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1
Zhou, Caibi, Xin Mei, Dylan O’Neill Rothenberg, Zaibo Yang, Wenting Zhang, Shihua Wan, Haijun Yang, and Lingyun Zhang. "Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Putative Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Accumulation and Coloration in White and Pink Tea (Camellia sinensis) Flower." Molecules 25, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010190.
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A variant of tea tree (Camellia sinensis (L.)) with purple buds and leaves and pink flowers can be used as a unique ornamental plant. However, the mechanism of flower coloration remains unclear. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of coloration, as well as anthocyanin accumulation in white and pink tea flowers, metabolite profiling and transcriptome sequencing was analyzed in various tea flower developmental stages. Results of metabolomics analysis revealed that three specific anthocyanin substances could be identified, i.e., cyanidin O-syringic acid, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-O-β-d-glucoside, which only accumulated in pink tea flowers, and were not able to be detected in white flowers. RNA-seq and weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed eight highly expressed structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, and particularly, different expression patterns of flavonol synthase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes were observed. We deduced that the disequilibrium of expression levels in flavonol synthases and dihydroflavonol-4-reductases resulted in different levels of anthocyanin accumulation and coloration in white and pink tea flowers. Results of qRT-PCR performed for 9 key genes suggested that the expression profiles of differentially expressed genes were generally consistent with the results of high-throughput sequencing. These findings provide insight into anthocyanin accumulation and coloration mechanisms during tea flower development, which will contribute to the breeding of pink-flowered and anthocyanin-rich tea cultivars.
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Bozoğlu, Hatice, and Merve Bezmen. "Determination of the L-DOPA (L-3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine) Content in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Flowers and Faba Bean Flower Tea." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 4 (April 24, 2021): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i4.733-739.4078.
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This study aimed to determine the L-DOPA content in the flowers of some different faba bean genotypes and determine the L-DOPA levels in tea prepared from flowers. The experiment was carried out under the ecological conditions in Samsun by the Black Sea with 15 genotypes using a randomized complete block design in three replications. The flowers were harvested three times and the number of flowers and flower yields were determined. The L-DOPA content of the flower and flower tea were determined using HPLC. Different solvents were used to extract the L-DOPA from the faba bean flowers. As a result of the HPLC analyses, the highest L-DOPA yield was determined to be in the tea samples brewed with hot water. It was found statistical differences between genotypes in the second and third harvests for the number of flowers in the plant and the total number of flowers. Dry flower yields ranged from 11.33 to 37.78 kg da−1 while L-DOPA levels were 6.2 to 9.17 g 100g−1 in dry flowers and 6.69 to 9.23 g 100g−1 in infused tea. The study concluded that flower tea of faba bean can be investigate for medicinal purposes and that L-DOPA in the plant can be extracted by brewing without requiring any solvent. This shows that L-DOPA is in a salt form within the plant.
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Rothenberg, Dylan, Haijun Yang, Meiban Chen, Wenting Zhang, and Lingyun Zhang. "Metabolome and Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis Reveals Anthocyanin Metabolism in Pink Flowers of Anthocyanin-Rich Tea (Camellia sinensis)." Molecules 24, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061064.
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Almost all flowers of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) are white, which has caused few researchers to pay attention to anthocyanin accumulation and color changing in tea flowers. A new purple-leaf cultivar, Baitang purple tea (BTP) was discovered in the Baitang Mountains of Guangdong, whose flowers are naturally pink, and can provide an opportunity to understand anthocyanin metabolic networks and flower color development in tea flowers. In the present study, twelve anthocyanin components were identified in the pink tea flowers, namely cyanidin O-syringic acid, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-O-beta-d-glucoside, which marks the first time these compounds have been found in the tea flowers. The presence of these anthocyanins seem most likely to be the reason for the pink coloration of the flowers. Twenty-one differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in anthocyanin pathway were identified using KEGG pathway functional enrichment, and ten of these DEG’s screened using venn and KEGG functional enrichment analysis during five subsequent stages of flower development. By comparing DEGs and their expression levels across multiple flower development stages, we found that anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in BTP flowers mainly occurred between the third and fourth stages (BTP3 to BTP4). Particularly, during the period of peak anthocyanin synthesis 17 structural genes were upregulated, and four structural genes were downregulated only. Ultimately, eight critical genes were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), which were found to have direct impact on biosynthesis and accumulation of three flavonoid compounds, namely cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, petunidin 3-O-glucoside and epicatechin gallate. These results provide useful information about the molecular mechanisms of coloration in rare pink tea flower of anthocyanin-rich tea, enriching the gene resource and guiding further research on anthocyanin accumulation in purple tea.
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Lalhruaitluangi and Chhungpuii Khawlhring. "Standardization of drying techniques for hybrid tea rose variety, Valencia." Science Vision 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33493/scivis.17.04.05.
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The present experiment was carried out to standardize suitable drying techniques for hybrid tea rose variety ‘Valencia”. Two types of desiccants viz., silica gel and boric acid were used as embedding materials for drying, and the flowers were dried in hot air oven with different temperature and time combinations such as 40°C for 24 hours and 48 hours, 45°C for 24 hours and 48 hours, 50°C for 24 hours and 48 hours, 55°C for 24 hours and 48 hours, 60°C for 24 hours and 48 hours. Different observations were taken such as fresh and dry weight of flowers and hence moisture loss percentage calculated, petal diameter before and after drying were taken and hence petal shrinkage was determined. Sensory evaluations such as flower colour, shape, texture and overall acceptability was also determined. Results show that maximum moisture loss percentage (86.44%) was obtained in flowers embedded with silica gel and dried at 60°C for 48 hours; largest difference between petal diameter of fresh and dry flowers, and also maximum petal shrinkage of 14.27% occurred in those embedded with silica gel and dried at 60°C for 48 hours, whereas best score in sensory evaluations in terms of flower colour, flower shape, flower texture and overall acceptability were obtained with rose flowers embedded in silica gel and drying at 50°C for 48 hours.
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LIAOTRAKOON, Wijitra, and Vachiraya LIAOTRAKOON. "Antioxidative Properties of White and Red Flowered Agathi (Sesbania grandiflora) Tea and Tea Extracts." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 16, no. 11 (October 13, 2018): 831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2019.3931.
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The study aimed to examine the effect of agathi (Sesbania grandiflora) variety (i.e. red and white flower varieties), flower with and without pollen, and infusion times on the total phenol and tannin contents, and antioxidative activity (DPPH free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power; FRAP) of agathi teas. The total phenol content, DPPH, and FRAP of the red flower agathi in form of dried tea were higher than those of the white variety (p < 0.05). The total phenol content of red and white flowered agathi teas were remained about 77 and 55 %, respectively (as dry basis weight) compared to the fresh flower agathi. In addition, the antioxidative activity of the agathi tea extracts significantly increased with increasing infusion time. The DPPH and FRAP of the tea extracts of flower agathi with pollen were slightly higher than those of the flower agathi without pollen tea extracts. After infusion the agathi tea with hot water (95 °C) for 10 min (time interval of 2 min), total phenol content, DPPH, FRAP, and tannin content of the red flowered agathi with pollen were the highest among all flower agathi teas (p < 0.05). Therefore, the agathi tea should be infused at 95 °C for 10 min to gain more bioactive compounds. The results indicated that the red flowered agathi tea had efficient antioxidative activity that they could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants.
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Sui, Lili, Xiaoxiao Song, Xiaoli Cheng, Xianfa Zhang, Yingming Xu, Shan Gao, Ping Wang, Hui Zhao, and Lihua Huo. "An ultraselective and ultrasensitive TEA sensor based on α-MoO3 hierarchical nanostructures and the sensing mechanism." CrystEngComm 17, no. 34 (2015): 6493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ce00693g.
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Flower-like α-MoO3 hierarchical nanostructures were successfully synthesized via a single-step solvothermal route. A sensor based on α-MoO3 flowers manifested superior gas sensing performance towards TEA at 170 °C.
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Arumsari, Katrien, Siti Aminah, and Nurrahman Nurrahman. "AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN SIFAT SENSORIS TEH CELUP CAMPURAN BUNGA KECOMBRANG, DAUN MINT DAN DAUN STEVIA." Jurnal Pangan dan Gizi 9, no. 2 (November 28, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/jpg.9.2.2019.79-93.
