Journal articles on the topic 'Technology and state – Catalonia (Spain)'
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1
Puntí Brun, Mònica. "Proximity Online Media in Catalonia (Spain). The Case Study of Nació Digital Group." Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21018/rjcpr.2015.1.104.
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This paper aims to make a conceptualization of proximity digital media. It will define what is local and proximity communication as well as the history and evolution of online journalism and digital media features which are briefly reviewed. Business models that exist nowadays and the state of art in Catalonia (Spain) will also be briefly analysed. From this theoretical framework it will be explained the case of Nació Digital and its territorial media. Initially the history of this media group will be developed, as well as its journalistic and business models. The paper seeks to underscore the importance of the journalistic model based on the tradition of the profession, the proximity information and the technology developed for this online media. The Nació Digital is an example of a successful media outlet judging from its audience figures (the second online media in Catalonia) and its sustainable model business.<em><em><br /></em></em>
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Kühne, Ina. "Die Rolle der Schulsprachenpolitik bei der Normalisierung der llengua pròpia in Katalonien und der Region Valencia seit Beginn der Transición." Linguistik Online 118, no. 6 (December 26, 2022): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.118.9085.
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Catalonia and the Valencian Country are characterized by a very special sociolinguistic situation, which consists in the coexistence of the Castilian language as the official language of the Spanish state and the regional languages as co-official languages in the respective Autonomous communities. This constellation holds the potential for political tension, since in the past ‒ but still today ‒ it lead/leads to linguistic conflicts, whose origins lie in the political history of Spain, during which the regional languages time and time again were subject to repressions and prohibitions, that came to a head during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. Since the beginning of the Spanish transition to democracy it was possible to work towards a resolution of the linguistic conflicts by means of legal norms and a corresponding language legislation. Especially the language teaching policy is an important area of language policy, since it has a long-lasting influence on the language skills of the citizens. The present article gives a detailed description of the measures taken in Catalonia and the Valencian Country concerning the language teaching policies since the beginning of the Spanish transition to democracy. Furthermore, it analyzes, in what way the language skills of the citizens of the Autonomous communities of Catalonia and Valencia have been improved through the applied language teaching policies and finally offers a comparison between the two Regions in this respect. The analysis is based on statistical surveys realized by the Institut d’Estadística de Catalunya (IDESCAT) and the Generalitat Valenciana.
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Olivera, Nihil. "E-Migration." International Journal of E-Politics 4, no. 1 (January 2013): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jep.2013010102.
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Communication and social practices of migrants are changing the dynamics of integration policies. Terms like globalization or transnationalization denote (apparently) an increased flow of information, goods, and capital across nation-state borders. However, borders are open for transactions, not for people. Located in the research thematic area of the Information Society, this article presents some technological, geographical, and social (TGS) characteristics that create a space the author calls e-migration, where the intervention of technology in society produces changes never seen before. This article is a theoretical reflection that discussed a case study of integration and immigration policies of French e-migrants (from the European Union, EU) and Ecuadorians (non-EU) in Catalonia, Spain. The article concludes with a discussion of some implications for future empirical research on e-migration.
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Magrí, Albert, Maël Ruscalleda, Albert Vilà, Tiago R. V. Akaboci, M. Dolors Balaguer, Josep M. Llenas, and Jesús Colprim. "Scaling-Up and Long-Term Operation of a Full-Scale Two-Stage Partial Nitritation-Anammox System Treating Landfill Leachate." Processes 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050800.
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(1) Background: Biological treatment of leachate in landfill sites using anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is challenging because of the intrinsic characteristics of this complex wastewater. In this work, the scale-up and subsequent full-scale implementation of the PANAMMOX® technology (LEQUIA Research Group, Girona, Catalonia, Spain) are presented as a case study to achieve long-term nitrogen (N) removal from mature leachate mostly through a completely autotrophic pathway. (2) Methods: The treatment system consists of two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) running in series to individually operate partial nitritation (PN) and anammox (A). Following biological treatment, physicochemical oxidation (i.e., Fenton-based process) was used to remove the remaining non-biodegradable organic matter. A cost analysis comparative was conducted in relation to the former technology used on-site for treating the leachate. (3) Results: The scale-up of the process from pilot- to full-scale was successfully achieved, finally reaching an average removal of 7.4 kg N/d. The composition of the leachate changed over time, but especially once the landfill site stopped receiving solid waste (this fact involved a marked increase in the strength of the leachate). The adjustment of the alkalinity-to-ammonium ratio before feeding PN-SBR helped to improve the N-removal efficiency. Values of conductivity above 25 mS/cm in A-SBR could negatively affect the performance of the anammox process, making it necessary to consider a dilution strategy according to the on-line monitoring of this parameter. The analysis of the operational costs showed that by implementing the PANAMMOX® technology (LEQUIA Research Group, Girona, Catalonia, Spain) in the landfill site, savings up to 32% were achievable. (4) Conclusions: Treatment of mature landfill leachate in such a two-stage PN-A system was demonstrated as feasible and economically appealing despite the complexity of this industrial wastewater. Accurate expert supervision of the process was a key factor to reaching good performances.
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Santasusagna Riu, Albert, Ramon Galindo Caldés, and Joan Tort Donada. "Assessing Inter-Administrative Cooperation in Urban Public Services: A Case Study of River Municipalities in the Internal Border Area between Aragon and Catalonia (Spain)." Water 12, no. 9 (September 8, 2020): 2505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092505.
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The proper management of urban public services (UPS) ensures that a territory functions efficiently, since it guarantees optimal waste disposal, water supply, and the maintenance of communication infrastructure, among other things. In areas of high urban density located close to metropolitan cities, UPS are usually provided properly and efficiently. However, in less populated territories, lying in the periphery, significant problems and deficiencies are often encountered, being most evident in rural areas located on the administrative limits of a state or region. This paper seeks to analyze the management of UPS in the internal border area between two Spanish regions, Aragon and Catalonia. A total of 72 stakeholders (mayors and town clerks) from 49 river municipalities were involved in this study that employs a quantitative methodology (questionnaire). The perception that there are deficiencies to correct and a clear will to reach agreements and establish cooperation mechanisms is detected in many of the municipalities in the border area. A clear need to cooperate is also apparent in a series of priority UPS, including the promotion of river tourism, town access roads, urban collective passenger transport, and environmental protection.
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Bullejos, Manuel, David Cabezas, Manuel Martín-Martín, and Francisco Javier Alcalá. "A Python Application for Visualizing the 3D Stratigraphic Architecture of the Onshore Llobregat River Delta in NE Spain." Water 14, no. 12 (June 11, 2022): 1882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14121882.
