Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Techniques in vitro – méthodes'
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Chrit, Linda. "Développement de méthodes microspectroscopiques pour l'évaluation in vitro et in vivo de l'hydratation du stratum corneum par des agents cosmetiques." Reims, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REIMP205.
Full textThe @skin is a complex organ which has a high level of heterogeneity at the level its molecular and structural organisation. These variations depend on the depth and site of analysis. Such variations can be affected by subcutaneous disorder related to pathology or environmental factors such as solar exposure, climatic changes, and medical or cosmetic dermatological. These treatments can change the mechanical and optical properties of the skin. Thus, in order to study and characterise the properties of the skin objectively, non-invasive methods have been of particular interest recently, leading to a considerable growth in methods utilising vibrational spectroscopy. Vibrational spectroscopic methods permit characterisation of the Stratum corneum in vitro and in vivo. The work in this thesis was concerned with the construction of an automatic screening tool for the evaluation, in vitro, of the hydration potential of chemical species within the skin. The work presented in this thesis demonstrates that vibrational spectroscopic techniques (primarily Raman and secondarily Infra-Red imaging) have been successfully applied to the analysis and understanding of the mechanisms of hydration of the Stratum corneum by cosmetic agents. These results have also been extended to the development, in parallel, of a confocal Raman microprobe for the evaluation, in vivo, of the retention of molecules of interest in the skin. The hydration potential of different chemical species, which are not accessible by conventional methods, have been elucidated by the methods developed here. These non-invasive and non-destructive methods alow the analysis of the human skin in its natural state without altering its morphology, integrity and molecular composition during measurements of skin-typing, for example. The spectroscopic analysis presented herein required the use of statistical treatments based on mixed analysis of variance, spectral composition by minimum least square methods, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA)
Soullier, Noémie. "Evaluation des résultats de la fécondation in vitro : l'apport de l'imputation multiple." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T019.
Full textDe, Conto Véronique. "Importance du microenvironnement dans les modèles cérébraux in vitro pour le criblage phénotypique." Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUS046.
Full textAbout 90% of drug candidates fail in clinical trials, for efficacy- and toxicity-related reasons, which often involve the Central Nervous System (CNS). This high failure rate highlights a lack of relevance in experimental models used upstream, including human in vitro models. Indeed, they do not take into account the complexity of the CNS, in which neurons are organized in 3 dimensions (3D) and interact with their microenvironment, composed of cells, soluble factors and extracellular matrix (ECM). The objectives of this PhD were i) to study the influence of these three microenvironment components on neuronal cells in cerebral in vitro models by automatized cellular imaging, and ii) to develop more relevant cerebral in vitro models for phenotypic screening, to assess neurotoxic or therapeutic effects, in the frame of Parkinson’s Disease (PD).First, the BIOMIMESYS® Brain technology has been developed. This acid hyaluronic based-matrix allows the simulation of the ECM and a 3D culture of cerebral cells in 96-well plates. The sensitivity of Luhmes cells, a dopaminergic neuronal cell line, to PD inducers has been studied: the cells displayed a lower sensitivity in BIOMIMESYS® Brain compared to cells cultured in 2 dimensions (2D). This difference was explained by two phenomena: a partial retention of toxic molecules in the matrix, and a lower neuronal maturity compared to cells cultured in 2D.The importance of the cellular microenvironment has been studied through a co-culture of Luhmes cells and primary human astrocytes in 2D. This co-culture has then been transposed in BIOMIMESYS® matrix, to form a complex model including both the glial and the matricial microenvironments.In parallel, the influence of the molecular microenvironment has been studied on the SH-SY5Y cells, a cell line derived from a neuroblastoma, commonly used for neurotoxicity assessment. In this study, the 24 major differentiation media described in the literature to differentiate these cells into neurons have been screened. The 3 most differentiating conditions in terms of proliferation slowdown and neurite elongation have been selected: retinoic acid, staurosporine, and cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) combined to B21 supplement. The neuronal protein marker expression and the cell sensitivity to compounds of known-toxicity have been measured, in 2D and in 3D in BIOMIMESYS® Brain. Both maturity and sensitivity of these neurons varied according to the differentiation medium, and were higher in B21+cAMP. The 3D cell culture modified also the cell response, with a lower sensitivity of cells cultured in 2D.This PhD highlighted that the microenvironment of neurons, including the ECM, the glial cells and the soluble factors, can modify the neuronal response in vitro, and should thus be considered carefully in academic research and as early as possible in the drug discovery industrial process
Aubert, L'Huillier Carole. "Evaluation du pouvoir bioadhésif de gels à base de techniques "in vitro" : étude de l'influence des facteurs de formulation - choix de la méthode." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P142.
