Journal articles on the topic 'Technical division of labor'
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1
I., Kasprovich, I. "The technical tool for digging the roots of the miskanthus with their division into rhizomes." Mehanization and electrification of agricultural, no. 9(108) (2019): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/0131-2189-2019-9-11.
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Purpose. Reducing the cost of manual labor for the excavation roots of the miskanthus with their division into rhizomes. Methods. Analytical using modern design and technological solutions of technical means for excavation rhizomes of miscanthus with their division into rhizomes. Results. A new design and technological scheme of a technical means for digging rhizomes of the miscanthus with their division into rhizomes has been developed. Conclusions. The proposed technical means for digging the rhizomes of the miskanthus pre-cuts them into longitudinal bands, provides for the separation rhizomes from the earth and their separation into rhizomes, which further reduces the cost of manual labor for the preparation landing material. Keywords: technical tool, roots, miskanthus, rhizomes, design and technological scheme.
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Olimskikh, N. N. "Characteristics of the main areas of labor organization." Normirovanie i oplata truda v promyshlennosti (Rationing and remuneration of labor in industry), no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-3-2101-01.
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The article deals with the main directions of labor organization, such as cooperation and division of labor, technical norming of labor, which allow to ensure maximum efficiency of labor organization.
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REINSTALLER, ANDREAS. "The division of labor in the firm: Agency, near-decomposability and the Babbage principle." Journal of Institutional Economics 3, no. 3 (December 2007): 293–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137407000732.
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Abstract:This paper devises a simulation model that combines insights from the evolutionary perspective on the division of labor with ideas from the labor process literature. It characterizes technical change and the development of a near-decomposable production process as the outcome of technological search and of organizational problem solving, where the conflict between workers and firms over the organization of work plays a central role. It is argued that a near-decomposable organization of the production process also allows management to tighten its control over workers. Consequently, more extensive divisions of labor within a firm develop where the power of workers to oppose decisions by the management is low. In these scenarios the performance of firms is also highest. The model is used to interpret historical evidence about different development paths in technical change in the UK and the US at the beginning of the twentieth century.
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Jiang, Xueping, Jen-Mei Chang, and Hui Sun. "Inframarginal Model Analysis of the Evolution of Agricultural Division of Labor." Mathematics 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7121152.
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Division of labor plays a critical role in many parts of agriculture. For example, a specialized division of labor can lead to the improvement of labor productivity, the reduction of production costs, and the innovation of production technology and organization. At the heart of agricultural management is how the comparative advantages of farmers impact their production decision-making behavior, and, consequently, influence the division of labor structure. In this paper, we apply an infra-marginal model to interpret the selection logic of heterogeneous farmers’ specialized production with exogenous comparative technical advantages and transaction costs. Solving the nonlinear programming problem of the utility function within each respective labor structure leads to a corner equilibrium. Under reasonable assumptions of the model, we reduced the number of possible production–consumption decision modes from the maximum of 64 to an optimal of 3. Through this analysis, we discovered the ranges for transaction efficiency coefficients and preference parameter under which each structure can achieve general equilibrium. Our theoretical model thereby explains the structural evolution of agricultural division of labor.
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Liu, Zimin, Dan Yang, and Tao Wen. "Agricultural production mode transformation and production efficiency." China Agricultural Economic Review 11, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 160–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-07-2017-0129.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of farmers’ agricultural production mode transformation, from the perspective of agricultural division of labor and cooperation, on their agricultural production efficiency including technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. Design/methodology/approach This paper analyzes the impact of the agricultural production mode’s transformation on farmers’ agricultural production efficiency, based on the classical theory of division of labor and specialization, transaction costs and cooperation. It uses 2013 survey data from 396 farms in 15 Chinese provinces to explore the contributing factors of agricultural production efficiency using a double selection model (DSM), which can correct the endogenous selection bias in farmers’ decisions. Findings Farmers that participate in agricultural division of labor and cooperation means transform their agricultural production from a traditional self-sufficient mode to one that is specialized and intensive. Agricultural division of labor measured by farmers’ participation in an agricultural division of labor in the production stages, or in agricultural products, and agricultural cooperation measured by farmers’ participation in farmers’ cooperatives significantly and positively influence their agricultural production efficiency after correcting farmers’ endogenous selection bias. Originality/value This paper proposes a unified framework to analyze the impact of farmers’ agricultural production mode transformation on their production efficiency. Further, it builds a DSM for an empirical analysis to avoid the endogenous biases in farmers’ self-selection behavior. This paper also provides ways for policy makers to improve farmers’ agricultural production efficiency from the modern agricultural production perspective.
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Park, S. O. "Industrial Restructuring and the Spatial Division of Labor: The Case of the Seoul Metropolitan Region, the Republic of Korea." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 1 (January 1993): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a250081.
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This paper is an overview of an industrial restructuring and spatial division of labor in the Seoul metropolitan region, with a focus on the role of the Korean government, corporate strategy, and regional characteristics in controlling labor and capital. The spatial division of labor that appeared in the 1970s was related mainly to the Korean government's promotion of the rise of large enterprises to institutionalize heavy and chemical industrial development. Since the 1980s, in addition to the role of the state, corporate strategy and regional characteristics have been regarded as important factors for understanding the undergoing industrial restructuring. Concentration and development of high-tech industries in the Seoul metropolitan region during the 1980s have progressed with evolving intensified spatial division of labor beyond the spatial separation of headquarters and production units. The evolution of intensified spatial division of labor is the result of corporate strategy which regionally separates technical workers from production workers on the one hand, and corporate strategy in utilizing regional characteristics from the government's decentralization policy on the other hand.
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Hart, Neil, and Marcella Corsi. "Division of Labour, Technical Change and Economic Growth." Labour History, no. 65 (1993): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27509228.
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Messing, Karen, Ghislaine Doniol-Shaw, and Chantal Haëntjens. "Sugar and Spice and Everything Nice: Health Effects of the Sexual Division of Labor among Train Cleaners." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 1 (January 1993): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/aaaf-4xwm-xult-wcte.
