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Asoyan, Arthur R., Igor K. Danilov, Igor A. Asoyan, and Georgy M. Polishchuk. "Hydrogen application in internal combustion engines." RUDN Journal of Engineering Researches 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8143-2020-21-1-14-19.
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A technical solution has been proposed to reduce the consumption of basic hydrocarbon fuel, to improve the technical, economic and environmental performance of internal combustion engines by affecting the combustion process of the fuel-air mixture with a minimum effective mass fraction of hydrogen additive in the fuel-air mixture. The burning rate of hydrogen-air mixtures is an order of magnitude greater than the burning rate of similar mixtures based on gasoline or diesel fuel, compared with the former, they are favorably distinguished by their greater detonation stability. With minimal additions of hydrogen to the fuel-air charge, its combustion time is significantly reduced, since hydrogen, having previously mixed with a portion of the air entering the cylinder and burning itself, effectively ignites the mixture in its entirety. Issues related to the accumulation of hydrogen on board the car, its storage, explosion safety, etc., significantly inhibit the development of mass production of cars using hydrogen fuel. The described technical solution allows the generation of hydrogen on board the car and without accumulation to use it as an additive to the main fuel in internal combustion engines. The technical result is to reduce the consumption of hydrocarbon fuels (of petroleum origin) and increase the environmental friendliness of the car due to the reduction of the emission of harmful substances in exhaust gases.
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Slynko, G., R. Sukhonos, V. Okhrymenko, V. Slynko, and V. Almaiev. "Research of the influence of gasoline-methanol fuel mixture composition on the technical and economic performance of 4-stroke internal combustion engine in partial loading mode." Innovative Materials and Technologies in Metallurgy and Mechanical Engineering, no. 2 (December 7, 2021): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-6885-2021-3-06.
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Bartocci, Pietro, Alberto Abad, Arturo Cabello, Mauro Zampilli, Giulio Buia, Angela Serra, Simone Colantoni, Andrea Taiana, Gianni Bidini, and Francesco Fantozzi. "Technical Economic and Environmental analysis of Chemical Looping versus oxyfuel combustion for NGCC power plant." E3S Web of Conferences 312 (2021): 08019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131208019.
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The Power Sector is undergoing a rapid technological change with respect to implementation of low carbon technologies. The IEA Energy Outlook 2017 shows that the investments in Renewables for the first time are equal to those on the fossil sources. It is likely that the conventional gas turbines and internal combustion engines will need to be integrated in systems employing biofuels and/or CCUS (Carbon Capture Usage and Storage). Also, the European Union is moving rapidly towards low carbon technologies (i.e. Energy Efficiency, Smart Grids, Renewables and CCUS), see the Energy Union Strategy. Currently 28% of the installed power capacity in Europe is based on natural gas plants. Gas-based power capacity has reached 418 GW in 2016 and is likely to continue to grow in the future. To efficiently capture the carbon dioxide emissions generated by the combustion of natural gas in the combustion chamber a possible solution could be to adopt new combustion processes, like Chemical Looping Combustion. The combination of CLC and GTs can decrease the efficiency of a combined cycle power plant from 60% to about 40.34%. These performances influence costs and environmental burdens and this is also the same for oxyfuel combustion, which is a competing technology to realize CCS. This paper, starting from literature mass and energy balances of a conventional combined cycle, a combined cycle coupled with chemical looping combustor and a combined cycle coupled with oxyfuel combustion, calculates the reduction of CO2 emissions which can be achieved during the whole life cycle of the power plant and then identifies the value of the carbon credit which is needed to have an interesting payback period for such kind of investment.
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Plotnikov, L. V., Y. M. Brodov, and M. O. Misnik. "Heat transfer intensity of pulsating gas flows in the exhaust system elements of a piston engine." E3S Web of Conferences 124 (2019): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912401015.