Full textMejlachowicz, Dan. "Développement de modèles in vitro et in vivo pour analyser la réponse aux radiations ionisantes du tissu thyroïdien normal humain." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL057.
Full textThe only demonstrated etiologic factor for thyroid cancer is an exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) during childhood. Epidemiological studies can measure a significant risk to develop a cancer following thyroid doses above 50 mGy. This risk is observed after external exposure to high doses/dose rates (radiotherapy) and after contamination of iodine radioisotopes at lower doses.As the risk decreases with the dose, if radiation-induced cancers (R) develop after thyroid doses <50mGy, an excess of cancers cannot be measured by conventional epidemiology, especially because the incidence of sporadic cancers (S) increases. Consequently, it is not possible to answer the societal debates concerning the risk associated to low doses exposure, such as the risk for patients during medical diagnosis by imagery technics in the "head and neck" area especially for children, following Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents fallout, and following contamination after the atmospheric nuclear tests in French Polynesia.To answer the questionnning about the risk of low doses IR on human thyroid, a better knowledge of the exposure according to doses and dose rates is necessary,. Thyroid carcinogenesis presents specificities among species. Indeed, in mice, S or R thyroid cancers incidence is low, and the few R tumors developping are mainly follicular cancers whereas there are mainly papillary cancers in humans (S and R).In order to analyze the normal human thyroid tissue response to IR, we have developed several approaches using biopsies of non-pathological tissues from patients who have undergone thyroidectomy: primary thyrocyte cultures, in vitro 3D models (thyrospheres and organotypic cultures) and xenografts in mice.For 3D models, maintenance of polarity, cell differentiation, tissue complexity and physiological activity of the cultures were controlled. We obtained thyrospheres (6 donors) organized in follicles delimiting a lumen composed of thyroglobulin. We used the matrigel-based protocol described by Toda et al. (2002) for organotypic cultures of porcin tissue, and showed an hypoxic stress in the human tissue (7 donors). An optimal oxygenation of the tissue was obtained by air-liquid interface culture (3 donors). In ALI organotypic cultures, a secretion of free thyoid hormone T4 was observed (1 donor, at 1 week), and this protocol allowed the tissue maintenance over 4 weeks. Mouse xenografts permitted human tissue maintenance over a period of at least one year, we already succeed in maintaining the thyroid tissue over 5 weeks in SCID/beige mice (3 donors).In parallel, we compared the proliferation, the survival and the kinetics of DNA strand breaks induction/repair after exposure of thyrocytes from patients exposed (radiotherapy) during childhood (2 donors) or unexposed (3 donors), in primary cultures. We reproducibly observed that exposed thyrocytes are more radioresistant than unexposed thyrocytes. These results strongly suggest the existence of a long-term phenotypic signature of exposure to IR in normal thyroid tissue, consistent with the identification of molecular signatures discriminating exposed and unexposed normal thyroid tissue by C Ory and N Ugolin in the laboratory. As suggested by C Dupuy's team, this imprinting could be due to the development of a chronic oxidative stress following IR exposure in the thyroid.The models developed during this thesis will be essential to understand low and high doses IR effects and risks on the human thyroid. They will also be usefull to asses the effects of endocrine disruptors (ED) on human thyroid, alone or in cocktail and estimate if this ED exposure may modify the radiosensitivity of the thyroid. These models will be used to analyse the first steps on radiation-induced thyroid carcinogenesis as well as the origin of this persistent long-term exposure imprinting
Ostrovidov, Serge. "Evaluation des activités antioxydantes de nouvelles molécules séléniées par méthode in vitro utilisant la culture cellulaire et la cytométrie de flux." Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN19008.
Full textBiri, Venceslas. "Techniques d'animation dans les méthodes globales d'illumination." Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MARN0155.
Full textIn this thesis, we focus on the problems of rendering in dynamic scene. It contains two main parts : one without participating medium and the other one with. In the first part, after an overview of rendering methods, we present a new algorithm, based on radiosity using higher order bases. It takes profits of temporal coherence to calculate animations twice to three times faster, even when light sources are moving. In the second part, after seeing the different algorithms that are able to render participating medium , we propose a first method allowing to model, simulate and animate non homogeneous fog in real time. Then, we propose an real time algorithm, in single scattering, representing surface and volume shadows. Finally, we try to generalise our preceding dynamic radiosity algorithm in the presence of the participating mediums
Maire, Sylvain. "Quelques Techniques de Couplage entre Méthodes Numériques Déterministes et Méthodes de Monte-Carlo." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00579977.
Full textLopez, Nestor. "Spécification formelle de systèmes complexes : méthodes et techniques." Paris, CNAM, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2001CNAM0410.