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Tea is a functional drink that widely used and developed for health purposes. The alternative ingredients for tea making are from plants such as flowers, leaves, skin, fruit, and roots. Teabags,which made from kecombrang flower, mint leaves, and stevia leaves, potentially used as functional drinks,considering the total phenol content and antioxidant activity in each ingredients. The aims of this research is to obtain tea products which contain high total phenol and antioxidant activity with optimum acceptability from kecombrang flower and mint leaves formulations. This study uses a randomized 1:1 ratio design of kecombrang flower : mint leaves, with 5 formulation:(0.4: 1.6), (0.7: 1.3), (1: 1), (1.3: 0.7) and (1.6: 0.4), to obtain the datas of Total Phenol Levels, Antioxidant Activities and Sensory characteristic of the tea. The results shows that there is significant effect on total phenol content and antioxidant activity. It results that F1 formulation has the highest amount of total phenol which is 13.907 mg as.galat / 100 mL as well as the highest antioxidant activity which is 68.84% RSA. Sensory testing produces teas with a similar color, while the taste and scent are significantly different
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Patil, V. L., S. A. Vanalakar, S. A. Vhanalakar, A. S. Kamble, T. D. Dongale, D. N. Kurhe, P. P. Kamble, et al. "Chemically Synthesized Hierarchical Flower like ZnO Microstructures." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 233, no. 8 (August 27, 2019): 1183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2017-1016.
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Abstract In the present study, we have deposited hierarchical flower-like microstructured zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films directly on a glass substrate by using the simplistic aqueous chemical route for different concentrations of triethanolamine (TEA) which acted like a complexing agent. The as-synthesized ZnO thin films were subsequently annealed at 300 °C and are characterized with characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), photoluminescence (PL), and electrical resistivity. The hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure of as-synthesized ZnO thin films was confirmed by their XRD patterns and the well-resolved ZnO flowers-like morphology was revealed from the FESEM micrographs. From FESEM images it can be seen that the ZnO flower is composed of dozens of nanorods originating from the same core in a symmetric fashion with an average diameter of around 180-300 nm. The flower-like morphology was obtained at 0.3 M TEA concentration. Due to its hierarchical structure, the deposited ZnO thin films were employed for multiple applications such as gas sensing and anti-microbial activity. The ZnO thin films with micro-flowers like morphology showed the maximum gas sensor sensitivity ∼64.50 at 150 °C for 100 ppm of NO2 gas. Moreover, the bacteria were completely destroyed in the presence of as-deposited ZnO thin films.
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Ryndin, A. V., R. V. Kulyan, and N. A. Slepchenko. "Subtropical and flower crops breeding at the Subtropical Scientific Centre." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 25, no. 4 (July 10, 2021): 420–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj21.047.
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This paper presents the results on the breeding work carried out by the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Currently, the Centre’s breeders are doing a lot of work aimed at breeding new fine yielding cultivars of subtropical and flower crops that will be resistant to growing conditions; they include kaki persimmon, feijoa, mandarin, freesia, crown anemone, pelargonium and chrysanthemum. The sources of high-level priority traits in flower crops that are valuable for further breeding in order to improve decorative (colour, flower shape, inflorescence), economic and biological traits (flowering period, a large number of flowers in the inflorescence, storage period of cut flowers, disease resistance, high reproduction coefficient) were recorded. The aim of the research is to improve the subtropical and flower crops assortment. The objects of the research were 989 hybrid forms: 136 citrus crops, 56 persimmon, 36 feijoa, 38 tea plant, 11 pear, 24 hazel, 108 freesia, 398 crown anemone, 120 pelargonium and 62 chrysanthemum hybrids. New cultivars with a complex of valuable traits have been created as a result of the scientific work. Over the past five years, FRC SSC of RAS has created 50 new cultivars: 26 pelargonium, 15 anemone, 5 freesia, 2 chrysanthemum, 1 persimmon and 1 apple and submitted them to the State Cultivar Commission. The “State Register of Selection Achievements Authorized for Use for Production Purposes” has included 63 cultivars developed by FRC SSC RAS, including 26 pelargonium, 13 anemone, 9 chrysanthemum, 7 freesia, 4 hazel, 3 feijoa and 1 tea plant cultivars. 46 patents for breeding achievements have been obtained.
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Jia, Sisi, Yu Wang, Jianhui Hu, Zhaotang Ding, Qing Liang, Yinfei Zhang, and Hui Wang. "Mineral and metabolic profiles in tea leaves and flowers during flower development." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 106 (September 2016): 316–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.013.
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Macnish, Andrew J., Ria T. Leonard, Ana Maria Borda, and Terril A. Nell. "Genotypic Variation in the Postharvest Performance and Ethylene Sensitivity of Cut Rose Flowers." HortScience 45, no. 5 (May 2010): 790–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.5.790.
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Natural variation in the postharvest quality and longevity of ornamental plants can often be related to differences in their response to ethylene. In the present study, we determined the postharvest performance and ethylene sensitivity of cut flowers from 38 cultivated Hybrid Tea rose genotypes. The vase life of the cultivars varied considerably from 4.5 to 18.8 days at 21 °C. There was also substantial variation in the degree of flower opening among genotypes. Exposure to 1 μL·L−1 ethylene for 24 h at 21 °C reduced the longevity of 27 cultivars by 0.8 to 8.4 days (18% to 47%) by accelerating petal wilting and abscission. Ethylene treatment also significantly reduced rates of flower opening in 17 sensitive cultivars and in six cultivars that showed no ethylene-related reduction in vase life. Five cultivars showed no reduction in vase life or flower opening in response to ethylene exposure. Pre-treating stems with 0.2 mm silver thiosulfate liquid or 0.9 μL·L−1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) gas for 16 h at 2 °C reduced the deleterious effects of ethylene. The release of 1-MCP from two sachets containing EthylBloc™ into individual shipping boxes also protected flowers against ethylene applied immediately after a 6-d commercial shipment. The duration of protection afforded by the 1-MCP sachet treatment was greatest when flowers were maintained at low temperature.
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Faisal, T. Iskandar, Nuswatul Khaira, Nora Veri, Magfirah Magfirah, Dewita Dewita, Alchalidi Alchalidi, and Yuni Sari. "The Effect of Walking Exercise and Consumption of Steeping Chamomile Flowers (Matricaria recutita) on Depression in the Elderly in Langsa City." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, B (July 28, 2021): 626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6260.
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BACKGROUND: The population of the elderly is increasing rapidly in almost every part of the world. A common problem faced by the elderly is prolonged depression. One of the practical and economic efforts to reduce depression is by walking and consuming chamomile flowers. AIM: The aim of this study is to analyzing the effect of walking exercise and consumption of chamomile (Matricaria recutita) flower infusion on depression in the elderly in Langsa City. METHODS: We used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group design. This research was conducted from September to December 2020 in Karang Anyar Village, Langsa City. The population in this study were all elderly who met the inclusion criteria. The sample was selected as many as 24 elderly. The sample size of the study was calculated using the formula for the sample size for experimental research from Federer, namely (t–1) (r–1) ≥15). Data collection techniques in this study were interviews and observations using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) questionnaire instrument, which was carried out twice, namely at the time before treatment and after treatment in four groups, namely, the control group, the walking exercise group, the chamomile flower consumption group and the combination group of walking and exercise. Consume chamomile flowers. Data analysis used paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance test to see the effect of the intervention on depression. RESULTS: This study’s results indicate that walking can significantly reduce the GDS depression score with a p-value of 0.025. This study indicates that consumption of chamomile Flower can significantly reduce the GDS score of the elderly with a p-value of 0.037. This study showed that the combination of walking and consumption of chamomile tea was able to significantly reduce the GDS depression score with a p-value of 0.017. When viewed from the p-value, this treatment group showed the most significant reduction in the GDS depression score than the other two treatment groups, namely walking and consumption of chamomile tea. In the walking exercise group, the chamomile flowers were the consumption treatment group combined treatment group walking and chamomile tea consumption. All three treatments had the same ability to reduce the GDS score, as evidenced by a p-value of 0.808 (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Walking exercise and consumption of chamomile tea can significantly reduce the GDS score of the elderly in Langsa City.