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Attempts have been made to justify the sexual division of labor by referring to women's relative physical weakness, lack of technical competence, and dislike for dirty work. An analysis of the work activity of train cleaners in France showed a rigid sexual division of labor, in which the task of toilet cleaning was exclusively assigned to women. Interviews and observations revealed a number of physical constraints associated with the work, and particularly with toilet cleaning. Women employees suffered from many musculoskeletal problems and were frequently absent from work. Toilet cleaning involved traveling distances of over 20 kilometers per day and maintaining uncomfortable postures. Twenty-five percent of time during the actual cleaning was spent in a crouched position. The work was complex, involving a number of choices and decisions, as well as requiring a variety of techniques adapted to the differences in the nature and location of soil. This “women's job” was dirty and physically demanding, and required technical skill. Among train cleaners, the inability to rotate jobs due to sex-typed job assignment may be associated with specific health and safety risks for both sexes.
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Ricoy, Carlos. "Marx on division of labour, mechanization and technical progress." European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 10, no. 1 (April 2003): 47–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0967256032000043797.
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McGovern, Patrick. "Trust, Discretion and Responsibility: The Division of Technical Labour." Work, Employment & Society 10, no. 1 (March 1, 1996): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017096010001005.
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McGovern, Patrick. "Trust, Discretion and Responsibility: The Division of Technical Labour." Work, Employment and Society 10, no. 1 (March 1996): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017096101004.
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Kelkar, Shreeharsh. "Engineering a platform: The construction of interfaces, users, organizational roles, and the division of labor." New Media & Society 20, no. 7 (September 3, 2017): 2629–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444817728682.
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Internet “platforms” like Facebook and YouTube often avoid accountability and regulation by claiming that they are mere software infrastructures with little oversight over their users. Scholars in media and communication studies have shown that these platform companies’ control over interface and algorithm design gives them a disproportionately large power, compared to their users, to fundamentally reshape politically salient categories like the “social” or the “innovative.” This article argues that this power of platforms stems from their ability to shape organizational roles and the division of labor. Based on an ethnographic study of the edX organization, I describe how the architects at edX transformed it from an educational company into a platform by building digital interfaces and formatting multiple organizational roles (their own, those of their “users”) to engineer a dichotomy between “software” and “education.” I suggest that platform studies should expand its concept of governance to include the socio-technical-discursive work of engineering organizational roles and the division of labor.
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Tang, Juan, Shihu Zhong, and Guocheng Xiang. "Environmental Regulation, Directed Technical Change, and Economic Growth: Theoretic Model and Evidence from China." International Regional Science Review 42, no. 5-6 (March 12, 2019): 519–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017619835901.
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Can environmental regulation be used to promote directed technical change and economic growth simultaneously? We construct an endogenous economic growth model that includes environmental regulation, the extent of environmental pollution, and economic performance in a general equilibrium framework. We show that in the absence of government intervention, environmental pollution will not automatically disappear as economic growth increases. Furthermore, “threshold constraints” result from “path dependence” in the type of innovation; only when the rate of carbon tax and carbon reduction subsidy reaches a certain extent will individuals (or producers) redirect technical change toward “clean” energy production technologies innovation and away from “dirty” energy production technologies. Our article also discloses the intrinsic principle and micromechanism of environmental regulation to promote economic growth and finds that strict environmental regulation will both significantly promote the evolving labor division in clean energy production technologies innovation and achieve the benefits of improved average labor productivity in the production sector and the market size of goods, so that the benefit exceeds the switching cost.
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Amosha О. I., Zaloznova Yu. S., Bryukhovetskaya N. Yu., and Buleev I. P. "Real-Sector Enterprise Intellectualization as a Promising Avenue for the Development of the Modern Economy (Conclusions and Recommendations of an Online Science and Practical Conference)." Herald of the Economic Sciences of Ukraine, no. 2(41) (December 16, 2021): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37405/1729-7206.2021.2(41).218-222.
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According to the Decree of the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine «On the Events of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on the celebration of the 30th anniversary of the Independence of Ukraine from 03.03.2021 №82. October 4, 2021 – Scientific-practical online conference «Problems and prospects of development of modern economy» held at the Institute of Industrial Economics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. According to the results of the discussion of the problems of the real sector of the economy, the intellectual development of enterprises has been defined as a promising direction of modernity. In the presentations, participants revealed the objective relationship between the social division of labor and the processes of intellectualization as the division of knowledge, as well as their specialization, and the order of the division of labor. Any division of labor system has a «horizontal» dimension – determined by the process of transforming the material into the final product – and the «vertical» – is determined by the processes of using tools of labor, accumulation, systematization, development and use of knowledge. The division and transformation of labor relations determine industrial revolutions, stimulates technical and intellectual progress, and forms of long waves and cycles of development of material and spiritual world. The intellectualization of production expands the space for an adaptive division of labor, and its vertical component creates the conditions for a transition to a new type of intellectual transformation. The conference participants argued that the task of reviving the economy and industry in the direction of Industry 4.0 based on the intellectualization of enterprises is in the state economic policy and research methodology. The State, the business community, scientific organizations (especially the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) and other interested parties are identified as the key players in industrial rehabilitation. The development of industrial enterprises towards Industry 4.0 does not mean the immediate abandonment of traditional production III-IV technological systems. Individual industries and enterprises have the potential to adopt new standards and enter into global value chains. Relevant government mechanisms for deepening intellectualization have been identified: import substitution, export promotion, public-private partnerships, and human capital development. National enterprises should have priority over foreign enterprises, with due quality. It is advisable to strengthen exports in industry once the domestic market is saturated. Intellectualization has been shown to require enterprises to: introduce digital tools to manage production; permanently transform into modern technological realities; create digital culture and values of intellectualization, Staff digital skills development.
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Субаева, Асия, Asiya Subaeva, Наталья Александрова, Natal'ya Aleksandrova, Лейсан Мавлиева, and Leysan Mavlieva. "THE ROLE OF TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROVISION IN CHANGING THE PROFESSIONAL-QUALIFICATION STRUCTURE OF LABOUR IN THE AGRARIAN SECTOR OF THE COUNTRY’S ECONOMY." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 13, no. 2 (August 6, 2018): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5b350c2d456788.84417892.
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During development conditions of technical progress and the modernization of agricultural production, there are processes, that lead to fluctuations of demand and supply level in the labor market, triggering the emergence of a number of social and economic problems: rising unemployment, underemployment, chronic deficits or redundancy in certain professions, low wages, leading to a high turnover of personnel in agriculture, a decrease in the competitiveness of the labor force and the growth of social tension in society. The resulting structural transformation of this kind requires, as a rule, continuous monitoring of agricultural professions and the level of professional training of agricultural workers, which allows to develop timely effective measures to eliminate accumulated problematic issues. In this regard, the purpose of the publication is to study changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of workers in agricultural enterprises, the evaluation of their professional and qualification structure. The influence of the ongoing changes in technical and technological support on the deepening of its vocational-skill division of labor is considered, which should ultimately be taken into account in the development of conceptual provisions for forecasting labor resources. Based on the results of the analysis, the causes of the identified problems were identified and measures for their solution were proposed.