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This paper introduces a Python application for visualizing the 3D stratigraphic architecture of porous sedimentary media. The application uses the parameter granulometry deduced from borehole lithological records to create interactive 3D HTML models of essential stratigraphic elements. On the basis of the high density of boreholes and the subsequent geological knowledge gained during the last six decades, the Quaternary onshore Llobregat River Delta (LRD) in northeastern Spain was selected to show the application. The public granulometry dataset produced by the Water Authority of Catalonia from 433 boreholes in this strategic coastal groundwater body was clustered into the clay–silt, coarse sand, and gravel classes. Three interactive 3D HTML models were created. The first shows the location of the boreholes granulometry. The second includes the main gravel and coarse sand sedimentary bodies (lithosomes) associated with the identified three stratigraphic intervals, called lower (>50 m b.s.l.) in the distal LRD sector, middle (20–50 m b.s.l.) in the central LRD, and upper (<20 m b.s.l.) spread over the entire LRD. The third deals with the basement (Pliocene and older rocks) top surface, which shows an overall steeped shape deepening toward the marine platform and local horsts, probably due to faulting. The modeled stratigraphic elements match well with the sedimentary structures reported in recent scientific publications. This proves the good performance of this incipient Python application for visualizing the 3D stratigraphic architecture, which is a crucial stage for groundwater management and governance.
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Guzman-Parra, Jose, Pilar Barnestein-Fonseca, Gloria Guerrero-Pertiñez, Peter Anderberg, Luis Jimenez-Fernandez, Esperanza Valero-Moreno, Jessica Marian Goodman-Casanova, et al. "Attitudes and Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment or Early Stages of Dementia and Their Caregivers: Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): e17253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17253.
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Background Information and communication technologies are promising tools to increase the quality of life of people with dementia or mild cognitive impairment and that of their caregivers. However, there are barriers to their use associated with sociodemographic factors and negative attitudes, as well as inadequate knowledge about technologies. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze technophilia (attitudes toward new technologies) and the use of smartphones and tablets along with associated factors in people with dementia/mild cognitive impairment and their caregivers. Methods Data from the first visit of the Support Monitoring and Reminder for Mild Dementia (SMART4MD) randomized multicenter clinical trial were used for this analysis. Data were obtained from two European countries, Spain and Sweden, and from three centers: Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa (Catalonia, Spain), Servicio Andaluz de Salud (Andalusia, Spain), and the Blekinge Institute of Technology (Sweden). Participants with a score between 20 and 28 in the Mini Mental State Examination, with memory problems (for more than 6 months), and who were over the age of 55 years were included in the study, along with their caregivers. The bivariate Chi square and Mann-Whitney tests, and multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 1086 dyads were included (N=2172). Overall, 299 (27.53%) of people with dementia/mild cognitive impairment had a diagnosis of dementia. In addition, 588 (54.14%) of people with dementia/mild cognitive impairment reported using a smartphone almost every day, and 106 (9.76%) used specific apps or software to support their memory. Among the caregivers, 839 (77.26%) used smartphones and tablets almost every day, and 181 (16.67%) used specific apps or software to support their memory. The people with dementia/mild cognitive impairment showed a lower level of technophilia in comparison to that of their caregivers after adjusting for confounders (B=0.074, P=.02) with differences in technology enthusiasm (B=0.360, P<.001), but not in technology anxiety (B=–0.042, P=.37). Technophilia was associated with lower age (B=–0.009, P=.004), male gender (B=–0.160, P<.001), higher education level (P=.01), living arrangement (living with children vs single; B=–2.538, P=.01), country of residence (Sweden vs Spain; B=0.256, P<.001), lower depression (B=–0.046, P<.001), and better health status (B=0.004, P<.001) in people with dementia/mild cognitive impairment. Among caregivers, technophilia was associated with comparable sociodemographic factors (except for living arrangement), along with a lower caregiver burden (B=–0.005, P=.04) and better quality of life (B=0.348, P<.001). Conclusions Technophilia was associated with a better quality of life and sociodemographic variables in people with dementia/mild cognitive impairment and caregivers, suggesting potential barriers for technological interventions. People with dementia/mild cognitive impairment frequently use smartphones and tablets, but the use of specific apps or software to support memory is limited. Interventions using these technologies are needed to overcome barriers in this population related to sociodemographic characteristics and the lack of enthusiasm for new technologies. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03325699; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03325699
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Romero, Marc, Montse Guitert, Albert Sangrà, and Mark Bullen. "Do UOC students fit in the Net Generation profile? An approach to their habits in ICT use." International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 14, no. 3 (July 5, 2013): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v14i3.1422.
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<p>Some authors have stated that university students born after 1982 have been profoundly influenced by digital technologies, showing different characteristics when compared to previous generations. However, it is worth asking if that is a current observable phenomenon. Are those students born after the 80s really more familiar with ICT tools than those born in previous generations? Do they show different study habits and learning paths? Different research lines (Kennedy, et al., 2010; Bennett, Maton, & Kervin, 2008; Gros, García, & Escofet, 2012) highlight that scientific data is rarely used when discussing this generation’s characteristics; however, none of them have proved in statistical terms that college students do not fit in the Net Generation characteristics and that their habits of ICT use in social and professional activities do not differ from older generations. The international research project, Digital Learners in Higher Education, seeks to develop a sophisticated and evidence-based understanding of university learners in different institutional contexts and the perception of cultures in their use of technology in a social and educational context. Data has been collected from four institutions in Canada and Spain: the British Columbia Institute of Technology, the University of Regina, the Open University of Catalonia (UOC), and the University Rovira i Virgili. In order to develop this project, we used a multi-case study embedded design (Yin, 2009). The UOC’s case is deeply analysed in this paper to affirm that the Net Generation is more speculative than real and that includes students’ perception about this phenomenon, and guidelines are proposed in an eLearning context.</p>
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Lvova, Alla Olegovna, and Sussanna Vachagonovna Vantsyan. "ECONOMIC PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CATALONIA AS SOVEREIGN STATE." Chronos 7, no. 4(66) (June 13, 2022): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-66-4-45.
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This article is devoted to the study of the economic performance of Spain and its separate region of Catalonia from 2000 to 2019. It attempts to determine the contribution of the autonomous region to Spain’s GDP, to show the main industries that play a key role in the economy of Catalonia, to list the risks that Spain and Catalonia might face if the latter could gain independence, to determine whether Catalonia has an opportunity of becoming a sovereign state. The purpose of the study is to determine the conditions for the economic independence of Catalonia from Spain on the basis of statistical data of the analysis.
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Bernat, Ignasi, and David Whyte. "Postfascism in Spain: The Struggle for Catalonia." Critical Sociology 46, no. 4-5 (September 11, 2019): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920519867132.