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Internal combustion engines are the most common sources of energy among heat engines. Therefore, the improvement of their design and workflow is an urgent task in the development of world energy. Thermal-mechanical perfection of the exhaust system has a significant impact on the technical and economic performance of piston engines. The article presents the results of experimental studies of gas-dynamics and heat exchange of pulsating gas flows in the exhaust system of a piston engine. Studies were carried out on a full-scale model of a single-cylinder engine. The article describes the instrument-measuring base and methods of experiments. The heat transfer intensity was estimated in different elements of the exhaust system: the exhaust pipe, the channel in the cylinder head, the valve assembly. Heat transfer studies were carried out taking into account the gas-dynamic nonstationarity characteristic of gas exchange processes in engines. The article presents data on the influence of gas-dynamic and regime factors on the heat transfer intensity. It is shown that the restructuring of the gas flow structure in the exhaust system occurs depending on the engine crankshaft speed, this has a significant impact on the local heat transfer coefficient. It has been established that the heat transfer intensity in the valve assembly is 2-3 times lower than in other elements of the exhaust system.
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Манойло В. М. "МАТМОДЕЛЬ ГАЗОВОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМОГО В КАЧЕСТВЕ ПРИВОДА МОБИЛЬНОГО ТРАНСПОРТНОГО СРЕДСТВА." World Science, no. 9(37) (September 30, 2018): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30092018/6130.
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The linear differential equation of the internal combustion engine (ICE) itself, by means of which it is possible to investigate the dynamic characteristics (transients) and throttle response of the new generation of gas engines, used as a drive for mobile vehicles, is given. At present, the need has arisen to create a new generation of ICS control systems that would combine the principles of robust and adaptive management and provide a specified quality of management in the conditions of structural or parametric uncertainty of the control facility itself, uncertainty of external conditions and management goal uncertainty. The most important contour in the engine control system is the crankshaft speed regulator. It has a determining effect on the technical, economic and environmental performance of ICE. The resulting differential equation describes the transient processes of the angular velocity variation of the crankshaft of the gas engine of vehicles in a wide range of speed and load modes of operation.
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Timokhin, S. V., Yu V. Rodionov, and I. I. Kurbakov. "Improvement of the technology for controlling the parameters of the lubricating system of the D-245 diesel engine." Intelligence. Innovations. Investment, no. 6 (2020): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2020-6-163.
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А significant factor affecting the reliability of the internal combustion engine and its technical and Economic indicators is the efficiency of the lubrication system. When the standard oil supply is applied, semiliquid friction occurs between the contacting parts, in which the parts are not completely separated by a layer of oil. However, with this friction, the required durability of components and parts with heat removal is guaranteed. The performance of the engine lubrication system is determined by the state of its elements (coarse and fine filters, oil radiator and pump, valves), as well as the quality of oil, its level in the internal combustion engine crankcase and temperature. In domestic internal combustion engines, the minimum oil level in the crankcase is controlled, but in operation there are situations when the oil level exceeds its maximum permissible value. This situation occurs when coolant or fuel enters the lubrication system. Coolant can get into the oil if the cylinder head gaskets, sleeve o-rings, or cracks in the cylinder head and block are broken. Top-Livo can enter the oil through worn and damaged parts of the fuel equipment (gas pump diaphragm, fuel pump plunger pairs, etc.). These liquids sharply degrade the quality of the oil and increase the wear of internal combustion engine parts, and the standard singlelevel indicator will not give the driver operational information about the malfunction. In connection with the above, the purpose of this work is to improve the technology for monitoring the technical condition of the internal combustion engine lubrication system on the example of the d-245 diesel engine and its modifications, which are widely used in GAZ (GAZ-3309), ZIL (ZIL-5301), MAZ (MAZ Zubrenok), PAZ buses (PAZ-3205), MTZ tractors (MTZ — 100, 892, 1020), agricultural and construction equipment.by developing and implementing a built — in device for monitoring the minimum and maximum oil levels in the crankcase, as well as its temperature. The scientific novelty of the work is due to the use of new circuit and technical solutions, as well as the original algorithm of the sensor operation developed by the authors, based on the use of switching laws of reed switches with normally closed and normally open contacts, the operation of which is spaced over time and controlled oil levels. Block diagram of the proposed device comprises a multifunction sensor level and oil temperature, including sensors of the mi-minimum and increased levels of engine oil in the crankcase of the engine and its temperature, the operation mode switch signal cooling temperature-edusei fluid and engine oil, the first and second voltage сomparators, indicator lights, buzzer, switch power supply, voltage regulator and regular temperature sensor coolant. The use of the developed device significantly increases the reliability and convenience of monitoring one of the most important indicators of internal combustion engines-the oil level in the crankcase, which will avoid significant engine damage. As a result of further research, it is planned to develop the device design, conduct laboratory studies of the developed multifunctional sensor in order to determine the dependence of its resistance on the temperature at the normal level of engine oil in the measuring flask, as well as determine the actual values of the developed sensor response heights at the lower and upper levels.
