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1
Walker, John D., David Knaebel, Kelly Mayo, Jay Tunkel, and D. Anthony Gray. "Use of QSARs to Promote More Cost-Effective Use of Chemical Monitoring Resources. 1. Screening Industrial Chemicals and Pesticides, Direct Food Additives, Indirect Food Additives and Pharmaceuticals for Biodegradation, Bioconcentration and Aquatic Toxicity Potential." Water Quality Research Journal 39, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2004.006.
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Abstract Monitoring studies are expensive to conduct. To promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources, quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) are proposed as methods to identify chemicals that could be found in, and cause adverse effects to, organisms in water, sediment and soil from the Great Lakes basin. QSARs were used to predict the biodegradation, bioconcentration and aquatic toxicity potential of 2697 industrial chemicals and pesticides, 1146 direct food additives, 967 indirect food additives and 282 pharmaceuticals that could be released to the Great Lakes basin. The QSARs identified 47 industrial chemicals and pesticides, 20 direct food additives, 13 indirect food additives and 7 pharmaceuticals with bioconcentration or aquatic toxicity potential or potential to not biodegrade readily. Most of these chemicals were predicted to partition to sediments. Using QSARs to identify chemicals with potential to persist, bioconcentrate or partition to sediments will promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources by allowing researchers to focus their analytical techniques on measuring chemicals predicted to persist in water or soil, bioconcentrate in fish or partition to sediments so that the effects of these chemicals can be assessed on indigenous organisms.
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ROWAN, ANDREW N. "Ending the Use of Animals in Toxicity Testing and Risk Evaluation." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 24, no. 4 (September 14, 2015): 448–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180115000109.
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Abstract:This article discusses the use of animals for the safety testing of chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, household products, pesticides, and industrial chemicals. It reviews changes in safety testing technology and what those changes mean from the perspective of industrial innovation, public policy and public health, economics, and ethics. It concludes that the continuing use of animals for chemical safety testing should end within the decade as cheaper, quicker, and more predictive technologies are developed and applied.
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Lee, Hing-Biu, Thomas E. Peart, Greg Gris, and Jack Chan. "Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Industrial Wastewater Samples in Toronto, Ontario." Water Quality Research Journal 37, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2002.030.
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Abstract The occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol (NP) and its ethoxylates (NPEO) in wastewater generated in the Toronto area has been studied. In all, 97 samples from 40 facilities in ten different industry classes have been collected and analyzed. Widely divergent concentrations have been observed in these samples. They ranged from <0.01 to 195 µg/L for OP, from <0.1 to 253 µg/L for NP, from <2 to 117,570 µg/L for NPEO, and from <0.01 to 149 µg/L for BPA. The results show that the concentrations of NP and NPEO in these samples generally exceeded City of Toronto By-law (No. 457-2000) limits. The results also suggest that detergents based on NPEO are still extensively used by the commercial laundries, and also by the textile products and clothing industries. These facilities, together with several sources in the chemical and chemical products industries and the fabricated metal products industries are believed to be the major sources of NP and NPEO input into the sewer system in Toronto. In addition to the two facilities in the chemicals and chemical products sector, several commercial laundries also had significant on-site releases of BPA. Except for those collected from three facilities in the chemicals and chemical products industries, the levels of OP in these samples were generally low. Many industries in the Toronto area would have to take drastic actions to reduce releases of NPEO and NP if full compliance with the most recent City By-law regarding wastewater quality were to be achieved.
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Ren, Furao, and Weijun Liu. "Review of CO2 Adsorption Materials and Utilization Technology." Catalysts 13, no. 8 (August 1, 2023): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13081176.
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This article introduces the recent research status of CO2 adsorption materials and effective ways of CO2 resource utilization. Molecular sieves have the advantages of a large specific surface area, a wide pore size range, recyclability, and good chemical and thermal stability. Metal–organic frameworks have diverse structures and broad application prospects. The captured CO2 is converted into valuable chemicals such as acids, alcohols, hydrocarbons, and esters as raw materials. The rapid development of biomass energy utilization of CO2, with strong biological adaptability, high yield, low production cost, and low pollutant emissions, is a feasible method to reduce CO2 emissions. This article analyzes the current research status of CO2 capture, conversion into chemicals, biomass energy, and industrial utilization from the perspective of catalytic conversion.
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Bennett, Athony. "Fine chemicals: Membrane technology in the fine chemicals industry." Filtration & Separation 47, no. 3 (May 2010): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(10)70124-5.
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Vojinovic-Miloradov, Mirjana, Maja Turk-Sekulic, Jelena Radonic, Natasa Milic, Nevena Grujic-Letic, Ivana Mihajlovic, and Maja Milanovic. "Industrial emerging chemicals in the environment." Chemical Industry 68, no. 1 (2014): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind121110028v.
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In the recent time, considerable interest has grown concerning the presence of the emerging industrial chemicals, EmIC. They are contaminants that have possible pathway to enter to the environment and they are dominantly released by industrial and anthropogenic activities. EmIC are applied in different fields using as industrial chemicals (new and recently recognized), global organic contaminants (flame retardant chemicals), pharmaceuticals (for both human and animal uses), endocrine-modulating compounds, biological metabolites, personal care products, household chemicals, nanomaterial (energy storage products, lubricants), anticorrosive and agriculture chemicals and others that are applied to a wide variety of everyday items such as clothing, upholstery, electronics and automobile interiors. NORMAN (Network of reference laboratories for monitoring of emerging environmental pollutants) has established an open, dynamic, list of emerging substances and pollutants. EmIC have been recently detected in the environment due to their long-term presence, pseudo-persistence and increased use. Improvements in sophisticated analytical methods and time integrative passive sampling have enabled the identification and quantification of EmIC, in very low concentrations (ppb, ppt and lower), which likely have been present in all environmental mediums for decades. Passive technology is an innovative technique for the time-integrated measurement of emerging contaminants in water, sediment, soil and air. Passive samplers are simple handling cost-effective tool that could be used in environmental monitoring programmes. These devices are now being considered as a part of an emerging strategy for monitoring a range of emerging industrial chemicals and priority pollutants in the aquatic environment. EmIC are substances that are not included in the routine monitoring programmes and whose fate, behaviour and (eco)toxicological effects are still not well understood. Emerging pollutants have no regulatory standards based on peer-reviewed science. EmIC might jeopardize aquatic environment. The first screening analyses of emerging industrial and priority organic contaminants in the Danube surface water, in the vicinity of Novi Sad, have been done and approximately more than 140 compounds have been registered. The new sampling campaign, screening and target analyses are in progress.
