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1
Zahir Faridi, Muhammad, Muhammad Ramzan Sheikh, and Shazia Khalid. "Foreign Capital Inflows and Environmental Degradation: Evidence from Developing Countries." ANNALS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND PERSPECTIVE 3, no. 1 (May 23, 2022): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/assap.v3i1.56.
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The primary focus of this study is to investigate the impact of foreign inflows of capital on environmental degradation in developing countries. The study is based on panel data for the period 1980 to 2017. The techniques like Pedroni test of co integration, panel ARDL and Granger causality are used for data analysis. The outcomes show that total population, affluence, technology, and foreign inflows are positively related to environmental degradation while agricultural land is negatively associated with environmental degradation although the influence of total population and technology on environmental degradation is found to be statistically insignificant in the long run. In the short run total population, foreign inflows, and agricultural land area are found to be inversely related to environmental degradation however their impact is statistically insignificant. Granger causality analysis shows that there is a unidirectional causality between total population and environmental degradation, unidirectional causality between GDP and environmental degradation, and unidirectional causality between industrial production and environmental degradation. No causality is observed between foreign inflows and environmental degradation, agricultural land area, and environmental degradation. It suggested that developing economies should adopt the policies for population control and use the foreign resources in such a way that environmental safety is maintained.
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Anhier Al-Froukh, Mohammad. "Developing in Investment Environment in Jordan from the Perspective of Jordan Investments Commission." International Journal of Business and Management 14, no. 10 (September 4, 2019): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v14n10p116.
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Globalization; along with its developed technology and wide opened window has facilitated interaction between countries that surpassed import and export. Attracting foreign investments to a country is an added value which helps in developing the workforce within the country and get use from different experiences that other countries employ. From that point, current study seeks to examine the influence of a group of CSF on the investment environment in Jordan from the perspective of Jordan Investment Commission. In order to achieve the aim of study, (412) questionnaire were distributed on senior managers, managers and tram leaders within JIC. Results of study indicated that foreign direct investment is a real means to achieve a number of objectives, including: decrease unemployment, exploitation of natural resources, contribution to the increase of GDP, the abundance of goods for domestic markets, increased exports, and technology transfer. What is important to us in all this is the transfer of technology from developed countries with direct investments to the host countries of this investment, where the transfer of the most efficient and developed means of production, since the foreign investor is always looking for the greatest return through investments in other countries, Create appropriate conditions for this.
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Shabbir, Muhammad Nadir, Wang Liyong, and Muhammad Usman Arshad. "Trade Policy Uncertainty and Medical Innovation: Evidence from Developing Nations." Economies 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10090224.
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This study explores the influence of trade policy uncertainty on medical innovation investment in developing nations from 1980 to 2020, with a focus on the period of COVID-19. We used exogenous and heterogeneous exposure to trade-policy-uncertainty resolutions from developing countries’ trade policy adjustments, which reduced tariff hikes on imported goods in a double difference-in-differences method. ARDL with PVAR has been studied for long-run and short-run analyses. The findings revealed that reducing tariff uncertainty boosts innovation beyond patent filings and margin reaction and exports. Long-term impacts of sectoral innovation patterns, governmental changes, and foreign technology entering developing nations have little effect on the findings. This paper also shows a long-term link between medical innovation, trade policy uncertainty, and research-and-development spending. Innovation’s negative response to the innovation shock and research and development’s positive response corroborates bidirectional and unidirectional causality. This study contributes to medical innovation and policy uncertainty in terms of developing countries and, most importantly, in trends of medical innovation, contemporaneous policy uncertainty given the inflow of foreign technology, and the importance of that technology recent times.
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Chung, Jae-Eun, Byoungho Jin, So Won Jeong, and Heesoon Yang. "NIE-based SME brand building in foreign markets: an exploratory study." Journal of Product & Brand Management 28, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-10-2016-1331.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the branding strategies of SMEs from NIEs, juxtaposing the different strategies used to specifically target developed and developing countries with regard to brand-building approach, type and number of brands and degree of standardization. Design/methodology/approach A case-study approach is used. In-depth interviews are conducted with 10 Korean consumer-goods SMEs exporting their own in-house brands. Findings Clear differences emerge between the strategies of SMEs entering developed countries and those entering developing countries, particularly regarding brand identity development, use of foreign sales subsidiaries and number and types of brands used. The authors find an interaction effect between product characteristics and host market levels of economic development, both of which influenced the degree of product standardization. Originality/value This study is the first attempt to uncover the branding strategies of NIE consumer-goods SMEs. The findings contribute to the field by extending our understanding of branding strategies used by consumer-goods SMEs from NIEs, thereby providing useful insight for other NIE enterprises when establishing branding strategies aimed at foreign markets.
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Chen, Taotao, Ronald W. McQuaid, and Maktoba Omar. "Foreign direct investment industry characteristics and spillovers." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 8, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-02-2015-0006.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a double mechanism model to separate two foreign direct investment (FDI) intra-industry spillovers mechanisms: spillovers by FDI intensity and by FDI efficiency. This paper seeks to illustrate the potential use of the double mechanism model rather than provide precise estimates of spillovers. The evidence on the links between technology and the nature, size and mechanisms of FDI spillovers effects in economically developing countries is mixed. Design/methodology/approach – A model is developed and tested, in principle. Empirical testing was conducted in two steps. In the first step, the authors examined the effect of each influencing factor to FDI spillovers separately. To complete this step, the authors divided the whole sample industry into sub-groups and tested them with the double-mechanism using ordinary least squares regression. This study applies Chinese National Bureau of Statistics manufacturing industry level data, for the years 2000, 2001 and 2002, including the food industry, beverage industry, textile industry, textiles and garments, chemicals and chemical products industry, overall manufacturing equipment, special equipment, computer and other electronic equipment manufacturing industries. Findings – The analysis suggests significant differences between types of spillovers: export orientation of domestic firms mainly influences FDI spillovers by intensity; the capability gap between local and foreign firms influences spillovers by efficiency; and the growth of local firms influences both types of spillovers. This paper develops existing models of FDI and suggests that disaggregating spillovers types may provide important theoretical and policy insights. Originality/value – This study has found, first, that compared with the classic single mechanism model, the double mechanism model is more appropriate for testing FDI intra-industry spillovers, as it is able to separate spillovers by intensity and spillovers by efficiency, which are shown as two distinct mechanisms for FDI spillovers. This allows a deeper analysis into each mechanism and the identification of relevant influencing factors.
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Owusu-Antwi, George, James Antwi, and Peter K. Poku. "Foreign Direct Investment: A Journey To Economic Growth In Ghana - Empirical Evidence." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2013): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i5.7832.
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been viewed as a major stimulus to economic growth in developing countries. Its ability to deal with two major obstacles; namely, shortages of financial resources and technology and skills, has made it the center of attention for policymakers in low-income countries in particular. In spite of the significance generated by FDI flows, the flow to developing countries and the world, in general, has witnessed persistent decline over the years. The implication for the drop means that competition to attract FDI has increased as developing countries continue to create the enabling environment to attract foreign investors. Ghana, in particular, has, over the last decade, pursued various forms of economic reforms and liberalization of trade regimes in order to become more competitive in the international financial market. A handful of papers has recently dealt with FDI flows in Ghana. However, most of these studies are concerned with strategic FDI policy to attract FDI flows. The purpose of this study is to empirically determine the factors that influence FDI flows in Ghana, using time series data from 1988 to 2011. Regression analysis was carried out using relevant econometric techniques. The results of the study capture trade openness, exchange rate, natural resources, and infrastructure as the drivers of FDI in Ghana. Macroeconomic variables, such as inflation and per capita gross domestic products, were also registered to impact the determinants of FDI flows in Ghana. The contribution of this paper is that economic liberalization was found to be significant, indicating that policymakers' efforts in liberalizing the economic activities may necessarily translate into significant FDI inflows into the country.
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Asri, Silsila. "Kontraversi Foreign Direct Investment dan Solusinya Bagi Negara." Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS) 4, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajis.4.1.80-95.2015.