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Kowalewicz, A. "Methanol as a Fuel for Spark Ignition Engines: A Review and Analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 207, no. 1 (January 1993): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_158_02.
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A review and analysis of recent literature data on the use of methanol as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines have been performed. The properties of methanol have been analysed from the point of view of its application to spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines. From this analysis it may be concluded that fewer modifications to the engine are expected when methanol is used in SI engines than in CI engines. Neat methanol is the most suitable, because all the positive properties of methanol as a fuel can be utilized. In the case of SI engines, only minor modifications of the fuel system and/or addition of ignition improver to the fuel are required. Use of methanol-gasoline blends of up to 15 per cent methanol (by volume) and diesel oil-methanol blends of up to 20 per cent methanol require only minor engine modifications. However, miscibility of methanol and conventional fuels is poor; in order to avoid fuel separation, mixtures of these fuels require fuel additives. Methanol engines burn cleaner and more efficiently, but have higher emissions of aldehydes, which increase with increasing mileage of the vehicle. In the presence of an oxidation catalyst unburned methanol can be converted to formaldehyde and simultaneously nitrous oxide to nitrogen dioxide. The advantage of engine fuelling with reformed methanol (CO + H2) is shown. The reasons for better efficiency, performance and less emissions (except of aldehydes) of methanol-fuelled SI engines in comparison with gasoline- and diesel oil-fuelled engines respectively have been analysed. Technical aspects of using methanol as an automotive fuel that have not yet been satisfactorily solved are pointed out. The feasibility of the widespread use of methanol as a transportation fuel for SI engines is discussed from technical, economic and ecological points of view. The need for further research and development work on problems related to methanol as a fuel for SI engines is also discussed.
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D, KONIECZNY, and KRAWCZUK S. "COMBUSTION OF GASOLINE AND ETANOL MIXTURE." National Transport University Bulletin 1, no. 50 (2021): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2021-3-50-104-112.
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Thanks to the pressure of the Environmental Society, the priority of engine manufacturers is to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and reduce fuel consumption while constantly increasing engine performance. One way to overcome the aforementioned technical and social problems is to use alcohols, natural or synthetic, such as ethanol to power engines. The objectives of manufacturers of alternative fuels is to provide consumers with the opportunity to use their product without changing the parameters of the main units in their vehicles, therefore the stoichiometry of the combustion of fuel mixtures is important, since this parameter can affect the amount of fuel burned, the quality of exhaust gases and the power of the internal combustion engine. Combustion in a car engine is exothermic, which means that a side effect of this chemical reaction is heat released into the environment. The condition for starting the combustion process is the thermal coefficient – for spark ignition engines – a spark, and for diesel engines – heat during compression of the fuel-air mixture. From the above it follows that after the oxidation reaction in the exhaust gases there should be no residual fuel particles, which in turn is an image of stoichiometric combustion. Since the stoichiometric mixture is very difficult to achieve outside laboratory conditions, a distinction is made between a non-greasy mixture (too much oxidizing agent) and a saturated mixture (too little oxidizing agent), but always strive to reach λ = 1, which corresponds to a stoichiometric mixture. The heavy weight when working with ethanol fuel is the one that affects the operation of the engine and its components. Therefore, it is important to compare the physicochemical data of gasoline and ethanol, as well as mixed fuel – E85. The article deals with the stoichiometry of combustion of an alternative fuel - a mixture of gasoline and ethanol. The economic and environmental conditions that initiated the production of this type of fuel were taken into account, the fuel mixtures were divided according to the content of fuel and oxidants in the combustion chamber. Attention is drawn to the determination of the stoichiometric mixture, as well as to the lambda coefficient (λ), which helps to determine the type of mixture. The properties of gasoline (in the form of iso-octane) and ethanol are described in separate sections and each is compared. One chapter is devoted to the description of the E85 mixture used in Flexi Fuel Vehicles engines, the requirements for this fuel are determined by the Minister of Economy on the requirements for the quality of biofuels, and attention is also paid to the effect of the mixture on the operation of the engine and the content of chemical compounds in the exhaust using E85 biofuel. It has been established that ethanol fuel (in particular E100) is undoubtedly a step forward in terms of ecology, transport economics and the development of alternative fuels. However, its physicochemical properties cause many problems in engine operation. Despite the improvement in the net power generated by the engine, it should be remembered that for the current mechanical parts and their materials, this is a “problem” mixture that requires frequent and accurate diagnostics and calibration. KEY WORDS: STOICHIOMETRIC MIXTURE, COMBUSTION, MIXTURE OF GASOLINE AND ETHANOL, ALTERNATIVE FUEL, IMPROVEMENT OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES OF THE ENGINE.