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Dulzon, Svetlana Vladimirovna, and Irina D. Erukova. "TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE PROFESSIONAL AND QUALIFICATION DIVISION OF LABOR IN AGRICULTURE." Economy, labor, management in agriculture, no. 6 (2019): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33938/196-104.
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Li, Sicheng. "Research on the status and role of Chinese manufacturing industry in global value chain division of labor." International Journal of Business and Management 2, no. 1 (August 25, 2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/ijbm.1.2.7.
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With the reform and opening up of Our country, Made in China has gone out to the world, the
shadow of Made in China is everywhere in the world. Thus it can be seen that the worker has
in-depth global manufacturing countries, according to the world trade organization for the past
20 years, China's manufacturing industry in our country the impact on the national and global
value chain for statistical data, can find the status of China's manufacturing industry in the
global value chain "V" glyph, though the trend of China's manufacturing industry in the world to
show rising trend, But it is still in the middle and lower reaches of the world. According to the
survey data provided by the WORLD Trade Organization, the higher the technical level involved
in the product, the lower the division of labor in the global value chain; Conversely, the higher it
This paper analyzes the position and role of China's manufacturing industry in the global
value chain division of labor
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Griffen, Leonid, Nadiia Ryzheva, Dmytro Nefodov, and Lyudmila Hryashchevskaya. "Some methodological issues of the history of science and technology." History of science and technology 12, no. 1 (June 19, 2022): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2022-12-1-31-54.
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Further development of the history of science and technology requires the solution of a number of methodological problems. The article considers the object and subject of the history of science and technology, its place in the system of sciences. Today, more and more people are turning to the factors that determine the interaction of the society with the environment (productive forces of the society), to study which in the historical aspect and called a special scientific discipline - the history of science and technology. The society as an object of knowledge is a biological organism of the highest level of organization of “cells” - individuals. It exists and develops in the environment due to its own entropy. The society organizes this removal through a specialized subsystem formed on the basis of technical devices – “technosphere”. The success of such a process is ensured (through the information field) by another subsystem - the “noosphere”. These subsystems include both ideal and material objects. The composition and development of the technosphere and noosphere are considered in the article. It is shown that the functioning of the technosphere is based on its interaction with the noosphere, which provides information about the environment and controls the effectiveness of interaction with it. It is formed by combining the mental structures of individuals through sign systems. The production process that ensures the functioning of the society begins with the noosphere, which through individual consciousness controls the actions of each individual, who through the means of production (technosphere) interacts with the natural environment. However, the gradual development of productive forces leads at some point to the fact that the information needed by the individual to perform all necessary actions for the benefit of the society, ceases to fit in his individual consciousness. As a result, there is a new social phenomenon - the social division of labor. On the one hand, there is a division of technological operations between different performers (technological division of labor), and on the other - the selection of individuals who coordinate the efforts of performers and receive impetus to work not directly from public consciousness, but through these persons (social division of labor). As a result, there are special relationships between individuals and their groups (production relations), and thus begins the class period of human existence. And it will continue until the development of productive forces leads to the full transfer of all technological functions to technical systems, which due to the direct interaction of the noosphere and technosphere will put an end to the social division of labor. However, the development of productive forces is also accompanied by the acceleration of entropy in the environment of mankind - the geobiosphere of the planet Earth, which is gradually making it less and less suitable for life. The cardinal solution to the problem is the prospect of humanity entering infinite space.
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Du, Fangfang. "International Trade Balance Algorithm Based on the Ownership Principle of Mobile Edge Computing." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (March 19, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5569833.
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As an emerging mobile computing technology, mobile edge computing is an important key technology to improve the computing services of mobile devices. This paper mainly studies the balance of international trade algorithm based on the principle of moving edge computing ownership. In order to obtain all the data needed to perform the task, each mobile device can exchange data information with its connected base station through the wireless network. On the basis of satisfying the quality of service of users, including considering the user connection and service configuration, the network energy consumption is minimized in continuous t period by shutting down some servers whose resources are not fully utilized. At the same time, in order to reduce the switching cost of edge server and ensure the stability of service, frequent switching of edge server should be avoided. At the beginning, there is division of labor economy. With the development of specialized production, the degree of international division of labor is increasing due to the effect of experience accumulation. The trade efficiency is growing endogenously. The international division of labor is further deepened, and the types and quantity of products participating in the international division of labor are greatly increased, so as to realize the upgrading of trade structure. Before constructing the structural VAR model of Bti, R/W, K/L, and TFP, we need to test its stationarity. Using Eviews 5.0 software, ADF test and PP test were carried out on the unit root of BTI, r/ w , K/L, and TFP time series data. With the increase of user task arrival rate, the average time revenue increases continuously. However, when the arrival rate is greater than 3 kbit/slot, the average time revenue increases slowly. The results show that the research results in system model and resource optimization algorithm will provide reliable theoretical and technical support for the practical application of mobile edge computing.
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Субаева, Асия, Asiya Subaeva, Лейсан Мавлиева, and Leysan Mavlieva. "READINESS OF STAFF TO PERCEPTION AND INTRODUCTION OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 13, no. 3 (November 7, 2018): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5bcf5799dbe707.03578820.
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Technical progress and modernization of agricultural production lead to fluctuations in the level of demand and supply in the labor market and provoke a number of social and economic problems: rising unemployment, underemployment, chronic shortages or redundancy of certain professions, aging of staff, low wages, leading to high the turnover of personnel in agriculture, the reduction of labor competitiveness and the growth of social tension in society. In the conditions of increasing use of innovative technologies in agricultural production, qualified personnel become more and more popular every year, as well as receiving permanent additional education. However, the ongoing positive changes in mechanization and automation of production do not significantly affect the social and economic development of the rural population, which leads to staff turnover and aging of the workforce. In this regard, the purpose of the publication is to study the changes in the gender and quantity composition of workers in agricultural enterprises, assess the socio-economic conditions of rural development. The analysis of the state and trends of the personnel potential, the impact of the changes in technical and technological support on the deepening of its professional and qualification of the division of labor, which should ultimately be taken into account in the development of conceptual provisions for the forecasting of labor resources. Based on the results of the analysis, the causes of the identified problems were identified and measures for their solution were proposed.