Full textTrinh, Thi Huong. "Adapting recent statistical techniques to the study of nutrition in Vietnam." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU10010/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to adapt recent statistical techniques and to bring new insights on the nutritional transition in Vietnam. Vietnam is a lower middle income country but it now faces the double burden of malnutrition characterized by the coexistence of undernutrition along with overweight and obesity, or diet-related noncommunicable diseases. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction to this thesis. We consider Vietnam is a pilot case study about nutrition. Chapter 2, we revisit the issue of estimating the relationship between per capita calorie intake and income using six waves of the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey over the period 2004-2014. Characterizing the response of calorie intake to income for the poorest households is a prerequisite for considering policies aimed at reducing starvation and correcting nutritional deficiencies. The classical log-log specification does not capture the nonlinearity of this relationship. We adopt rather various generalized additive models (GAM) specifications where only income is supposed to act in a nonlinear fashion and compare them with a recent procedure. The results highlight the strong response of calorie intake to an increase in income for the poorest households. A byproduct of the proposed methodology is the decomposition of the evolution of average calorie intake between the two waves into the part due to the change of population characteristics distributions and those coming from the change in calorie-income relationship, shedding new light on the nutritional transition in Vietnam. Chapter 3, we use decomposition methods to assess the determinants of changes in macronutrients consumption in Vietnam using the 2004 and 2014 waves. The common objective of decomposition methods is to decompose between-group differences in economic outcomes such as wage or income, into two components: a composition effect due to differences in observable covariates across groups, and a structure effect due to differences in the relationship that links the covariates to the considered outcome. The recent decomposition procedure proposed by Rothe (2015) aims at decomposing further the composition effect into three types of components: the direct contribution of each covariate, several two way and higher order interaction effects and a dependence. Rothe (2015) uses a parametric copula to model the dependence effects and we adapt this approach to the case of a mixture of continuous and discrete covariates. Chapter 4, we focus on food composition in terms of diet components. We consider modeling the proportions of protein, fat and carbohydrate in the average per capita calorie intake. We use descriptive tools, such as compositional biplots and ternary diagrams, to show the evolution of the three components over the years and then model macronutrients composition as a function of household characteristics, using compositional regression models. We derive the expression of the semi-elasticities of macronutrients shares with respect to food expenditure. We then compare the interpretations of these shares semi-elasticities to that of volumes of macronutrients and of total calorie intake obtained using classical linear models. Chapter 5, we focus on the relationship between macronutrient balances and body mass index. We develop a compositional regression model including a total at various quantile orders. We then compute the elasticities of BMI with respect to each macronutrient and to the total consumption. Our empirical research is based on the General Nutrition Survey 2009-2010. The results first reveal significant impacts of some socio--economics factors. All elasticities of BMI with respect to each macronutrient increase as BMI increases until a threshold (BMI=20) and then remain stable. Chapter 6, we briefly give our perspectives of future research in both mathematics and nutrition
Boubendir, Yassine. "Techniques de décomposition de domaine et méthodes d'équations intégrales." Toulouse, INSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAT0014.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to develop a non-overlapping domain decomposition method of integral equations for solving scattering harmonic wave problems by perfectly conducting obstacle covered by a dielectric layer. This class of methods was introduced by P. -L. Lions and B. Després and allows us to decrease the size of the discrete problems and improve their condition numbers. We have improved the convergence of the domain decomposition algorithm by introducing the evanescent part of the error. In non-homogeneous dielectric device cases, standard solutions use completely coupled BEM-FEM techniques. The method proposed in this work uncouples the two solutions procedures. One drawback of the domain decomposition method when discretization is performed with nodal finite element, is to define the transmission conditions at the level of the cross points. Theoretical convergence results are only known for discrete mixed finite elements. We have clarified the reason for wich these methods avoid the cross points problem by proving that they are equivalent to a non-conformal scheme. However, these methods are more complex and remain more computationally expensive than nodal finite elements aproaches. We have developed a method that considers the cross points in the case of nodal finite elements. This method allows us to develop a discrete domain decomposition method that is exactly an iterative solution of the initial problem. We have proven the theoretical convergence of this algorithm and have shown on particular cases that the rate of convergence is independent of the mesh
Monnom, Olivier. "Méthodes algorithmiques de traitement d'images en holographie digitale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210840.
Full textDoctorat en sciences appliquées
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Patel, Minesh M. "In vitro techniques for evaluating mucoadhesion." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326991.
Full textAbu, Sada Marlène. "Etude de gels bioadhésifs à l'aide de méthodes "in vitro"." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P141.
Full textPointud, Françoise. "Méthodes d'étude de la tolérance cutanée "in vivo in vitro"." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05P017.
