts in the area, and validated via a pilot study using 30 university students. Thirdly, the study administered the ADRS to 341, Year 11 and Year 12 students to examine how they responded to their sexually coercive experiences. The participants were actively engaging in relationship behaviours, with nearly 50% of the females and 70% of the males reporting a relationship with a partner of the same age. However, significantly more females dated older partners and, conversely, more male students were involved with younger partners. The female students tended to have longer relationships than the males, especially for relationships of 9 to 12 months or longer. Participants did not report sexual coercion experiences via threat or blackmail, nor were the males threatened with a weapon. The most frequently cited forms of coercion by both female and male students were: made to feel guilty, being plied with alcohol and/or other drugs, being pressured by begging and/or arguing, and being lied to. However, the female students reported being physically restrained significantly more than the males. As a group they responded to these sexually coercive acts via all forms 2 measured except the males, who did not resort to either fighting off or yelling. Talking about the experience later was the response commonly reported by the students. Further, female students responded to sexual coercion by saying either,
2
Enfield, Leon Charles. "Sexual attitudes and behavioural patterns of adolescents in an urban area in the Western Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53587.
Abstract:
Thesis (MEd(Psych))--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Internationally there is concern about the reproductive health of adolescents. In South Africa a growing concern is the rampant sexual activity of underage learners. This study seeks to explore the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of a group of adolescents with regard to their psycho-sexual development. A qualitative study was conducted, with data being collected by using semistructured interviews, which were subsequently analysed thematically. The data was analysed and five themes emerged from the three categories (knowledge, attitudes and behaviour). The five themes that emerged were knowledge about HIV/AIDS and venereal diseases, where participants received their knowledge about sexual issues, knowledge about conception and pregnancy, attitudes about sexuality and sexual behaviours. The study found a disparity between participants' knowledge, attitudes and sexual behaviour. Many participants have not developed a healthy sexual identity because of many factors that has contributed to this development. Some of these factors were social, parental, emotional, socio-economic, lack of appropriate knowledge, media and attitudinal influences. The findings indicated that the majority of the participants had a fairly good knowledge about HIV/AIDS but were less knowledgeable about other venereal diseases. It appeared that many of the participants did not have reliable sources to furnish them adequate answers to sexuality questions. This lack of information had a direct bearing on the formation of their sexual attitudes and behaviours. There was a marked difference between the sexual practices reported by the male and female participants. More of the male participants reported that they engaged in sexual activity as compared to the female participants. The study also highlighted the interrelatedness between knowledge, attitudes and behaviour.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Internasionaal bestaan daar groot kommer aangaande die reproduktiewe gesondheid van adolessente. In Suid Afrika is die toenemende seksuele aktiwiteit van minderjarige leerders 'n toenemende bron van kommer. Hierdie studie het ten doelom die kennis, houdings en gedrag van 'n groep adolessente ten opsigte van hulle psigo-seksuele ontwikkeling te eksploreer. 'n Kwalitatiewe studie is uitgevoer. Data is ingesamel deur middel van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude, wat tematies geanaliseer is. Vyf temas vanuit drie kategorieë (kennis, houdings en gedrag) het na vore gekom. Die vyf temas sluit in kennis aangaande HIVNIGS en veneriese siektes, waar adolessente hulle kennis aangaande seksuele sake ontvang het, kennis aangaande konsepsie en swangerskap, houdings aangaande seksualiteit en seksuele gedragsvorme. Die studie het 'n dispariteit gevind tussen deelnemers se kennis, houdings en seksuele gedrag. Baie van die deelnemers het nie seksuele identiteit ontwikkel nie, as gevolg van verskeie faktore wat hierdie ontwikkeling beïnvloed het. Sosiale, ouerlike, emosionele en sosio-ekonomiese veranderlikes, onkunde, sowel as die invloed van die media, is faktore wat bydra tot die swak ontwikkelde seksuele identiteit van deelnemers. Die bevindinge het aangetoon dat die oorgrote meerderheid van die respondente 'n redelik goeie kennis aangaande HIVNIGS het, maar nie so goed ingelig is aangaande veneriese siektes nie. Dit wil voorkom asof 'n aansienlike hoeveelheid van die deelnemers nie oor betroubare bronne beskik om hulle van die nodige antwoorde op seksuele vrae te voorsien nie. Hierdie gebrek aan informasie het 'n direkte invloed op die vorming van hul houdings aangaande seksualiteit en hul seksuele gedrag. 'n Betekenisvolle verskil is tussen die seksuele praktyke van manlike en vroulike deelnemers gevind. Meer manlike deelnemers was betrokke in seksuele bedrywighede in vergelyking met vroulike deelnemers. Die onderlinge verwantskap tussen kennis, houdings en gedrag is ook deur die studie na vore gebring.
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Beveridge, Maxine. "Molecular ecology of Dawson's burrowing bee Amegilla dawsoni (Hymenoptera: Anthophorini)." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0091.