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Starshinova, Tatyana Alexandrovna, Olga Alexandrovna Larionova, and Renat Salyahovich Saifullin. "Integrative training of engineer in globalized world." Samara Journal of Science 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20162310.
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In this article we consider an integrative training of the engineer in the globalized world. On the basis of the analysis of the international division of labor and interaction in the field of equipment and technologies which the modern engineer faces, we note the necessity of effective interaction of the international teams. We come to light the problem of insufficient level of training of engineers within the modern higher technical education which is differing in own specifics in the different countries, where education is focused on the regional level of training of specialists. It is noted that the international activity based on the international division of labor demands global training of engineers. The analysis of publications concerning global competence, the analysis of determination of cross-cultural competence, and also the analysis of requirements of the international accreditation agencies allows to select four main characteristics of globally competent engineer: to take into account ethnic aspects of society, the nature and safety; to understand the profession and technical aspects in a global context; to be able to work in interdisciplinary and international teams; to be able to carry on dialogue in a cross-cultural and international context. The conducted research has shown that the selected characteristics are integrative qualities of the personality and the engineer who possesses such characteristics will be able to represent the country at the international level adequately and to work at an innovative factory. As a solution of the problem of modern engineers training authors offer formation of global competence of the engineer due to integrative approach in education.
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Sarasúa, Carmen. "Technical innovations at the service of cheaper labor in pre‐industrial Europe. The Enlightened agenda to transform the gender division of labor in silk manufacturing." History and Technology 24, no. 1 (March 2008): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341510701616865.
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Dang, Ai-Thu. "TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC DYNAMICS FROM THE SCOTTISH ENLIGHTENMENT TO CONTEMPORARY EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 38, no. 2 (May 11, 2016): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837216000092.
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The aim of this paper is twofold: first, we show that some theoretical continuities exist between the approaches of Bernard Mandeville, Adam Ferguson, and Adam Smith to the division of labor and the contemporary analyses of technical change and economic dynamics, which consider innovation as a process of technological creation. We thus offer a further exploration of the origins of evolutionary ideas in the history of evolutionary economics. Second, despite the existence of these theoretical continuities, we highlight the differences between the Scottish Enlightenment authors and the modern evolutionary economists on the issue of temporality and the place of history in their reflections.
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Sun, Yan, and Xiaojian Liu. "How Design Technology Improves the Sustainability of Intangible Cultural Heritage Products: A Practical Study on Bamboo Basketry Craft." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 12058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912058.
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The sustainability problem of many intangible cultural heritage (ICH) products stems from the shrinking of the core practitioner group, which is also the case for bamboo basketry craft. We believe that the problem in bamboo basketry originated in the lack of labor division between design and manufacturing, which prevents professional designers from entering this industry and results in the absence of several key stakeholders related to innovation and R&D. The lack of labor division is due to the technical difficulties associated with expressing the design concepts. The complexity of basket weaving structures makes it difficult to communicate between designer and manufacturer without precise expression tools, thus binding design and manufacturing into an integrated role. Guided by the user innovation theory, our team studied the design technology of bamboo basketry and developed a series of aiding tools, including the modeling of basic over–under structures and free weaving structures, automatic mapping techniques from 2D to 3D and several frequently used weaving skills, such as connecting, wrapping, plaiting and knotting. This technology enables designers to quickly design and express weaving structures with full details in digital models rather than to make samples. The application of the software shows that the technology considerably improved the designer interest and confidence. This technical solution makes designers, rather than programmers, able to do the development work, which also helps to create a sustainable ecological environment of technological research, also avoiding the difficulties associated with attracting business investment for such niche demands in the starting stage. Our practice shows that the sustainability of ICH products and the sustainability of the industry are closely related and that solving the latter supports the former.
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Bathelt, Harald. "Persistent Structures in a Turbulent World: The Division of Labor in the German Chemical Industry." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 18, no. 2 (April 2000): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c9866.
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Since the late 1980s, various scholars have concluded that a recovery from the Fordist crisis will require that rigid Fordist practices and structures in the industrial sector be replaced by flexible ones. The mode of development to follow, often referred to as a post-Fordist or after-Fordist mode, is often assumed to be characterized by flexibility in technologies, labor, and production processes. Aside from idealistic scenarios and limited empirical findings, relatively little is known about the product, process, and linkage structures which will lead to a new mode of development. The degree to which flexibility processes will be influential is also unclear. It is within this context that I try to provide new insights into the changing nature of industrial production and the social and technical division of labor, with the aid of results from a recent study of the German chemical industry (basic chemicals; pigments, dyes, paints, varnishes; and pharmaceuticals). Using a postal survey of 155 German chemical firms and 18 firm case studies, I investigate how firms have adjusted their product and process configurations and their supplier relations and customer relations to meet the changing technological, economic, and societal settings. According to my analysis, it seems unlikely that industrial development will follow a single growth trajectory towards flexibility. Increases in flexibility in products and processes are often only subordinate goals, or are not considered necessary. I describe how chemical firms benefit from spatial proximity to their supplier and customer bases. I also provide evidence that most firms rely on strategically important stable linkages within the short and middle distance.
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Latour, Bruno. "From Multiculturalism to Multinaturalism: What Rules of Method for the New Socio-Scientific Experiments?" Nature and Culture 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2011.060101.
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This article reflects on the traditional distinction between scientific laboratories experimenting on theories and phenomena and a political outside where non-experts make do with human values, opinions, and passions. Since today all people are engaged in emerging collective experiments on matters as varied as climate, food, landscape, health, urban design, and technical communication as consumers, militants, and citizens, they can all be considered co-researchers. Co-researching has consequences for our understanding of nature and demands a renewed attention to “multinaturalist” politics. It also questions the division of labor between experts and nonexperts. The article finishes with a call to “dis-invent” modernity so that we “moderns” can finally become ordinary humans again.
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Chaabi, Mouloud. "Analytical Study in Algeria: The Question of the Division of Labor between Architects and Engineers Based On the Concept of the Oath and Complementarity." Sumerianz Journal of Education, Linguistics and Literature, no. 43 (August 19, 2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjell.43.73.83.