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The thousands of Spanish National Police and Guardia Civil sent to Barcelona in order to prevent the referendum legislated by the Catalan Parliament on 6 and 7 September 2017 raised major questions about the fragility of Spanish democracy. The subsequent display of police violence on 1 October and the imprisonment and criminalisation of political opponents for the archaic offences of ‘rebellion’ and ‘sedition’ looked even less ‘democratic’. Indeed, those events in Catalonia constitute a remarkable moment in recent European history. This article uses the literature on ‘postfascism’ (developed in this journal and elsewhere) to analyse this remarkable moment and develop its social connections to the parallel re-emergence of fascist violence on the streets and the appearance of fascist symbolism in mainstream politics in Spain. The literature on postfascism identifies contemporary fascism as a specifically cultural phenomenon, but generally fails to identify how the conditions that sustain the far right originate inside the state. In order to capture this historical turn more concretely as a process in which state institutions and processes of statecraft are intimately involved, we argue that the Spanish state is postfascist. The article offers a brief critique of the way the concept of postfascism has been deployed, and, through an empirical reading of the historical development of Spanish state institutions, it proposes a modified frame that can be used to understand the situation in Catalonia.
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Faingold, Eduardo D. "Language rights in Catalonia and the constitutional right to secede from Spain." Language Problems and Language Planning 40, no. 2 (July 22, 2016): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.40.2.02fai.
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This paper examines the linguistic rights of Catalonia as stated in the Statutes of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979 and 2006 and the Spanish Constitution of 1978. In addition, it studies the ruling of the Constitutional Court of Spain of 2010 which annulled or reinterpreted articles of the Statute of 2006, including Article 6.1 which declares Catalan as the “preferential” language of Catalonia. The paper offers some suggestions for improving language rights for speakers of Catalan, both within the Spanish state and the European Union, to help de-escalate language conflict between Catalonia and the Spanish state.
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Myśliwiec, Małgorzata, and Krzysztof Stachowicz. "Corruption in Spain and Catalonia after 2008." Review of Nationalities 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pn-2018-0014.
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Abstract The authors decided to deal with the theme of the influence of corruption on the political processes in contemporary Spain and Catalonia. The investigation of this problem requires the reference to both: a political situation in entire state and in the peripheral region, included in the territorial range of Spain. Therefore, the main objective of the article is the attempt to answer three questions: 1) What is the corruptive phenomenon based on and why a public sphere is endangered with it to such a degree?, 2) How did the Spanish citizens react to corruptive processes after 2008?, 3) Did Catalonia, whose politicians regard this region as definitely separate from Spain, differ considerably from a political centre and other regions of the country within intensity of the occurrence of corruptive phenomena after 2008?
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Astor, Avi. "Religion and counter-state nationalism in Catalonia." Social Compass 67, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768619898651.
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Catalonia is simultaneously the most secular region in Spain and the region that places the greatest priority on actively managing religious affairs. Moreover, parties comprising the Catalan Left have been particularly assertive in pushing for legislative proposals to reduce the privileges of the Catholic Church and the general presence of religion in the public sphere. This article examines the sources of Catalonia’s exceptionality in religious matters, with a focus on the entanglements between religion and nationalism in the region. Drawing on survey data, legal documents, transcripts of parliamentary debates, media reports, and historical studies, the author argues that counter-state understandings of nationhood have figured centrally in the rapid secularization of Catalonia’s populace, the Catalan government’s proactive approach to religious governance, and the Catalan Left’s insistence on church–state reform at both the regional and national levels. This analysis speaks to broader questions regarding religion, secularism, and nationalism in stateless nations.
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Olomojobi, Yinka, and Omoigerale Omonye. "Contested Sovereignty and Conflict: Between Spain and Catalonia." Russian Law Journal 7, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2019-7-1-138-153.
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This paper examines the Catalonia-Spain trajectory. Quite recently, the region of Catalonia became known for its sovereignty demand, which has strained relations with Spain its host state. Economic grievances, nationalism, and political disillusionment are some of the explanations given for the growing secessionist moves in the region. Apart from this, other reasons identified include strained historical ties, class struggle, the erosion of its autonomous region by General Francisco Franco and the subsequent demand for selfdetermination by separatists. An issue that runs through this work is the refusal of the Spanish government to concede to this separatist’s demand which has deteriorated any negotiations for dialogue. However, the Spanish government has announced that it is open to negotiate anything except a referendum. Furthermore, based on the reaction of the Spanish government, the 2014 referendum held by the Catalans seems to be nonconclusive. This study, therefore seeks to examine the contentious issues of “contested sovereignty” with relations to the Catalonia-Spain quagmire and its seemly subsisting impact in the pro-independence agitations in Europe and Africa.
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Garreta-Bochaca, Jordi, Monica Macia-Bordalba, and Núria Llevot-Calvet. "Religious education in state primary schools: the case of Catalonia (Spain)." British Journal of Religious Education 41, no. 2 (February 16, 2018): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2018.1437392.
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Forns i Fernández, Maria Victòria. "The Management of Local Social Services in Spain." A&C - Revista de Direito Administrativo & Constitucional 22, no. 87 (March 10, 2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21056/aec.v22i87.1585.
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This paper reviews the organizational, competency and delivery system of social services at local level, with emphasis on Catalonia, understanding that local authorities become the essential unit from which to deploy basic social services, thus responding to universality, proximity and decentralization and contributing to ensuring the welfare state.
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Volkova, G. I. "About One Memorable Date in the History of Spain." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 6(39) (December 28, 2014): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-6-39-92-100.
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In 1714 the Catalans, being in the camp of the losers in the War of the Spanish Succession, finally lost any hope to gain independence. 300 years later, nationalists, who are in power now in Catalonia, want to take advantage of that memorable date by organizing a regional referendum in order to choose their own path of development. In the aggravating conflict of interests between Madrid and Barcelona both parties use not only political and propaganda measures, but also financial leverages of influence. The ethnonational issue in the multiethnic Spain is far from being solved, because for centuries the process of forming a unified Spanish state was characterized by political union of several genetically related (except Basque) ethnic communities, although with significant socio-cultural and linguistic differences among them. It is not coincidental that regional identity in Spain is still extremely strong, while the interethnic consolidation of the Spanish nation can be characterized as incomplete, which can be seen, particularly, in the intensification in recent decades of radical nationalist and separatist sentiments in Catalonia, the Basque Country and some other autonomies. Among reasons which escalated confrontation between supporters and opponents of Catalonian independence, we should mention the global financial crisis that hit the regions of Spain as well as the overall national economy. The separatists have many barriers on their way, starting from the constitutional provisions proclaiming Spain a united and indivisible state which impede to carry out regional plebiscites, and ending by an ambiguous attitude towards the hypothetical independence of Catalonia by both the residents of the region and in other parts of the country. It is important to keep in mind that in today's world the possibility of breaking large multiethnic state into ethnically constituting elements is more possible than 40-50 years ago. Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union and the emergence on the world political map of Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and most recently of the Republic of Crimea - confirm this. The Catalonian nationalists in their arguments in favor of the sovereignty of Catalonia refer to the arbitrariness of the borders formed in the past between separate European countries and the regions. Modern state boundaries indeed are not the result of rational planning, democratic arrangements or consideration of the local population's opinion. In many ways, the current borders are the result of historical processes, often - of bloody wars and territorial annexations. In other words, they are the result of actions which are contrary to current international law and moral norms of behavior. Independent Catalonia is still a hypothesis, but under certain conditions and, more importantly, as a result of concerted efforts of regional nationalists it could become a reality.