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Wei, Xiao-Juan, Jinlin Ma, Kai-Xiang Li, Xiao-Jing Liang, and Haiying Liang. "Flowering Induction in Camellia chrysantha, a Golden Camellia Species, with Paclobutrazol and Urea." HortScience 52, no. 11 (November 2017): 1537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12150-17.
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The flowers of Camellia chrysantha, commonly named as golden camellia, are treasured for their unique yellow color and are popularly used for tea. Compared with common camellia flowers that are either red, purple, pink, or white, golden camellia flowers are rare and are in high market demand. Our study was aimed to induce flowering in juvenile C. chrysantha grafted plants with urea and paclobutrazol (PBZ), a growth retardant. Generally, it takes 6–8 years for C. chrysantha seedlings and 5–6 years for grafted plants to set flower buds. With a 4 × 4 factorial design, four dosages of urea (1, 3, 5, or 8 g/plant) and four concentrations of PBZ (50, 150, 350, and 750 ppm) were tested on 4-year-old C. chrysantha grafted plants. Significant interaction between urea and PBZ was observed, and nine of the 16 combinations produced significantly more flower buds than the control, although not all flower buds could open because of abscission. High concentrations of PBZ and high dosages of urea were generally associated with severe defoliation and slow growth of basal stem diameter. When taking bud abscission into account, combinations of 150 ppm PBZ with 1 g urea and 350 ppm PBZ with 3 g urea resulted in significant flowering in juvenile C. chrysantha grafted plants without negative effects on vegetative growth and flower bud size and severe defoliation. This is the first report on flowering induction in a golden camellia species using juvenile plants. Our results suggest that application of optimized PBZ and urea doses can be a potential means for manipulation of early flowering in golden camellia species.
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Yoshikawa, Masayuki, Sachiko Sugimoto, Seikou Nakamura, and Hisashi Matsuda. "Medicinal Flowers. XXV. Structures of Floratheasaponin J and Chakanoside II from Japanese Tea Flower, Flower Buds of Camellia sinensis." HETEROCYCLES 78, no. 4 (2009): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-08-11568.
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Beaudon, E., and J. Moore. "Frost flower chemical signature in winter snow on Vestfonna ice cap (Nordaustlandet, Svalbard)." Cryosphere Discussions 3, no. 1 (February 2, 2009): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-3-159-2009.
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Abstract. The chemistry of snow and ice cores from Svalbard is influenced by variations in local sea ice margin and distance to open water. Snow pits sampled at two summits of Vestfonna ice cap (Nordaustlandet, Svalbard), exhibit spatially heterogeneous soluble ions concentrations despite similar accumulation rates, reflecting the importance of small-scale weather patterns on this island ice cap. The snow pack on the western summit shows higher average values of marine species and a winter snow layer that is relatively depleted in sulphate. One part of the winter snow pack exhibits [SO42-/Na+] ratio reduced by two thirds compared with its ratio in sea water. This low sulphate content in winter snow is interpreted as the signature of frost flowers, which are formed on young sea ice when offshore winds predominate. Frost flowers have been described as the dominant source of sea salt to aerosol and precipitation in ice cores in coastal Antarctica but this is the first time their chemical signal has been described in the Arctic. The eastern summit does not show any frost flower signature and we interpret the unusually dynamic ice transport and rapid formation of thin ice on the Hinlopen Strait as the source of the frost flowers.
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Purbowati, I. S. M., Karseno Karseno, and A. Maksum. "Acidity level control formulation of roselle tea functional drinks based on variations in the addition of flower petals and sugar type." Food Research 4, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(3).343.
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Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) tea was a phenolic acid and anthocyanin enriched-functional drink. The high antioxidant content of roselle tea benefits to prevent degenerative diseases, such as diabetes. The acidity flavor was due to the high content of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. This led to the addition of low glycemic index sugar. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the formulation between the variation of flower petals and sugar type’s addition. The purpose of this study was to find out the best effect of petal flowers and sugar type addition towards physical, chemical and sensory quality of roselle tea. The research design used in this study was Complete Randomized trial with 2 (two) factors and 3 replications. The first factor comprises between flower petals addition (R) towards water (w/v) of 1:100 (R1), 4:100 (R2), 7:100 (R3), and 10:100 (R4). The second factor was sugar type (G): cane sugar (G1) which comprises coconut sugar (G2) and corn sugar (G3). Observed variables in this study were physical and chemical variables (color, total phenol, anthocyanin and pH level), and sensory variable (acidity and favorable level). The best combination was R4G1 with characteristics of anthocyanins of 5.25 mg/100 mL; phenol of 24.35 mg/100 mL; pH of 2.6; L amounted to 24.70
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Kim, Bo-Ram, Hyun Mi Kim, Chang Hyun Jin, Si-Yong Kang, Jin-Baek Kim, Yeo Gyeong Jeon, Kong Young Park, Ik-Soo Lee, and Ah-Reum Han. "Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Volatile Organic Compounds in Radiation-Bred Coreopsis Cultivars." Plants 9, no. 6 (June 4, 2020): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060717.
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Coreopsis is a flowering plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. It is an ornamental plant native to the Americas, Asia and Oceania and its flower is used as a raw material for tea and food manufacture in China. In this study, new cultivars of C. rosea (“golden ring”) were developed via radiation-induced mutation of the original cultivar, “pumpkin pie”. The chemical composition and antioxidant activities of flowers belonging to three different Coreopsis cultivars were evaluated: “golden ring”, “pumpkin pie” and “snow chrysanthemum” (coreopsis tea; C. tinctoria). The volatile compounds were characterized via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 50–59 oils representing 95.3–96.8% of the total volatile compounds in these flower materials were identified. ”Golden ring” contained a high amount of fatty acids (38.13%), while “pumpkin pie” and “snow chrysanthemum” teas were rich in aliphatic amides (43.01%) and esters (67.22%), respectively. The antioxidant activities of the volatile oils of these cultivars were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydraxyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. The volatile extract of “golden ring” showed higher antioxidant activities compared with the extracts of the other cultivars. Therefore, “golden ring” can be used for further development as a raw material for tea manufacture or as a dietary supplement.
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Peng, Qiyuan, Ying Zhou, Yinyin Liao, Lanting Zeng, Xinlan Xu, Yongxia Jia, Fang Dong, Jianlong Li, Jinchi Tang, and Ziyin Yang. "Functional Characterization of An Allene Oxide Synthase Involved in Biosynthesis of Jasmonic Acid and Its Influence on Metabolite Profiles and Ethylene Formation in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Flowers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 8 (August 18, 2018): 2440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082440.
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Jasmonic acid (JA) is reportedly involved in the interaction between insects and the vegetative parts of horticultural crops; less attention has, however, been paid to its involvement in the interaction between insects and the floral parts of horticultural crops. Previously, we investigated the allene oxide synthase 2 (AOS2) gene that was found to be the only JA synthesis gene upregulated in tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers exposed to insect (Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan)) attacks. In our present study, transient expression analysis in Nicotiana benthamiana plants confirmed that CsAOS2 functioned in JA synthesis and was located in the chloroplast membrane. In contrast to tea leaves, the metabolite profiles of tea flowers were not significantly affected by 10 h JA (2.5 mM) treatment as determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Moreover, JA treatment did not significantly influence ethylene formation in tea flowers. These results suggest that JA in tea flowers may have different functions from JA in tea leaves and other flowers.
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Chen, Bang-Tian, Wei-Xi Li, Rong-Rong He, Yi-Fang Li, Bun Tsoi, Yu-Jia Zhai, and Hiroshi Kurihara. "Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Polyphenols-Rich Extract from Tea (Camellia sinensis) Flowers in Acute and Chronic Mice Models." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/537923.