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Nowadays, in Algeria, the institutional and practical context differs between the profession of architects and engineers. The latter are devoid of the concept of an oath. This concept can be the catalyst and generator of responsibility, equality, and merit between these two professions. To achieve complementarity between these two professions, an approach based on a questionnaire and interview on this situation is carried out at architectural design offices and minimal technical design offices in Algeria in order to bridge the gap created by the division of labor. Nationally, the work situation is sequential and linear. I.e. the engineer works under the responsibility of the architect. At the international level, the process is organized between architectural design offices and technical design offices, an iterative process. How to achieve this culture of complementarity of international practices. To validate this oath-based complementarity, this article reports on the results obtained and the prospects envisaged following this study.
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Krasovskaya, I., and T. Malysheva. "Industrial economics in the context of globalization: scientific, practical foundations and development priorities." Transbaikal State University Journal 27, no. 5 (2021): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-5-117-125.
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The relevance of the publication topic is argued by the need for an in-depth study of the globalization process, which is global financial, political and cultural integration, unification, the global division of labour, the planetary migration of capital, human and productive resources, standardization of legislation, and interference of cultures of the world community. The theoretical and practical goals of the publication are to study causal algorithms for the formation of a negative scientific and production balance of the Russian Federation and an increase in disproportions between the import and export of high-tech products, as well as a comparative description of global development as a symbiosis of contradictory trends in the subordination of the world economy to the interests of transnational capital. The theoretical and methodological basis of the publication was the scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists studying the globalization of the industrial economy due to the intensification of international scientific and technological competition and the expansion of the innovation market, deepening of specialization and division of labour, and the increase in the risks of producing high-tech products at the national and world levels. Scientific novelty lies in the authors’ interpretation of such socio-economic advantages of globalization as economies of scale, stimulation of labour productivity, rationalization of production at the interstate level and the spread of innovative technologies, cost reduction, price regression, achieving sustainable growth in the well-being of society, on the basis of which the development is confirmed global industrial economy on a research basis characterized by such attributes interdependence, asymmetry, regionalization and diversification, regression efficiency, inclusiveness, resource and raw material demarcation, a high degree of uncertainty and of the economic risk. The practical significance of the results obtained is determined by an in-depth analysis of the American (based on differentiation of labor and specialization of personnel, demarcation of labor duties, concentration of scientific and production efforts on a purely economic result) and Eurasian (characterized by mobility and compactness of production processes, saving transaction costs, adaptability to market conditions and availability of labour-tolerant staff) strategies for innovative development of industrial economics. Based on a critical rethinking of the American and Eurasian strategies, proposals and recommendations are formulated on the formation of the scientific and technical policy of the Russian Federation
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Zhang, Xueyu, and Wenyong Li. "Research on Innovation Promotion and Application of Guangzhou New Energy Automobile Industry." E3S Web of Conferences 292 (2021): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129201011.
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The new energy automobile industry has now formed a complete industrial chain. The cities in the Bay Area have a clear division of labor, sufficient technical reserves, and strong policy support. They are emerging industries that are mainly supported. With the continuous upgrading and transformation of the industry, the transformation and upgrading of the Guangzhou automobile industry is on the agenda. This paper discusses the current situation and problems of Guangzhou automobile industry. Analysis of Several Important Influencing Factors of Guangzhou Automobile Industry Innovation in Transformation and Upgrading. Through multi-factor comparison and data analysis, this paper puts forward the corresponding optimization path, in order to accelerate the transformation , upgrading of Guangzhou automobile industry innovation ecosystem and improve the incentive mechanism of Guangzhou new energy automobile industry innovation.
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Yang, Dai Ming, Xu Chen, and Cui Li. "Efficiency Evaluation and Influencing Factors of Western China’s Producer Service Industry Based on DEA and TOBIT Models." Advanced Materials Research 933 (May 2014): 849–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.933.849.
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As the continuous progress of the economy, developing produce services industry vigorously has become an important measure to promote the economic development and economic structural optimization, improve the efficiency of social operation. We first built the DEA model for the evaluation of producer services efficiency, and empirical researched the efficiency evaluation of the western producer services industry on this basis using the data from 2000 to 2011 year; then we analyzed the influencing factors by using the TOBIT model. The result shows that the producer services in western China are increasing returns to scale, and technical progress is the main force driving the development of the producer services. In addition, the technological level and government support have important impacts on the efficiency of producer services; the degree of specialization and division of labor, the economic level also play pivotal roles.
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Gherardi, Laura. "Time-Space Discipline of Upper Classes in Global Capitalism: Top Managers, International Artists, and Global Academics—a Comparison." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 12, no. 1-2 (2013): 340–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341259.
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Abstract One contribution towards current research into social structures and the relative geometries of power among the TCC in global capitalism can be derived from a form of power—the power over one’s own rhythm and that of others—largely unexplored by existing work. In this article I focus on the link between time-space discipline imposed by production on some fraction of the TCC and their power over time and space of co-workers and subordinates. I introduce some findings obtained from a recent research I carried out on a sample of more than 50 people: top and middle managers of multinationals and, as comparison groups, international artists, global academics, big investors. I will first illustrate, in the footsteps of Thompson and Harvey, the perspective according to which capitalism has always been, in technical terms, a mode of production based on the precise regulation of time and space imposed on those socio-professional groups fitting into the division of labor to different levels and degrees. I will then detail the two declinations of power over rhythm, as they have emerged over the course of my fieldwork. The first declination is autodirect power, expressing the degrees of freedom/subordination in the determination of one’s own time and space, and it has come out of an analysis of the time and space links imposed on those taking part in the research sample. The second declination is power over time and space of others, and has come out from an analysis of the division of labor among their subordinates and co-workers, notably concerning the norm of international geographic mobility in global capitalism.
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Zemnukhova, Liliia, Nikolai Rudenko, and Denis Sivkov. "Digital Urban Studies: Collaboration Problems with Patterns of Coordination." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 18, no. 4 (2019): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2019-4-107-129.
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Inside urban digital projects, clashes occur between scholars (urbanists, anthropologists, sociologists, geographers, etc.) and technical specialists (programmers, data analysts, web developers, etc.). These clashes take the form of misunderstanding from the lack of a single language, and the criticism of the normative methodologies of each other, both of which allows us to highlight typical problems. From the materials of in-depth interviews with representatives of urban projects dealing with digital methods and data, we show that the projects create two main directions to resolve problems and coordinate participants from different epistemological traditions: one direction is finding a common language, which is a more pragmatic mode of coordination through “border objects.” We demonstrate these two areas using the example of working with data and methods within interdisciplinary teams. In addition, we single out five patterns of coordination between urban scholars and programmers (a mixture of expertise, collaboration, formal management, temporary assembly, and the orders). Their predominance depends on the presence of institutional pressure, the organizational division of labor, the availability of financial resources for hiring technical specialists and managers, as well as a strong leader who determines the situation.