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Imran, Muhammad, Shiraz Khan, Khalid Zaman, Haroon ur Rashid Khan, and Awais Rashid. "Assessing Green Solutions for Indoor and Outdoor Environmental Quality: Sustainable Development Needs Renewable Energy Technology." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111904.
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The survival of humans depends on both natural and manufactured surroundings. Though most people spend their time indoors, there are constantly new challenges to address, and air pollution is one of them. This research considered both outdoor and indoor factors that affected green development agendas. Outdoor factors include fossil fuel combustion, renewable energy supplies, and carbon emissions, whereas indoor factors include industrial waste management, chemical use in production, and green technologies. Against the backdrop of the Indian economy, plagued by severe environmental problems from 1995Q1 to 2020Q4, this research evaluated green alternatives for indoor and outdoor environments. Carbon emissions rise with the use of chemicals in production, with the burning of fossil fuels, and with economic expansion, as shown by the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) testing method employed. In contrast, emissions fall when a nation invests in renewable energy technologies and appropriately manages its industrial waste. Granger causality estimations validated the feedback link between industrial chemical usage and carbon emissions while demonstrating a unidirectional causality from chemical use to green energy demand and fossil fuel combustions. Moreover, burning fossil fuels and energy demand causes carbon emissions. Carbon emissions and fossil fuel combustion are produced due to industrial waste handling. The scale of the use of chemicals is expected to have the greatest impact on carbon emissions over the next few decades, followed by industrial waste, renewable energy supply, fossil fuel combustion, and renewable energy technologies. In order to achieve environmental sustainability via emissions reduction, this study proposed policies for a low-carbon economy, renewable energy source encouragement, and sustainable management. Close attention should be paid to clean energy and environmental sustainability by investing in research and development (R&D) to create a long-term sustainable energy strategy that is environmentally benign.
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Trevizo, C., and N. Nirmalakhandan. "Prediction of microbial toxicity of industrial organic chemicals." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1999): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0631.
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Aqueous solubility is evaluated as a predictor of microbial toxicity. Experimental toxicity data for activated sludge, methanogens, nitrobacter, and two commercial cultures, Polytox and Microtox were correlated with experimental solubility data for over 70 organic chemicals of diverse molecular structures and congeneric families. The database covered over 8 log units of aqueous solubility and over 6 log units of IC50 values. Statistically significant correlations were found between log (IC50) and log (solubility) for all the microorganisms, with coefficients of correlation ranging from 0.70 to 0.76 at a level of significance of p = 0.0001. An overall correlation was found to be log (IC50, mM/l) = 0.68 log (Solubility, mM/l) - 0.25, with an r2 = 0.756 for nearly 200 data points.
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Luck, F., M. Djafer, N. Karpel Vel Leitner, B. Gombert, and B. Legube. "Destruction of pollutants in industrial rinse waters by advanced oxidation processes." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 4 (February 1, 1997): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0139.
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Recycling process water is a growing need for a variety of industries faced with increasing water costs and environmental constraints. Metal finishing activities such as printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing generate large volumes of rinse water slightly contaminated with inorganic chemicals and organic additives. While the former can be removed with proven technologies, there is a need for effective processes for elimination of trace organics in order to allow recycling of rinse water without negative impact on process bath quality. A cooperative research project started recently to study a water recycling process adapted to this need, able to remove 95% of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the rinse water by combining proven membrane separation with an innovative chemical oxidation. Two types of advanced oxidations based on the conjunction of heterogeneous catalysts with oxidants will be specifically investigated. In a preliminary stage of the project, the experimental tests were performed with a set of model compounds, selected from among the chemicals most frequently used in the plating processes, namely chelating agents, surfactants and corrosion inhibitors. These compounds were oxidized comparatively by ozone and catalytic ozonation. The differences between standard oxidation and catalytic oxidation are presented and discussed.
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Guomin, Cao, Yang Guoping, Sheng Mei, and Wang Yongjian. "Chemical industrial wastewater treated by combined biological and chemical oxidation process." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 5 (March 1, 2009): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.051.
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Wastewaters from phenol and rubber synthesis were treated by the activated sludge process in a large-scale chemical factory in Shanghai, but the final effluent quality cannot conform with the local discharge limit without using river water for dilution. Therefore, this chemical factory had to upgrade its wastewater treatment plant. To fully use the present buildings and equipment during upgrading of the chemical factory's wastewater treatment plant and to save operation costs, a sequential biological pre-treatement, chemical oxidation, and biological post-treatment (or BCB for short) process had been proposed and investigated in a pilot trial. The pilot trial results showed that about 80% COD in the chemical wastewater could be removed through anoxic and aerobic degradation in the biological pre-treatement section, and the residual COD in the effluent of the biological pre-treatment section belongs to refractory chemicals which cannot be removed by the normal biological process. The refractory chemicals were partial oxidized using Fenton's reagent in the chemical oxidation section to improve their biodegradability; subsequently the wastewater was treated by the SBR process in the biological post-treatment section. The final effluent COD reached the first grade discharge limit (<100 mg l−1) of Chinese Notational Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-1996) even if without using any dilution water. Compared with the original dilution and biological process, the operation cost of the BCB process increased by about 0.5 yuan (RMB) per cubic metre wastewater, but about 1,240,000 m3 a−1 dilution water could be saved and the COD emission could be cut down by 112 tonne each year.
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Qiblawey, Hazim, and Simon Judd. "Industrial effluent treatment with immersed MBRs: treatability and cost." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 4 (August 15, 2019): 762–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.318.
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Abstract A comprehensive OPEX analysis for both municipal and industrial wastewaters has been conducted encompassing energy, critical component (membrane) replacement, chemicals consumption, waste disposal and labour. The analysis was preceded by a review of recent data on industrial effluent treatability with reference to published chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal data for four effluent types: food and beverage, textile, petroleum and landfill leachate. Outcomes revealed labour costs to be the most significant of those considered, contributing 50% of the OPEX for a 10,000 m3/day capacity municipal wastewater treatment works. An analysis of the OPEX sensitivity to 12 individual parameters (labour cost, flux, electrical energy cost, membrane life, feed COD, membrane cost, membrane air-scour rate, chemicals cost, waste disposal cost, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration, recirculation ratio, and transmembrane pressure) revealed OPEX to be most sensitive to labour effort and/or costs for all scenarios considered other than a large (100,000 m3/day capacity) works, for which flux and electrical energy costs were found to be slightly more influential. It was concluded that for small- to medium-sized plants cost savings are best made through improving the robustness of plants to limit manual intervention necessitated by unforeseen events, such as electrical/mechanical failure, foaming or sludging.