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is one of the essential capital sources for developingcountries which provide large contribution in economic development trough transfer of asset, good corporate governance and especially technology. This expectation is not always provide positive impact to the recipient countries. FDI, which is often implemented in Multi National Corporation, also becomes a tool for the developed countries to control the economic activities in developing countries in pursuing their benefit and interest. Sometimes, those MNCs also have a signifincance influence in political activities of recipient countries. Beside that, MNCs not always provide large attention to the community development. From this condition, debate about the role of state in managing of FDI emerged in political economic discourses. This paper describes about one of alternative thought how state copes with globalization. FDI is one of phenomena which emerged as the concequnces of globalization.Ian Clark suggested two perceptions about the relation of state and globalization. First, globalization has significance implication in eroding the state capacity as economic actor in international stage. Second, state is the key element in globalization process, in this perception there is a position shift of the state from state retreat to state adaptation. This paper conclude that, state also has capacity to control FDI dan globalization which accompanied it’s flow. State must place itself as business actor which has competitiveness. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment,Globalization, State retreat, state adaptation
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Amidi, Arian, and Sanil S. Hishan. "Impact of foreign direct investment on economy, environment, technology, productivity and energy of the countries." Journal of Management Info 9, no. 1 (June 15, 2022): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/jmi.v9i1.2475.
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In today's world, attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is one of the essential tasks of governments. But what effect will the absorption of Foreign Direct Investment have on that society? Based on the review of 18 articles, the researcher has categorized these effects into the following 5 factors. These factors belong to Economy, Environment, Technology, Productivity, and Energy. Following the results of previous studies, the impacts of the five factors mentioned on communities in the effect of FDI are reviewed. The Boolean search methodology is chosen as the methodology, also the finding of the researcher is mentioned in the paragraphs below. FDI not only aids in the development of this industry, but it also has a substantial impact on the micro and macro levels. FDI has a favorable impact on the growth rate of per capita GDP. In addition, the African continent saw significant economic expansion. The impact of financial systems may explain why developing-country correlations are low while developed-country saving-investment correlations are strong. the impact of GDP and energy usage on Carbon dioxide emissions are significant, whereas the impact of FDI on Carbon dioxide emissions is positive but minor. Industrial SO2 emissions will increase by 0.098 percent for every 1% growth in FDI capital stock. FDI rising emissions in middle-income countries in the near term while reduces them in high-income nations. FDI from TMH areas has a substantial beneficial influence on the productivity of the wood products industry at the industrial level. On energy consumption, FDI revealed a negative scale impact, a structural effect, and a positive technical impact. In the end, the impact of foreign direct investment on worker productivity is positive. The researcher recommends that politicians make every effort to improve their country's political and judicial conditions to attract more FDI to their countries.
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Rizaldi, Mohammad Falakh, and Akhmad Jayadi. "Analysis of the Effect of Information and Communications Infrastructure on Foreign Direct Investment in Emerging Market Countries." Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jiet.v7i2.40422.
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This study examines the effect of information and communication technology infrastructure on foreign direct investment in 20 emerging market economies. In the 90s, developing countries had policies to make it easier for investors. Emerging markets countries are significant and potential markets. There is data that emerging market countries have increased from 35.90% to contributing 46.62% of FDI of the world’s total in 2019. Using 25 years of data (1995-2019), use the panel data regression method to see the influence of ICT infrastructure on FDI. Find strong empirical evidence showing that the influence of ICT infrastructure on FDI is significantly positive in emerging market economies. In addition, we also examine the relationship between the variables GDP, inflation, and Trade openness to FDI. GDP, and Trade openness have significant positive results for FDI, while inflation has significant negative results for FDI in emerging market economies.
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Otieno, Otieno William, and Josiah Aduda. "FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW." International Journal of Finance 7, no. 3 (August 2, 2022): 34–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijf.971.
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The relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth has attracted major attention from academics and the governments of developing countries. Since economic growth is one of their main focuses, FDI attraction-related policies have been prioritized during the process of economic growth and development in these countries. It is widely observed that FDI mitigates the saving-investment imbalance and provides technology which is used for the production of goods and services. Although some studies have found evidence of the positive impact of FDI on economic growth, others have revealed the opposite result. The objective of this paper was to perform a critical theoretical and empirical literature review on foreign direct investments and economic growth. The theories guiding this study included the internalization theory, eclectic paradigm theory, product lifecycle theory, Solow growth model and endogenous growth theory. From the empirical studies reviewed, most studies conclude that foreign direct investments influence economic growth in a positive way but it is also evident that the studies also provide conflicting findings with some oscillating from negative to positive and others indicating no relationship at all. The difference in findings among the scholars might arise from methodological differences and operationalization of the study variables. Contextual differences might also explain the inconsistent findings as most of the studies have focused on developing economies. The study identified preconditions in the host country that help harness FDI and influence economic growth and they include developed financial and legal institutions, proper infrastructure, conducive monetary and fiscal policies, and an enabling macro-economic and structural environment that directs FDI to productive investments.
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Qin, Bowen. "Chinese Citizens' Impression of India and the Influencing Factors: An Empirical Study Based on a Survey in 2020." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 4, no. 4 (October 12, 2022): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2022.4.4.13.
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Impressions towards foreign countries increasingly play an important role in international relations. While much research has been conducted on other countries' impressions of China and China's impressions of European and American countries, little research has been conducted on Chinese citizens' impressions of India, which is also a mega-developing country. By exploring Chinese citizens' impressions and the influencing factors towards India, it is important to enrich both research and foreign policy formulation in the area of international trust. This study uses descriptive analysis and logistic regression modelling to investigate the factors influencing Chinese citizen's impressions of India through the framework of social identity, political efficacy, political participation, media socialisation, and intergroup contact, based on data from the India sub-subject of the public questionnaire survey conducted by the 2020 ‘Chinese View of the European Union (EU)’ project. The study's findings show that patriotic tendencies are the most influential factor in Chinese citizens' impressions of India. The study results show that variables such as patriotic tendencies, social satisfaction, frequency of internet use, and religious acceptance strongly influence Chinese citizens' impressions of India. In contrast, the hypotheses of some theoretical variables need to be further confirmed as Chinese citizens' impressions of India are slightly lower than those of other large countries such as the US, Japan, and Russia.
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Sebayang, Jeffry, Ahmad Albar Tanjung, and Sukardi Sukardi. "Monetary Policy and Innovation During Recession in Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 20, no. 01 (June 30, 2022): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jep.v20i01.18896.
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The COVID-19 pandemic affected global economic growth, including Indonesia's economic recession for four quarters from Q2 2020 to Q1 2021. This study uses Schumpeter's growth theory to analyze the interest rate policies and innovations that encourage economic growth in Indonesia in the long term. This study uses a quantitative approach with the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model with the variables of GDP, BI interest rates, consumption, innovation, and investment credit. The study results show that Bank Indonesia's accommodative interest rate policy with low-interest rates during the recession due to the Covid-19 pandemic positively influences economic growth. However, in the long-term, interest rates must compete with interest rates from other countries to encourage investment capital flows to Indonesia. The findings show that innovation has not yet affected economic growth in Indonesia, but economic growth fosters innovation to accelerate technology transfer from developed countries through foreign investment. Therefore, the support of the Government and Bank of Indonesia to provide incentives through tax breaks and low-interest rates to business actors developing R&D and innovation will encourage accelerating technology and innovation growth in Indonesia.
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Ge, Yuqing, Yucai Hu, and Shenggang Ren. "Environmental Regulation and Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from China’s Eleventh and Twelfth Five-Year Plans." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 23, 2020): 2528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062528.
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This paper investigates environmental regulation and its impact on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries. Based on the Chinese province-industry-level panel data in the period 2001 to 2015, we use a difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) model to evaluate pollution haven behavior in the context of China’s 11th and 12th Five-Year Plans SO2 emissions reduction policy. The results show that the policy leads to fewer FDI inflows to its highly-polluting industries in provinces with tougher pollution reduction targets. In addition, the environmental policy has significantly inhibited FDI inflows in provinces with stricter environmental enforcement, while investment in provinces with worse environmental enforcement is insensitive to environmental policy. These findings are consistent with pollution haven behavior. In contrast, FDI in industries with high levels of technology is not significantly influenced by the policy, whereas the FDI in industries with low levels of technology shows a negative response to environmental policy. This is overall evidence confirming a pollution haven effect (PHE), although technology differences could alleviate the negative effects of environmental regulation on inward FDI.
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Kasianenko, Volodymyr, Tetiana Kasianenko, and Juliya Kasaeva. "Investment potential forecast and strategies for its expansion: case of Ukraine." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 329–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(1).2020.28.