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Ho, K. C. "Industrial Restructuring and the Dynamics of City-State Adjustments." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, no. 1 (January 1993): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a250047.
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This paper directs attention to the rapid industrial changes experienced by the city-state in the past thirty years and the problems associated with a maturing economy. To provide a deeper understanding of the adjustment process, the analysis is done within the context of firm, state, and labour interactions. The analysis indicates that with land and labour resources becoming fully utilised, the city-state adjusts to the requirements of international capital by increasing the regional, technical, and sectoral division of labour.
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SARIBAŞ, Serap. "WOMEN'S LABOR FORCE, WOMEN'S EMPLOYEMENT, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR SUPPORT." SOCIAL SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL 7, no. 29 (January 15, 2022): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31567/ssd.533.
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Women's involvement in business life and better understanding of the concept women's labor force can be attributed to the Industrial Revolution that emerged in the UK in the 18th century. With the industrial revolution, the world has started to change, whereby it is suggested that demand for labor force has emerged, and women and men play an important role in meeting those demands. An entrepreneur can be defined as the person who gathers production factors to realize the production of economic good and services to meet the needs. Realizing every entrepreneurial activity within a certain plan and schedule is an integral part of laying the foundation of a healthy enterprise. Otherwise, it is possible for many enterprises to encounter undesired situations such as bankruptcy or closure and losing all existing savings because of financial and technical problems within the business cycle. It has been suggested that the continuous low rate of women's employment cannot be associated with a single reason. However, largely, the obstacles in women's employment can be listed as follows: traditional family structure, social value judgments, gender-oriented division of labor, weakness of the demand structure for women's work, low volume of employment in the society, rural-to-urban movement of migration, disintegration in agricultural production structure, low level of women's education and especially in professional areas, fertility of women, motherhood, deinstitutionalization of housework and childcare, and lack of mechanisms that facilitate introduction of women into the labor market. In Turkey, numerous institutions and organizations support women's entrepreneurship. Apart from moral support, institutions also provide financial support for women. Some examples of these institutions are KAGİDER, TOBB, KOSGEB, Chamber of Industry, Chamber of Commerce, local administrations, and Entrepreneurship Foundation etc.
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Heim, Carol E. "R & D, Defense, and Spatial Divisions of Labor in Twentieth-Century Britain." Journal of Economic History 47, no. 2 (June 1987): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700048129.
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New spatial patterns, with areas specializing by function rather than industry, reflect twentieth-century developments in industrial organization, the role of the state, and Britain's system of cities. In the short run, World War II and postwar regional policy increased factory-building and employment in formerly depressed areas. Longer-run effects of both helped concentrate research and development within the South near London and dispersed routinized production to other areas. Organizational links within firms and to government departments, intellectual and commercial contacts in London, and locational preferences of professional and technical workers influenced R & D location.
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Cuny, Fred C. "Principles of Disaster Management Lesson 13. Organizational Development." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 16, no. 3 (September 2001): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00025942.
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AbstractChange in any organization is difficult. Relief organizations constantly are evolving and changing form to adapt to different needs, demands, and environment. As the phases of a disaster evolve, adjustments must be made by relief organizations to meet the changing needs. The sequential processes used to manage change include recognition and diagnosis of the problem, identification of alternatives, recognition of limiting conditions, selection of a strategy for change, and implementing and monitoring the change. The techniques used to effect change may be classified as structural, management, or technological. Changes can occur in division of labor, content of the work, relationships with other workers, supervisory and/or technical skills, operations, and decision-making hierarchy. Approaches can be mandated from the top, worked out jointly by management and personnel, or implemented by the affected personnel. Implementation of changes has two dimensions: timing and scope. Whenever changes are implemented, the impact of the changes must be monitored and the effects compared with what was expected.
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Khmara, Marina, Olena Grinenko, Sergii Koroied, Daria Koucherets, and Olekdandr Bukhanevych. "Development of global production networks in a global environment." Problems and Perspectives in Management 15, no. 3 (December 7, 2017): 467–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.15(3-2).2017.14.
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Production systems in the structure of economic systems occupy the most fundamental place and act as both initial and basic subsystem of any economic development. There is a tendency to change the forms of production and the study of these process systems poses a wider aspect of their dynamics analysis. The article tries to prove both theoretically and practically that global production networks are one of the most important factors in the innovative transformation of countries and regions. It is concluded due to global production networks, being the channel for the transfer of global knowledge and technical know-how to regional structures, regions of the former periphery have quickly become developed, innovative regions with a specialization in the sector of highly qualified services, production of high-tech products, and generation of scientific knowledge. For transnational companies global production networks reduce their costs and financial risks by sharing with other companies, as well as global division of labor, an important part of global production.
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Ho, K. C. "Industrial Restructuring, the Singapore City-State, and the Regional Division of Labour." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 26, no. 1 (January 1994): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a260033.
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With continuous economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s and increasing overseas competition, Singapore, as a small city-state with an open economy, faces perhaps the greatest challenge among the Asian newly industrialised economies in their attempts to maintain the pace of development. The effects of a chronic labour-supply situation and the appreciating Singapore dollar on the export competitiveness of the manufacturing sector are reviewed. Enterprise and state responses to these mounting pressures are examined, particularly with regard to the labour shortage. One optimistic long-term solution seems to lie in regional cooperation in industrial development, with a sectoral and technical division across Singapore, Johor in Malaysia, and the Riau Islands of Indonesia. With the three regions in different stages of development, the regional development plan is to bring about a division on the basis of the relative availability of land, labour, and infrastructure. In the second half of the paper, the Singapore—Johor link, the most developed side of the growth triangle is examined, and the potential and problems arising from this arrangement are explored.
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Dmytrenko, T., T. Derkach, A. Dmytrenko, and L. Klochko. "THE INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT FOR MANAGING THE BUILDING STRUCTURES DEPARTMENT." Системи управління, навігації та зв’язку. Збірник наукових праць 1, no. 63 (February 26, 2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/sunz.2021.1.084.