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Ageev, E. V., A. V. Shcherbakov, YU G. Alekhin, and S. A. Grаshcow. "INCREASING OF THE INFORMATIVEVALUE OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINE DIAGNOSTICS BY MEANS OF TECHNICAL ENDOSCOPY." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-1-18-26.
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Car engine is the most complex and important unit of a car. A lot of technical, economic and environmental automobile performance depend on it. Therefore, the development of advanced methods for diagnosing the technical state of engine mechanisms and systems is of great practical importance. The most part and labor intensity of the total number of malfunctions accounts for the cylinder-piston group (GPG). The purpose of this work was to increase the informative value of the process of diagnosing the engines of VAZ front-wheel drive vehicles by using technical endoscopy. To obtain information about the level of technical condition, it is not advisable to disassemble a unit or assembly in a good operation condition, since, first, it is associated with considerable labor costs, and second, and what is important, each disassembly and change of the mutual position of the used parts leads to the reduction of the residual life by 30 - 40%. Using a technical endoscope to obtain information about the technical state of the GPG provides unique opportunities for visual diagnostics. Due to the use of a technical endoscope, it became for the first time possible to proceed while diagnosing internal combustion engine GPG to the evaluation of design parameters of the technical state, such as: the state of the hone net, grooves, scoring, scratches, which could only be performed before by automobile disassembly. In general, technical endoscopy increases the informative value of the process of cylinder-piston group diagnosing. The use of a technical endoscope reveals unique possibilities for an operative assessment of the technical condition of the object being diagnosed in order to shorten the time of detection and subsequent elimination of malfunctions.
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Kaverzina, A. S., A. S. Lunev, I. V. Karnaukhov, M. D. Pankiv, and I. V. Andreychikov. "Performance improvement methods of hydroficated machine under refrigeration." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2094, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 042087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2094/4/042087.
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Abstract In this paper, the problem of the influence of climatic conditions on the performance of a Hydraulic gear is considered. The importance of the work is due to the fact that the methods for solving the problem are proposed, namely, the use of preheating for a Hydraulic gear and an internal combustion engine under refrigeration. The use of hydrofected self-propelled vehicles in the northern regions in winter is considered. The factors determining the technical and economic indicators of hydrofected machines are revealed. The influence of negative temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of hydraulic equipment materials is also considered. Three main directions have been identified in which temperature affects the hydraulic drive. An experiment was conducted in which the dependence of the performance of the machine was revealed using a preheating device for the working fluid and without the device.
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Аладашвили, Иосиф, Iosif Aladashvili, Ольга Макарова, Ol'ga Makarova, Фанис Яруллин, and Fanis Yarullin. "SOOT FORMATION WHILE OPERATING A DIESEL POWER UNIT." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 2 (July 29, 2019): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5d3e16a5a33a65.96468956.