Full textZouagui, Tarik. "Approche fonctionnelle générique des méthodes de segmentation d'images." Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0042/these.pdf.
Full textImage segmentation is a low-level image processing operation, which consists in recognizing homogeneous regions within an image as distinct and belonging to different objects. A wide range of works has been undertaken to achieve this aim and segmentation has been used in applications ranging from industrial to medical uses. One of the results, is a very great number of segmentation methods, which makes the task of comparing them a very difficult challenge. We propose a new approach of the image segmentation methods based on a functional model (FM). The core of the functional model is a segmentation operator (SO) composed of five elementary blocks called in an iterative process. The functional model unifies segmentation methods under the same framework and allows a better understanding of these methods. Indeed, the decomposition with the same logical way of various segmentation techniques has been obtained and implemented. This showed the genericity of the model and its usefulness in structuring and implementing segmentation methods. We propose also a multi-operator model which represents complex segmentation methods like multiresolution or agent-based methods. The decompositions led to independent functional blocks which have been used to realize a modular software called GenSeg. This software can help in implementing segmentation techniques and in building new methods as well
Bouce, Sylvain. "Méthodes et justification des techniques de l'économie de sang homologue." Caen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CAEN3120.
Full textLegrand, Claire. "Méthodes d'étude de la tolérance oculaire "in vivo" et "in vitro"." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P079.
Full textSadon, Caroline. "Apport des méthodes biochimiques pour l'évaluation de la néphrotoxicité "in vitro"." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P017.
Full textNascimento, Pagliarini Samuel. "Méthodes d'analyse et techniques d'amélioration de fiabilité pour les circuits numériques." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENST0060/document.
Full textWith the current advances achieved in the manufacturing process of integrated circuits, a series of reliability-threatening mechanisms have emerged or have become more prominent. For instance, physical defects originating from poorly lithographed wires, vias and other low-level devices are commonly seen in nanometric circuits. On the other hand, circuits have also become more sensitive to the strikes of highly energized particles. Both mechanisms, although essentially different, can cause multiple faults that contribute for lower reliabilities in integrated circuits. Multiple faults are more troubling than single faults since these are more severe and also because they can overcome fault tolerance techniques. Digital circuits are used in most electronic systems nowadays, but there is a specific context in which they are required to be reliable. Such context comprises high-dependability applications. This is the scenario in which this thesis is conceived. It’s goals are twofold : (a) to pro pose methods to assess the reliability of digital circuits, and (b) to propose techniques for reliability improvement. Concerning the first goal, several methods have been proposed in the literature and the text shows how these methods present limitations with respect to circuit size (number of gates), circuit type (sequential or combinational) and fault profile (single versus multiple faults). This thesis proposes two methods for reliability assessment. The first method is termed SPR+ and its targeted at the analysis of combinational logic only. SPR+ improves the average analysis accuracy by taking into account the effect of each fanout reconvergent node to the overall circuit reliability. Another method, termed SNaP, is also proposed in this thesis. It is a hybrid approach since it is partially based on simulation. SNaP can be used for combinational and sequential logic and can also be emulated in an FPGA device for faster analysis. Both SPR+ and SNaP can cope with multiple faults
Pattisina, Ronny. "Codage et segmentation d'images par des méthodes combinatoires." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS053.
Full textKozhemyak, Anastasia. "Modèles mathématiques et méthodes de reconstruction pour des techniques émergentes d'imagerie biomédicale." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EPXX0007.
Full text`Ubayd, `Alī. "Contribution à l'étude d'écoulement de fluides in vivo et in vitro par la méthode de résonance magnétique nucléaire (R. M. N)." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30269.
Full textHéraud, Sandrine. "Adaptation de méthodes biophysiques et biomécaniques pour l'exploration des peaux reconstruites in vitro." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10307.
Full textA skin equivalent consist of a epidermis reconstructed on the top of a dermis equivalent classically composed of fibroblasts cultured into a biomaterial scaffold which is often a collagen gel or sponge. This scaffold hold its own mechanical properties, influencing the global skin equivalent biomechanical response, so we choose to develop a scaffold-free skin equivalent (SFSE), based on the ability of fibroblasts to synthezise their own extracellular matrix. Our first objective was to optimize and characterize the structure, the reproducibility and functionality of this scaffold-free model. Our second goal was to adapt biophysical and biomechanical tools classically used for in vivo evaluation to in vitro skin equivalents. Their morphology was explored with different resolutions using echography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and laser scanning microscopy whereas biomechanical functionality was evaluate by a suction test, the cutometry. This biophysical data were compared to more classical histological, immununohistological and transmission electronic microscopy results. The long-term culture of the scaffold-free model showed the good stability of epidermis and the continuous remodelling of MEC with notably an increase of collagen and elastin fibers. We selected a reference culture time, corresponding to the complete terminal differentiation of epidermis. At this culture time, we showed the epidermis and dermis thickness reproducibity in histology and OCT, the constant epidermis and dermo-epidermal junction maturity and the dermal expression of elastin, colocalized with fibrillin. The barrier function of epidermis was also demonstrated via stratum corneum and tight junctions impermeability
Habka, Dany. "Modélisation toxico-pharmacocinétique à partir de méthodes bioinformatiques et de tests in vitro." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1941.