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An automated information management system for the higher educational institution department is proposed. To implement the ENQA recommendations at the Computer and Information Technologies Department of the National University «Yuri Kondratyuk Poltava Polytechnic», the task was to create an information system for the unit. The information system will optimize the training procedure, expand the possibilities for analyzing the results, ensure transparency and objectivity in the students training and qualification assessment, which. As a result, will contribute to increasing the citizens' confidence level in higher education. The information system design stages are considered, in which the main technical task sections were drawn up. The inforation system architecture, the scenario for integrating the system with external software products, initial data sources and options for the initial system content and the access user and administration rights concept and powers have been developed. The department automated information management system functional requirements have been formed. At the stage of information systems designing the main sections of requirements specification have been designed. Being realised, AIS structure corresponds to well-known management control pyramid of the vertical labor division. An information system division has been created to optimize the process of learning, enhance the ability to analyze results, ensure transparency and objectivity in the process of training and qualification assessment of students, as a result, help increase public confidence in higher education
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Kafkalas, G. "State and Capital as the Agents of Spatial Integration in the World Economy." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 5, no. 3 (September 1987): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d050303.
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The concept of spatial integration refers to the various forms of institutional control over the social and technical aspects of the division of labour in respect to the corresponding geographical or spatial patterns of production. It is a specific feature of late capitalism that the process of integration acquires a nonterritorial character as the evolution of functional (corporate and sectoral) integration leads towards the disarticulation of territorial productive systems. As the various local, regional, or national interests realise the negative effects of their dependence upon international branch circuits, they demand greater autonomy and strive towards the achievement of greater territorial self-reliance. In this way, the social, political, and economic conflicts and contradictions about the location of productive activities (that is, the spatial aspects of ownership and control of the means of production) become the major force behind the transformation of the international division of labour.
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Conzett, Philipp, and Lene Østvand. "Støttetenester for forskingsdatahandtering på UiT Noregs arktiske universitet – erfaringar og forslag til beste praksis." Nordic Journal of Information Literacy in Higher Education 10, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/noril.v10i1.283.
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This article describes how support services for research data management have been developed and are run at UiT The Arctic University of Norway (UiT). We go through several areas of interest: technical solutions, researcher involvement, division of labour between different units at our institution as well as co-operation with national and international stakeholders, data curation, skills development, training and curriculum development, dissemination, and policy making. Each section concludes with a set of best practice recommendations.
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IHNATENKO, Т., V. PARKHOMENKO, and А. TARASENKO. "Ukraine in the Contemporary Integration Processes: Preconditions and Problems." Scientific Bulletin of the National Academy of Statistics, Accounting and Audit, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/nasoa.4.2019.08.
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Given that the economic and social recovery of Ukraine is largerly conditional on its integration in the international economic system and effective involvement in the international division of labor, the article’s objective is to analyze preconditions and problems specific to the Ukraine’s integration in the global economic area. Intergration-specific aspects and problems in operation of the transport infrastructure and mining industry of Ukraine, strong and weak sides of Ukraine on the global energy market, the potentials of Ukraine in the agrarian sector are highlighted. It is emphasized that a priority mechanism for increasing the share of Ukraine’s trade on the European agrarian market is Free Trade Zone with EU, but a factor constraining growth in the agricultural exports of Ukraine to EU is failure of the most part of domestic producers to comply with technical, sanitary etc. terms for exporters to EU. The analysis covers statistical data on foreign trade of Ukraine in goods and services in 2016–2018, the commodity structure of Ukraine’s foreign trade in 2018, key indicators of the international trade of Ukraine in 2016–2018. It, above all, shows the negative balance of the Ukrainian foreign trade, which tendency is upward. The tradability index for the Ukrainian economy fell in this period from 81.0% до 79.9%, giving evidence of the decreasing participation of Ukraine in the international division of labor. The essential factors underlying the negative balance of foreign trade in goods are highlighted; measures to reduce the negative balance of foreign trade are proposed. The data showing the progress in Ukraine’s implementation of Association Agreement with EU are summed up. It is concluded that in spite of a series of steps towards the openness of Ukraine for the global market, the processes involved in the formation of the national foreign economic relations mechanism have been contradictory and ineffective. It calls for optimization of regulatory forms for foreign economic relations and implementation of a mechanism complying with the current terms of international economic relations.
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Salmela, Mikko, Miles MacLeod, and Johan Munck af Rosenschöld. "Internally Incentivized Interdisciplinarity: Organizational Restructuring of Research and Emerging Tensions." Minerva 59, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11024-020-09431-4.
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AbstractInterdisciplinarity is widely considered necessary to solving many contemporary problems, and new funding structures and instruments have been created to encourage interdisciplinary research at universities. In this article, we study a small technical university specializing in green technology which implemented a strategy aimed at promoting and developing interdisciplinary collaboration. It did so by reallocating its internal research funds for at least five years to “research platforms” that required researchers from at least two of the three schools within the university to participate. Using data from semi-structured interviews from researchers in three of these platforms, we identify specific tensions that the strategy has generated in this case: (1) in the allocation of platform resources, (2) in the division of labor and disciplinary relations, (3) in choices over scientific output and academic careers. We further show how the particular platform format exacerbates the identified tensions in our case. We suggest that certain features of the current platform policy incentivize shallow interdisciplinary interactions, highlighting potential limits on the value of attempting to push for interdisciplinarity through internal funding.
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Sevilla, Maria Paola, and Francisca Carvajal. "“Mujeres en terrenos de hombres”: Discursos de género en escuelas secundarias técnico-profesionales." education policy analysis archives 28 (August 10, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.28.4631.
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In secondary vocational technical education (VET) there is a strong gender segmentation between different fields of study linked to different status and salaries. In particular, women are a minority in trade schools in which the structures and cultures reinforce the masculine image of the professions. Based on 19 interviews conducted in six schools from three regions of Chile, this article analyzes the principal and teacher discourses displayed in these environments. We identified three discursive positions according to the approach of the students' gender: (1) invisible gender, as considering gender as not proper category to address school issues, (2) binary positions gender, that naturalizes and acclaim traditional roles distinguished by biological sex, (3) gender visible at outside, that shows inequities between men and women but in the labor market. The article concludes that the three discursive positions by making invisible, normalizing or situating gender inequalities outside the school space, neglect teacher positions of responsibility and agency to transform school cultures and structures in schools that perpetuate the sexual division of work.
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Harizki, Angga, Wahyu Sri Ambar Arum, and Neti Karnati. "Manajemen Sarana dan Prasarana di SMP Negeri 255 Jakarta." IMPROVEMENT Jurnal Ilmiah untuk peningkatan mutu manajemen pendidikan 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/improvement.04101.