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Walker, John D., Nadezhda Dimitrova, Sabcho Dimitrov, Ovanes Mekenyan, and Dan Plewak. "Use of QSARs to Promote More Cost-Effective Use of Chemical Monitoring Resources. 2. Screening Chemicals for Hydrolysis Half-Lives, Henry's Law Constants, Ultimate Biodegradation Potential, Modes of Toxic Action and Bioavailability." Water Quality Research Journal 39, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2004.007.
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Abstract To promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources, quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) are proposed as methods to identify chemicals that could be found in, and cause adverse effects to, organisms in water, sediment and soil from the Great Lakes basin. QSARs were used to evaluate the hydrolysis half-lives, Henry's Law constants, ultimate biodegradation potential in water, modes of toxic action and bioavailability of 47 industrial chemicals and pesticides, 20 direct food additives, 13 indirect food additives and 7 pharmaceuticals that were previously predicted to partition to sediment and to have bioconcentration or aquatic toxicity potential or potential to not biodegrade readily in sediment (Walker et al. 2004). Using these QSARs will promote more cost-effective use of chemical monitoring resources by allowing researchers to focus their analytical techniques on measuring chemicals that are not likely to hydrolyze, volatilize or biodegrade rapidly to carbon dioxide, but are likely to have specific modes of toxic action and be bioavailable.
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Demain, Arnold L., and Sergio Sánchez. "Enzymes of industrial interest." Mexican journal of biotechnology 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 74–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29267/mxjb.2017.2.2.74.
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For many years, industrial enzymes have played an important role in the benefit of our society due to their many useful properties and a wide range of applications. They are key elements in the progress of many industries including foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, therapy, personal care, animal feed, detergents, pulp and paper, textiles, leather, chemicals and biofuels. During recent decades, microbial enzymes have replaced many plant and animal enzymes. This is because microbial enzymes are widely available and produced economically in short fermentations and inexpensive media. Screening is simple, and strain improvement for increased production has been very successful. The advances in recombinant DNA technology have had a major effect on production levels of enzymes and represent a way to overproduce industrially important microbial, plant and animal enzymes. It has been calculated that 50-60% of the world enzyme market is supplied with recombinant enzymes. Molecular methods, including genomics and metagenomics, are being used for the discovery of new enzymes from microbes. Also, directed evolution has allowed the design of enzyme specificities and better performance.
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Tay, Joo-Hwa, and Peng-Cheong Chui. "Reclaimed Wastewater for Industrial Application." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 9 (November 1, 1991): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0245.
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For highly urbanized cities with limited potable water resources, reclaimed wastewater may be one of the feasible alternative water sources. Reclaimed wastewater can be used for toilet flushing, cooling, washing, general cleaning and watering plants. It can also be used as process water for industries that manufacture papers, textiles, plastic goods, chemicals, rubber and steel products. Reclaimed wastewater can replace potable water in cooling systems of refineries and as mixing water and curing agent for concrete making.
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Malashenko, N. Y. "Biofuel production as a new technology to replace fossil fuels." Upravlenie kachestvom (Quality management), no. 4 (March 10, 2023): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-01-2304-10.
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Since climate change mitigation is becoming a top priority, the next industrial revolution may well be a revolution driven by the principles of sustainable development. UPM, a forestry company, has developed biofuels that emit about 80% less greenhouse gases than using fossil diesel fuel, and its line of biochemicals is used to replace fossil chemicals in many products.
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Eilersen, A. M., E. Arvin, and M. Henze. "Monitoring toxicity of industrial wastewater and specific chemicals to a green alga, nitrifying bacteria and an aquatic bacterium." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 6 (September 1, 2004): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0386.
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Treatment plants may be exposed to a whole range of toxic organic and inorganic compounds that may inhibit the removal of organic matter and nitrogen. In order to secure maximum treatment efficiency, the plant manager has to monitor the toxicity of the influent sewage. With regard to the receiving water the manager also has to make sure that toxicity in the influent is significantly reduced during treatment. Because a whole range of chemicals may be present, chemical analysis may be insufficient and expensive as a control instrument. Instead, direct toxicity measurements are preferable to capture the complexity of the wastewater. The monitoring methods have to be relevant and sensitive for the processes in the treatment plant, i.e. removal of organic matter and nutrients. The methods also have to be simple and inexpensive. The paper reports on recent results from the application of nitrification, algae and Biotox tests, and summarises the experience with monitoring of toxicity. Although the sensitivity of the tests varies with respect to individual chemicals or group of chemicals, the application of a combination of the tests gives a high likelihood of detecting toxic impacts on treatment plants and receiving waters.
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Arvaniti, Olga S., Georgios Gkotsis, Maria-Christina Nika, Stelios Gyparakis, Thrassyvoulos Manios, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis, Michalis S. Fountoulakis, and Athanasios S. Stasinakis. "Study on the Occurrence of Artificial Sweeteners, Parabens, and Other Emerging Contaminants in Hospital Wastewater Using LC-QToF-MS Target Screening Approach." Water 15, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15050936.
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The presence of 220 emerging contaminants belonging to different classes (artificial sweeteners, personal care products, coffee and tobacco-related compounds, and industrial chemicals) was investigated in hospital wastewater for the first time. Twenty samples were collected within two sampling periods from two points of a Greek General Hospital. Target compounds were analyzed using a solid-phase extraction protocol followed by UHPLC-ESI-QToF-MS analysis. Analytical results showed that 23 micropollutants were detected at least once in hospital wastewater samples in Period 1, while 27 compounds were detected at least once in Period 2. The coffee and tobacco-related compounds were the most frequently detected substances, followed by artificial sweeteners, parabens, and industrial chemicals. The highest mean concentrations were recorded for the artificial sweeteners cyclamic acid (377 μg/L) and saccharine (295 μg/L), followed by caffeine (193 μg/L), nicotine (162 μg/L), and the industrial chemical lauryl diethanolamide (153 μg/L). The group of artificial sweeteners contributed up to 55.1% (Point A/Period 1) to the total concentration of studied chemicals. The detection of high concentrations of artificial sweeteners in hospital effluents reveals that hospitals should be considered as important point-sources of these contaminants.