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While beneficial health properties of tea leaves have been extensively studied, less attention is paid to the flowers of tea. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of hot water extract of tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers were investigated. Pharmacological studies found that administration of tea flowers extract (TFE) could effectively inhibit croton oil-induced ear edema and carrageenin-induced paw edema. Furthermore, administration of TFE also protected againstPropionibacterium acnes(P. ances) plus lipopolysaccharide-(LPS-) induced liver inflammation by reversing the histologic damage and plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increase. Moreover, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-(TNF)-αand interleukin-(IL-) 1βmRNA in mouse liver were markedly suppressed after treatment with TFE in mice with immunological liver inflammation. These results indicated that tea flowers had potent anti-inflammatory effects on acute and immunological inflammationin vivo, and may be used as a functional natural food.
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Wang, Yaomin, Chen Xia, Lianfu Chen, Yi Charlie Chen, and Youying Tu. "Saponins Extracted from Tea (Camellia Sinensis) Flowers Induces Autophagy in Ovarian Cancer Cells." Molecules 25, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 5254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225254.
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Tea flower saponins (TFS) possess effective anticancer properties. The diversity and complexity of TFS increases the difficulty of their extraction and purification from tea flowers. Here, multiple methods including solvent extraction, microporous resin separation and preparative HPLC separation were used to obtain TFS with a yield of 0.34%. Furthermore, we revealed that TFS induced autophagy—as evidenced by an increase in MDC-positive cell populations and mCherry-LC3B-labeled autolysosomes and an upregulation of LC3II protein levels. 3-MA reversed the decrease in cell viability induced by TFS, showing that TFS induced autophagic cell death. TFS-induced autophagy was not dependent on the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway. TFS-induced autophagy in OVCAR-3 cells was accompanied by ERK pathway activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This paper is the first report of TFS-mediated autophagy of ovarian cancer cells. These results provide new insights for future studies of the anti-cancer effects of TFS.
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Rohmah, Martina Kurnia, Yani Ambari, and Khurin In Wahyuni. "PRODUKSI OLAHAN BUNGA ROSELLA (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA) DI DESA BALONGBENDO KABUPATEN SIDOARJO." Jurnal KARINOV 2, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um045v2i3p167-170.
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Keberadaan Rosella belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal padahal tanaman ini memiliki manfaat yang sangat luas dalam bidang pangan dan kesehatan melalui berbagai produk olahan (diversifikasi) karena minimnya pengetahuan dan ketrampilan masyarakat khususny dalam hal pengolahan. Tujuan program ini adalah memberikan pengetahuan, bimbingan, serta pendampingan dalam memanfaatkan bunga rosella menjadi berbagai produk olahan sehingga memiliki nilai ekonomis guna meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat Desa Balongbendo. Metode pelaksanaan yang dilakukan dalam program ini adalah penyuluhan, penanaman tanaman Rosella, pelatihan pembuatan produk olahan bunga rosella, pelatihan pengemasan dan pemasaran produk bunga rosella, serta pendampingan pada pameran produk olahan di Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah: (1) Meningkatnya pengetahuan mitra tentang manfaat, budidaya tanaman, dan diversifikasi produk olahan Rosella (2) Meningkatnya keterampilan mitra dalam mengolah bunga Rosella dengan berbagai produk, (3) Terciptanya produk-produk olahan bunga rosella yang telah dipasarkan dalam bentuk Teh Rosella, Sirup Rosella dan Es Krim Rosella (4) Meningkatnya daya saing msyarakat Desa Balongbendo se-kebupaten Sidoarjo.Kata kunci—Produk Rosella, Teh Rosella, Sirup Rosella, Es Krim Rosella Abstract The existence of Rosella has not been optimally utilized even though this plant has very broad benefits in the field of food and health through a variety of processed products (diversification) because of the lack of knowledge and skills of the community specifically in terms of processing. The purpose of this program is to provide knowledge, guidance, and assistance in utilizing roselle flowers into various processed products so that they have economic value in order to improve the welfare of the people of Balongbendo Village. The method of implementation carried out in this program are: counseling, planting Rosella plants, training in making processed Rosella flower products, training in packaging and marketing of rosella flower products, and assisting at the exhibition of processed products in Sidoarjo Regency. The results of this activity are: (1) Increased knowledge of partners about the benefits, cultivation of plants, and diversification of processed Rosella products (2) Increased partner's skills in processing Rosella flowers with various products, (3) Creation of processed rosella flower products that have been marketed in the form of Rosella Tea, Rosella Syrup and Rosella Ice Cream (4) Increasing the competitiveness of Balongbendo Villages throughout the Sidoarjo Regency.Keywords—Rosella Products, Rosella Tea, Rosella Syrup, Rosella Ice Cream
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Tu, Youying, Lianfu Chen, Ning Ren, Bo Li, Yuanyuan Wu, Gary O. Rankin, Yon Rojanasakul, Yaomin Wang, and Yi Charlie Chen. "Standardized Saponin Extract from Baiye No.1 Tea (Camellia sinensis) Flowers Induced S Phase Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis via AKT-MDM2-p53 Signaling Pathway in Ovarian Cancer Cells." Molecules 25, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 3515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153515.
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Ovarian cancer is considered to be one of the most serious malignant tumors in women. Natural compounds have been considered as important sources in the search for new anti-cancer agents. Saponins are characteristic components of tea (Camellia sinensis) flower and have various biological activities, including anti-tumor effects. In this study, a high purity standardized saponin extract, namely Baiye No.1 tea flower saponin (BTFS), which contained Floratheasaponin A and Floratheasaponin D, were isolated from tea (Camellia sinensis cv. Baiye 1) flowers by macroporous resin and preparative liquid chromatography. Then, the component and purity were detected by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS/MS. This high purity BTFS inhibited the proliferation of A2780/CP70 cancer cells dose-dependently, which is evidenced by the inhibition of cell viability, reduction of colony formation ability, and suppression of PCNA protein expression. Further research found BTFS induced S phase cell cycle arrest by up-regulating p21 proteins expression and down-regulating Cyclin A2, CDK2, and Cdc25A protein expression. Furthermore, BTFS caused DNA damage and activated the ATM-Chk2 signaling pathway to block cell cycle progression. Moreover, BTFS trigged both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis—BTFS up-regulated the expression of death receptor pathway-related proteins DR5, Fas, and FADD and increased the ratio of pro-apoptotic/anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family. BTFS-induced apoptosis seems to be related to the AKT-MDM2-p53 signaling pathway. In summary, our results demonstrate that BTFS has the potential to be used as a nutraceutical for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Wei, Xiao-Juan, Xiao-Jing Liang, Jin-Lin Ma, Kai-Xiang Li, and Haiying Liang. "Biological Characteristics and Vegetative Propagation of a New Camellia Cultivar Maozi." HortScience 51, no. 12 (December 2016): 1581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11031-16.
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Camellia flowers are highly prized for their beauty worldwide and are strongly symbolic in many cultures. A new interspecific hybrid cultivar, Camellia ‘Maozi’, generated by crossing Camellia pubipetala with C. japonica ‘Dahong Mudan’, exhibits strong hybrid vigor and has small flowers with a rare light tone of purple. In southwest China with a subtropical monsoon climate, young Camellia ‘Maozi’ trees flush shoots three times in spring, summer, and autumn, with an average annual growth of 12.9 cm. Adult trees flush once a year. Floral bud formation occurs in late April and early May. Camellia ‘Maozi’ flowers are sterile with no fruits and seeds produced. While an individual flower wilts 4–8 days after opening, the blossom can last 1–3 months. Frost damage can be found in young leaves when temperature drops to 4–7 °C. Under direct sunlight with temperatures of 37–39 °C lasting for more than 2 days, young leaves can turn yellow on their edges. Its primary diseases include sooty mold, shoot tip blight, and peony leaf tip blight. Its primary insect pests are tea green leafhopper (Jacobiasca formosana) and tea aphid (Toxoptera aurantii). Rooting of stem cuttings occurs directly from stems, mostly without callus development. Two hours of treatment with 500 mg·L−1 indole-3-butyric acid and rooting in a mix of latosolic red soil and vermiculite (2:1 v/v) resulted in high rooting rate and quality of aboveground growth. Grafting can be carried out from May to September, while survival rate and new shoot length are highest in July. The most compatible rootstock is C. oleifera, followed by C. polyodonta. The results of this study are of value for understanding the reproductive biology of Camellia ‘Maozi’ and further disseminating it as a new cultivar for camellia collection.