Full textIn this work we report calibration methodologies of PBPK models using methods that are alternatives to animal experimentations. Our aim was to develop predictive PBPK models of xenobiotics disposition in humans. PBPK / in vitro / in silico approaches have already been implemented in several commercial PK softwares. We evaluated the predictability of this approach and showed that the goodness of the PK predictions was widely dependent on the precision of ADME parameters estimation, in particular relative to partition coefficients and metabolic parameters. To increase the predictability of PBPK models, we investigated two approaches. First we investigated the development of realistic techniques like cell microchips which provide an in vivo-like environment for cells in culture and may lead to more accurate estimations of ADME parameters, notably metabolism. We evaluated preliminary metabolic data obtained on a hepatic cells microchip developed by UTC. For this purpose, we proposed a mathematical model that account for the unspecific binding to the device and cell constituents. Our results showed that the metabolic clearance predictions were equally or more accurate than the predictions made using static devices. Second the calibration of PBPK models may combine in silico, in vitro information together with in vivo data available for humans like blood concentrations. To illustrate this PBPK / QSAR / in vitro / in vivo approach, we developed a PBPK model for ifosfamide. This exercise emphasized the complementarities of the several information sources used in the calibration step. Once parameterized, the model was used to extrapolate between doses and population groups
Divkovic, Maja. "Probing skin sensitisation mechanisms using in vitro proteomics techniques." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428574.
Full textSalaud, Céline. "Reconstruction in vitro d'un glioblastome par techniques de bioimpression." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT1032.
Full textGlioblastomas (GBMs) are brain tumors with a poor prognosis, treatment is based on surgical removal followed by radiochemotherapy and the median survival is 15 months. The reason of therapeutic resistance is complex. GBMs are extremely heterogeneous in their composition. Tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of numerous different populations including cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) and plays an important role in survival, growth and resistance of the tumor. It is therefore necessary to find a pretherapeutic model closest to the in vivo conditions to improve our knowledge of tumoregenesis. Fist, we present a review of literature of resistance mechanisms. The quiescent cells, present in the TME, may have an important role. Second, we developed a 3D tumoroid model using patient-derived cultures. We determined optimal matrix composition and cell concentration. A mathematical model was developed to determine proliferation and form of tumoroids. Third, using our tumoroid models, we showed CAF protection to GBM cells to therapy. Fourth, we studied interaction between CAF and GBM cultures in co-culture. CAF transfer mitochondria by tunnelling nanotubes (TNT), extracellular vesicles or cannibalism. Mitochondrial transfer contributes to proliferation and resistance to treatment. These 3D tumor models are the first step to create personalized treatments based on tumor samples from patients
Petroiu, Nicoletta. "Implantation des nouvelles méthodes et techniques dans l'apprentissage des élèves sourds et malentendants." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2051/document.
Full textThis research proposes to study and present materials that can improve the learning process for people who are hard of hearing and deaf by leveraging the use of new tools such as touch tablets. The question is whether the introduction of these new tools could allow the creation of software tools that more adapted to the cognitive specificities of deaf children.In the current context, our hypothesis is that new computer-base technologies and digital tools (such as touch tablets) would positively influence the learning process for students who are deaf and hard of hearing.As a result, we have created the educational software Digisthésia that has been designed and adapted to the needs of students who are deaf and hard of hearing. The aim of this tool was to develop and improve 4 important cognitive parameters such as attention, memory, processing speed and problem solving.Our protocol mobilized 80 students from grade schools from and near Lyon: 40 students suffering from different degrees of hearing impairment, with an without cochlear implants (20 subjects used the tablet/20 subjects were part of the control group). As well as 40 students with no hearing impairments (20 subjects who used the educational software Digisthésia and the tablet /20 subjects who were part of the control group).The results indicate that leveraging the new technologies has enhanced the cognitive potential of deaf and hard of hearing students. We have seen progress in the learning of deaf and hard of hearing participants as a result of the use of tablets and our software
Labussière, Cécile. "Le rayonnement électromagnétique des circuits Intégrés : techniques de caractérisation et méthodes de modélisation." Toulouse, INSA, 2007. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000321/.