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The article presents the technical, economic and environmental problems that arise during the operation of power units of any kind. Harmful components that poison the environment during the operation of diesel power units are a combination of different chemical compounds. Oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide and various unburned hydrocarbons are abundantly present in the exhaust gases of power units, but in our opinion soot is the most insidious, and it also takes up almost 50% of all diesel engine poisonous substances. The purpose of this work is to improve the technical, economic and environmental performance of the internal combustion engine, by feeding an additional air mixture into the cylinders. Possible ways to solve the above-mentioned problem are proposed, namely, one of the variants of charge turbulence by supplying additional air to the lower part of the cylinder liner at the end of the filling stroke and at the beginning of compression. The essence of this process is as follows: a jet of additional air creates kinetic energy of the main charge and simultaneously lowers the temperature inside the cylinder to the allowed values, thereby providing a favorable atmosphere for oxidizing the combustible mixture and helps reduce toxic components of combustion products, including soot. As a result of the foregoing, it should be concluded that the additional portion of air introduced into the cylinder contributes to an increase in the kinetic energy of the working fluid, and this in turn is the guarantor of the maximum burn-out of the air-fuel mixture. In addition, it presents the results of experiments in the form of graphs and on the basis of these data a comparative analysis was conducted and certain conclusions were made on the positive dynamics of technical, economic and environmental performance of power units.
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Angrisani, Giovanni, Carlo Roselli, Maurizio Sasso, and Peter Tzscheutschler. "Experimental Assessment of Energy Performance and Emissions of a Residential Microcogenerator." Studies in Engineering and Technology 1, no. 2 (August 3, 2014): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/set.v1i2.441.
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Microcogeneration can guarantee sensible primary energy savings and greenhouse gas emissions reductions in the residential sector. In this paper, the results of experimental tests carried out on a microcogenerator (5.5 kW electric power and 14.8 kW thermal power) based on a natural gas fuelled internal combustion engine, integrated with a condensing boiler, have been analyzed. Tests have been performed out at Institute for Energy Economy and Application Technology (IfE) of Technical University of Munich (Germany). The test facility allowed to simulate the thermal energy requirements of a real residential application, represented by a Multi Family House consisting of 10 apartments, and to evaluate the energy flows of the conversion devices in actual operating conditions. Four type days, characteristic of Mediterranean climatic conditions, have been used to define space heating and domestic hot water user’s requirements. Experimental tests have been performed to implement energy and environmental analysis, comparing the system consisting of cogenerator and integration boiler with a reference system. Results showed that the former can achieve a primary energy saving of about 6%, and CO2 equivalent emissions reduction of about 12%. Finally, the algorithm defined by the European Directive on the promotion of high efficiency cogeneration has been implemented; it demonstrated that the primary energy saving is well above the limit value prescribed by the Directive. Therefore the cogeneration plant can access support mechanisms that can help to achieve the economic feasibility of the system, besides energy and environmental benefits.
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KOSIYUK, MYKOLA, ARTEM KOSIIUK, and VITALY KRAVCHUK. "COMBINED POWER PLANT OF A MOTOR VEHICLE." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 299, no. 4 (October 2021): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2021-299-4-84-88.
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Currently, the most promising areas of development of motor transport are an increase of the horsepower characteristic of their power plants as well as increase of fuel efficiency, and reduction of the toxicity level of exhaust fumes. An internal combustion engine as a power unit of the car in a number of operation modes (supplemental motion, small work load, idling, etc.) works extremely inefficiently and contains the high concentration of harmful components in the exhaust fumes. Additionally, in a context of growing shortage of carbohydrate fuels and increase in their value, the problem of the fuel-burn improvement is especially acute. To improve the environmental compatibility and efficiency of power plants of the vehicles, combined cycle power plants are used. One of the most important problems that the machine construction faces is the creation of environmentally friendly and economical power plants. A hybrid power plant, which contains several power units operating on different physical principles, is proposed by the authors. The main power unit uses the energy of liquid or gaseous fuel in the mode of an internal combustion engine; the auxiliary power unit which is made as a reverse volumetrical driving machine with swinging motion of the work tools (forcers or blades), uses air power which comes from a pneumocylinder through a cooler and / or pneumatic air tank. The auxiliary power unit is equipped with a reversible invertor of the driving direction, made on the basis of a spherical slider-crank mechanism. This insures the operation of the auxiliary power unit in the mode of a pneumatic motor or compressor in accordance with the algorithm generated by the electronic control unit of the combined power plant of the vehicle. To utilize the heat energy of the exhaust fumes of the main power unit, the combined power plant is additionally equipped with a Stirling engine or steam generation module and a steam engine; in order to break energy recuperation of the vehicle it is additionally equipped with a hydraulic or electrodrive. Naturally, when choosing the specific forms of application of combined cycle power plants, any combinations of auxiliary power units are possible. They can be supplemented and / or specified based on the knowledge of specialists. Combined cycle power plants are technically complete solution. Their industrial applicability is obvious and is substantiated by experiments. Nowadays, the creation of a combined cycle power plants of a vehicle, which are a combination of several engines operating on different physical principles is the task of great economic importance. Combined power plants this allows to reduce fuel consumption per 100 km significantly, increase energy potential, horsepower characteristic and improve the environmental performance of the vehicle. The work is planned to be continued in the direction of optimization synthesis of auxiliary power units that work on different physical principles.