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Drewes, J. E., J. A. McDonald, T. Trinh, M. V. Storey, and S. J. Khan. "Chemical monitoring strategy for the assessment of advanced water treatment plant performance." Water Supply 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.635.
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A pilot-scale plant was employed to validate the performance of a proposed full-scale advanced water treatment plant (AWTP) in Sydney, Australia. The primary aim of this study was to develop a chemical monitoring program that can demonstrate proper plant operation resulting in the removal of priority chemical constituents in the product water. The feed water quality to the pilot plant was tertiary-treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. The unit processes of the AWTP were comprised of an integrated membrane system (ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis) followed by final chlorination generating a water quality that does not present a source of human or environmental health concern. The chemical monitoring program was undertaken over 6 weeks during pilot plant operation and involved the quantitative analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, steroidal hormones, industrial chemicals, pesticides, N-nitrosamines and halomethanes. The first phase consisted of baseline monitoring of target compounds to quantify influent concentrations in feed waters to the plant. This was followed by a period of validation monitoring utilising indicator chemicals and surrogate measures suitable to assess proper process performance at various stages of the AWTP. This effort was supported by challenge testing experiments to further validate removal of a series of indicator chemicals by reverse osmosis. This pilot-scale study demonstrated a simplified analytical approach that can be employed to assure proper operation of advanced water treatment processes and the absence of trace organic chemicals.
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Nyholm, N. "Environmental Impact Assessment and Control of Marine Industrial Wastewater Discharges." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 11 (June 1, 1992): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0325.
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Wastewaters from the chemical industry may contain a large number of both known/identified and unknown/not identified chemical substances, and the composition of the effluents may vary greatly from plant to plant. Usually only a minor fraction of the chemicals present are identified and adequate environmental property data may be available only for a small number of these. Effluent characterizations in terms of summary parameters are therefore necessary to complement chemical specific characterizations, but the selection of suitable summary parameters other than traditionally wastewater parameters depends on the particular effluent and the available information. The types of pollution effects to be mitigated depend on the intrinsic properties and volumes of effluent discharged as well as on the initial dilution and the specific characteristics and designated uses of the receiving water. For these reasons management decisions should be based on individual case specific environmental impact or risk assessments and simultaneous individual technical and economical evaluations of potential remedial actions (comprising cleaner technology options, wastewater treatment, and improved dilution in the receiving water). This paper presents a generalized integrated impact assessment and control strategy for marine discharges based upon Danish experiences over a 10 year period.
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Carberry, J. B., and T. M. Benzing. "Peroxide Pre-Oxidation of Recalcitrant Toxic Waste to Enhance Biodegradation." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0435.
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Land disposal is required for industrial chemicals which are not readily biodegraded. Such compounds lead to adverse effects on the environment if they escape containment. Recalcitrant and persistent hydrocarbons and chlorinated chemicals are inherently resistant to any degree of biodegradation and cause a growing threat to underground aquifer quality. Hydrogen peroxide is a potentially economical method of pre-oxidation utilized to enhance the biodegradation of persistent and recalcitrant organics in contaminated soil systems. This pre-oxidation technology was examined in a laboratory respirometer using three model toxic organic chemicals: toluene, trichloroethylene and pentachlorophenol. Microbial cultures were selected from contaminated sites for the degradation of each model organic chemical. The rate at which the microbes degraded the organic chemicals in unoxidized aqueous systems was compared to the rate of degradation in peroxide pre-oxidized aqueous systems. Results indicated that pre-oxidation enhanced the biodegradation of trichloroethylene and pentachlorophenol. Toluene, in contrast, was not significantly oxidized by pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide, and its biodegradation rate was not enhanced by the oxidation pre-treatment process.
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Tamburino, Rachele, Loredana Marcolongo, Lorenza Sannino, Elena Ionata, and Nunzia Scotti. "Plastid Transformation: New Challenges in the Circular Economy Era." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (December 3, 2022): 15254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315254.
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In a circular economy era the transition towards renewable and sustainable materials is very urgent. The development of bio-based solutions, that can ensure technological circularity in many priority areas (e.g., agriculture, biotechnology, ecology, green industry, etc.), is very strategic. The agricultural and fishing industry wastes represent important feedstocks that require the development of sustainable and environmentally-friendly industrial processes to produce and recover biofuels, chemicals and bioactive molecules. In this context, the replacement, in industrial processes, of chemicals with enzyme-based catalysts assures great benefits to humans and the environment. In this review, we describe the potentiality of the plastid transformation technology as a sustainable and cheap platform for the production of recombinant industrial enzymes, summarize the current knowledge on the technology, and display examples of cellulolytic enzymes already produced. Further, we illustrate several types of bacterial auxiliary and chitinases/chitin deacetylases enzymes with high biotechnological value that could be manufactured by plastid transformation.
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Mansfield, Peter. "Chemical Children." Nutrition and Health 6, no. 1 (January 1988): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010608800600106.
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Following the Industrial Revolution technology has led to the identification and employment of a vast variety of chemicals. This has affected both agriculture and nutrition. The body's capacity to cope with chemicals is limited. Many, obviously, are toxic. What is safe is what is serviceable. Children, long before immune defences have been properly organised, are particularly vulnerable. Body changes are apt to result—food intolerance and asthma are becoming increasingly common and behaviour has been shown to be affected. Means of dealing with the results are discussed.
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Momtazpour, H., S. Jorfi, T. Tabatabaie, and A. A. Pazira. "Application of sodium ferrate produced from industrial wastes for TOC removal of surface water." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.127.
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Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effect of sodium ferrate synthesized from industrial effluents (SF-W) and that of synthetized from analytical grade chemicals (SF-O) on total organic carbon (TOC) removal from surface water. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the operating variables such as pH, dosing rate, rapid mixing time, and gentle mixing speed on TOC removal. A TOC removal of 89.805% and 79.79% was observed for SF-O and SF-W, respectively. Ferrate as SF-O and SF-W demonstrated 26.67% and 8.51% more TOC removal at a lower dosage compared to conventional chemicals such as chlorine, ozone, poly aluminum chloride (PAC) and polyelectrolyte. The optimum conditions of the independent variables including sodium ferrate (SF-O and SF-W), pH, rapid mixing time and gentle mixing speed were found to be 1.54 mg/L and 2.68 mg/L, 8.5, 30 s at 120 rpm for coagulation followed by 20 min of gentle mixing. Economic analysis showed that the application of SF instead of conventional chemicals provides a significant reduction in operational costs by about 68%, mainly because of the reduction of chemicals and energy consumption.