Full textThe continuous progress in the field of semiconductors makes possible the increase of the operating frequency of programmable components, which leads to the apparition of parasitic emissions at frequencies higher than 1 GHz. Because of the trend to integration and miniaturization, both at component level and at printed circuit board level, the parasitic coupling due to radiation phenomenon has to be more and more taken into account. These last years, new measurement techniques were proposed in order to characterize the parasitic emissions from an integrated circuit up to 18 GHz. After having analyzed the origin of the electromagnetic emissions from an integrated circuit, this document presents these new radiated emissions measurement standards – the GTEM cell and the surface scan method – and underlines the complementarities of the two techniques. The test bench that was developed for scan measurements at component level is also presented. A methodology based on the model ICEM (a behavioral model that describes the electromagnetic emissions from an integrated circuit) is proposed to simulate the results of radiated emission measurements. The simulation flow is then applied to predict the electromagnetic emissions from a 16-bit microcontroller. A very good agreement is achieved between simulation results and experimental data. Finally, the author investigates a "high-frequency" ICEM model that uses S-parameter matrices to model components at frequencies higher than 1 GHz
Elsayed, Ahmad Jawad. "Mise au point de méthodes polarimétriques pour la stéréovision." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/ELSAYED_AHMAD_Jawad_2008.pdf.
Full textWithin the frame of industrial object inspection, the stereoscopic reconstruction technique seems to be an achieved method for three-dimensional objects reconstruction by optical imagery. The conventional technique rests on the acquisition of a pair of images resulting from a camera sensor which position has been modi¯ed. The algorithmic aspect related to the treatment is marked by a delicate stage called \matching" which objective is to ¯nd with the highest possible degree of accuracy the common points to both images, a search based at the same time on the geometrical properties of the lines known as epipolar and on a procedure of minimization of the error of positioning. When an object is transparent or when it has an active contour in front of the camera sensor, the blindness of the camera which results from it causes a loss of information of contours carried by the invisible or saturated points in the stereoscopic images. On the other hand, active optical imagery consists in modifying polarization states that are generated or analyzed by the illumination or the observation systems. This permits to reveal transparent contours or to attenuate the high reflecting intensities thanks in particular to the Fresnel response of the interfaces, coupled with the di®usion related to the surface or volumetric inhomogeneities. In this work, we have developed a stereoscopic approach based on Mueller images which allows to reduce ambiguities confronted with usual imaging techniques. Such a method, the polarimetric imagery, represents naturally a solution to the physical constraints to which is subjected conventional stereoscopy
Alcalde, Baptiste. "Advanced techniques for passive testing of communication protocols." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066653.
Full textOgier, Arnaud. "Méthodes de restauration en imagerie médicale tri-dimensionnelle." Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S100.
Full textCallac, Philippe. "Recherche de nouvelles méthodes de multiplication conforme in vitro chez l'artichaut : Cynara scolymus L." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112287.
Full textIn vitro multiplication of globe artichoke is based on shoot apices culture and micropropagation. However, this method cannot be extended to mass production. To try and find new methods, we considered two different approaches somatic embryogenesis and adventive organogenesis. A great number of different explants were cultivated to find out which organs and which stages are the most suitable for callogenesis or organogenesis. Neither organic nor embryogenic calli were obtained. On the other band, rhizogenesis was obtained from organs such as cotyledons and stamens ;caulogenesis was obtained from young receptacles and isolated flowers. Lt was possible to regenerate plants from shoots produced by these last two organs. In a second, step, we studied the way of obtaining shoots from isolated flowers in vitro and their micropropagation. This technique uses a sequence of media, the first being inductive. Histological studies showed that adventive structures originated from axil of sepals. Even though the number of organogenic flowers may be important, only a few produced good quality shoots. This process allows regeneration of virus and bacteria free plants. Yield and conformity problems were considered. Potential applications of this new technique are pointed out
Zidane, Karine. "Techniques d’amélioration des performances des méthodes d’accès aléatoire synchrones pour les communications par satellite." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ESAE0030/document.