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Dolzhenko, T. V., V. I. Makarenko, and L. A. Burkova. "Methodological aspects related to biological assessment of insectoacaricides on flower cultures of protected ground." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 6 (December 18, 2019): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-6-105-108.
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Relevance. Analysis of the present range of pesticides that are used in flower orangeries showed critical shortage of allowed pesticides. Now there are no methods for registration testing of insecticides designed to protect flowers in greenhouses. Thus, the purpose of our research is to develop methodological approaches to assessment of abundance of major pests for flower cultures of protected ground and determination of biological effectiveness of new insectoacaricides.Methods. The following phytophages represent flower pests that are predominant in the protected ground: aphids: green peach – Myzus persicae Sulz., melon and cotton – Aphis gossypii Glov., greenhouse-potato – Aulacorthum solani Kalt., potato – Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thom., green rose – Macrosiphum rosae Linn.; whiteflies: greenhouse whitefly – Trialeurodes vaporariorum Wstw., silverleaf whitefly – Bemisia tabaci Genn.; thrips: tobacco – Thrips tabaci Lind., rose – Th. fuscipennis Hal., western flower – Frankliniella occidentalis Perg., heterophagous – F. intonsa Tryb., greenhouse – Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouche; mites: red spider – Tetranychus urticae Koch.; red greenhouse – T. cinnabarinus BoisdResults. Researches related to assessment of abundance of major pests for flower cultures and choosing methods related to determination of biological effectiveness of insectoacaricides were performed in flower orangeries of Leningrad Region on hybrid tea roses Rosa L., chrysnatemums Chrysanthemum L., gerberas Gerbera G. As a result, the algorithm for performing tests related to study of new insectoacaricides on flower cultures in greenhouses is developed. Methodology instructions that we offer for assessment of abundance of major pests for flower cultures of protected ground and determination of biological effectiveness of new insectoacaricides are intended for ensuring the uniform methodological approach to performance of registration tests of modern means to fight against these pests and opportunity for analysis of tests in various agroclimatic areas and obtaining a reasonable general conclusion and findings related to pesticides taking into account international requirements.
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Fahyuni, Eni Fariyatul, Jamilatur Rohmah, and Najih Anwar. "Inovasi Pembelajaran Kewirausahaan Islami melalui Pemanfaatan Teh Rosella pada Kantin Sehat SMP." Jurnal Surya Masyarakat 1, no. 2 (May 28, 2019): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/jsm.1.2.2019.116-124.
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Pembelajaran kewirausahaan Islami sangat diperlukan guna dapat membangun dan membentuk kecakapan siswa berwirausaha. Potensi SMPN 2 Porong memiliki area pekarangan yang banyak tumbuh bunga Rosella. Permasalahan yang kemudian muncul adalah bagaimana cara membelajarkan kewirausahaan siswa kaitannya dengan potensi bunga Rosella yang melimpah di sekolah. Metode pelaksanaan pengabdian masyarakat ini mengunakan pendekatan edukatif, meliputi: 1) melakukan sosialisasi dan pengurusan perijinan, 2) persiapan penyuluhan, 3) kegiatan penyuluhan, 4) kegiatan praktik dan pendampingan, 5) melakukan kegiatan evaluasi dan monitoring untuk mengetahui ketercapaian dari program yang telah dilaksanakan. Pembelajaran kewirausahaan melalui pemanfaatan teh bunga Rosella dapat meningkatkan kreativitas siswa menuju suatu pembaharuan.Kata kunci: pembelajaran kewirausahaan islami, pemanfaatan teh bunga rosella.AbstractIslamic entrepreneurship is needed to be able to build entrepreneur skills. The potential Porong 2 at state midlle School has grows a lot of Rosella flowers. The problem is how to teach entrepreneurship with Rosella flowers at school. The method uses an educational approach, including: 1) conducting socialization and permits of management, 2) preparation of counseling, 3) counseling activity, 4) practice and mentoring activities, 5) evaluation and monitoring activities to find out an achievements programs. Entrepreneurship through the use of Rosella flower tea can increase students' creativity towards renewal.
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Mackay, W. A., C. M. McKenney, P. F. Colbaugh, S. A. George, J. J. Sloan, and R. I. Cabrera. "PERFORMANCE OF GARDEN ROSES UNDER MINIMAL INPUT CONDITIONS IN NORTH-CENTRAL TEXAS." HortScience 40, no. 3 (June 2005): 881a—881. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.881a.
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To enlarge the palette of environmentally-responsible landscape plants, 117 garden rose cultivars were evaluated under minimal input conditions. Other than mulching and irrigation, no other inputs were provided, including no fertilization and no pesticide applications. Plants were established in completely randomized blocks with four reps in the spring of 1998 with data collection beginning in 2000 and continued through 2002. Data on overall performance (an index comprised of flower number, percent of plant covered with flowers and plant growth) and relative chlorophyll content were collected the first and third week of each month from April through October. Disease ratings or incidence ratings were collected for Diplocarpon rosae Wolf (black spot), Alternaria sp. (petal blight) and Sphaerotheca pannosa (powdery mildew). Statistical analysis was performed on the mean data for all dates. `Knockout' was the top rose for overall quality with little or no disease observed, high foliage quality, and continuous flowers from spring until late in the fall. `Knockout' also ranked among the top rose cultivars in terms of overall nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, and Fe) in new growth tissue. Most of the hybrid tea roses such as `Peace' and `Double Delight' died in at least three blocks due to disease and a lack of vigor.
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Shen, Jian-Xia, Mohammad M. Rana, Guo-Feng Liu, Tie-Jun Ling, Margaret Y. Gruber, and Shu Wei. "Differential Contribution of Jasmine Floral Volatiles to the Aroma of Scented Green Tea." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5849501.
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Tea volatiles’ generation and retention over manufacturing processes are crucial for tea quality. In this study, floral volatile adsorption and retention in green tea scented with Jasminum sambac flowers were examined over the scenting process. Out of 34 enhanced volatiles in the scented tea, β-ionone, β-linalool, indole, and methyl anthranilate were the most potent odorants with 5.1–45.2-fold higher odor activity values than the corresponding controls in the nonscented tea. Scenting efficiencies for the floral volatiles retained in the scented tea (the percentage of volatile abundance over its corresponding amount in jasmine flowers) ranged from 0.22% for α-farnesene to 75.5% for β-myrcene. Moreover, due to additional rounds of heat treatment for scented green tea manufacturing, some volatiles such as carotenoid-derived geraniol and β-ionone and lipid-derived (Z)-jasmone were heat-enhanced and others such as nonanal were heat-desorbed in the scented green tea. Our study revealed that dynamic volatile absorption and desorption collectively determined tea volatile retention and tea aroma. Our findings may have a great potential for practical improvement of tea aroma.
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Zhao, Cai-Ning, Guo-Yi Tang, Qing Liu, Xiao-Yu Xu, Shi-Yu Cao, Ren-You Gan, Ke-Yi Zhang, Shuang-Li Meng, and Hua-Bin Li. "Five-Golden-Flowers Tea: Green Extraction and Hepatoprotective Effect against Oxidative Damage." Molecules 23, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092216.
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The consumption of herbal teas has become popular in recent years due to their attractive flavors and outstanding antioxidant properties. The Five-Golden-Flowers tea is a herbal tea consisting of five famous edible flowers. The effects of microwave-assisted extraction parameters on the antioxidant activity of Five-Golden-Flowers tea were studied by single-factor experiments, and further investigated using response surface methodology. Under the optimal parameters (53.04 mL/g of solvent/material ratio, 65.52 °C, 30.89 min, and 500 W), the ferric-reducing antioxidant power, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and total phenolic content of the herbal tea were 862.90 ± 2.44 µmol Fe2+/g dry weight (DW), 474.37 ± 1.92 µmol Trolox/g DW, and 65.50 ± 1.26 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g DW, respectively. The in vivo antioxidant activity of the herbal tea was evaluated on alcohol-induced acute liver injury in mice. The herbal tea significantly decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and malonaldehyde at different doses (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg); improved the levels of liver index, serum triacylglycerol, and catalase at dose of 800 mg/kg. These results indicated its role in alleviating hepatic oxidative injury. Besides, rutin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, gallic acid, and p-coumaric acid were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which could contribute to the antioxidant activity of the herbal tea.