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Perovic, Bojana. "Constitutional organization of the regional state in Spain." Medjunarodni problemi 62, no. 3 (2010): 489–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1003489p.
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The author explores distinctiveness of the regional state mostly in Spain as third model of territorial organization. Unlike unitary and federal, regional state is not wide-spread and broad accepted concept of vertical organization although modern Spain and Italy represents examples of good practice. Having in mind diversity of regional identities and strong cultural distinctiveness in Catalonia, the Basque Country, Galicia and other areas, author is wondering if any other model of territorial organization could be sustainable in such socio-cultural environment. After the period of Franco?s dictatorship, which had been trying to exterminate cultural and historical particularities among Spanish nations, decentralization demands have become more stronger resulting with the new constitution adopted in 1978. This act has set the corner-stone of modern Spanish democracy based on Autonomous Communities as specific forms of decentralized state and territorial autonomy.
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Mosquera, M., A. Ollé, P. Saladié, I. Cáceres, R. Huguet, A. Rosas, J. Villalaín, et al. "The Early Acheulean technology of Barranc de la Boella (Catalonia, Spain)." Quaternary International 393 (January 2016): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.005.
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García, J., R. Mujeriego, A. Bourrouet, G. Peñuelas, and A. Freixes. "Wastewater treatment by pond systems: experiences in Catalonia, Spain." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2000): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0603.
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An evaluation of the 24 existing pond systems for treatment of urban wastewater in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain) was conducted in 1997-1998. The evaluation covered 13 aerated ponds, 7 waste stabilization ponds (WSP), and 4 maturation ponds added to conventional biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The technical characteristics of the pond systems were obtained through a survey completed during several visits to the plants. Performance data was supplied by the Catalonia Wastewater Agency and the monthly monitoring campaigns conducted during 12 months in five WWTP. The average ratio of water surface to population equivalent (p-e) is 1.3 m2/p-e for aerated ponds, 9.6 m2/p-e for WSP and 1.7 m2/p-e for maturation ponds added to conventional WWTP. Average electrical energy consumption is 0.5 kW.h/m3 for aerated ponds and 0.04 kW.h/m3 for WSP (when wastewater has to be pumped from the sewer). Most of the WSP show an inadequate level O & M, because the very limited operator attendance (0.6 h/dayon average) as compared to aerated ponds (3.2 h/day on average). Effluent quality of aerated ponds (31 mg SS/l and 22 mg BOD5/l, on average) is usually better that of WSP (100 mg SS/l and 67 mg BOD5/l, on average). Most of the WSP are overloaded, with only two of the pond systems receiving less than 50 kg BOD5/ha. Facultative WSP show a better performance than anaerobic WSP; anaerobic WSP have very high overloading conditions (with more than 250 kg BOD5/ha.d). Average effluent quality of all the pond systems studied comply with European Union standards.
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Cros, Lluisa, and Jordi Serra. "A complex dune system in Baix Empordà (Catalonia, Spain)." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 72, no. 1 (1993): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1993.072.01.16.
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Ruiz Vieytez, Eduardo J. "Asymmetry and (Dis)accommodation of Minority Nations in a Complex Constitutional Framework: Catalonia, the Basque Country and other Autonomous Regions within the Spanish Kingdom." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 16, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 123–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01601006.
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The Spanish 1978 Constitution establishes a complex state. In constitutional terms, it is not defined as a federal state, but rather as a unitary state with significant scope for political decentralization. This complex constitutional arrangement is in response to both internal and cultural features, and to a search for greater administrative efficiency. The pluri-national character of the state is the subject of fierce debate in Spain, while the way in which certain minority nations (Catalonia and the Basque Country) are accommodated is a permanent source of friction. This paper seeks to provide an overview of this complex political/constitutional situation by analysing the historical, political and legal developments that have occurred during the last 40 years, with a focus on the last developments of the Catalan crisis. Although Spain is markedly asymmetric in political and identity terms, this asymmetry is not adequately reflected in Constitutional Law. In addition, the ongoing tension between unionism and separatism in some regions poses significant challenges to the Spanish constitutional system as a whole, in particular, through the pro-independence process in the autonomous region of Catalonia.
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Calzada, Igor. "Emancipatory Urban Citizenship Regimes in Postpandemic Catalonia, Scotland, and Wales." Social Sciences 11, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11120569.
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Wide tensions regarding the organization of nation-state power have been triggered over the last years in the UK and Spain. By contrast, in the UK, (i) the plebiscite on Scottish Independence has been characterized since 2014 so far by a regular hegemony of the SNP in Scotland, and (ii) more recently, distinct resilient responses to tackle COVID-19 have dramatically shifted perceptions about the potential constitutional arrangements in Wales partially opposing a state-centric vision of the UK. By contrast, the role played by the constitutionally illegal but socially constitutive referendum in Catalonia on 1 October 2017, remarkably provoked the re-emergence of the Spanish far-right narrative through the surge of the new political party called Vox. In both cases, the urban in Glasgow, Cardiff, and Barcelona has been shaping various oppositions to state-centric agendas, and such oppositions have shaped elections in the UK and Spain. This article sheds light on the distinct, emerging, and emancipatory urban citizenship regimes in Catalonia, Scotland, and Wales, particularly illustrating the roles that Barcelona, Glasgow, and Cardiff, respectively, are playing in articulating a counter-reaction by rescaling a state-centric vision. This article employs past elections’ evidence to illustrate such regimes amid postpandemic times in datafied states.
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Fernández, Antoni Santisteban. "Teaching the history of Catalonia: past, present and 'futures'." History Education Research Journal 11, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18546/herj.11.2.04.