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Zhang, Huixin, Luping Zhao, Dongxue Sun, Zhiyue Cai, Jie Zhang, Xu Han, Xiaohui Guo, Manli Cui, and Duanduan Xie. "A study on fluorescence properties of carboxymethyl-quaternary ammonium oligochitosan and its performances as a tracing agent." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 10 (September 9, 2016): 2427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.422.
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Carboxymethyl-quaternary ammonium oligochitosan (CM-QAOC) exhibited high inhibition to scaling and microbial formation and also remarkable fluorescence. In this paper its fluorescent properties and application as a fluorescent tracing chemical for industrial water treatment were studied in detail. The fluorescence intensities of CM-QAOC were in good linear agreement with its content in the concentration range of 5 to 500 mg/L and in the range of pH 7 to 9, which shows CM-QAOC can trace itself directly. The results showed the fluorescence would not be influenced by common phosphorus-containing organic and inorganic water treatment chemicals and N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-benzenemethanaminium chloride. This means CM-QAOC is compatible with those chemicals. The metal ions Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+ and Cu2+ from raw water or corrosion products could cause obvious enhancement in fluorescence intensities and sometimes blue-shifts in the fluorescence maxima, which demonstrated CM-QAOC could also be used as tracer to monitor damages like corrosion and scaling in water systems, by varying changes of fluorescence intensities and maximum emission wavelength. The fluorescence of CM-QAOC may be influenced by NaClO, and be quenched by sunshine slightly. Its ratio of biochemical oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand was 0.53, which indicates CM-QAOC is a biodegradable chemical. Therefore, CM-QAOC can be applied as a tracer and environmental-friendly chemical for industrial cooling water treatment.
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Davies, T. H., and P. D. Cottingham. "The Use of Constructed Wetlands for Treating Industrial Effluent (Textile Dyes)." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0197.
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Constructed wetlands bave the capability to treat industrial wastewater containing a wide range of chemicals, including priority pollutants such as phenols and cresols, by processes such as absorption and bacterial breakdown, chemical oxidation, adsorption onto the bed matrix and sedimentation. A brief overview of this technique is presented along with details of preliminary trials carried out on textile dyeing and processing water. The trials were conducted in a horizontal flow, gravel bed reed (30m × 5m), located in Melbourne, Australia. The textile dye wastewater was applied at an influent rate of 10 1/min., resulting in a retention time in the reed beds of 3–4 days, results indicated that breakdown of the visible dye occurred mainly in the first one third of the bed.
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Al-Okby, Mohammed Faeik Ruzaij, Sebastian Neubert, Thomas Roddelkopf, and Kerstin Thurow. "Mobile Detection and Alarming Systems for Hazardous Gases and Volatile Chemicals in Laboratories and Industrial Locations." Sensors 21, no. 23 (December 4, 2021): 8128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21238128.
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The leakage of hazardous gases and chemical vapors is considered one of the dangerous accidents that can occur in laboratories, workshops, warehouses, and industrial sites that use or store these substances. The early detection and alarming of hazardous gases and volatile chemicals are significant to keep the safety conditions for the people and life forms who are work in and live around these places. In this paper, we investigate the available mobile detection and alarming systems for toxic, hazardous gases and volatile chemicals, especially in the laboratory environment. We included papers from January 2010 to August 2021 which may have the newest used sensors technologies and system components. We identified (236) papers from Clarivate Web of Science (WoS), IEEE, ACM Library, Scopus, and PubMed. Paper selection has been done based on a fast screening of the title and abstract, then a full-text reading was applied to filter the selected papers that resulted in (42) eligible papers. The main goal of this work is to discuss the available mobile hazardous gas detection and alarming systems based on several technical details such as the used gas detection technology (simple element, integrated, smart, etc.), sensor manufacturing technology (catalytic bead, MEMS, MOX, etc.) the sensor specifications (warm-up time, lifetime, response time, precision, etc.), processor type (microprocessor, microcontroller, PLC, etc.), and type of the used communication technology (Bluetooth/BLE, Wi-Fi/RF, ZigBee/XBee, LoRa, etc.). In this review, attention will be focused on the improvement of the detection and alarming system of hazardous gases with the latest invention in sensors, processors, communication, and battery technologies.
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de Haas, David W., and Harma A. Greben. "Phosphorus Fractionation of Activated Sludges from Modified Bardenpho Processes with and without Chemical Precipitant Supplementation." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 4-6 (February 1, 1991): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0512.
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The natural occurrence of chemically precipitated phosphate in activated sludge (AS) has been hypothesized for over two decades and deserves fresh attention in view of the increasingly common practice of chemical addition to modified AS systems to achieve P removal. In this study, orthophosphate extracted from AS of modified Bardenpho plants could not be accounted for on the basis of polyphosphate interferences. In a plant not dosed with chemicals at least 14 mg P/g VSS were therefore formed by natural precipitation reactions while an identical plant dosed with ferric sulphate showed at least 37 mg P/g VSS to be of this fraction. A plant dosed with alum and receiving wastewater of mainly industrial origin contained up to 8 mg P/g VSS as chemical precipitate which was over half the total P content of that sludge. Restraint in dosing chemicals is suggested to prevent unnecessary suppression of the biological mechanism of P removal. Ferrous sulphate dosing may be superior to that with ferric sulphate Since the latter apparently causes poly P hydrolysis. Complex interactions between iron, ortho P and biomass are indicated. Furthermore, iron-ortho P complexes in mixed liquor supernatant may be unreactive in the colorimetric ortho P assay.
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Wagner, Andreas, and Karola Vorauer-Uhl. "Liposome Technology for Industrial Purposes." Journal of Drug Delivery 2011 (December 5, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/591325.
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Liposomes, spherical vesicles consisting of one or more phospholipid bilayers, were first described in the mid 60s by Bangham and coworkers. Since then, liposomes have made their way to the market. Today, numerous lab scale but only a few large-scale techniques are available. However, a lot of these methods have serious limitations in terms of entrapment of sensitive molecules due to their exposure to mechanical and/or chemical stress. This paper summarizes exclusively scalable techniques and focuses on strengths, respectively, limitations in respect to industrial applicability. An additional point of view was taken to regulatory requirements concerning liposomal drug formulations based on FDA and EMEA documents.