Full textWith the need to provide the Internet access to deprived areas and to cope with constantlyenlarging satellite networks, enhancing satellite communications becomes a crucial challenge.In this context, the use of Random Access (RA) techniques combined with dedicated accesson the satellite return link, can improve the system performance. However conventionalRA techniques like Aloha and Slotted Aloha suffer from a high packet loss rate caused bydestructive packet collisions. For this reason, those techniques are not well-suited for datatransmission in satellite communications. Therefore, researchers have been studying andproposing new RA techniques that can cope with packet collisions and decrease the packet lossratio. In particular, recent RA techniques involving information redundancy and successiveinterference cancellation, have shown some promising performance gains.With such methods that can function in high load regimes and resolve packets with high collisions,channel estimation is not an evident task. As a first contribution in this dissertation, wedescribe an improved channel estimation scheme for packets in collision in new RAmethodsin satellite communications. And we analyse the impact of residual channel estimation errorson the performance of interference cancellation. The results obtained show a performancedegradation compared to the perfect channel knowledge case, but provide a performanceenhancement compared to existing channel estimation algorithms. Another contribution of this thesis is presenting a method called Multi-Replica Decoding using Correlation based Localisation (MARSALA). MARSALA is a new decoding technique for a recent synchronous RAmethod called Contention Resolution Diversity Slotted Aloha (CRDSA). Based on packets replication and successive interference cancellation, CRDSA enables to significantly enhance the performance of legacy RA techniques. However, if CRDSA is unable to resolve additional packets due to high levels of collision, MARSALA is applied. At the receiver side, MARSALA takes advantage of correlation procedures to localise the replicas of a given packet, then combines the replicas in order to obtain a better Signal to Noise plus Interference Ratio. Nevertheless, the performance ofMARSALA is highly dependent on replicas synchronisation in timing and phase, otherwise replicas combination would not be constructive. In this dissertation, we describe an overall framework ofMARSALA including replicas timing and phase estimation and compensation, then channel estimation for theresulting signal. This dissertation also provides an analytical model for the performancedegradation of MARSALA due to imperfect replicas combination and channel estimation.In addition, several enhancement schemes forMARSALA are proposed likeMaximum RatioCombining, packets power unbalance, and various coding schemes. Finally, we show thatby choosing the optimal design configuration for MARSALA, the performance gain can besignificantly enhanced
Charreteur, Claude. "Apports des méthodes et techniques de couplage à l'analyse des pesticides dans les eaux." Brest, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BRES2021.
Full textBrian, Éric. "Techniques d'estimations et méthodes factorielles : exposé formel et application aux traitements de données lexicométriques." Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112092.
Full textThis dissertation is given in two steps: the first one is devoted to prove, within a probabilistic framework, the results obtained in descriptive statistics; the second one shows the programming the specific case of lexicometrical variables. 1- Applying validation technics - resampling for instance - to the methods used in descriptive statistics - generally proved with algebra - implies a probabilistic proof. A more complex formalization than usually is needed to consider a factorial analysis mapping as an estimation. Therefore, some classical results are given in this alternate framework. 2- Using SPAD standarts, specific cluster analysis programs are proposed, adapted to events countings - as used in lexicometry. These programs involve a discussion of the choice for a distance and the algorithms. The FORTRAN listings are proposed with some examples to show the stability of the selected methods. An application is the coding of free answers in surveys, using the transcriptions as an input
Hossain, Mohammed A. "Studies on grafting in the Leguminosae using in vitro techniques." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14105.
Full textGurav, Neelam. "Biocompatibility testing of resorbable materials using improved in-vitro techniques." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286360.
Full textLouerguioui, Ali. "Techniques de multiplication par clonage "in vitro" du genre eucalyptus." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37615472r.
Full textDaudet, Laurent. "Représentations structurelles de signaux audiophoniques : méthodes hybrides pour des applications à la compression." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX11056.
Full textMolino, Yves. "Mise en place de modèles in vitro de barrière hémato‐encéphalique et étude du transfert transendothélial de vecteurs et conjugués ciblant le récepteur au LDL." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5076/document.
Full textThe blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the central nervous system (CNS) from plasma fluctuations of endogenous, but also exogenous molecules, including therapeutic molecules. The BBB’s restrictive properties are compensated by the presence of different mechanisms that provide transport of nutrients across the BBB, including transcytosis of endogenous ligands mediated by receptors. Our objective is to improve drug delivery across the BBB and we developed “vectors” that target different recpetors. During our thesis we developed and optimized cellular tools and approaches, in particular syngeneic in vitro models of the BBB and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) from both rat and mouse, based on the co-culture of brain (BMECs) or spinal cord (SCMECs) microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) and astrocytes. Among the receptors we studied, we show that the LDL receptor (LDLR) is expressed at the apical plasma membrane of BMECs and confirmed that it is involved in transcytosis of LDL through the vesicular compartment, while avoiding the lysosomal compartment, further establishing its interest as a target receptor. We show that our vectors conjugated to an organic molecule or to a protein cargo are endocytosed by BMECs in a LDLR-dependent manner, avoid the lysosomal compartment and cross the BMEC monolayers. Finally, we developed BBB and BSCB in vitro models in inflammatory conditions, considering that MECs inflammation is associated with many CNS lesions and pathologies. These models will be useful to better understand the inflammatory processes of CNS endothelial cells and to evaluate vectorization strategies preferentially targeting CNS structures in pathological condition
Larrouturou, Sylvie. "Activité in vitro de substances antirétrovirales contre le virus visna-maedi : évaluation de plusieurs méthodes." Limoges, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIMO302B.