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In the current conditions of capital market liberalization, developing countries achieve a faster economic growth rate by actively attracting various types of foreign investment. The steady rise in the volume of foreign investment into the country could be achieved only due to its high investment potential.Therefore, this study aims to develop the methodology for determining the dynamic changes in the country’s investment potential, and its relevant medium-term indicators identify the degree of informational technology influence on Ukraine’s investment potential. It is essential to define the position of Ukraine in the global context in terms of the level of information technologies as the catalyst for investment attractiveness.The relevant indicators defining Ukraine’s investment potential were forecasted using the Brown-Meyer exponential smoothing model. To calculate the integral indicator of the investment potential, the Hurst exponent was applied. Kohonen self-organizing maps were used to group the countries according to their informational technology parameters.Ukraine’s investment potential was found to decrease since 2019 and is equal to 0.6493 units in 2020 and 0.6407 units in 2021 due to the decline of the indicators describing the human capital, infrastructure, technological development, and socio-economic conditions. Technology has a significant influence on Ukraine’s investment potential. Its impact is rising each year from 1.70% to 5.17% and 13.04% between 2019 and 2021, respectively. According to the level of technology, Ukraine is in the group with Spain, Romania, and Poland since 2017.The decreasing investment potential forecast and the positive influence of technology level on it bring the opportunity to form the priority areas for expansion of investment potential based on the adaptation of world instruments to implement the investment policy within national economic conditions.
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Qayyum, Unbreen, and Adnan Haider. "Foreign Aid, External Debt and Economic Growth Nexus in Low-Income Countries: The Role of Institutional Quality." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 4II (December 1, 2012): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i4iipp.97-116.
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Foreign capital and institutional quality simultaneously play an important role in the development process of low-income countries. By and large developing nations fell short of funds necessary to spur the economic growth. Along with this constraint, they are facing the down fall in the quality of governance. Low earned revenues and high government expenditure increase the reliance upon the foreign capital mostly in the form of foreign aid and external debt. Just the availability of foreign funds is not sufficient to stimulate the economic growth, there is a need of good governance along with better quality of institutions that will act as a catalyst and improves the efficiency of capital, [see for instance, Agnor and Montiel (2010)]. Good governance establishes impartial, predictable and consistently enforced rules in the form of institutions and thus crucial for the sustained growth [North (1990 and 1992)]. Those countries which have good institutions show positive growth rates whenever the stock of capital increases but the countries with bad institutions, increase in capital investment may lead to negative growth rates due to rent seeking and other unproductive activities, Hall, et al. (2010). In this context, North (1992) argues that the institutions as well as the ideology shape economic performance. While taking into account the technology used, institutions affect economic performance by determining the cost of transaction and production. Formal rules, informal constraints and characteristics of enforcing those constraints together formulate the institutions. Institutions affect economic performance and the differential in performance of economies is basically influenced by the way institutions evolve. The neoclassical economic theory is of little help in investigating the sources beneath economic performance because institutions are taken for granted in their models Agnor and Montiel (2010).
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Zhang, Huiying, and Xiaohui Yang. "Intellectual property rights protection and export quality." International Journal of Development Issues 15, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-11-2015-0071.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on its ability to enhance domestic export quality. Design/methodology/approach This paper provides a testable framework to explain the impact of IPR protection on export quality. Research and development (R&D) spending and foreign direct investment (FDI) are positively correlated with a country’s export quality. Furthermore, intellectual property protection can induce more FDI and R&D spending. Therefore, the authors expect that there may be an indirect relationship between intellectual property protection and export quality (Figure 1). Findings The empirical results suggest that the influence paths of IPR protection on export quality are different between developed and developing countries. FDI plays a mediating role in the relationship between IPR protection and export quality in developing countries, while this mediating effect in developed countries is dependent on R&D and FDI. In addition, this impact is statistically significant in high-technology industries. Especially, IPR protection plays an extraordinary important role in enhancing the export quality of differentiated high-technology products. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature in several ways. First, this is the first empirical analysis focusing on the influence path of IPR protection on export quality. The authors find that the hypothesis is supported by the positive and significant interaction coefficients of IPR protection with FDI and R&D. Second, the authors explore that the influence path of IPR protection on export quality may vary with the level of economic development. Third, this paper examines the effect of IPR protection on export quality in different industries.
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Simeuncevic, Sanja. "Foreign direct investment impact on environment in Serbia in the period 2000-2008." Spatium, no. 24 (2011): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat1124063s.
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Foreign direct investment (FDI) is currently the largest source of capital reaching developing countries and a stimulant to economic growth. Although FDI benefits the economy of the ?host? country, its impact on the environment can vary from pure exploitation of slack environmental regulations and the creation of ?pollution havens?, environmental political ?chilling? effect, to the transfer of new clean technologies and the formation of ?pollution haloes?. This paper focuses on FDI environmental impact in Serbia, in the period from the opening of the borders to foreign capital in 2000 until 2008, when the FDI in Serbia drastically decreased. The FDI growth of 65 times in the period of five years emphasizes the relevance of this analysis, if sustainable development is to be achieved. This paper envisages FDI impact and visible actual tendencies on Serbian environment, and defines to which of the theoretical concepts it could be arranged. The paper explores whether FDI influence in Serbia resulted in a dominant transfer of pollution intensive industries or a transfer of environmentally friendly technology and know-how, in reducing or improving environmental regulations in Serbia.
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Rauf, Sundas, Rashid Mehmood, Aisha Rauf, and Shafaqat Mehmood. "Integrated Model to Measure the Impact of Terrorism and Political Stability on FDI Inflows: Empirical Study of Pakistan." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 4 (March 23, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n4p1.
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<p>To condense saving-investment gap, transformation of technology, creation of employment opportunities and more importantly, increasing economic development of host countries, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is proven to be a significant source of investment predominantly for developing countries. Numerous standing studies have scrutinized the economic impact of terrorism and political stability by referring to decrease in FDI. This study empirically enlightens the determinants of FDI for Pakistan over the period 1970 to 2013, by using annual secondary time series data. Adopting the optimistic approach, in this study, variables in the combination of terrorism, political stability, trade openness and GDP have been analyzed applying Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. As expected, the projected results confirm that GDP, trade openness and political stability have positive and significant impact whilst terrorism has negative influence on FDI inflows in Pakistan. Because of the political stability along with stable GDP growth rate, inverse impact of terrorism has been found statistically insignificant.</p>
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Liu, Chengkun, Xiuwu Zhang, and Takashi Tamamine. "Causal Relationship Between FDI Flow and Technological Innovation in China and Japan." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 23, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 536–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2019.p0536.
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The improvement of a country’s technological innovation level is influenced by the technology spillover of inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) and outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). Based on the Coe and Helpmen’s theory of international capital flow model and one-way causality measure model, this study examines the similarities and dissimilarities between the dynamic effects of IDFI and OFDI on technological innovation in China and Japan to enumerate the differences in the utilization effect of FDI between developed and developing countries. The empirical results show that the one-way causality intensity of IFDI to technological innovation in China is weaker than that in Japan, but the FDI volatility in China is stronger than that in Japan. The one-way causality intensity of OFDI to technological innovation are low both in China and Japan, and the patterns of long-term and short-term effects are not identical. According to the results of our empirical research, we draw the conclusions and proposed suggestions for using IFDI and OFDI in China and Japan.
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Lv, Ping, and Francesca Spigarelli. "The determinants of location choice." International Journal of Emerging Markets 11, no. 3 (July 18, 2016): 333–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-09-2014-0137.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of institutional distance and host country attractiveness in location determinants of Chinese Foreign investments in EU in the renewable energy sector, taking into account bilateral political and economic relations. Design/methodology/approach – A firm-level Ministry of Commerce (MofCom) database of greenfield and non-greenfield Chinese investments abroad is used. A six fixed-effects logit analysis is performed. Findings – Chinese firms tend to invest in EU countries with reduced rule of law; market affluence is an attraction factor for them, but they do not seem to be human capital asset-seekers. Countries with politically stable environment are most attractive to sales/services subsidiaries; while countries with good control of corruption, low trade barriers and encouraging foreign ownership are most attractive to manufacturing subsidiaries. A large market is the most attractive factor for R & D subsidiaries, and a rich market is the most attractive factor for manufacturing subsidiaries. Manufacturing subsidiaries are more technological asset-seekers. R & D subsidiaries are the most non-human capital asset-seekers. Research limitations/implications – The study extends the state of the art of the literature by developing a theoretical framework, grounded on the influence of host country institutional factors and on endowment of resources on the location choice of Chinese investors. Further variables should be included in the future (industrial specialization of host country, cultural distance, bilateral ties). Practical implications – Policy implications are relevant. They are related both to outward foreign direct investment attraction policies and to Europe-China cooperation dialogue. With reference to attraction policies, as Chinese green firms are technological asset-seekers, more than human capital asset-seekers, EU countries interested in partnering with Chinese investors should develop specific measures targeting encouraging technology spillover. Even R & D subsidiaries should be tempted with technology-oriented measures. With reference to Europe-China cooperation, the paper findings support suggestions for a more active European position on foreign investments in key European energy sectors. Originality/value – The paper is grounded on an improved theoretical model, tested through a unique Mofcom firm-level database. Originality lies in the fact that the authors provide a sectoral insight. The need for sectoral analysis is fundamental as Chinese industrial development and internationalization path vary extensively across industry, due to policy interventions, supportive measures and prioritized initiatives. Zhang et al. (2011, p. 229) found that – specifically – the energy sector is highly sensitive to host country institutional context, therefore Chinese foreign direct investment are more likely to be exposed to regulatory and competitive pressure compared to other industries.