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The history which is taught in Catalan schools is not on the margin of the political, economic and social situation which is being shared by those living in Catalonia. There is an on-going debate about citizenship between the Catalans and the Spanish, which has had a major impact in the media, and has had repercussions for the future of Catalonia within the Spanish state. Teaching the history of Catalonia and Spain is an issue that has a strong resonance within this debate. The problem is not new and has deep historical roots. It has re-emerged, on the one hand, because of the attitude of the state government, which represents the most centralist Spanish nationalism. Moreover, the current economic situation has made the latent problem even more urgent. However, the debate has also served to mask other important problems.
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Granados, Alicia, Laura Sampietro-Colom, José Asua, José Conde, and Ricardo Vazquez-Albertino. "HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN SPAIN." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 16, no. 2 (April 2000): 532–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230010114x.
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The Spanish Constitution of 1978 established a healthcare system available to everyone and free at the point of service. The General Health Law of 1986 also established the framework for a National Health System (NHS). The Constitution and the law form the regulatory framework for the devolution of healthcare services to the Autonomous Regions. All the 17 Autonomous Regions have complete power regarding public health and planning. However, responsibilities on healthcare financing, organization, provision, and management have devolved to only seven Autonomous Regions. Financial support for health services comes mostly from taxes. Global budgets are a mechanism used by hospitals to control the acquisition of medium and low health technology. Major capital investments for health technology are controlled by the central government in 10 Autonomous Regions (population coverage of 38%) and by the Regional Health Services in the seven remaining Autonomous Regions. In 1995 a regulation for basing the introduction of new procedures and medical equipment on the assessment of safety, efficacy, and efficiency was issued. Health technology assessment (HTA) has a long history in Spain, beginning with the Advisory Board on High Technology in the government of Catalonia in 1984. This board evolved into the Catalan Agency for HTA (CAHTA) in 1994. The Basque Country established a unit for HTA in 1992 (Osteba) and the Andalusian government created an agency in 1996 (AETSA). A national agency for HTA (AETS) was established in 1994. These different programs coordinate their work and together act as an Advisory Committee of the Interregional Council of the NHS.
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Idzik, Agnieszka. "Prace Antonia Gaudiego manifestem katalonizmu?" Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 37 (February 18, 2022): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.028.
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Masterworks of Antoni Gaudí as the Manifestation of Catalanism?Catalonia is an autonomous community in Spain, possessing a unique culture. This is meticulously preserved, not only by intellectuals, but also by its citizens, who hold their individual language, common history and traditions in the highest esteem. It is the perfect example of a nation without a state, truly dedicated to the peaceful struggle for survival of its exceptional individuality. The article explains how the historical relationship between Catalonia and Spain has awakened the Catalonian sense of individuality and the will to fight for its rights, leading to the creation of a separate political idea – Catalanism. For the major part of the article the author presents the views on the Catalan issue as expressed by Antoni Gaudí – one of the most distinguished of Catalans.
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de Solà-Morales, Oriol, and Alicia Granados. "Health technology assessment in Catalonia: An overview of past and future perspectives." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25, S1 (July 2009): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462309090473.
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Objectives:The current and past situation of health technology assessment (HTA) in Catalonia is presented in this study.Methods:The approach used here is a historical review of facts and landmarks.Results:Spain has undergone radical change in many aspects, but the changes in healthcare provision have been major indeed. Catalonia has had the ability to benefit from these changes and has been able to build upon professionals' experience and expertise to development a consistent HTA network and continuous evaluation paradigm. The early involvement of the Catalan Agency for Health Technology Assessment (CAHTA) in several relevant HTA international initiatives and the relationship of CAHTA and Research with other HTA agencies in Spain is also stressed.Conclusions:HTA is currently of common use in Catalonia for decision making at different levels. Now emphasis has to be put on the coming challenges that the HTA community will have to face in the coming years: uncontrolled demand, capacity scarcity, a rapidly evolving knowledge frontier, and insufficient input from the economic sphere into evaluations.
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Colomer, Josep M. "The venturous bid for the independence of Catalonia." Nationalities Papers 45, no. 5 (September 2017): 950–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2017.1293628.
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Following an ambiguous constitutional compromise for democratization, the territorial decentralization of the Spanish state developed by means of political party competition, exchanges, and bargaining. Hence, the so-calledstate of autonomieswas characterized as “non-institutional federalism” [Colomer, Josep M. 1998. “The Spanish ‘State of Autonomies': Non-institutional Federalism.”West European Politics21 (4): 40–52]. In the most recent period, competition and instability have intensified. New developments include, on one side, attempts at recentralizating the state and, on the other side, demands and mobilizations forCatexit, that is, the independence of Catalonia from Spain, which resulted in sustained inter-territorial conflict. This article addresses these recent changes with a focus on the relations between the Spanish and the Catalan governments. The political changes were analyzed as a result of opportunities and incentives offered by a loose institutional framework and the subsequent competitive strategies of extreme party leaders.
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Griera, Maria M. "Defining Religion: New patterns of political governance in Catalonia and Spain1." Eurostudia 4, no. 1 (October 29, 2008): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/019231ar.
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Abstract Historically in Spain policies to govern religion have been undertaken and controlled by the central state. After the end of the Franco era and especially since the early nineties there have been significant changes in this field. The article therefore distinguishes two main patterns of regulation of religious matters: the first of these patterns can be described as a top-down political program of government and the second one as a bottom-up policy process of governing religious diversity. The first is mainly based on the application of the “church-state” model to the regulation and control of religious minorities. The second is a new pattern which promotes a different way of dealing with religious minorities being greatly influenced by the proposals of interfaith groups and multicultural theories. It initially appeared in Catalonia and slowly develops in whole Spain. However both patterns are not completely independent; current developments in both are rather influenced by one another.
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Baranov, A. V. "The Catalan crisis 2012-2017: political, institutional and ethnopolitical aspects." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-1-7-12.
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The relevance of the study: attempts to secede of Catalonia from Spain in 2012–2017 are a characteristic manifestation of the crisis of the national states in the context of globalization. The objective of the study is to determine the politicalinstitutional and ethno-political parameters of the Catalan crisis of 2012–2017 in the context of the interactions of the Spanish state of autonomies and their autonomous communities. The research materials are normative juridical acts of the Kingdom of Spain and the Autonomous Community of Catalonia, resolutions of political parties, statements of political leaders, results of opinion polls, statistical data of population censuses. Research methods: neoinstitutionalism, constructivist paradigm in ethnopolitology. The results of the investigation. The Catalan crisis of 2012–2017 confirmed the decrease in confidence in the state of autonomy and the party system of the country, caused by a deficit of democracy. The main factors in the fragmentation of the state are: the unfinished nation-building; weak national identity compared to regional and ethnic identity; import of secession institutes and technologies. The conflict is not resolved and requires a radical reform of Spain’s political system based on dialogue and constitutional reform.