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Galiullin, Lenar Ajratovich, Rustam Asgatovich Valiev, and Ilnar Ajratovich Galiullin. "Development of Technical Diagnostic System for Internal Combustion Engines." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 4569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8356.
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This article describes methods of development of technical diagnostic systems for internal combustion engines. The automotive industry plays a leading role in the economy of any state. The history of the development of the global automotive industry is closely linked with the development of many branches of engineering. So, by the beginning of the 20th century, the automobile industry began to consume half of the steel and iron produced, three-quarters of rubber and leather, a third part of nickel and aluminum, and a seventh part of wood and copper. Autobuilding came in first place in terms of production among other branches of engineering, began to have a serious impact on the economic life of states. By the beginning of World War I, the car park on the globe was about 2 million. Of these, 1.3 million were in the USA, 245 thousand in England, 100 thousand in France, 57 thousand in Austria-Hungary, 12 thousand—to Italy, 10 thousand—to the Russia.
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Redjeb, Youcef, Khatima Kaabeche-Djerafi, Anna Stoppato, and Alberto Benato. "The IRC-PD Tool: A Code to Design Steam and Organic Waste Heat Recovery Units." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185611.
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The Algerian economy and electricity generation sector are strongly dependent on fossil fuels. Over 93% of Algerian exports are hydrocarbons, and approximately 90% of the generated electricity comes from natural gas power plants. However, Algeria is also a country with huge potential in terms of both renewable energy sources and industrial processes waste heat recovery. For these reasons, the government launched an ambitious program to foster renewable energy sources and industrial energy efficiency. In this context, steam and organic Rankine cycles could play a crucial role; however, there is a need for reliable and time-efficient optimization tools that take into account technical, economic, environmental, and safety aspects. For this purpose, the authors built a mathematical tool able to optimize both steam and organic Rankine units. The tool, called Improved Rankine Cycle Plant Designer, was developed in MATLAB environment, uses the Genetic Algorithm toolbox, acquires the fluids thermophysical properties from CoolProp and REFPROP databases, while the safety information is derived from the ASHRAE database. The tool, designed to support the development of both RES and industrial processes waste heat recovery, could perform single or multi-objective optimizations of the steam Rankine cycle layout and of a multiple set of organic Rankine cycle configurations, including the ones which adopt a water or an oil thermal loop. In the case of the ORC unit, the working fluid is selected among more than 120 pure fluids and their mixtures. The turbines’ design parameters and the adoption of a water- or an air-cooled condenser are also optimization results. To facilitate the plant layout and working fluid selection, the economic analysis is performed to better evaluate the plant economic feasibility after the thermodynamic optimization of the cycle. Considering the willingness of moving from a fossil to a RES-based economy, there is a need for adopting plants using low environmental impact working fluids. However, because ORC fluids are subjected to environmental and safety issues, as well as phase out, the code also computes the Total Equivalent Warming Impact, provides safety information using the ASHRAE database, and displays an alert if the organic substance is phased out or is going to be banned. To show the tool’s potentialities and improve the knowledge on waste heat recovery in bio-gas plants, the authors selected an in-operation facility in which the waste heat is released by a 1 MWel internal combustion engine as the test case. The optimization outcomes reveal that the technical, economic, environmental, and safety performance can be achieved adopting the organic Rankine cycle recuperative configuration. The unit, which adopts Benzene as working fluid, needs to be decoupled from the heat source by means of an oil thermal loop. This optimized solution guarantees to boost the electricity production of the bio-gas facility up to 15%.