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Njeri, Jane Njeri. "Use of E-Government Technologies in Kenyan Foreign Affairs Diplomacy. A Critical Literature Review." Journal of International Relations and Policy 1, no. 1 (November 4, 2022): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jirp.1107.
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Purpose: Among the communication methods significant to diplomacy is signaling. Signaling in diplomacy is characterized by ambiguity that is deemed creative as well as constructive. The overall objective of this study was to examine use of E-government technologies in Kenyan foreign affairs diplomacy.
Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
Findings: This study concluded that that there are several studies that have explored the concept of digital diplomacy at various levels of analysis especially in the developed countries. Nonetheless, there were several gaps identified when it came to examining the concept of digital diplomacy in developing countries particularly those in the African continent. Diplomatic communication was noted to have transitioned as communication did. Some of the notable communication technologies that have influenced diplomatic communication included the telegraph, air mail, radio, television, telephone and modern-day information communication technologies.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study recommended that in addition to the efforts of further equipping the ministry with high tech digital equipment’s, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade needs to consider that digital resources toolkits should be matched with the needs of digital diplomacy. This is because certain pieces of technology are best suited in pursuant of identified foreign policy objectives. Moreover, procuring of digital resources should be matched with extensive training of the staff on how they can utilize them to achieve maximum benefits.
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Verbovska, L. S., H. S. Stepanyuk, and O. Kushlyk. "USE OF THE SWOT-ANALYSIS METHODS IN DEVELOPING THE INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGY OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (Series: Economics and Management in the Oil and Gas Industry), no. 1(19) (May 21, 2019): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2409-0948-2019-1(19)-142-154.
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The article substantiates the influence of globalization processes on the development of institutions of higher education that take place in the world. The foreign countries universities experience of internationalization processes is considered. The concept of strategic management as an effective technology of higher education institutions management, particularly in the sphere of international activity and the necessity of carrying out the university diagnostics using existing strategic analysis tools, is substantiated. The potential advantages and opportunities provided by the internationalization strategy for the development of domestic institutions of higher education are determined. The development of the university internationalization strategy is based on the development of students international academic mobility and scientific and pedagogical workers, stimulation of educational programs and scientific researches joint with foreign partners, which ensure the implementation of productive mechanisms for the integration of the higher education domestic institutions into the global scientific and educational environment. The main factors influencing the formation of the internationalization strategy and the principles on which the development of such a strategy for modern universities is based are established. The SWOT-analysis of domestic universities has been conducted and the main results of the research based on the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the international activity of higher education institutions are presented. This methodology of SWOT-analysis during developing the internationalization strategy allows combining the procedure of analytics and the procedure of choosing strategic alternatives. The SWOT-analysis matrix of strategic alternatives has been used to help the management of higher education institutions in formulating the internationalization strategy in the field of university international cooperation, which can be applied in such areas as internationalization of educational activities, internationalization of scientific activity, internationalization of social development. The main tasks of internationalization in Ukrainian higher education institutions and the expected results from the implementation of internationalization strategies in domestic universities are singled out.
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Vasili, Evis. "Internationalisms: Do They Affect or Enrich the Modern Albanian Language?" European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p352-356.
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Language is a symbol of cultural, national or state identity. For Albanians, language was and is the most important feature establishing their identity. The first attempts to codify the written Albanian language were distinguished since the second half of the nineteenth century by the Albanian scholars, who led the cultural movement "Albanian National Renaissance", where first of all we can mention Konstandin Kristoforidhi and Sami Frashëri. As an isolated Indo-European language, Albanian language is part of the Balkan linguistic connection. Although the Albanian language has not lost its origin, throughout its history it has proven and suffered interventions and major influences not only from the Indo-European but also from non-Indo-European languages. These influences are more directly reflected in the lexicon as the most fluid system of language. Like any other language, the Albanian language has responded to the demands of social development, changes in the field of production, technology, science, culture and so on by enriching and further developing its vocabulary, inter alia, by borrowing words from other languages. Language lexicon flows are larger than outflows and this explains the fact that the lexicon is expanded from generation to generation with new units. In general, there is a large number of words in Albanian language borrowed from Latin, Slavic languages in the south and Turkish. Most of the borrowed words such as anglicisms, germanisms, greecisms, italicisms etc are introduced in Albanian language in written form and orally, mainly in the last thirty years as a result of direct contact of Albanians with European and transatlantic countries, where they have lived and continue to live as immigrants, asylum seekers or workers. The number of foreign lexemes in Albanian language often differs from region to region and even from one person to another. Motivation of borrowing the words from a linguistic community, who regarding the cultural, technical and economic aspect prevails to the other community, is the desire and need to name new terms, objects and events, which are unknown in the language that takes these words. Borrowing new words for new issues also serves to cover linguistic requirements. However, taking foreign expressions does not necessarily show a sign of weakness; in a typical case there is a language enrichment, because new words are attributed to new things, new knowledge or new spiritual values. There are also cases when a word already exists in Albanian, but it is still replaced with the foreign word. In different circumstances both can be used. From this point of view, a question arises: What attitude should be taken for foreign words? Do foreign words enrich or spoil a language?
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Chik, Jerry. "Analysis of the Boiler and Heat Exchanger Manufacturing Industry in the US Using Porter's Five Forces Framework." Alberta Academic Review 4, no. 2 (July 26, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/aar116.
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As global trade expands and technological progress is being made in developing countries, manufacturers of boilers and heat exchangers in the United States (US) are facing increasing import competition while industry profitability is competed away from industry rivals, market entrants, as well as by the growing number of available choices for buyers, and by suppliers with larger clientele and differentiated products and services. The forces that influence profitability in this industry is an essential part of strategic planning for any boiler and heat exchanger manufacturer that aims to control competition risk and optimize profitability. This research aims to break down and analyze the influences that industry manufacturers, market entrants, purchasers, component and raw material suppliers, foreign imports, technological advances, government policies, industry organizations, and future trends have on the profitability of industry players. While it was found that the level of competition in the industry is moderate, rapid advances in technology, increasingly stringent government policies on emission standards and boiler and heat exchanger efficiencies, as well as growing import competition may catalyze industry competition in the near future. The use of Porter’s five forces in this analysis suggests the need to consider the significance of technology and the challenges posed by imports through increasing globalization, as these factors could substantially change and disrupt the industry by reducing barriers to entry and by raising the threat of substitutes. As a result, the boiler and heat exchanger manufacturing landscape in the US could become much more competitive, which in turn, could diminish returns for industry operators. This could also change the structure of the industry with the inception of industry players that offer differentiated products and services. The question for industry groups and policy-makers is to what extent should these five forces be influenced, since the degree of support for or of counteraction to these forces will guide the future competitiveness and marketization of the boiler and heat exchanger manufacturing industry in the US.
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Jiang, Xiaoyu, Yangfen Chen, and Lijuan Wang. "Can China’s Agricultural FDI in Developing Countries Achieve a Win-Win Goal?—Enlightenment from the Literature." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010041.
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Since 2014, there have been increasing numbers of undernourished people in the world, mainly distributed in developing countries. At the same time, the rapid growth of China’s agricultural FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) has attracted international attention. There are different opinions on whether China’s fast-growing agricultural investment can contribute to promoting global food security. The objective of the article is to clarify the consensus and differences of current research, and explore the actual impacts of China’s agricultural FDI. This paper adopts the Grounded Theory to sort out the characteristics, reasons, and impacts of China’s agricultural FDI and their intrinsic relationship. The results show that private enterprises are the mainstay of China’s agricultural FDI, mainly concentrated in developing countries in Asia and a few developed countries such as Singapore, New Zealand, and the United States. As the investment model is transformed from land leasing to mergers and acquisitions, China’s agricultural investment links are transformed from planting to full-industry chain operations. The motives of Chinese agricultural FDI are affected by corporate goals, national strategies, and the international environment. For China, overseas agricultural investment guarantees national food security, helps expand the agricultural product market, and enhances China’s influence. For the host country, China’s agricultural investment brings about agricultural technology, management experience, and employment opportunities. However, in the actual investment process, the investment model of land leasing has caused the instability of local farmers’ livelihoods, and the excessive pursuit of profits by Chinese companies has also led to an unfair distribution of agricultural products. All of these may bring some challenges to the social and economic development of the host country to a certain extent, affecting the realization of win-win goals. In order to achieve a win-win goal, at the enterprise level, Chinese companies should make the investment model fit the interests and development goals of the host country, rationally choose the investment location, and abide by local rules. At the government level, the Chinese government should guide enterprises to focus on the less developed countries and regions that are most in need of introducing agricultural investment, and provide enterprises with risk protection. At the international level, it is necessary to strengthen the formulation and improvement of international agricultural investment rules, guide the public to form an objective understanding of agricultural investment behavior and impact, and create a suitable environment for international agricultural investment.