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Ma’arif, Mochamad Ardhi, Wisnu Aryo Dewanto, and Muhammad Insan Tarigan. "Rencana Pemisahan Catalonia dari Spanyol Ditinjau dari Prinsip Self-Determination." KELUWIH: Jurnal Sosial dan Humaniora 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/soshum.v1i1.2851.
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Abstract—This Study discussed the problem whether the secession of Catalonia from Spain is in accordance with the self-determination principle in the International Law. This study used a legal, concept and case approach and concluded as follows: Catalonia was able to separate them selves from the parent nation according to the self-determination principle by making a referendum. This act of making a referendum was a way for the Catalonia society to state their opinion. This condition was in accordance with the self-determination principle in the international law because the right for secession may occur in a certain condition other than the context of decolonization. When a country is retricted by the reigning government in savoring internal self-determination (in obtaining political, economic, social and cultural status), then the country may perform a secession from the parent nation. The requierements of self-determination in the Catalonia and Spain case were political, economic, social and cultural aspects. Afterwards, Catalonia needed full fill the requirements stated in Article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, and they need to get a recognition from another country.
Keywords : secession, referendum, self-determination principle, recognation
Abstrak—Penelitian berjudul rencana pemisahan Catalonia dari Spanyol di tinjau dari prinsip self-determination, dengan membahas permasalahan apakah pemisahan diri Catalonia dari Spanyol sesuai dengan prinsip self-determination dalam hukum internasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang, konsep dan kasus, sehingga diperoleh suatu kesimpulan bahwa Catalonia bisa memisahkan diri dari Spanyol sesuai dengan prinsip self-determination dengan melakukan referendum. Referendum adalah suatu cara masyarakat Catalonia untuk menyampaikan pendapat. Hal ini sesuai dengan prinsip self-determination dalam hukum internasional, karena hak untuk memisahkan diri bisa muncul dalam keadaan khusus, selain dalam konteks dekolonisasi. Ketika suatu bangsa dihalangi haknya oleh pemerintah yang berkuasa dalam menikmati internal self-determination (untuk mendapatkan status politik, ekonomi, sosial dan budaya), maka sebagai jalan terakhir yang diperbolehkan dalam hukum internasional adalah upaya melepaskan diri dari negara tersebut. Syarat-syarat self-determination dalam kasus Catalonia dengan Spanyol yang ingin memisahkan diri adalah aspek politik, ekonomi, sosial dan budaya. Setelah itu Catalonia harus sesuai dengan Konvensi Montevideo Tentang Hak dan Tugas Negara Tahun 1933 Pada Pasal 1 yaitu syarat terbentuknya suatu negara, dan terakhir Catalonia harus mendapatkan pengakuan dari sebuah negara.
Kata kunci : pemisahan diri, referendum, prinsip self-determination, pengakuan
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Granados, Alicia. "HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND CLINICAL DECISION MAKING:." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 15, no. 3 (July 1999): 585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462399153121.
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This paper examines the rationality of the concepts underlying evidence—based medicineand health technology assessment (HTA), which are part of a new current aimed at promoting the use of the results of scientific studies for decision making in health care. It describes the different approaches and purposes of this worldwide movement, in relation to clinical decision making, through a summarized set of specific HTA case studies from Catalonia, Spain. The examples illustrate how the systematic process of HTA can help in several types of uncertainties related to clinical decision making.
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Planas, Jordi. "Cooperation, technical education and politics in early agricultural policy in Catalonia (1914–24)." Rural History 31, no. 2 (October 2020): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793319000360.
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Abstract After the crisis of the late nineteenth century, the role of the state in European agriculture expanded to many new areas: education and technical innovation; commercial policies and market regulations; farm support policies, and sometimes interventions in property rights. The development of these policies was a difficult and costly process, without the intervention of intermediary organisations like agricultural cooperatives and farmers’ associations. This article analyses the early agricultural policy in Catalonia (Spain) and the role of cooperatives in its implementation. It argues that this regional case was quite exceptional in the early twentieth-century Spanish context, where state intervention in agriculture was extremely limited. In 1914, an autonomous government was set up in Catalonia, and a modern agricultural policy was introduced in which technical education and cooperatives played a crucial role, as well as politics. The agricultural policy promoted and developed by the Catalan government was part of a state-building project based on a regionalist ideology.
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Gomez-Belinchon, Josep I., Joan O. Grimalt, and Joan Albaigès. "Volatile organic compounds in two polluted rivers in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain)." Water Research 25, no. 5 (May 1991): 577–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(91)90130-i.
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Fernández Batanero, José María, Pedro Román Graván, and Carmen Siles Rojas. "Are primary education teachers from Catalonia (Spain) trained on the ICT and disability?" Digital Education Review, no. 37 (June 30, 2020): 288–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/der.2020.37.288-303.
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In this work, we present the results of a study that had as an objective to understand the perception of key informants (directors, heads of studies and ICT coordinators from education centers, as well as well as directors and technology managers from teacher’s training centers), on the levels of technological training and knowledge possessed by the Primary Education teachers from the Autonomous Community of Catalonia, with respect to the use of the ICT with students with disabilities. For the methodology, a qualitative research design was used. The information was obtained from an analysis of 68 interviews conducted to professional from the education sector in Catalonia. The results obtained showed that the professionals perceived a low level of training and knowledge of the teachers with respect to the use of the ICT with people with disabilities. The findings showed the need to design and implement didactic training that empowers the teachers.
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Jura, Cristian, and Denis Buruian. "ETHNICAL MINORITIES AND ISSUE OF CHANGING THE STATE TERRITORY." Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 8, no. 4 (November 23, 2014): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v8i4.1605.
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Although, traditionally, the European Union is associated to the uniformity of the rules imposed, such as common market or unique currency, the challenge for European Union consists in finding the balance between the uniformity of economic rules and diversity involved by the multitude of traditions, cultures, ethnic groups living between its borders, diversity to be enriched more pursuant to the accession of candidate states.Therefore, even if through time it was brought in discussion countless times, lately the problem of secession has become more and more emphatic, both in states from the European Union – Spain (Catalonia, Basque Country), Belgium (Flanders) or Great Britain (Scotland) and in other European states, like the cases of Kosovo and Crimea.
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Breen, Colin, Wes Forsythe, and John Raven. "Constructing Contemporary Nationhood in the Museums and Heritage Centres of Catalonia." Museum and Society 18, no. 2 (July 4, 2020): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/mas.v18i2.3228.