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Drewes, J. E., J. A. McDonald, T. Trinh, M. V. Storey, and S. J. Khan. "Chemical monitoring strategy for the assessment of advanced water treatment plant performance." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 3 (February 1, 2011): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.260.
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A pilot-scale plant was employed to validate the performance of a proposed full-scale advanced water treatment plant (AWTP) in Sydney, Australia. The primary aim of this study was to develop a chemical monitoring program that can demonstrate proper plant operation resulting in the removal of priority chemical constituents in the product water. The feed water quality to the pilot plant was tertiary-treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. The unit processes of the AWTP were comprised of an integrated membrane system (ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis) followed by final chlorination generating a water quality that does not present a source of human or environmental health concern. The chemical monitoring program was undertaken over 6 weeks during pilot plant operation and involved the quantitative analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, steroidal hormones, industrial chemicals, pesticides, N-nitrosamines and halomethanes. The first phase consisted of baseline monitoring of target compounds to quantify influent concentrations in feed waters to the plant. This was followed by a period of validation monitoring utilising indicator chemicals and surrogate measures suitable to assess proper process performance at various stages of the AWTP. This effort was supported by challenge testing experiments to further validate removal of a series of indicator chemicals by reverse osmosis. This pilot-scale study demonstrated a simplified analytical approach that can be employed to assure proper operation of advanced water treatment processes and the absence of trace organic chemicals.
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Cohen, A. "Effects of Some Industrial Chemicals on Anaerobic Activity Measured by Sequential Automated Methanometry (SAM)." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 7 (April 1, 1992): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0134.
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An experimental study was conducted into the effects of exposure of anaerobic bacteria to some commercial industrial chemicals. Anaerobic activity was tested using Sequential Automated Methanometry (SAM). SAM measures small pressure increases caused by gas production in vials containing anaerobic bacteria. Tested were bleaching agents including hydrogen peroxide and sodium metabisulphite, mothproofing and insect repelling agents containing synthetic pyrethroids, a bacteriostatic agent and non-ionic detergents commonly used in the wool scouring industry. Actively digesting bacterial material was obtained from an experimental anaerobic system treating concentrated effluents from wool scouring industry. None of the tested chemicals, with the exception of the bleaching agents, displayed any serious adverse effects on anaerobic activity. One of the tested detergents and one of the tested bacteriostatic agents mildly stimulated gas productivity, while strong increases in gas productivity were observed with one of the pyrethroid-containing chemicals. Sodium metabisulphite inhibited gas production but inhibition was reversible. Hydrogen peroxide was highly toxic and completely inhibited methane production even at the lowest added concentrations.
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Louven, Yannik, Moritz O. Haus, Marc Konrad, Jan P. Hofmann, and Regina Palkovits. "Efficient palladium catalysis for the upgrading of itaconic and levulinic acid to 2-pyrrolidones followed by their vinylation into value-added monomers." Green Chemistry 22, no. 14 (2020): 4532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc01043j.
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Bio-based monomers are produced in a two-step process starting from common platform chemicals. The heterogeneously catalyzed reduction of bio-based acids into 2-pyrrolidones makes for a promising drop-in technology for the industrial NVP production.
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Yang, Yuexiang, Zhen Sun, Xiao Liu, Wenpeng Jia, and Jun Wu. "Optimal Decisions on Harmful Chemical Limits in Consumer Goods within an Acceptable Risk Level." Processes 10, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112259.
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Standard limits for harmful chemicals in consumer goods are important for consumer safety and the development of relevant industries. This paper proposes a method for determining content limits of chemicals in consumer goods by extending the “as low as reasonably practicable” (ALARP) principle by adding the impact of price and cost changes. While giving due consideration to the price and cost factors of consumer goods, this method derives such limits by measuring “acceptable consumer risk level” on the demand side and “industrial tolerance to chemical limits” on the supply side to obtain the ALARP area. Through a combination of functional relations between different factors and chemical limits, including consumer welfare, producer welfare, and external cost, a general chemical limit decision model can be created for the determination of the general limits of chemicals. This research provides a new methodology for studying decisions on chemical limits by considering consumer and industry affordability. In the final part of this paper, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified based on data of Bisphenol A used in the production of polycarbonate (PC) toys; the data were obtained from enterprise surveys and consumer questionnaires. Through our method, in this paper, a more suitable determination of harmful chemical substances can be obtained.
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Kalčíková, Gabriela, Jana Zagorc-Končan, and Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn. "Artemia salina acute immobilization test: a possible tool for aquatic ecotoxicity assessment." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.271.
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Despite the fact that the marine crustacean Artemia salina is extensively used in ecotoxicology, there is still a lack of information about its sensitivity to commonly used chemicals. In the presented study, acute toxicity of 18 commonly used chemicals – including organic solvents, industrial chemicals, metals and inorganic compounds – to A. salina was evaluated. A. salina showed a range of sensitivities to tested chemicals. Regarding all of the investigated organics, phenolic compounds expressed the highest toxicity to A. salina. Nitrite and mercury were the most toxic inorganic substances applied in the study. On the other hand, dimethyl sulfoxide, nitrate and ammonium were the least toxic. The possibility to use A. salina for interspecies correlation was assessed by comparison of sensitivities of different organisms (bacteria, fish, crustacean) to organic compounds. Correlation between various species was observed, especially between A. salina and fish. Due to the strong relation between toxicity and the logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient logPOW, lipophilicity was found to be the main factor influencing toxicity of the chosen organic compounds. No significant correlation between toxicity to A. salina and physico-chemical parameters of metals was observed.
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Akratos, Christos S., Athanasia G. Tekerlekopoulou, and Dimitrios V. Vayenas. "Agro-Industrial Wastewater Treatment with Decentralized Biological Treatment Methods." Water 13, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070953.
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Zoldoš, Vlatka, Željka Vidaković-Cifrek, Mihovil Tomić, and Dražena Papeš. "Oil and gas industrial chemicals' cytotoxicity studied by allium test." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 94, no. 1-2 (February 1997): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02407101.
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Kumar S, Chethan, Anilkumar P R, Chethan kumar S, Pramod Kumar H, Ankush G, and Yeshwanth Kumar B. "Design and Development of Robot for Industrial Pipe Cleaning and Inspection." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering 09, no. 05 (2023): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31695/ijasre.2023.9.5.3.