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Dzikowski, Piotr. "Product and process innovation patterns in Polish low and high technology systems." Equilibrium 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 747–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2022.026.
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Research background: While the Sectoral Innovation System (SSI) anticipates technology-related similarities in innovation patterns in the same sectors across countries, the distance to the frontier suggests that there are important differences with respect to the level of national technological development. Most contemporary analyses of sectoral innovation systems are focused on well-developed economies. In contrast, the evidence from developing countries including new EU members are scared and lack dynamics. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this paper is to identify and compare product and process innovation patterns in Polish low and high technology systems. The main assumption is that divergence and convergence in innovation patterns of low- and medium-low technology (LMT) and high technology (HT) systems evolve over time and are strongly influenced by the characteristics of firms, their linkages with other system participants, existing demand, and institutional conditions. Methods: According to the third edition of the Oslo Manual (OECD, 2005), we employ a harmonized questionnaire and methodology to collect unique micro data on innovation. The survey concerns 5252 firms including 873 firms from HT sector. The scope of the research relates to product and process innovation at least new to the firm. Findings & value added: Our results show that although the intensity of product and process innovation is higher in HT system, both business support institutions and public financial instruments better support firms in LMT sectors. On the other hand, existing demand and market structure favor the emergence of new innovations at the firm level (imitations), but with more emphasis on LMT. The key source of innovation is suppliers, with foreign suppliers in HT and national ones in LMT. In contrast to leading economies, LMT plays a key role in long term economic growth in Poland.
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BELIKOVA, KSENIA. "SPECIFICS OF THE NETWORK MODEL OF INNOVATION IN PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE CONTEXT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION." Economic problems and legal practice 16, no. 5 (October 20, 2020): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2541-8025-2020-16-5-182-190.
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This article is aimed at identifying and analyzing the specifics of the network model of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry in the context of intellectual property protection on the example of a number of foreign countries and Russia. The starting point of the research is the currently observed networking - the introduction of non-market communication, which is beginning to replace purely exchange, monetary regulators in the economy, law, and other spheres of society. The article examines the issue of acceptability (objective necessity) of applying (accepting) «open» innovations in the pharmaceutical industry and some facets of the influence of this trend in the field of law. Specific examples are used to discuss various forms of expression of the open innovation strategy practiced in the pharmaceutical industry and some of its prospects. At the same time, some aspects of the protection of intellectual property rights obtained during the implementation (realization) of the «open» innovation strategy in pharmaceutical sector are studied in the traditional and network (using blockchain technology) format. The relevance, theoretical and practical significance of such a research is due to the fact that both network «open» (innovative) and «closely-held» (traditional) methods of developing new scientific knowledge have their pros and cons, which can currently slow down or accelerate scientific progress and promote innovative growth. Foreign experience can be useful in finding answers to similar questions related to the development, justification and adoption of collaborations based on «open» innovations by our country, and the fact that this study serves to fill in the existing gap in the development of legal and other approaches of foreign countries in the field of modern research. The author's results, among other things, are presented in the fact that currently the protection of intellectual property from unauthorized use is still traditionally based on agreements, but can already be performed in a modern network way - using distributed ledger technology - blockchain, that reliability is due to hardware control over any changes in the protocols or information in the network, its copying, easiness of establishing and verifying its authorship, which increases the chances of successful development of the OI strategy.
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Pata, Ugur Korkut, and Amit Kumar. "The Influence of Hydropower and Coal Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Comparison between China and India." Water 13, no. 10 (May 16, 2021): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13101387.
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This study mainly aims to investigate carbon status according to the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) in developing countries such as India and China based on annual time series data from 1980 to 2016. The recently developed bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag procedure is applied to observe the long-run effect of FDI, hydropower, and coal-based fossil fuel consumption on three repressive measures of carbon emissions. The empirical results of the analysis show that hydropower and coal consumption lead to an upsurge in carbon emissions and the size of the carbon footprint in China. Similarly, Chinese FDI increases the carbon footprint. Moreover, Indian FDI and coal consumption accelerate carbon emissions while hydropower has no impact on environmental degradation. These results suggest that the PHH exists in China and India and that the validity of the PHH varies according to differing carbon indicators. Based on the empirical results, effective policy practices can be implemented by replacing coal and hydropower with more effective renewable energy sources and allowing foreign investors to pursue environmental concerns in the fight against environmental degradation.
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Karbetova, Z. R., A. A. Zhakupov, Sh R. Karbetova, and Z. Y. Beysekova. "Features of corporate culture influence on organization efficiency." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 3 (October 4, 2020): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2020-1-3-129-133.
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This article shows relationship of corporate culture influence on organization efficiency and relevance of this topic, which is of great interest due to lack of development of this issue. The study of corporate culture of organization is due to qualitative changes in approaches regarding the influence of corporate culture on organization effectiveness. Organization efficiency requires that its culture, strategy, environment and technology are interconnected and aligned with each other. There are two ways that corporate culture can influence the life of an organization. Firstly, culture and behavior mutually influence each other. Secondly, culture affects not so much what people do, but how they do it. In process of formation and implementation of corporate culture, in our opinion, factors such as leader’s culture and national culture, organization’s mission, industry, external environment, structure and size of organization, etc. should be taken into account. The ability to solve goals and objectives set for corporate culture determines its effectiveness. In the study, authors revealed theoretical foundations of formation of corporate culture and its content, examined methods of studying corporate culture of organization and identified best methods for developing corporate culture of foreign countries. As a result of analysis and sociological research to improve corporate culture of BadysSidi Company LLP, authors developed recommendations for further development. Corporate culture requires ability to manage it in order to make changes effective. Effective management requires availability of appropriate management tools and real assessment of state and level of development of corporate culture.
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Valk, Reimara, Mandy Van der Velde, Marloes Van Engen, and Rohini Godbole. "International career motives, repatriation and career success of Indian women in Science & Technology." Journal of Global Mobility 2, no. 2 (September 2, 2014): 203–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-07-2013-0047.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to gain insight into international career motives, repatriation and career success of Indian women in Science and Technology. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 30 semi-structured interviews were conducted with (upper) middle-class Indian women in Science and Technology in Bangalore and New Delhi, India. Findings – Thematic analysis resulted in four themes – International career motives, Theme 1: cross-cultural and scientific exposure; Repatriation reasons and experiences, Theme 2: family reunion, career prospects and readjustment; Career success, Theme 3: international experience; and career growth, Theme 4: social responsibility. Motives for international career mobility of Indian women were: exposure to foreign cultures, international collaboration in science and personal and professional development. Family formation and reunion and career prospects were reasons for repatriation and positively influenced repatriation experiences of Indian women. Readjustment to people and conditions in India impacted their repatriation experiences negatively. The meaning women attribute to career success is grounded in recognition from peers in science, career growth, satisfaction and contribution to science and Indian society. Research limitations/implications – The sample of Indian female scientists may limit generalization of the findings to global career professionals in other professions from other countries with different socio-cultural and economic contexts. Practical implications – HR policies that foster international careers of women scientists as well as women's networks in science to share and apply knowledge, and their contribution to the Indian economy and society will enhance global career success of women and strengthen the sustainable competitive position of organizations. Originality/value – The study provides new insights into motivation for international career mobility and repatriation of women professionals from a developing country and their career success in the home country, and contributes to the development of theoretical frameworks on international career mobility and career success.
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Lavnikov, Oleh A. "FORMATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL STYLE OF FUTURE TRANSLATORS’ PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT." Bulletin of Alfred Nobel University Series "Pedagogy and Psychology" 2, no. 22 (2021): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2522-4115-2021-2-22-25.