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Delprete, Cristiana, and Abbas Razavykia. "Piston dynamics, lubrication and tribological performance evaluation: A review." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 5 (July 11, 2018): 725–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418787610.
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Mechanical power loss of lubricated and bearing surfaces serves as an attractive domain for study and research in the field of internal combustion engines. Friction reduction at lubricated and bearing surface is one of the most cost-effective ways to reduce gas emission and improve internal combustion engines’ efficiency. This thus motivates automotive industries and researchers to investigate tribological performance of internal combustion engines. Piston secondary motion has prime importance in internal combustion engines and occurs due to unbalanced forces and moments in a plane normal to the wrist pin axis. Consequently, piston executes small translations and rotations within the defined clearance during the piston reciprocating motion. Mechanical friction power loss and lubrication at piston skirt/liner and radiated engine noise are dramatically affected by piston secondary dynamics. The lubrication mechanism, piston secondary motion and tribological performance are affected by piston design parameters (piston/liner clearance, wrist pin offset, skirt profile, etc.), lubricant rheology, oil transport mechanism and operating conditions. Therefore, this review is devoted to summarize the synthesis of main technical aspects, research efforts, conclusions and challenges that must be highlighted regarding piston skirt/liner lubrication and piston dynamics and slap.
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Delprete, Cristiana, and Abbas Razavykia. "Piston ring–liner lubrication and tribological performance evaluation: A review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 232, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650117706269.
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Internal combustion engines are at present used as the major power sources for transportation and power generator. Improvement of the internal combustion engine efficiency is expected due to strict environmental standards and energy costs. Any reduction in oil consumption, friction power losses and emissions results in improving engines’ performance and durability. Automotive industries have intense passion to increase engines’ efficiency to meet the fuel economy and emission standards. Many studies have been conducted to develop reliable approaches and models to understand the lubrication mechanisms and calculate power losses. This review paper summarizes the synthesis of the main technical aspects considered during modeling of piston ring–liner lubrication and friction losses investigations. The literature review highlights the effects of piston ring dynamics, components geometry, lubricant rheology, surface topography and adopted approaches, on frictional losses contributed by the piston ring-pack.
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Dziubak, Tadeusz, and Mirosław Karczewski. "Experimental Study of the Effect of Air Filter Pressure Drop on Internal Combustion Engine Performance." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 30, 2022): 3285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093285.
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The paper presents the problem of the effect of air filter pressure drop on the operating parameters of a modern internal combustion engine with compression ignition. A literature analysis of the results of investigations of the effect of air filter pressure drop on the filling, power and fuel consumption of carburetor and diesel engines with classical injection system was carried out. It was shown that each increase in the air filter pressure drop Δpf by 1 kPa results in an average decrease in engine power by SI 1–1.5% and an increase in specific fuel consumption by about 0.7. For compression ignition engines, the values are 0.4–0.6% decrease in power and 0.3–0.5% increase in specific fuel consumption. The values of the permissible resistance of the air filter flow Δpfdop determined from the condition of 3% decrease in engine power are given, which are at the level of 2.5–4.0 kPa—passenger car engines, 4–7 kPa—truck engines and 9–12 kPa—special purpose vehicles. Possibilities of decreasing the pressure drop of the inlet system, which result in the increase of the engine filling and power, were analyzed. The program and conditions of dynamometer engine tests were worked out in respect to the influence of the air filter pressure drop on the operation parameters of the six-cylinder engine of the swept volume Vss = 15.8 dm3 and power rating of 226 kW. Three technical states of the air filter were modeled by increasing the pressure drop of the filter element. For each technical state of the air filter, measurements and calculations of engine operating parameters, including power, hourly and specific fuel consumption, boost pressure and temperature, were carried out in the speed range n = 1000–2100 rpm. It was shown that the increase in air filter pressure drop causes a decrease in power (9.31%), hourly fuel consumption (7.87%), exhaust temperature (5.1%) and boost pressure (3.11%). At the same time, there is an increase in specific fuel consumption (2.52%) and the smoke of exhaust gases, which does not exceed the permissible values resulting from the technical conditions for admission of vehicles to traffic.