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Nowadays many industries used different diameter pipes for different applications like carrying chemicals, high-pressure steam, and gasses hence there may be chances of problems like corrosion, and leakages. The proposed system suggests the robot will be built to clean the residues that are built up inside the pipe. This is done through a brushing mechanism. Not only this robot will also be able to relay live video feedback from the ground to the controller that the user has. By this, the users can verify the cleaning that is done by the robot.
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Johnston, P. A., M. MacGarvin, R. L. Stringer, S. Troendle, and R. J. Swindlehurst. "Sewage: Towards Realistic Environmental Protection." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1993): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0525.
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The disposal of sewage into aquatic systems is attracting increasing regulation at the European Community level. Initially, pollution control strategies focussed on the protection of rivers and inland waters from excessive oxygen demand loading. This has led to an increasing use of marine waters for the disposal of sewage effluents and sludges. The bacteriological hazards associated with these practices are now well understood and have led in turn to restrictions on such disposal activities. This problem is illustrated with data from Venice Lagoon showing extreme bacterial contamination. A less commonly appreciated problem relates to the chemical contamination of sewage from both household and industrial chemicals. Results from analyses of a variety of sewage effluents are presented in this paper and the implications of the inventory of chemicals found are discussed.
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Brenner, Asher, Shimshon Belkin, Shimon Ulitzur, and Aharon Abeliovich. "Fast Assessment of Toxicants Adsorption on Activated Carbon Using a Luminous Bacteria Bioassay." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 7-8 (April 1, 1993): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0541.
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A new approach for the evaluation of activated carbon adsorption characteristics in the treatment of water contaminated by toxic organic compounds is presented. It is based on direct determination of the toxicity in the treated water, as opposed to actual chemical analysis of their constituents. The MicrotoxR bioassay, based upon measurement of bacterial bioluminescence, was utilized for this purpose. The suitability of this approach was judged by applying values of residual toxicities, obtained during batch adsorption experiments with mixtures of pure chemicals and industrial wastes, to traditional mathematical models. The Freundlich model was found to describe accurately adsorption isotherms derived from balances of residual toxicities, as well as from residual concentrations of specific chemicals. This approach allows a fast, convenient assessment of selective toxicant adsorption, alleviating the need for complex analytical methods.
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Hansen, John Bøgild. "Solid oxide electrolysis – a key enabling technology for sustainable energy scenarios." Faraday Discussions 182 (2015): 9–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd90071a.
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Production of fuels and chemicals from steam and/or CO2 with solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) and electricity have attracted considerable interest recently. This paper is an extended version of the introductory lecture presented at the first Faraday Discussions meeting on the subject. The focus is on the state of the art of cells, stacks and systems. Thermodynamics, performance and degradation are addressed. Remaining challenges and potential application of the technology are discussed from an industrial perspective.
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Meharg, Andrew A. "Industrial accidents involving release of chemicals into the environment: Ecotoxicology." Environmental Technology 15, no. 11 (November 1994): 1041–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593339409385512.
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Generalov, M. B. "Technology of plastic industrial explosives." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 80, no. 7 (July 2007): 1218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427207070427.
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Manivannan, J., and T. Raman. "Integrated Approach on Industrial Hygiene Program for Pharmaceutical Industry." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 1688–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50443.
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Abstract: Hazardous chemicals have the potential to purpose poisonous effects on human being. Industrial hygiene is the take a look at of the way to anticipate, understand, evaluate, and control of administrative centre situations which could result in people experiencing illness or injury. This take a look at goals to design what is the entire bodily category of airborne contaminants because of chemical compounds directly and circuitously in to our frame. Considering the importance of hygiene in occupational exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) may cause unintended health impacts in the handling of these drugs by employees. In an industrial setting, where a worker offers a route of exposure to a powerful chemical compound, there is a high likelihood or risk that the compound will produce the designed response. Industrial hygiene offers needed policies to prevent occupational exposure to powerful compounds and elements of a good powerful safety program for compounds. Industrial hygiene is all about anticipating and assessing the hazards of powerful compounds; determining which of the procedures present the greatest risks; assessing the risks; and controlling future occupational exposures mainly through engineering and administrative systems. all safety precautions should be introduced and failure of control exposures to powerful compounds may result in expensive program mistakes, delayed manufacturing schedules and possibly dangerous exposures to industrial employees.
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Castilla, P., A. Leyva, U. García, O. Monroy, and M. Meraz. "Treatment of a low concentration industrial chemicals mixture in an UASB reactor." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2005): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0543.
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A wastewater containing a mixture of methanol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, acetic anhydride, methyl, ethyl and isopropyl acetate, acrylic acid, butyl and methyl acrylate, o, m and p-xylene and styrene was fed to an UASB reactor. Isopropanol addition diminished the removal efficiency to 60% and required a long adaptation time for its total mineralization. When acrylic acid was added to the mixture, the removal dropped to 83% and recovered after 40 days. As for the rest of the substrates, p-m-o-xylene addition had no effect on reactor performance, although in batch assays it showed low mineralization. Also the effect of volumetric organic load on removal efficiency was followed up. After diminishing the HRT to 4 and 3 h yielding 4.8 and 6.5 gCOD L−1 d−1, removal efficiencies decreased to 79 and 74% respectively.
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Crain, N., A. Shanableh, and E. Gloyna. "Supercritical water oxidation of sludges contaminated with toxic organic chemicals." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 7-8 (October 1, 2000): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0589.
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Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a proven technology for the treatment of contaminated organic wastes. Bench and pilot-scale work completed at The University of Texas at Austin's SCWO Laboratory have proven the technology effective for treating a variety of sludge types, including sludge contaminated with hazardous compounds. The studies included pulp and paper mill sludges and sludges derived from the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters. The results presented in this paper confirmed that the removal of the organic component of sludge, including the trace toxic organic compounds, using SCWO exceeded 99.9%. For example, the results show that the destruction removal efficiencies (DRE's) of the PCBs reached 99.99% in the contaminated sludge. No dioxins or furans were detected in the gaseous effluent resulting from the treatment of the PCB-contaminated sludge. These results demonstrate the technical effectiveness of SCWO as a sludge remediation technology.