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The article analyzes the international experience of forming an individual style of professional activity of future translators. The emphasis is placed on the importance of training competitive translators with a high level of desire for personal development, knowledge of business ethics, understanding of the requirements for appearance that corresponds to the situation in professional activities, etc. The purpose of this article is a theoretical study of the process of forming an individual style of professional activities of future translators abroad for the prospect of further use of positive experience to improve the system of higher translation education in Ukraine. The experience of countries with high results in the field of training competitive personnel, namely countries with a highly developed system of training, including philological profile, is revealed. It has been established that the formation of an individual style of professional activities of future translators in Spain must take into account the market requirements, which are reflected in educational practice. The strength of the UK in this process is the introduction of independent educational courses that form such competencies as the ability to use information and communication technologies on a theoretical, practical and creative levels in professional translation activities; understand and use techniques of business communication in a particular situation, the ability to negotiate and ways to influence the interlocutor; analyze and be able to apply in professional activities the knowledge of historical aspects of translation development, etc. As a result of the analysis of foreign scientific literature, the following organizational and pedagogical conditions of formation of individual style of professional activities of future translators abroad are substantiated: taking into account the requirements and features of the market of translation services for preparation of future translators; ensuring the relationship between the educational process and real professional activity; the study of different word-forming models in a foreign language; the introduction of educational courses (technical written text, copywriting or legal editing, etc.), which are aimed at developing writing skills, etc. An important aspect of the article is discussing the process of forming the professional image of a future translator, as a component of the individual style of professional activities. It is noted that in the foreign scientific literature a lot of attention is paid to such a phenomenon as the “individual image of the translator”and the process of its formation. The main thing in the context of this problem is the creation of academic disciplines that reveal the basics of psychology of communication, imageology, psychology of interpersonal cognition.
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Shkvarya, L. V. "Integration and the Diplomatic Crisis: Current Realities of the GCC." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 2 (April 28, 2020): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-2-71-163-182.
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The article analyzes the integration process in the Gulf Cooperation Council group countries (GCC), which was founded in 1981. Regional economic integration in the GCC has passed through the several traditional stages: the Free trade zone, the Customs Union and the Common market. Certain exceptions remain in the GCC integration, but the countries aim to create a full economic Union by 2025. Currently, the GCC is one of the most advanced and successful integration associations in developing countries. However, the GCC is the only truly functioning integration bloc in the MENA region. The author's analysis confirms that the share of intraregional trade is growing in the GCC, but this share is less high than in other integration blocs. The author emphasizes that the GCC countries have significant success in the world market of goods and capital. The GCC trade turnover is growing steadily, although it depends on fluctuations in world oil prices. The GCC region attracts a lot of foreign investment and technology. This allows them to continue to diversify their national economies. The level and quality of life in the GCC is improving. These and other achievements are largely the result of regional economic integration and cooperation between countries in various areas on the world and regional markets. At the same time, the GCC is one of the most strategically important regions in the world economy and politics. Economic and political processes are influenced by many factors, both internal and external. Therefore, there are many contradictions in the GCC, and sometimes crisis situations are formed. One of them is the current "diplomatic crisis". It began in 2017 and has so far created numerous problems in the region and in the Arab world as a whole. It also has a negative impact on the development and deepening of integration processes. The author analyzed statistical data for 2009-2018 and justified the conclusion that the "diplomatic crisis" damages intraregional trade, reduces the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators, and worsens the position of the GCC countries in the world market of goods and capital. It also creates difficulties for citizens of GCC countries and companies that operate in the region. Now GCC countries should develop a mechanism to de-escalate the crisis, as this is in the economic and political interests of all participants and the Middle East as a whole. The relevance of the research is due to the need to analyze regional economic integration processes in the subregion in the context of growing global instability. The research makes a significant contribution to understanding the nature and features of integration processes in the Middle East.
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Lektorova, Julia Iu, Andrei Iu Prudnikov, and Anna V. Pleshkova. "Government crowdsourcing as a technology for territorial development and an image resource of power." Ars Administrandi (Искусство управления) 14, no. 4 (2022): 624–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-9173-2022-4-624-645.
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Introduction: one of the topical areas for the transformation of political communication in the context of the digitalization of actors and interaction channels is crowdsourcing project activities. It involves the delegation of some powers from authorities to certain groups of people and / or the public and is a sign of the emergence of network democracy and a new format of dialogue between government and society. The experience of introducing crowdsourcing platforms potentially changes the configuration of political resources, providing additional tools for developing the territory and constructing a digital image of power. Objectives: to analyze regional practices in government crowdsourcing, identification of its functions, trends, risks, and efficiency indicators in the context of territorial development and government authorities’ image building. Methods: the case study methodological approach and media monitoring based on the “Medialogia” and “Brand Analytics” information portals for the calendar year. Results: the article presents the analysis of crowdsourcing web projects as managerial and image resources for authorities at the regional and municipal levels. Given the diversity of crowdsourcing political communication, including its variations such as crowdmapping, crowdvoting, crowdfunding and others, the article discusses the experience of Russia and foreign countries in testing and implementing various crowdsourcing options in political and management process. Conclusions: being aimed at the increased involvement of citizens into interaction with the authorities, crowdsourcing, in its political dimension, being often referred to as citizensourcing, de jure makes it possible to implement ideas and ideals of network democracy to a larger extent. However, de facto, it does not guarantee either a full delegation of power to citizens, or the provision by the authorities of any significant and serious advantages for residents using such tools. The key role in the qualitative measurement of citizensourcing platforms is played by the architecture of certain initiatives and projects that are to be submitted to the court of public opinion and collective discussion. In several cases considered, there is a desire of power subjects to grant the right to citizens only to have the opportunity to influence the form of the decision, but not its essence and content. At the same time, political actors using the tools of political crowdsourcing, regardless of what role is destined in them for the public, can potentially derive many benefits from such projects – from effective or, at least, spectacular image of their managerial decisions to obtaining additional opportunities and resources for the electorate mobilization during election campaigns.
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Rovai, Serena. "Education and human resources management in high‐tech organisations in China." Journal of Knowledge-based Innovation in China 2, no. 2 (July 6, 2010): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17561411011054814.
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PurposeAt present, in the increasingly global markets, one of the main challenges to international business is how to effectively manage human resources across cultural boundaries. In particular, high‐tech MNCs demand a specific pool of talented individuals with specific technical expertise and personal skills to be adapted to operate in an international arena. That is especially true in the case of China, which has attracted a significant variety of foreign investments from diverse countries and whose people management policies and managerial staff technical and personal skills are reported in some cases to be at a primary stage. The purpose of this paper is to explore the educational context development in China and its related influence on the recruitment and selection process in Western high‐tech MNCs in the People's Republic of China (PRC).Design/methodology/approachThis is a research paper based on multiple case studies and direct face‐to‐face interviews.FindingsChina needs highly trained and highly educated individuals who can work in a dynamic domestic and global marketplace. Under the centrally planned system, the curricula in different universities are not associated to diversification in response to China changing economic needs and scenario. In most of the Chinese universities, many of the disciplines are very narrowly defined because these institutions are responsible for the job assignment of graduates. Despite the unprecedented growth of Chinese higher education thanks to the recent government reforms, the educational system in China still needs to be further restructured in its curricula to provide a sufficient number of qualified managers but however it will take time.Originality/valueNowadays, China needs highly trained and highly educated talents who can work in a domestic highly globalised marketplace. The underlying study will provide insight into those education related factors and their impact on the labour market in China with a specific focus on the search for appropriate technomanagement talents. The paper also provides insights into those educational factors, which produce satisfactory and less‐satisfactory results in recruitment of local talents in foreign technology companies. It also suggests the need for further research in the talent management area and education in PRC in relation to the current lack of data. Recommendations for the possible integration of appropriate educational projects aiming at developing highly talented individuals into those foreign corporations are provided.
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Vasilkova, V. V., N. I. Legostaeva, and E. A. Penkova. "Use of Chatbots in Volunteering." Discourse 5, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2019-5-4-86-101.