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KELLER, SUSANNE E., CHRISTINA N. STAM, DANA R. GRADL, ZHENGZAI CHEN, EMILY L. LARKIN, SHANNON R. PICKENS, and STUART J. CHIRTEL. "Survival of Salmonella on Chamomile, Peppermint, and Green Tea during Storage and Subsequent Survival or Growth following Tea Brewing." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-508.
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The survival of Salmonella on dried chamomile flowers, peppermint leaves, and green tea leaves stored under different conditions was examined. Survival and growth of Salmonella was also assessed after subsequent brewing using dried inoculated teas. A Salmonella enterica serovar cocktail was inoculated onto different dried tea leaves or flowers to give starting populations of approximately 10 log CFU/g. The inoculum was allowed to dry (at ambient temperature for 24 h) onto the dried leaves or flowers prior to storage under 25 and 35°C at low (<30% relative humidity [RH]) and high (>90% RH) humidity levels. Under the four storage conditions tested, survival followed the order 25°C with low RH > 35°C with low RH > 25° C with high RH > 35°C with high RH. Salmonella losses at 25°C with low RH occurred primarily during drying, after which populations showed little decline over 6 months. In contrast, Salmonella decreased below detection after 45 days at 35°C and high RH in all teas tested. The thermal resistance of Salmonella was assessed at 55°C immediately after inoculation of tea leaves or flowers, after drying (24 h) onto tea leaves or flowers, and after 28 days of storage at 25°C with low RH. All conditions resulted in similar D-values (2.78 ± 0.12, 3.04 ± 0.07, and 2.78 ± 0.56, at 0 h, 24 h, and 28 days, respectively), indicating thermal resistance of Salmonella in brewed tea did not change after desiccation and 28 days of storage. In addition, all brewed teas tested supported the growth of Salmonella. If Salmonella survives after storage, it may also survive and grow after a home brewing process.
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Nguyen, Hong Van Thi, Bach Cao Pham, Inh Thi Cam, Phuong Lan Doan, Thanh Tat Le, Toan Quoc Tran, and Long Quoc Pham. "FLAVONOIDS ISOLATED FROM THE FLOWERS OF CAMELLIA CHRYSANTHA." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 57, no. 3 (June 4, 2019): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/57/3/13119.
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Camellia chrysantha (the golden camellia, golden tea) is a species of evergreen shrub or small tree belonging to the family Theaceae. The flowers and the leaves of this plant are used as tea and drank for its health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical constituents of the flowers of Camellia chrysantha. Five flavonoids were isolated from the flowers of Camellia chrysantha (Theaceae), including (+)-catechin (1), (-)-epicatechin (2), quercetin (3), quercetin-3-O-methyl ether (4) and kaempferol (5). Their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis and by comparison with those reported in the literature. Among five compounds, compounds 4 was isolated for the first time from this species.
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Kato, Misako, Naoko Kitao, Mariko Ishida, Hanayo Morimoto, Fumi Irino, and Kouichi Mizuno. "Expression for Caffeine Biosynthesis and Related Enzymes in Camellia sinensis." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 65, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2010): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2010-3-413.
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Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a purine alkaloid that is present in high concentrations in the tea plant Camellia sinensis. Caffeine synthase (CS, EC 2.1.1.160) catalyzes the S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent N-3- and N-1-methylation of the purine base to form caffeine, the last step in the purine alkaloid biosynthetic pathway. We studied the expression profile of the tea caffeine synthase (TCS) gene in developing leaves and flowers by means of northern blot analysis, and compared it with those of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5), chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3.1.74), and S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthase (SAMS, EC 2.5.1.6). The amount of TCS transcripts was highest in young leaves and declined markedly during leaf development, whereas it remained constant throughout the development of the flower. Environmental stresses other than heavy metal stress and plant hormone treatments had no effect on the expression of TCS genes, unlike the other three genes. Drought stress suppressed TCS gene expression in leaves, and the expression pattern mirrored that of the dehydrin gene. The amounts of TCS transcripts increased slightly on supply of a nitrogen source. We discuss the regulation of TCS gene expression
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Joshi, Robin, Poonam, Rikki Saini, Shailja Guleria, Garikapati D. Kiran Babu, Manisha Kumari, and Ashu Gulati. "Characterization of Volatile Components of Tea Flowers (Camellia sinensis) Growing in Kangra by GC/MS." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 8 (August 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600829.
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Volatile flavour components of tea flowers ( Camellia sinensis) were isolated by two methods viz. simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), analyzed by GC and GC/MS and compared with headspace analysis (HS). The composition of the volatile components extracted by the three methods differed considerably. In SFE, phenylethanol (14.7%), linalool (7.9%), ( E)-linalool oxide furanoid (3.5%), epoxy linalool (1.6%), geraniol (2.3%) and hotrienol (1.5%) were major components. m-Xylene (2.6%), ( E)-linalool oxide pyranoid (5.4%), p-myrcene (5.2%), α-cadinol (4.3%) and methyl palmitate (2.9%) were major compounds isolated by SDE. 3-hexenol (2.1%) ( E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (20.9%) and linalool (35.1%) are major components in headspace analysis. Acetophenone and pheromone germacrene D is detected in tea flowers by all the methods studied. Floral, fresh and fruity odour of tea flowers is retained by SFE as there is very little loss of heat sensitive volatiles in SFE. The flavour isolated from SFE has superior quality compared to SDE.
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Yao, Yao, Huashuai Chen, Danan Gu, and Yi Zeng. "Type of Tea Consumption and Mild Cognition Impairment in Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.949.
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Abstract Existing studies have testified the neuroprotective qualities of tea. As there are several types of tea, question on which type of tea may exert substantial influence on cognitive health is intriguing and remains unknow. We aim to estimate the association between type of tea consumption and mild cognition impairment (MCI) using a nationally representative dataset of older population in China. Type of tea consumption was classified as three groups: Green, fermented (White, Oolong, Black, and Pu’eh), and flower tea. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was adopted to assess cognitive function. We conducted multivariate logistic regressions to evaluate the association between type of tea drinking and cognition outcomes (MMSE score and MCI). Potential confounders including sociodemographic factors, health conditions, dietary patterns, lifestyles, activities of daily living, mental health, and living environments. A total of 10,923 participants (mean age: 85.4 yr; female: 53.5%) included in the study. The type of current tea consumption among the participants were: 2143 for green tea, 1302 for fermented tea, and 844 for flower tea. Compared to those who had no habit of tea consumption, the odds ratio of MCI in green tea drinkers was 0.80 (0.68-0.95), in fermented tea drinkers was 1.07 (0.89-1.30), and in flower tea drinkers were 0.85 (0.67-1.09). Our study showed green tea and flower tea consumption associated with lower odds of MCI, while the association was not found among fermented tea drinkers. Future experimental and longitudinal studies are warranted to illustrate the association between varied type of tea and cognitive health.
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Baskorowati, L., M. W. Moncur, J. C. Doran, and P. J. Kanowski. "Reproductive biology of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) 1. Floral biology." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 5 (2010): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10035.
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Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel is commercially important as the source of essential oil for the Australian tea tree-oil industry. Information on reproductive biology of M. alternifolia is important to the Australian breeding program directed at improving the quality and quantity of tea tree oil. Flowering in three geographically separated sites – two planted seed orchards and one managed natural population, all in NSW – was observed in the present study, with supporting data obtained from glasshouse-grown plants in Canberra. The majority of the work was conducted from 2004 to 2007, although the study also drew on some prior observations. M. alternifolia has spikes of flowers that open acropetally over a 6-day period. No strong separation of male and female phases was found in any individual flower; pollen was shed by 1.4 days after anthesis and the stigma reached peak receptivity 3–5 days after anthesis. Dichogamy and acropetal floral development may lead to geitonogamy. Flowering occurred during the months of October–November, with the peak in November, and was synchronous across all three sites. Flowering intensity and success in producing capsules appeared to be associated with total spring rainfall. Initiation of flowering in M. alternifolia appears to be correlated with daylength, or an environmental parameter closely correlated with daylength. Flowering intensity varied considerably among the years surveyed, sites and families, and appears to be promoted by a period of winter minimum temperatures below 5°C. In M. alternifolia, the morphological development of buds, flowers and fruit leading to the development of mature seed takes place over a period 16–18 months from flowering. M. alternifolia differed significantly in the number of viable seeds per capsule from individual trees, from 26 ± 3.8 to 57 ± 3.8 germinants.