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Lee, Hing-Biu, and Thomas E. Peart. "Organic Contaminants in Canadian Municipal Sewage Sludge. Part I. Toxic or Endocrine-Disrupting Phenolic Compounds." Water Quality Research Journal 37, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 681–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2002.046.
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Abstract The occurrence of toxic or endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEO), 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), bisphenol A (BPA), triclosan (TCS), pentachlorophenol (PCP), hexachlorophene (HCP), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in 35 sewage sludge samples collected from cities across Canada is documented. Samples were extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide and the phenols were converted into their acetyl derivatives using published methods. The ethoxylates were analyzed by HPLC with a fluorescence detector. The other extracts, after silica gel column cleanup, were analyzed by GC/MS in either the electron impact or negative-ion chemical ionization mode. With minor exceptions, the above-mentioned compounds were present in all samples. The levels of these contaminants varied widely in the samples. The more abundant chemicals were NP as well as its mono- and di-ethoxylates, with median concentrations of 232, 69.4, and 26.4 µg/g (dry weight), respectively. Triclosan, a common antibacterial agent, BPA, and HCP were also ubiquitous in the sludge samples, with median concentrations of 12.5, 0.45, and 0.37 µg/g, respectively. Also present, albeit at much lower concentrations, were PCP and TBBPA, with median concentrations of 27.7 and 12.4 ng/g, respectively. Except for the last two compounds, all the chemicals are components or additives in various formulations of household and industrial detergents and personal care products. The potential risk of these toxic chemicals reaching the aquatic environment as a result of land spreading of sewage sludge should be investigated.
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Giesen, A., L. M. M. de Bruin, R. P. Niermans, and H. F. van der Roest. "Advancements in the application of aerobic granular biomass technology for sustainable treatment of wastewater." Water Practice and Technology 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2013.007.
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Aerobic granular sludge technology can be regarded as the future standard for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. As a consequence, a growing number of institutes and universities focus their scientific research on this new technology. Recently, after extensive Dutch research and development effort, an aerobic granular biomass technology has become available to the market. Full scale installations for both industrial and municipal applications are already on stream, under construction or in design. The technology is distinguished by the name ‘Nereda®’ and based on the specific characteristics of aerobic granular sludge. It can be considered as the first mature aerobic granular sludge technology applied at full scale. It improves on traditional activated sludge systems by a significantly lower use of energy and chemicals, its compactness and its favorable capital and operational costs.
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Qian, Jiahong, Yuying Qiu, Xiang Ji, Yiduo Yang, and Laili Wang. "Ecotoxicological Impact Assessment of the Production of Cotton Fabric." AATCC Journal of Research 7, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.7.6.4.
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Textiles and garments are increasingly being included in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies because the use of chemicals in industrial production of these items has potential environmental impacts. The USEtox model, characterized by ecotoxicity characterization factors based on abundant data, is a useful tool for assessing the toxicity of chemical pollutants. The objectives of this study were to estimate characterization factors of cotton fabric-related chemicals based on data from a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model and assess the ecotoxicological impact of cotton woven fabric. The research boundary ranged from fabric production to wet treatment. Wet treatment was found to contribute more to ecotoxicity than fabric production did, with primary alcohol ethoxylate and sodium hydroxide being the main pollutants.
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Zappi, Alex, Dhan Lord Fortela, and William E. Holmes. "An Assessment of Methanotrophs Producing Industrial-Grade Lipids for Biofuels and Other Commercial Chemicals." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 3887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153887.
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With an ever-increasing release of harmful greenhouse gases into the environment, there is an ongoing search for a renewable source of energy to replace the current means of producing energy. One promising source is from methanotrophic bacteria, which uses methane as its primary carbon source to produce valuable byproducts including lipids. These lipids could be used in the production of biofuels and other important industrial chemicals including plastics and surfactants. The use of methanotrophs would lower the amount of methane in the atmosphere from two sides, in the growth and cultivation of methanotrophs and in the replacement of conventional fossil fuels. The development of such a system requires a good understanding of the bacteria responsible and the steps of growth/culturing and extraction. An integrated system that uses every product of methanotrophic growth could impact multiple markets and help make this technique economically feasible as well as provide the groundwork for more sustainable engineering practices. Integration of this technology into an industrial setting would help spread the scope of this technique, and by using innovative sources of methane (landfills and locations of high organic decomposition), the extent of environmental benefits can expand even further. This technology allows for a more environmentally friendly alternative for fuels in both its production and utilization.
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Zulfiqar, Muhammad, Abdul Aziz Omar, and Sujan Chowdhury. "Removal of Phosphate and Fluoride from Industrial Wastewater – A Short Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.805.
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Industries producing fertilizers, aluminium, steel, bricks, glass, and semiconductor discharge several thousand tons of phosphate and fluoride per year into the open atmosphere in the form of wastewater which cause many environmental issues as well as loss of drinking water. The objective of this review is to select the suitable method for the removal of phosphate and fluoride from industrial wastewater which is highly hazardous and acidic in nature. So that treated water can be reused for agricultural and industrial purposes. Industries discharge several thousand tons of phosphate and fluoride per year in the form of wastewater which cause many environmental issues and loss of drinking water. This review is provided with aimed a precise and accurate knowledge for the removal of phosphate and fluoride from industrial wastewater. A lot of technologies are available for the treatment of industrial wastewater treatment including chemical precipitation, crystallization, ion exchange, adsorption, reverse osmosis and nanofiltration methods. The selection of most suitable treatment technology is based on retention time, principle of operation, applications, chemicals and maintenance cost.
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Bertanza, G., C. Collivignarelli, and R. Pedrazzani. "The role of chemical oxidation in combined chemical-physical and biological processes: experiences of industrial wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0263.
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In this work, some experiences are described concerning the application of chemical oxidation in the treatment of industrial wastewaters in combination with other chemical-physical and/or biological processes. In the first case, two different wastewaters from saturated and unsaturated polyester resin production were considered. In a second case, optimal process conditions were assessed for the treatment of a wastewater deriving from polystyrene production. A third experience dealt with a comparison among different processes (flocculation, Fenton process, ozonisation, oxidation by means of ozone and hydrogen peroxide, oxidation by means of hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation), for the pretreatment of two industrial wastewaters (the first one being produced in a textile factory, the second one coming from detergent manufacturing). The evaluation of different processes was carried out by means of laboratory scale tests, considering treatment efficiency (organic substance removal, changes in wastewater biodegradability) and parameters (chemicals and energy consumption, sludge production) which play an important role in cost determination.