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Introduction. Practices of social bots are becoming more diverse, bots are used in politics, economics, culture, health care, education, etc. In this connection, the need to analyze this new digital technology for disseminating information by various social actors, pursuing different social goals (both destructive and constructive) has been mainstreamed. The authors focus on chatbots used by volunteer organizations to expand their social influence. The paper realizes the following objectives: it considers the innovative experience of using chatbots in the volunteer movement of a number of foreign countries, and also analyzes the use of chatbots by Russian volunteer organizations for the first time.Methodology and sources. The authors developed and applied a methodology for analyzing the structure and functions of chatbots by the following parameters: 1) the purpose of the chatbot; 2) the functions that it performs; 3) external characteristics of the bot; 4) the procedure for starting the bot; 5) the platform on which it operates; 6) the productivity of its activities.Results and discussion. The results of a comparative study of five identified bots according to these parameters showed that the goals of creating chatbots in the volunteer sphere of Russian charitable and non-profit organizations are determined by their functions. There were identified three main functions: fundraising; informing; recruiting. The external characteristics and launch procedures of the chatbots in question differ depending on the specificity of the platforms on which they operate (Telegram, Facebook Messenger, VKontakte). As a possible discussion, the authors consider such problems as further developing the typology of social bots, the prospect of using chatbots for Russian volunteer organizations, the development of parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of chatbots in the volunteer movement and adjusting their functioning.Conclusion. According to the results of the study, the authors conclude that the study of the field of application of “benign” bots is an extremely relevant, but poorly understood problem in modern science. In the paper, on the basis of studies carried out by foreign researchers (S. Savage, A. Monroy-Hernandez, T. Höllerer, K. Starbird, L. Palen), the productivity of such bots in the field of volunteering was shown, as well as the productive experience of similar digital technologies (in particular, chatbots) in the Russian volunteer movement was analyzed for the first time.
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Briggs, Kristie. "Patents, Technology Adaptation, and Exports to Developing Countries." Global Economy Journal 12, no. 1 (March 2012): 1850251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1524-5861.1785.
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This paper conducts a disaggregated analysis of high technology trade to determine which high technology goods, if any, developed countries export in the presence of stronger developing country patent rights. One argument for implementing strong patent rights in developing countries is that doing so will attract high technology exports from industrialized countries, which should consequently lead to economic growth. However, the impact of patent rights on high technology exports is not identical across all industries. This paper postulates that the role of developing country patent rights in increasing high technology imports depends on the production and adaptation costs of foreign innovating firms, and the usefulness of the high technology good in developing country production processes. When the cost of adapting a foreign innovation for use in developing countries is relatively low, and when the innovation is highly useful in the domestic production processes of developing countries, strengthening patent protection has little impact on attracting foreign innovations. However, when the cost of adapting the good for use in developing countries is relatively high, patent protection can be used as a policy tool to limit competition, raise the price received by innovating firms, and, ultimately, attract foreign high technology goods from abroad.
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Al-Waqfi, Mohammed A., and Ibrahim Abdalla Al-faki. "Gender-based differences in employment conditions of local and expatriate workers in the GCC context." International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-10-2013-0236.
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Purpose – The labor force participation rates of females have been increasing steadily over the past few decades in the UAE and other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and are expected to continue to increase due to increasing levels of education and social change. While, there is a substantive amount of literature on the issues of gender gap in wages and employment conditions in Western developed economies, the evidence from developing economies – especially in the Middle East – remains very scant. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to contribute to bridging this gap by examining gender-based differences in employment conditions for local and expatriate workers in the context of the GCC region. Design/methodology/approach – The authors utilize a data set from the 2007 cross-section Dubai Labor Market Survey which covers a stratified random sample of employees in the UAE labor market. In addition to descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations of the data by workers’ gender, nationality, and various characteristics of their employment conditions, two empirical models intended to investigate factors that influence access to employment and wage determination of male and female workers in the UAE labor market were estimated. Findings – The findings of the study reveal that there are gender-based differences and inequity in employment in the UAE labor market. The authors highlight specific impacts of contextual factors on the employment conditions of women compared to men. The gender gap in the UAE context is compounded by nationality effects; whereby gender-based differences become less apparent in the case of foreign workers compared to UAE nationals. Originality/value – This paper is one of very few studies that addressed the gender gap in employment conditions in the Arab Middle Eastern or GCC context. The paper uses quantitative data from a large random sample of workers in the UAE.
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Nenrot, Ayuba, Lateef Olumide Mustapha, and Ibrahim A. Mohammad. "Determinants of Foreign Exchange Rate of Selected Developing Countries: A Conceptual Review." European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ejaafr.2013/vol10n84855.
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Foreign exchange rate is often seen as an important factor that influences country’s level of productivity, employment rate as well as international trade. Therefore, constant fluctuation in currencies exchange rate has been a major concern in international business operation across countries of the world. This study focused on reviewing the determinants of foreign exchange rate from studies conducted in some developing countries of the world based on literature mapping approach between 1994 to 2020. The study concludes that trade, money supply, trade openness, domestic investment, interest rate differentials, foreign exchange, productivity, inflation, capital inflow, gross domestic production, current account balance, external debt, government spending, oil revenue, nominal exchange rate, price of gold, tariffs, investments, central bank intervention, foreign asset and net export were considered as determinants of foreign exchange rate in some the developing countries of the world.
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Alsharari, Nizar Mohammad. "Internationalization market and higher education field: institutional perspectives." International Journal of Educational Management 34, no. 2 (August 7, 2019): 315–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-12-2018-0402.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the internationalization market of higher education (HE) globally and HE field. It examines the internationalization status of HE in Jordan as influenced by institutional perspectives as an example from developing countries. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a quantitative research design that includes a statistical and SWOT analysis of HE in Jordan. Data were collected from different courses: documents and archival records, websites analysis, surveys, interviews with professors and administrators, and an SWOT analysis as well as TOWS matrix. The latter has been constructed as a picture of internationalized education in the Jordan that can be used as a basis for decision making and strategies for higher education institutions (HEIs). Findings The study findings reveal that it is important for Jordan to endorse itself as an “education hub” in the Middle East and to educate its community to the level of skills required by globalization. The challenges of internationalizing HE are revealed by the SWOT analysis and TOWS matrix that highlight a wide range of opportunities and strengths that encourages the Jordan HE system to accelerate internationalization. The opportunities include overall improvement in the quality of education, the diffusion of technology and creating a globally competent workforce. The internationalization status in Jordan HE is still in its embryonic stage. The HE should take serious steps toward the internationalization including admission of international students, foreign postgraduate students, international accreditation, global ranking, online education and smart education. These steps will help the universities leaders to improve their universities position internationally and financially. Research limitations/implications The findings reveal implications for HE policy and strategy in the development of internationalized HE in the Jordan. The study shows how SWOT analysis and TOWS matrix can provide a solid platform against which particular case studies can be measured in terms of opportunities for and challenges of development. It also provides institutional perspectives with practical implications, focusing on some of the critical issues in this developing field for HE policy and strategy alike. A major threat to the Jordan progress in developing its HE sector identified in this study is external accreditation being seen as a signal of high quality, when more realistic standards are perhaps more relevant to the local population. Originality/value The paper is one of the very few studies in the area of the internationalization of HE in the Jordan that can contribute to the sustainability of the international dimension of HEIs. The opportunities and threats recognized in this paper can inform strategy for more balanced development of the Jordan’s internationalized HE, and for raising the quality of education overall.
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Chekina, Viktoriia. "Fiscal foresighting: analysis of researches." Economy of Industry 2, no. 94 (June 25, 2021): 71–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econindustry2021.02.071.
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In the context of the rapid technology development and globalization transformations, predicting changes in the economy, which affect fiscal system, is extremely relevant. Therefore, fiscal foresight as a mean of predicting a fiscal policy development in the long run is becoming an integral part of tax policy and economic development elaboration in many countries of the world. The objective of the paper is to analyse theoretical aspects of fiscal foresight, as well as foreign and national experience in fiscal foresights’ preparation to identify long-term factors and indicators that will have a significant impact (both positive and negative) on a fiscal system in a distant future. It was established that fiscal foresighting is a process of collecting data on the future to assess long-term prospects for the stability of tax revenues and budget expenditures in the face of changes in macroeconomic and other factors affecting the national economy. The main components of fiscal foresighting are identifying and monitoring trends, scanning and monitoring the time horizon, identifying risks and problems, and developing scenarios. Analysis of foreign fiscal foresights has shown that they become the basis for the development of shorter-term plans for the advance of fiscal systems, pointing out the main directions of fiscal policy, risks and barriers to achieving the goals. However, conducting an interstate analysis of a fiscal foresight remains problematic. This is due to the fact, that there is no single methodology for preparing fiscal foresights, countries choose different research horizons and update periods. It was defined that the basis for the goal-setting of national fiscal foresights was taken: reducing the level of income and welfare inequality, fighting against tax evasion, the transition to a "green" economy, promoting the digital development, stabilizing the socio-demographic condition with an unambiguous conclusion about the need to make adjustments to a national tax system. Countries have chosen as the main long-term fiscal policy actions: "rebalancing" the tax structure from direct taxes on labour and capital to indirect taxes on consumption and taxes on property and resource use; the transition from models based on ownership/sales to models based on the use of assets/goods/services; the introduction of new taxes, changes in rates, etc., the use of digital technologies in the tax payment and administration processes. The analysis of the socio-economic situation in Ukraine was carried out in order to identify factors that are critical in the development of the main vectors for the advance of the country's fiscal system in the future. These are recognized as: demographic and social changes, "depletion" of demand in the face of increased competition and the dependence of the export-oriented economy on the international environment and turbulence in the international economy, income inequality, digitalization, tax evasion, environmental degradation. Based on the results of the analysis of the "National Economic Strategy for the Period up to 2030", it was established that the actions indicated in the Strategy can become the initial data for the development of the first national fiscal foresight as a basis for assessing the long-term sustainability of the current fiscal system , identifying opportunities and risks of transformations of the fiscal policy of Ukraine under the influence of megatrends and intrastate changes associated with the peculiarities of the country's socio-economic development.