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The research aimed to identify and obtain an overview of the maintenance andinventory of educational facilities. This research was conducted in in SMP Negeri 255 onMay 2015 through June 2016. The research used a qualitative approach with descriptivemethods. Data was collected through interviews, observation and documentation. Sourcedata from this study came from key informants that the vice principal fields ofinfrastructure, while supporting informant I is treasurer of goods and informants II is theprincipal. Results from the study showed that (1) Mechanical maintenance of educationalfacilities that do SMP Negeri 255 Jakarta include awareness, understanding, organizing,implementation and data collection. Problems that occur in the technical maintenance ofeducational facilities is the lack of a clear division of labor, funding needs due to latedisbursement of BOS and BOP, and difficulty to obtain experts. (2) Procedures inventoryof educational facilities was conducted on the recording, coding and inventoryevaluation. Problems that occur in the inventory procedure for school infrastructure isoften the goods delivered are not in accordance with the required specifications of theschool, so that has caused delays in the process of recording goods.
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Papastefanaki, Leda. "Family, Gender, and Labour in the Greek Mines, 1860–1940." International Review of Social History 65, no. 2 (November 8, 2019): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000580.
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AbstractTo date, research on work in the mines in Greece has ignored the significance of gender in the workplace, since mining is associated exclusively with male labour. As such, it is considered, indirectly, not subject to gender relations. The article examines the influence of family and gender relations on labour in the Greek mines in the period 1860–1940 by highlighting migration trajectories, paternalistic practices, and the division of labour in mining communities.Sources include: official publications of the Mines Inspectorate and the Mines and Industrial Censuses, the Greek Miners’ Fund Archive, British and French consular reports, various economic and technical reports by experts, literature and narratives, the local press from mining regions, and the Archive of the Seriphos Mines.
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Collier, Ben, Richard Clayton, Alice Hutchings, and Daniel Thomas. "Cybercrime is (often) boring: Infrastructure and alienation in a deviant subculture." British Journal of Criminology 61, no. 5 (April 15, 2021): 1407–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azab026.
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Abstract The boredom and alienation produced by capitalist societies and countervailing forces of attraction and excitement are at the heart of the subcultural account of crime. The underground hacker subculture is no exception, commonly represented as based around exciting, technically skilled practices and high-profile deviance. However, the illicit economy associated with these practices has become industrialized, developing shared infrastructures that facilitate the sale of illicit services rather than skilled technical work. We explore how this shift in the nature of work has shaped the culture and experiences of this subculture. Developing a novel concept—the ‘illicit infrastructure’—and drawing on an extensive analysis of empirical data from interviews and novel data sources such as forums and chat channels, we argue that as they industrialize, deviant subcultures can begin to replicate the division of labour, cultural tensions and conditions of alienation present in mainstream capitalist economies.
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Liu, Wei, Zhihao Ou, Cheng Lin, and Zeyi Qiu. "Eco-Efficiency Measurement of Green Buildings and Its Spatial and Temporal Differences Based on a Three-Stage Superefficient SBM-DEA Model." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (July 11, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3147953.
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To explore the development of green building eco-efficiency in China, a three-stage superefficient SBM-DEA model was used to measure the green building eco-efficiency in China based on interprovincial panel data from 2013–2020, and the interprovincial and regional development patterns and evolutionary characteristics of green building eco-efficiency were analyzed from the time series and spatial dimensions. It is found that the overall level of green building efficiency in China is low, and there are significant provincial and regional differences, and the overall pattern of gradient development from medium-medium-low efficiency area to medium-medium efficiency area gradually transitions and shows significant spatial agglomeration and path dependence; among them, the spatial spillover and diffusion effect of high-efficiency areas is significant, while low-efficiency areas generally maintain low growth, and most areas have “Matthew effect,” showing the spatial club convergence characteristics that developed regions tend to be H-H agglomerative, and less developed regions tend to be L-L agglomerative. For this reason, the local governance of green buildings should be strengthened, and a cross-regional linkage development mechanism should be established to deepen the technical cooperation and division of labor between regions.
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Tireuov Kanat Maratovich, K. M., S. K. Mizanbekova, and D. A. Aitmukhanbetova. "Ensuring food security in Kazakhstan in modern economic conditions." Agrarian Economics, no. 12 (December 30, 2021): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1818-9806-2021-12-67-76.
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Food security occupies a special place in the system of national security of Kazakhstan, since the availability of food serves as a basic indicator of human activity. The country’s maximum participation in the international division of labor in the agroindustrial complex depends on solving the problem of food security. The choice of directions is determined by economic opportunities of the country, its role in the world, conducting of domestic agrofood policy, determination of advanced development strategy of agroindustrial complex, its basic branch – agriculture. Kazakhstan is the largest exporter of grain and takes leading place in the world in flour export. Thanks to good harvests in recent years, Kazakhstan was able to strengthen its ability to stabilize prices in the markets of Central Asia, Russian Federation, the Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus and improve its own prospects in terms of food security in the adjacent regions. The agriculture of Kazakhstan is in urgent need of modernization of its material and technical base, more advanced technologies and more effective and targeted state support, without which its dynamic development observed in recent years will be at risk.
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Fragnoli, Pamela. "Re-assessing the notion(s) of craft standardization through diversity statistics: A pilot study on Late Chalcolithic pottery from Arslantepe in Eastern Anatolia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): e0245660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245660.
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This paper proposes a new range of diversity indexes applicable to ceramic petrographic and geochemical data and potentially to any archaeological data of both metric and non-metric nature in order to assess the degree of craft standardization. The case study is the Late Chalcolithic pottery from Arslantepe in eastern Anatolia, ideal to test the standardization hypothesis, i.e. the assumed correspondence between craft standardization and increased rates of production, which in turn correlate with economic specialization. The results suggest that the procurement and processing of raw materials are more sensible indicators of standardization than vessel shape variability. Higher standardization is connected with the scale of production rather than with the use of the wheel or its rotational speed. The socio-economic centralization marks a process of labor division within the operational sequence and, more generally, a shift from communal to more segregated potting practices. As a result, the variability of both technical procedures and end products increases. In contrast univocal trends towards standardization can be found in coeval contexts from northern Mesopotamia, where the incipient urbanization served to create bonds between vessel makers, favoring the transmission of models and practices regardless of the centralized power.