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Geographically Spain consists of a complex mosaic of cultural identities and regional aspirations for varying degrees of autonomy and independence. Following the end of violent conflict in the Basque country, Catalonia has emerged as the most vocal region pursuing independence from the central Spanish state. Within the Catalan separatist movement, cultural heritage sites and objects have been appropriated to play an intrinsic role in supporting political aims, with a variety of cultural institutions and state-sponsored monumentality playing an active part in the formation and dissemination of particular identity-based narratives. These ae centred around the themes of a separate and culturally distinct Catalan nation which has been subject to extended periods of oppression by the varying manifestations of the central Spanish State. Recent developments have seen museums and other historic sites and places being appropriated and redesigned to play a more consciously active, overt and supportive role in the independence movement.
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Cherkasova, E. "Separatism as a threat to the European Union (The Case of Catalonia)." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 1 (2022): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-1-51-59.
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The Catalan crisis raises deep concerns about the very nature of European democracy. This is no longer an internal affair of Spain – rather a European and global crisis. Brussels, having declared that the Catalan problem is an internal affair of Spain, cannot completely abstract from it, both for economic and political reasons. It is quite obvious that the Spanish political elite failed to come up with an attractive alternative for Catalonia, or even a basis for a positive dialogue. By decisively taking the side of Madrid after the unilateral declaration of independence, the European Union has caused great disappointment among the Catalan nationalists. The EU is “tired” of crises and seeks to avoid involvement where possible, and it also lacks political or legal tools to resolve separatist-related problems. The European Union turned out to be unprepared for the Catalan crisis politically and intellectually. An extensive network of the EU authorities in the field of crisis management has shown its ineffectiveness. The example of Catalonia clearly demonstrates that the issue of separatism in general poses a serious threat to the European Union and the future of European integration. This threat is twofold. The rise of separatism in Catalonia led to a deep constitutional and political crisis in Spain itself, superimposed on economic problems, especially aggravated during the pandemic. The fourth EU economy is faced with an acute problem of maintaining territorial integrity. The Catalan crisis demonstrated the inability of Brussels to resolve this kind of conflict with mechanisms at its disposal. New mechanisms are needed that can ensure an optimal balance between supranational, state and local government institutions. The events in Catalonia have clearly demonstrated that separatist movements can pose no less a threat to integration as such recognized challenges as terrorism, migration, climate change and cybersecurity. Crises emerging within the European Union have become a serious obstacle to further integration; consequently, the focus of the EU’s anti-crisis policy is gradually shifting from external problems to internal ones.
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Maestre-Andrés, Sara, Laura Calvet-Mir, and Evangelia Apostolopoulou. "Unravelling stakeholder participation under conditions of neoliberal biodiversity governance in Catalonia, Spain." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 36, no. 7 (January 17, 2018): 1299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654417753624.
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The restructuring of biodiversity governance in Europe during the last two decades has been, inter alia, based on the argument that effective conservation hinges on consensual decision-making involving all relevant stakeholders. This has given rise to various network-based forms of governance and participatory arrangements in protected areas reinforcing the involvement of business and non-state actors, particularly through the creation of profitable public–private partnerships. Even though this shift has been framed as promoting stakeholder and public participation, in practice it has often hampered democratic decision-making and community empowerment. In this paper, we investigate the restructuring of biodiversity governance through the establishment of participatory arrangements in the governance of the natural park of Sant Llorenç del Munt i l’Obac, a place whose history has been linked with the emergence of one of the first environmental movements in Catalonia (Spain). We pay particular attention to the role of participatory arrangements in transforming power relationships and in promoting a neoliberal mode of biodiversity governance. We find that governance restructuring under the rhetoric of promoting stakeholder participation has in practice led to the exclusion of key social actors from the management of the natural park and favoured the inclusion of actors with mainly economic motivations further embedding a neoliberal agenda in the governance of the park and ultimately disempowering local community.
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Boldizsar, Adrienn. "Statistical analysis of road freight transport in Catalonia." Production Engineering Archives 28, no. 1 (February 12, 2022): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2022.28.05.
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Abstract This article describes the links between economic level, investment in Research & development (R&D), and Catalan freight transport between 2006 and 2016. Catalonia is the second most populous area in Spain, northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, whose economy ranks second among the Autonomous Communities, surpassed only by the Community of Madrid, to speak of a significant economic and social region. The study sought to answer the question of what economic contexts exist in the region regarding freight transport. To do all this, it uses mathematical-statistical tools to explore the relationships between real data sets, which were calculated using seven indicators. The analyses suggest a positive increase in the volume of imports and exports of goods in the region. The same is true for GDP per capita. It came as a surprise that virtually no positive correlations existed between R&D and any other indicators. In analysing the indicators, we found that the current economy was pushed back by the 2008 world economic change, similarly to international trends. At the same time, there has been rapid growth since 2010, especially in exports. This also means that Spain, particularly the Catalan region, has serious trade relations, which affect the region’s economic development and the freight transport industry.
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Kovalchuk, M. "Basque separatism vs Catalan independence movement: socio-cultural aspects." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-1-33-38.
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The current situation in Spain is characterized by the confrontation of two movements known as «independence movement» and «separatism». Both the Basque region and Catalonia have their own language, culture and a long history of the development of isolation tendencies. However, the objectives and the ways to achieve them have been different for a long time. In order to preserve the sociocultural unity of Spain it is necessary to eliminate the factors that that prevent people from finding the solution to the conflict, and the most important thing is to initiate dialogue, reach a compromise and be ready to stand by the words. It is difficult to imagine that any part will be separated from Spain from the economic point of view and, above all, socio-cultural, because the majority of Spanish population considers Spain as a strong and united State.
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Batista, E., and J. Hernandez. "The drainage of lake ‘L'Estany’ in Spain." Water Supply 18, no. 1 (June 6, 2017): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.105.
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Abstract In the 18th century, the practice of drying up the wetlands, marshy or stagnant water areas expanded throughout Europe in order to avoid the malaria fevers that the population periodically suffered and to recover land for farming. This communication describes the current knowledge about the history of the process of drying in various hydrological basins as well as the works in the endorheic lake close to the village of L'Estany, located in the district of the Moianès (Catalonia), in the northeast of Spain. The drying began in the 16th century with drainage channels driven by the Monastery of Santa Maria de L'Estany, and culminated in the 18th century with the construction, using the dry stone technique, of a 425 m long, 2.14 m high and 1.20 m wide drainage mine that diverted water to the basin of the Llobregat River. Now the mine and the canals are conserved for use in times of rain as well as a touristic objective that complements the cultural and religious concerns of the Monastery of Santa Maria with its magnificent Romanesque cloister.