Abstract:
[Truncated abstract] In the last two decades, the use of microsatellites has revolutionized the study of ecology and evolution. Microsatellites, or short tandem repeats (STRs), are stretches of DNA repeats, 1 to 5 nucleotides long, where the number of repeats varies between individuals. They are co-dominant, highly variable, neutral markers, and are inherited in a Mendelian fashion. Microsatellite loci were isolated from Dawson’s burrowing bee, Amegilla dawsoni, a large, fast-flying solitary nesting bee endemic to the arid zone of Western Australia. Twelve polymorphic loci were found with an observed number of alleles ranging from two to 24 and observed heterozygosities between 0.17 and 0.85. These loci were used to examine two aspects of this bee’s molecular ecology; its population structure and mating system ... The molecular data were also used to show that the nesting female is the mother of all her offspring and that brood parasitism is unlikely in this species. The data indicate that females make daughters at the beginning of the season followed by large sons in the middle, and then small sons at the end. Females often place one brood cell directly above another. The distribution of sex and morph in these doublets follows a pattern with most containing a female on the bottom and a minor male on the top, followed by almost equal numbers of female on top of female and minor male on top of major male. This pattern is likely favoured by emergence patterns, with males emerging before females and minor males emerging before major males. I suggest that although minor males have low reproductive success, their production may nonetheless be beneficial in that minor males open up emergence tunnels for their larger and reproductively more valuable siblings. In addition, minor males may represent the ‘best of a bad job’ provisioning tactic arising from changes in the costs to nesting females of gathering brood provisions over the course of the flight season. This thesis demonstrates that microsatellites can be used to answer many questions regarding the molecular ecology of a species from the behaviour of the bees on a population scale to the mating behaviour of individual bees and how they allocate resources for the next generation. Many other aspects of the bee’s ecology could also be examined now that suitable molecular markers exist.
Books on the topic "Teenagers – Sexual behavior – Western Australia":
1
Sanjakdar, Fida. Living west, facing east: The deconstruction of Muslim youth's sexual identities. New York: Peter Lang, 2012.
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Susan, Moore. Sexuality in adolescence. London: Routledge, 1993.
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Susan, Moore. Sexuality in adolescence: Current trends. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2006.
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Vitellone, Nicole. Object matters: Condoms, adolescence, and time. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2008.
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Charlotte, Warren, Kenya Adolescent Reproductive Health Project., and Frontiers in Reproducive Health, eds. Improving the reproductive health of adolescents in Kenya: A report on the baseline study in two districts of western Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Population Council, 2001.
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Moore, Susan, Meredith Temple-Smith, and Doreen Rosenthal. Sexuality in Adolescence: The Digital Generation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
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Moore, Susan, Meredith Temple-Smith, and Doreen Rosenthal. Sexuality in Adolescence: The Digital Generation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
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Vitellone, Nicole. Object matters: Condoms, adolescence and time. Manchester University Press, 2013.
Conference papers on the topic "Teenagers – Sexual behavior – Western Australia":
1
Wulandari, Hanny, and Dwi Ernawati. "Effect of Early Menarche on Reproductive Health: A Scoping Review." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.26.
Abstract:
Background: Teenagers aged 15-19 encounter a disproportionate burden of adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The urgent ongoing efforts are needed to lead healthy, safe, and productive lives of teenage girls. This scoping review aimed to identify the association of early menarche with negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Subjects and Method: A scoping review method was conducted in eight stages including (1) Identification of study problems; (2) Determining priority problem and study question; (3) Determining framework; (4) Literature searching; (5) Article selection; (6) Critical appraisal; (7) Data extraction; and (8) Mapping. The search included PubMed, EBSCO, and Wiley databases. The keywords were “effect” OR “outcomes” AND “menarche” OR “menstruation” OR “menstrua” OR “menses” OR “early menarche” AND “reproductive health” OR “sexual reproducti” AND “sexual behavior” OR “sexual debut” OR “sexual partners” OR “unsafe sex” OR “unprotected sex”. The inclusion criteria were English-language and full-text articles published between 2009 and 2019. A total of 116 full text articles was obtained. After the review process, nine articles were eligible. The data were reported by the PRISMA flow chart. Results: Four articles from developing countries (Nigeria, Malawi, Philippine) and five articles from developed countries (France, United States of America, England, Australia) met the inclusion criteria with cross-sectional and cohort design studies. The existing literature showed that early menarche was associated with sexual and reproductive health (early sexual initiation, low use of contraception), sexually transmitted diseases (genital herpes, HIV), and other factors (income, education level, sexual desire). Conclusion: Early age at menarche may contribute to the increase vulnerability of girls into negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Quality comprehensive sexual education may improve the sexual and reproductive health and well-being of adolescents. Keywords: early menarche, reproductive health, adolescent females Correspondence: Hanny Wulandari. Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Jl. Ringroad Barat No.63, Mlangi Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55592. Email: hannywulandari11@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281249747223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.26