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Suarna, I. Wayan, and I. Made Saka Wijaya. "Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea L.: Fabaceae) and Its Morphological Variations in Bali." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 6, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 63013. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.63013.
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Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) is an important perennial herbaceous plant with a range of uses as ornamental plants, fodder crops, medicine, and sources of natural food colorant and antioxidants. The leaves and pods are commonly used as a source of protein in fodder, while the flowers are usually dried and processed as a high antioxidant-containing tea. The blue variant of butterfly pea was the most commonly used variety, although there are quite diverse butterfly pea varieties. The present study aimed to observe the morphological variations among the 26 butterfly pea accessions that originated from a wide range of areas in Bali. The explorative method was used to obtain diverse specimens (accessions) of butterfly pea in Bali, and subsequently, morphological characterization of the accessions was performed. The primary data of morphological traits that were recorded included stems, leaves, flower structures, flower colors, pods, and seeds. The data were analyzed descriptively to determine the morphological variations between accessions. The results showed three major morphological variations: (i) the colour of the flower (corolla), (ii) the corolla structure, and (iii) the stamen structure. The colour of corolla has four variations: white, mauve, light blue, and dark blue; while the corolla structure has two variations: normal and multiple layered corollas. The stamen character showed a correlation with the structure of the corolla. The normal corolla has diadelphous stamens, while the multiple layered corollas have solitary stamens. These morphological variations are the genetic richness of Indonesia’s biodiversity and should be protected and conserved.
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Nguyen, Chinh Thuy, Hoang Phu Luong, Trung Quoc Vu, and Hoang Thai. "ALGINATE/CHITOSAN FILM LOADING GOLDEN FLOWER TEA (CAMELLIA CHRYSANTHA) EXTRACT: PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56, no. 3B (September 13, 2018): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/56/3b/12716.
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Golden Flower Tea has the scientific name Camellia chrysantha. It can effectively enhance human immune function, prevent and fight cancer, be anti-aging and prolongs life, and be a powerful antioxidant. Polymer systems loading Golden Flower Tea extract can enhance their solubility and effectivity in simulated body solutions such as stomach or intestine environments. In this paper, chitosan and alginate, two natural polymers, were selected for the preparation of chitosan/alginate loading Golden Flower Tea extract thanks to their many advantages. The method was used in preparation of chitosan/alginate film loading Golden Flower Tea extract is solution method with appreciated solutions for each substance. The suitable ratio of alginate/chitosan obtained from previous studies is 7/3. The characteristics of these films are evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) methods. The obtained results show that polyphenols interact and disperse regularly in polymer matrix.
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Feucht, W., H. Dithmar, and J. Polster. "Nuclei of Tea Flowers As Targets for Flavanols." Plant Biology 6, no. 6 (November 2004): 696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-821271.
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Choi, Kal Ra. "The Studies on Color Sensibility of Flower Tea by Character Type of Flower Tea Sommelier." Journal of Cultural Product & Design 55 (December 31, 2018): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18555/kicpd.2018.55.19.
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Wang, Shuyan, Feng Zhao, Wenxi Wu, Pengjie Wang, and Naixing Ye. "Comparison of Volatiles in Different Jasmine Tea Grade Samples Using Electronic Nose and Automatic Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Followed by Multivariate Statistical Analysis." Molecules 25, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020380.
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Chinese jasmine tea is a type of flower-scented tea, which is produced by mixing green tea with the Jasminum sambac flower repeatedly. Both the total amount and composition of volatiles absorbed from the Jasminum sambac flower are mostly responsible for its sensory quality grade. This study aims to compare volatile organic compound (VOC) differences in authoritative jasmine tea grade samples. Automatic thermal desorption-gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (ATD-GC-MS) and electronic nose (E-nose), followed by multivariate data analysis is conducted. Consequently, specific VOCs with a positive or negative correlation to the grades are screened out. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) show a satisfactory discriminant effect on rank. It is intriguing to find that the E-nose is good at distinguishing the grade difference caused by VOC concentrations but is deficient in identifying essential aromas that attribute to the unique characteristics of excellent grade jasmine tea.
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Cheng, Yang, and Wang Qi. "Study on Mechanical Law of Vibration Abscission of Camellia Oleifera Fruit Based on High-Speed Camera Technology." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 10 (April 30, 2019): 1713–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v10i0.8265.
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The movement and mechanical characteristics of oil-tea camellia fruit coupling with flower simultaneously during the harvest period were studied to provide an indispensable theoretical guideline for the mechanized picking machine. The mechanical properties of Camellia oleifera were obtained by investigating its flowers and fruits, and the vibration harvesting of Camellia oleifera was studied by using dynamic vibration device. The i-Speed3 high-speed camera was used to record the harvesting process, and the image analysis and calculation were carried out by its own Control-Pro software. The results showed that different varieties of Camellia oleifera had different flowering periods, ranging from 30 to 55 days; their weight also varied among varieties; there was no inevitable relationship between the binding force (pulling force and torque) of fruit stalks and their varieties, locations and diameter of fruit stalks. More importantly, during the vibration process, the fruit peeling speed is related to the vibration source clamping position and vibration parameters. Under the condition of short clamping distance and high frequency and low amplitude, the fruit is more likely to fall off.
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Afanas'eva, Yu G., N. Zh Baschenko, V. V. Speranskiy, Z. R. Khababutdinova, J. G. Afanasieva, N. Z. Baschenko, V. V. Speransky, and Z. R. Hababutdinova. "Antiallergic activity of different kinds of medicinal vegetative raw material." Russian Journal of Allergy 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2009): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja1026.
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The aim of the study. To study 26 kinds of medicinal vegetative raw material to reveal their antianaphy lactic activity. Materials and methods. Comparative studying of antianaphylactic activity of vegetative objects was carried out with use of ovalbumin models of systemic anaphylactic shock and passive skin anaphylaxis. Results. All kinds of the investigated vegetative raw material had a suppressing action on the development and the degree of suppression the passive skin anaphylaxis. The most active were liquorices, leaves of a birch, cowberry, nettle, mint, walnut, tea green, St.-Gohn's wort, horsetail herb, hop cones, linden flowers, chamomile flowers, styles with stigmata of maydays. The influence of water extractions on the development of system anaphylactic shock has been shown, as well as some vegetative objects extended the time of beginning anaphylactic reactions and reduced the degree of their expressiveness. The most active were liquorices, leaves of birch, cowberry, nettle, mint, walnut, grass of violet, horsetail, hop cones and lindens flowers. The conclusion. Liquorices, leaves of birch, nettle, mint, walnut, tea green, grass of horsetail, violet, styles with stigmata of maydays possess antianaphylactic activity
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Yoshikawa, Masayuki, Seikou Nakamura, Yasuyo Kato, Koudai Matsuhira, and Hisashi Matsuda. "Medicinal Flowers. XIV.1) New Acylated Oleanane-Type Triterpene Oligoglycosides with Antiallergic Activity from Flower Buds of Chinese Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis)." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 55, no. 4 (2007): 598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.55.598.
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Zhou, Ying, Lanting Zeng, Yinyin Liao, Fang Dong, Qiyuan Peng, Jianlong Li, Jinchi Tang, Naoharu Watanabe, and Ziyin Yang. "Correction: Insects (Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan)) change the stereochemical configuration of 1-phenylethanol emitted from tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers." RSC Advances 10, no. 29 (2020): 17058–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra90047h.
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Correction for ‘Insects (Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan)) change the stereochemical configuration of 1-phenylethanol emitted from tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers’ by Ying Zhou et al., RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 32336–32343. DOI: 10.1039/C7RA03219F.
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Joichi, Atsushi, Yasuko Nakamura, Shinichiro Haze, Takahiro Ishikawa, Hiroyuki Atoji, Takashi Nishida, and Kazutoshi Sakurai. "Volatile constituents of blue-coloured hybrid tea rose flowers." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 28, no. 3 (March 26, 2013): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3153.