Full textDoré, Claire. "Intégration de la culture in vitro dans les méthodes de sélection de plusieurs espèces potagères." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112402.
Full textTo express plant biology progresses into practical innovations for the improvement of several vegetable crops, we used different in vitro culture methods. Therefore, we adapted them to each species, looked for their best integration level and their real interest within breeding methodology. The first part is devoted to several methods to produce elite genotypes: 1) Haplodiploidization was found out and practiced from in vitro anther culture until agronomical evaluation. In Asparagus, female and supermale plants were achieved. Supermale plants allowed to obtain male F1 hybrids the interest of which was here confirmed. In Cabbage, originality and worth of doubled haploid lines could be also demonstrated. 2) Immature embryo culture of Ph. Vulgaris x Ph angustissimus and in vitro colchicine treatment allowed to achieve the corresponding amphiploid. Samely, amphiploid Allium cepa x A. Psekemense was obtained. 3) Cabbage petiole culture inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes allowed to regenerate transformed plants, with a TL region of the Ri plasmid. The second part concerns vegetative multiplication method for elite genotypes. In Asparagus, reacquiring juvenile potentialities led to induce crowns in vitro, and genitor cloning made possible the release of a new type of variety. The return from prefloral state to vegetative state is a preliminary for active multiplication for species where picking is necessarily late (Leek and Lettuce)Maintaining the activity of latent axillary meristems located on basis of Allium plantlet bulbs allowed to achieve successive multiplication cycles. The interest, cast, limits and future prospects are then discussed for each method. So in vitro culture practical use has become a reality for several vegetable crop improvement, expressed especially by variety innovations
Guigue, Vincent. "Méthodes à noyaux pour la représentation et la discrimination de signaux non-stationnaires." INSA de Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ISAM0014.
Full textBila, Stéphane. "Développement de méthodes d'optimisation électromagnétique automatiques. Applications aux dispositifs microondes." Limoges, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIMO0005.
Full textMichetti, Jérôme. "Segmentation endodontique sur des images scanner 3D : méthodes et validation." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30186.
Full textIn dental offices, endodontic or root canal treatments are daily performed (over 6 million treatments per year in France). A good knowledge of the root canal anatomy (inside of the tooth or pulp) is an indispensable prerequisite for ensuring the success of root canal treatment. To understand and overpass common morphological variations which are potential source of failures during the treatment, two-dimensional (2D) intra buccal radiography can help dental surgeons. However, distortion, anatomical compression and neighboring anatomical structures superposition reduce image quality and do not allow an accurate qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the root canal anatomy. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) available in dental offices might be an alternative by providing 3D reconstructions of dento-maxillofacial structures. But the evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of dental CBCT devices in identifying root canal anatomy is necessary to justify their indication in endodontic treatment. Indeed, root canal segmentation on (CBCT) images is difficult because of the noise level, resolution limitations, and to the difficulty to validate results. To help dental surgeons in root canal treatment, this thesis aims at providing image processing methods in order to develop segmentation and visualization methods of the inside of the teeth. To begin with, we have introduced the root canal morphology, the different rules of the root canal treatment and described technical specifications of CBCT devices. We also investigated existing techniques and methods to explore quantitatively root canal anatomy on high resolution microcomputed tomography (µCT) images. Afterwards, we proposed a method to evaluate CBCT endodontic segmentation results by comparing with equivalent µCT data. To validate this method and to test endodontic segmentation on CBCT images, we developed a local adaptive thresholding and evaluated results on extracted teeth. To ensure validation on image quality similar to in vivo condition (quality reduced by anatomical structures in and out of the field of view), we designed and validated a periodontal phantom which are made around extracted teeth and allowing to preserve comparison with the ground truth providing by the µCT. At the end of the thesis, we evocated our perspectives based on deep learning and our first results to compensate image quality reduction in order to test endodontic segmentation in clinical condition
Yildirim, Evrim. "Development Of In Vitro Micropropagation Techniques For Saffron (crocus Sativus L.)." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608730/index.pdf.
Full textRiccalton-Banks, Lisa Anne. "Maintenance of primary rat hepatocytes in vitro using co culture techniques." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273105.
Full textBozorgipour, Reza. "The use of in vitro techniques for crop improvement in cereals." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333244.
Full textVan, der Merwe Carel. "In vitro evaluation of root canals obturated with four different techniques." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01252010-105530/.
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