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El salam El Rayyes, Abd, and Jaume Valls-Pasola. "The Effect of Research & Development Activities and Open Innovation Activities: A Key to Low/ Medium Technology Industries and Firms in Catalonia." International Journal of Innovation Science 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1757-2223.5.4.225.
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Research and Development (R&D) activities and Open Innovation activities (OI) have been of crucial importance in Low/Medium Technology (LMT) sectors that are based on the innovation abilities of LMT firms. This article analyzes the links between OI activities and R&D activities in Catalan (Spain) LMT firms. First, we develop a model of how innovation is developed within LMT Catalan firms. By analyzing R&D and OI activities in LMT firms, we measure both internal and external activities of these firms. Secondly, we explore the effects of R&D activities and OI activities in the industrial sector, and then the effects of both in the market of the Catalonia region. Catalan LMT firms have unique opportunities in the innovation process, yet face some obstacles. The objective of this article is to advocate for bridges to be built between university research and public centers, and LMT firms in Catalonia. To define the current issue within the field of Catalan LMT firms, we sample 2008 to 2010 data from the Spanish National Statistical Institute (INE), Statistical Institute of Catalonia (IDESCAT), and the Organization for Economic, Cooperation and Development (OECD).
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Palomo-Díez, S., C. Gomes, A. M. López-Parra, C. Baeza-Richer, I. Cuscó, C. Raffone, E. García-Arumí, et al. "Genetic identification of Spanish civil war victims. The state of the art in Catalonia (Northeastern Spain)." Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 7, no. 1 (December 2019): 419–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.10.035.
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Jeram, Sanjay. "Sub-state Nationalism and Immigration in Spain: Diversity and Identity in Catalonia and the Basque Country." Ethnopolitics 13, no. 3 (November 12, 2013): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2013.853998.
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Gorenko, G. M. "SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION IN SPAIN: PROTECTION OF LANGUAGE AND NATION." Title in english 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2019-1-17-80-88.
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Te article analyzes the influence of the processes of globalization and regionalism on the sociolinguistic situation of minority languages that obtain a special value as the sole and main depositories of the national culture. As national minorities begin to claim their linguistic rights, the international community addresses the problem at all levels: community, national and regional. It examines the linguistic situation in Spain, which is considered one of the European countries that best preserves and promotes regional and minority languages, as well as in Catalonia, where the most intense focus of linguistic tension in the EU is currently observed. As the analysis of the current state of the co-ofcial and minority languages operating in Spanish territory shows, the struggle for languages is won in Spain. Its linguistic policy has been fruitful, but, at the same time, it has produced a series of dangerous consequences for the stability and integrity of the Spanish state itself. What now remains for Spain is to undertake the difcult task of preserving itself. Te progressive weakening of the strong ties that previously held the Spanish state together, the erosion of the concept of the sovereign national state and the delegation of the main public powers to a supranational structure have served to give a strong boost to nationalism and reactivate the Catalan independence movement. Terefore, today the State language policy, which is of special importance, must be highly balanced and guided by long-established national interests.
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Coll-Planas, Gerard, Gloria García-Romeral, and Belén Masi. "The Incorporation of Cultural and Religious Diversity in LGBT Policies: Experiences of Queer Migrants from Muslim Backgrounds in Catalonia, Spain." Religions 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13010036.
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This article reflects on the biases in sexual and gender diversity policies in relation to the axis of cultural and religious diversity in Catalonia (Spain), where these policies have experienced an enormous boost since 2014. The paper aims to analyse the articulation between the experiences of queer migrants from Muslim backgrounds living in Catalonia and the LGBT and intercultural policies. Based on interviews both with queer migrants and people involved in developing public policies, we analyse how these two axes intersect. The approach of policies is mainly monofocal and assimilationist, failing to acknowledge the hybridity of queer migrant experiences. However, we also find examples of policy programmes that adopt an intersectional perspective and embrace hybridity by advancing more inclusive LGBT equality policies. The conclusions highlight two axes of tensions that have emerged in the analysis of the policies: the construction of the figure of the queer person from a Muslim background and the role of the state regarding sexual and gender diversity.
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Amengual, A., R. Romero, M. Gómez, A. Martín, and S. Alonso. "A Hydrometeorological Modeling Study of a Flash-Flood Event over Catalonia, Spain." Journal of Hydrometeorology 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2007): 282–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm577.1.
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Abstract During the early morning of 10 June 2000, the Catalonia region was affected by a hazardous convective rainfall episode that produced a large increase on flow regimes in many internal catchments of the region. The present modeling study is focused upon the Llobregat basin, the biggest internal catchment with a drainage area of 5040 km2. The first objective of the study is the characterization of the watershed hydrological response to this flash-flood event based on rain gauge data and the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrological Modeling System (HEC-HMS) runoff model. The HEC-HMS model has been calibrated using five episodes of similar torrential characteristics, and the effects of the spatial segmentation of the basin and of the temporal scale of the input rainfall field have been examined. These kinds of episodes present short recurrence intervals in Mediterranean Spain, and the use of mesoscale forecast driven runoff simulation systems for increasing the lead times of the emergency management procedures is a valuable issue to explore. The second objective uses NCEP and ECMWF analyses to initialize the nonhydrostatic fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) in order to simulate the 10 June 2000 flash-flood episode with appropriate space and time scales to force the runoff model. The final objective analyzes the sensitivity of the catchment’s response to the spatial and temporal uncertainty of the rainfall pattern based on an ensemble of perturbed MM5 simulations. MM5 perturbations are introduced through small shifts and changes in intensity of the precursor upper-level synoptic-scale trough. Main results indicate that 1) an optimum configuration of the runoff model can be clearly defined that best adjusts the simulated basin’s hydrological response to observed peak discharges, their timing, and total volume; 2) the MM5-control driven runoff simulation shows a reasonable reproduction of the observed discharge at the basin’s outlet and appears to be a suitable tool for the hydrometeorological forecasting of flash floods in the Llobregat basin as a whole; and 3) the ensemble of perturbed runoff simulations does not exhibit any relevant degradation of the forecast skill, and some of the members even outperform the control experiment at different stream gauge locations. That is, the catchment is relatively insensitive to rainfall forecast errors of a few tenths of kilometers and no more than 1–2 h.
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Liquete, Camino, Miquel Canals, Wolfgang Ludwig, and Pedro Arnau. "Sediment discharge of the rivers of Catalonia, NE Spain, and the influence of human impacts." Journal of Hydrology 366, no. 1-4 (March 2009): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.013.
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Olivieri, Victor M. "Sub-state nationalism in Spain: primers and triggers of identity politics in Catalonia and the Basque Country." Ethnic and Racial Studies 38, no. 9 (February 9, 2015): 1610–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1009480.
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