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Lytvyn, Iryna. "Companies-unicorns as a product of successful startup ecosystems." Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine: the stages of formation and problems of development 2022, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2022.01.206.
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The article studied the essence and history of the term "unicorn startups", identified features of the formation and development of unicorn companies, outlined the main differences between unicorn startups and traditional innovative companies. The author analyzed the geographical and sectoral features of unicorn startups, identified economic activities, and locations of the most active occurrence of unicorn digs on a global scale. The article analyzed the main factors of successful formation and development of unicorn startups, among them, identified a very important factor – the state and quality of national ecosystems of startups, that create favorable economic conditions and investment climate for the emergence and rapid development of such companies. The presence of a developed and competitive national ecosystem for the development of unicorn startups implies the availability of first-class investment venture funds with international professionals who can select potential unicorns in the early stages of the startup life cycle, provide competent management and intelligence services, also provide sufficient and necessary amounts of venture capital investment. Rapid scaling of startups is not possible without sufficient demand. Developing countries with low demand for technology and local market capacity, limited resources to build venture capital funds need to create the right legal framework to improve the investment climate, attract global venture funds and establish effective cooperation between government, business, and science within the startup ecosystem. Thus, it can be concluded that unicorn companies are the product of successful national startup ecosystems, and the factor of support, initiation, and development of national startup ecosystems is critical both for the emergence of such companies and for the successful development of the national ecosystem. Unicorns are a very important criterion for improving its position in the global ranking of ecosystems. Improving the position of national ecosystems in global rankings will contribute to the inflow of foreign venture capital, attract investors and influencers with an international name, will determine the future development of the domestic ecosystem of startups, and increase the number of unicorn startups in our country.
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Rogozhina, N. "Globalization and Developing Countries: Environmental Aspect." World Economy and International Relations, no. 4 (2014): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-4-16-25.
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In the article the widespread opinion concerning the exclusively negative impact of globalization on environmental situation in developing countries is disputed. But analysis of environmental consequences of trade and investment liberalization in these states proves that the role of foreign investments in deteriorating of national environmental situation is too exaggerated. On the contrary, the "export of environmentalism" is associated with TNK activities. On the one hand, globalization originates new threats. On the other hand, the integration of developing countries into the world economy favors the solution of many environmental problems by attraction of foreign private investments in industrial development and costly infrastructure projects; transfer of clean technology; promotion of international environmental cooperation and increase of environmental responsibility of national business.
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Indrajit, Richardus Eko, Basuki Wibawa, and Atwi Suparman. "University 4.0 in Developing Countries." International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development 13, no. 3 (July 2021): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijskd.2021070103.
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The barriers to adopting new emerging technologies are the parts of the transformation process of the university which are willing to change to the future environment which is triggered by the Industrial Revolution 4.0. This research aims to identify whether and how Emerging Technologies 4.0 can be established in universities of developing countries. Besides the literature review method, the research was conducted in two stages: qualitative and quantitative. The samples were 250 universities. The findings of this research may help higher education and top-management-level universities and the ministry of education to initiate future strategies: first, finding the mechanism to solve the financial problem (the highest obstacles) faced by the university, such as public-private partnerships, foreign investment, joint ventures, or other industrial relationships; second, working closely with technology and infrastructure providers (the third-highest obstacles) by implementing the technical approach such as cloud computing, on-demand technology, sharing resources, and virtualization.
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Kumar, Naresh, and K. S. Krishnan Marg. "Foreign direct investment and technology capabilities in the developing countries: a review." International Journal of Public Administration 23, no. 5-8 (January 2000): 1253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900690008525500.
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Yin, Xiangkang, and Xiangshuo Yin. "Can developing countries benefit from export promotion?" Journal of Economic Studies 32, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 60–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443580510574841.
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PurposeAlthough economic theory generally does not support government intervention in international trade, casual observation shows that many developing countries adopt certain trade policies to promote their exports. The objective of this paper is to answer the question that whether developing countries can benefit from export promotion.Design/methodology/approachThis paper considers a developing country which has to import new technology from the world market to improve its productivity. If it has certain economic rigidities, the country is short of foreign exchange and domestic firms cannot import an adequate amount of new technology. Even if there is no rigidity, domestic firms may not have sufficient incentive to invest in new technology. Therefore, the government can step in to subsidize exports. Through an analytical model, this paper investigates in what conditions the measures of export promotion can stimulate production and employment, and improve efficiency and social welfare.FindingsThis paper analyzes two effects of export promotion: raising the incentive of capital investment and reducing capital goods shortage caused by foreign exchange constraint. These effects might be the economic rationale for developing country governments to promote exports. It is found that export promotion can definitely raise employment and productivity, but whether these measures can stimulate the supply to the domestic market and improve domestic welfare depends on the sufficient and necessary condition given in the paper.Originality/valueEstablishes an analytical model to investigate in what conditions the measures of export promotion such as export subsidies and domestic currency devaluation can stimulate production and employment, and can improve efficiency and social welfare.
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Cabrera, Rony, and Domingo González. "Influences of technological attributes on sourcing of manufacturing technologies in developing countries." Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management 17, no. 4 (October 14, 2019): 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrjiam-10-2018-0872.
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Purpose As part of a new focus on a better balance of investment in innovation activities in developing countries, this study aims to understand the effects of technological attributes (technological complexity and type of technology) on manufacturing technology sourcing (whether firms choose either internal development or external sources). Design/methodology/approach Multiple-case studies were conducted in the Peruvian manufacturing sector. Findings The authors found that, across Peruvian manufacturing firms, they develop a certain manufacturing technology related to their capabilities. However, when the total cost of acquisition is lower than internal costs of developing technologies, they will choose external sources, regardless of their capabilities and complexity of the technology. In addition, analysis of the type of technology indicated that the pursuit of simultaneous exploration and exploitation occurs when firms use external sources rather than internal. Research limitations/implications This study has the limitation that data have been collected years after the decision-making process; the results are based solely on the authors’ analysis using the case of Peruvian industry, and they do not track the impact on the performance of manufacturing technology decisions. Practical implications The findings have important implications for technology managers of South American manufacturing firms that are decision makers in the sourcing of new manufacturing technologies. Originality/value The results of this study provide literature with insights into technology sourcing strategy in developing countries and the importance of progress in transitioning to technological innovation and catchup.
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BILGIN, MEHMET HUSEYIN, CHI KEUNG MARCO LAU, and ENDER DEMIR. "TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, FINANCE CHANNELS, AND SME PERFORMANCE: NEW EVIDENCE FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." Singapore Economic Review 57, no. 03 (September 2012): 1250020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590812500208.
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This paper attempts to explore the determinants for small and medium enterprise (SME) performance. In particular, we investigate how training, technology adoption, finance channels and exporting behavior affect SMEs' performance by examining the determinants of the profit per worker. Using a rich and up to date firm-level dataset, we find evidence that SMEs can improve performance by importing more foreign materials inputs and by utilizing foreign technologies from technologically advanced economies. This effect of technology spillover is particularly important for smaller enterprises in developing countries because in-house innovation is expensive. We further find that both informal finance sources and formal finance channels do not enhance the performance of smaller enterprises in financing daily operations and interestingly, informal channels hamper a firm's performance. There is no evidence for the effect of on-the-job training on firm performance. The exporting behavior of firms measured by the percentage of exports has no significant impact on firm performance.
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YILDIZ, Hakan. "TECHNOLOGY SPILLOVER THROUGH FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM PATENT APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Social Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR) 4, no. 12 (January 1, 2017): 689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26450/jshsr.118.
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Arain, Hira, Liyan Han, and Li Zhang. "Effects of Information Systems and Technology on Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries." International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning 7, no. 2 (2017): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijeeee.2017.7.2.146-152.
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Gentile, Elisabetta. "Intellectual Property Rights and Foreign Technology Licensing in Developing Countries: An Empirical Investigation." Economic Development and Cultural Change 68, no. 2 (January 2020): 655–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/701212.
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