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Han, Ah-Reum, Bomi Nam, Bo-Ram Kim, Ki-Chang Lee, Beom-Seok Song, Sang Kim, Jin-Baek Kim, and Chang Jin. "Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Two Different Color Chrysanthemum Flower Teas." Molecules 24, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020329.
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Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat is a perennial flowering plant widely cultivated for use in a tea infusion and as a popular beverage. To identify and evaluate the tea infusion made with a γ-irradiated mutant chrysanthemum cultivar with dark purple petals (cv. ARTI-Dark Chocolate), its phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity were tested and compared with those of the commercially available chrysanthemum cultivar with yellow petals (cv. Gamguk) by HPLC-DAD-ESIMS, as well as DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The purple chrysanthemum tea contained anthocyanins and linarin, which were not detected in the yellow chrysanthemum tea and the content of chlorogenic acid, acacetin-7-O-β-glucoside, and luteolin was higher compared with the yellow chrysanthemum tea. In contrast, the yellow chrysanthemum tea had higher luteolin-7-O-β-glucoside, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, apigenin-7-O-β-glucoside, and apigenin contents in comparison with the purple chrysanthemum tea. In addition, the content and antioxidant activity of the two chrysanthemum teas were investigated according to different water temperatures and infusing time. The yellow chrysanthemum tea did not show any significant differences according to infusing time and temperature, while the purple chrysanthemum tea was more influenced by the infusing time than water temperature, showing the highest total compound content in the infusing condition of 100 °C and 4 min. Moreover, the floral scent volatiles of the two chrysanthemum tea sources were analyzed using HS-SPME-GC-MS. In the DPPH radical scavenging assay, the purple chrysanthemum tea broadly showed greater antioxidant activity than did the yellow chrysanthemum tea, corresponding to the high content of anthocyanins known as the powerful antioxidant. Further, both chrysanthemum flower teas exhibited strong ABTS radical scavenging effects ranging from 76% to 61% under all infusing conditions. Therefore, the purple chrysanthemum cultivar, ARTI-Dark Chocolate, is worthy of breeding as a new tea cultivar.
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Havris, I., V. Romanenko, and O. Voitsekhivska. "Influence of plant growth regulators on growth, development and yield of rose in winter greenhouses." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 78, no. 2 (2019): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2019.78.54-57.
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Rose flowers are in great demand among the population. The use of growth regulators on the culture of roses allows you to improve the biological properties of varieties, their potential, as well as increase the yield and decorative colors. The purpose of the research was to determine the effectiveness of the action of plant growth regulators Biolan, Regoplant, Bionur, Bouton, Humisol-H and Zircon on growth, development, decorative qualities, yield dynamics and rose productivity under conditions of modern winter Venlo greenhouses. The study was conducted on plants of a variety of hybrid tea type Avalange of the Netherlands breeding company Lex +. Experimental work was carried out at the farm “Askania-Flora" during 2015-2016. Threefold spraying of plants with growth regulator solutions was applied: 7 days after planting, during budding and at the beginning of flowering. The control plants were not treated with growth regulating agents. As a result of research, it has been established that growth regulators Bud and Bionur accelerated the formation of flowering shoots and the time for slamming on plants, shortened the period of bud appearance and flower development. Established a different effect of preparats on the dynamics of the arrival of the crop by month. The influence of growth regulators Biolan, Bionur and Bud on the increase in total yield, plant productivity and decorative qualities of the rose flower has been determined. The results obtained should be taken into account when laying rose stands in winter greenhouses to regulate growth processes, plant development and increase crop yields.
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Martowicz, Małgorzata, and Magdalena Kosiba. "Physico-chemical analysis of flowers and sloes of blackthorn – the shrub from which the name of the town of Tarnow originates." Science, Technology and Innovation 4, no. 3 (October 11, 2017): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.8022.
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The study analyzed the shrub, from which the city of Tarnow probably derives its name. Flowers and fruits of sloes have been known for years for their medicinal properties. They are characterized by high pharmacological activity, due to the richness of biologically active compounds. Drinks, solution, and teas have long been used to alleviate many ailments. Thus, the physico-chemical analysis of blackthorn, both intenflowers (dried) and fruit (fresh and dried), was based on the content of components relevant to human health. Tarninówka tea, composed mainly of sloes, was also analyzed. The detailed objective was to examine the content of vitamin C and compare its amount in the infusion of dried sloe blossom, “compote”, in frozen fruit and “Tarninówka” tea. Additionally, in the flowers, fruits and “Tarninówka” tea also included anthocyanins, tannins and oxalates. The content of all analyzed factors is extremely important for the health of the consumer. However, anthocyanins and tannins have pro-health properties. Oxalates, however, are anti-nutrition, that is, they have a negative impact on human health. The latter was indicated in “Tarninówka” tea while checking whether the time and method of brewing tea can affect the final content of oxalate in the consumed beverage. The analyses used titrimetric methods (iodometry and Tillman’s method) as well as spectroscopic methods (UV VIS and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy).
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Yoshikawa, Masayuki, Sachiko Sugimoto, Seikou Nakamura, and Hisashi Matsuda. "Medicinal Flowers. XXII. Structures of Chakasaponins V and VI, Chakanoside I, and Chakaflavonoside A from Flower Buds of Chinese Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis)." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 56, no. 9 (2008): 1297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.56.1297.
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Amadou, Issoufou, Amadou Tidjani Ilagouma, Oumarou Samna Soumana, and Xiang-Rong Cheng. "Biochemical Composition and Sensory Evaluation of Desert Date Flowers (Balanites aegyptiaca Del) Infusion." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 7, no. 3 (October 29, 2019): 686–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.7.3.09.
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Desert date tea (DDT) is originated from the local Balanites aegyptiaca flowers infusion. Thus, the objectif of this work is to evaluate the antioxidant activity, phenolic contents and the sensory quality of DDT. The antioxidant activity was determined, total phenols and total flavonoids were quantified. Total phenols and flavonoids followed LC-MS analysis, and sensory evaluation were also carried out. Substantial quantities were recorded for both quantity of phenolic and flavonoids accounted for 3.06 mg galic acid /g and 21.60 mg rutin /g respectively. Compounds like narcissin, hirsutrin, quercetrin, ilixantrin, rutin, isorhamnetin and diverse flavone were identified. Lower antioxidant activity and overall acceptability of DDT were noticed than that of quercetin and commercial green tea. The sensory result showed again that the green tea and DDT scored almost the same in flavor character. It can be concluded that DDT could be widely used as a source of polyphenols with antioxidant and sensory quality potential; therefore, introducing numerous health benefits for the consumer.
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Hurrell, Richard F., Manju Reddy, and James D. Cook. "Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages." British Journal of Nutrition 81, no. 4 (April 1999): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599000537.
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The effects of different polyphenol-containing beverages on Fe absorption from a bread meal were estimated in adult human subjects from the erythrocyte incorporation of radio-Fe. The test beverages contained different polyphenol structures and were rich in either phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid in coffee), monomeric flavonoids (herb teas, camomile (Matricaria recutita L.)), vervain (Verbena officinalis L.), lime flower (Tilia cordata Mill.), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), or complex polyphenol polymerization products (black tea and cocoa). All beverages were potent inhibitors of Fe absorption and reduced absorption in a dose-dependent fashion depending on the content of total polyphenols. Compared with a water control meal, beverages containing 20–50 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption from the bread meal by 50–70 %, whereas beverages containing 100–400 mg total polyphenols/serving reduced Fe absorption by 60–90 %. Inhibition by black tea was 79–94 %, peppermint tea 84 %, pennyroyal 73 %, cocoa 71 %, vervain 59 %, lime flower 52 % and camomile 47 %. At an identical concentration of total polyphenols, black tea was more inhibitory than cocoa, and more inhibitory than herb teas camomile, vervain, lime flower and pennyroyal, but was of equal inhibition to peppermint tea. Adding milk to coffee and tea had little or no influence on their inhibitory nature. Our findings demonstrate that herb teas, as well as black tea, coffee and cocoa can be potent inhibitors of Fe absorption. This property should be considered when giving dietary advice in relation to Fe nutrition.