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Grishin, Evgeniy L., Artem V. Zaitsev, and Evgeniy G. Kuzminykh. "Ensuring Occupational Safety and Health through Ventilation in Underground Mines with Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles on Duty." Вестник Пермского национального исследовательского политехнического университета. Геология. Нефтегазовое и горное дело 20, no. 3 (August 2020): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2712-8008/2020.3.8.
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Increasing production capacities and developing ventilation systems in underground mines challenge mining enterprises to enhance the output level of applied mining and ventilation facilities. Most of the rock loading and transporting mining machinery at ore deposits is powered by diesel internal combustion engines. Insufficient ventilation or wrong approaches to determining the amount of air required to dilute the main components of exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, including carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, can result in poisoning or even death of mining workers. However, most production facilities make their ventilation systems operate at the capacity limits without any opportunities to increase their technical reserves. This fact has a direct impact on safety of mining operations. We present methods and equations aimed at determining the required air quantity for the operating areas of the vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines and the underground mines at their designing and operation stages. The analysis of regulatory documentation shows that there is no requirement to airflow rate per power unit of internal combustion engines. Therefore, we propose an approach that meets up-to-date industrial safety requirements based on the actual emissions of harmful components, performance parameters of internal combustion engines and emission standards guaranteed by manufacturers though confirming an engine’s emission class compliance. The proposed methods will allow us to enhance workplace safety at underground mines where internal combustion engine equipment is on duty, and to increase the efficiency of designing new blocks, horizons and mines by eliminating unreasonable reserves when selecting mining and ventilation equipment.
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Thompson, G. J., C. M. Atkinson, N. N. Clark, T. W. Long, and E. Hanzevack. "Technical Note: Neural network modelling of the emissions and performance of a heavy-duty diesel engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 214, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095440700021400201.
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Internal combustion engines are being required to comply with increasingly stringent government exhaust emissions regulations. Compression ignition (CI) piston engines will continue to be used in cost-sensitive fuel applications such as in heavy-duty buses and trucks, power generation, locomotives and off-highway applications, and will find application in hybrid electric vehicles. Close control of combustion in these engines will be essential to achieve ever-increasing efficiency improvements while meeting increasingly stringent emissions standards. The engines of the future will require significantly more complex control than existing map-based control strategies, having many more degrees of freedom than those of today. Neural network (NN)-based engine modelling offers the potential for a multidimensional, adaptive, learning control system that does not require knowledge of the governing equations for engine performance or the combustion kinetics of emissions formation that a conventional map-based engine model requires. The application of a neural network to model the output torque and exhaust emissions from a modern heavy-duty diesel engine (Navistar T444E) is shown to be able to predict the continuous torque and exhaust emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine for the Federal heavy-duty engine transient test procedure (FTP) cycle and two random cycles to within 5 per cent of their measured values after only 100 min of transient dynamometer training. Applications of such a neural net model include emissions virtual sensing, on-board diagnostics (OBD) and engine control strategy optimization.
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French, C. C. J. "Advanced Techniques for Engine Research and Design." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 203, no. 3 (July 1989): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_164_02.
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This paper discusses technical improvements that have been made to internal combustion engines in the recent past. It then goes on to show that, with the availability of the high-speed computer, great possibilities exist for many more advances to be made in design and performance.
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Chiriac, Rareş-Lucian, Anghel Chiru, and Ovidiu Condrea. "New Hybrid Turbochargers Solutions for Special Military Vehicles with Internal Combustion Engines." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0116.
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AbstractThe internal combustion engines performance can be increase. The residual gases can be recovered through turbo charging systems because is an important reserve of exhaust gas energy, which can be capitalized. The turbo charging solution is one of the most popular technical solutions for increasing the energy performance of internal combustion engines. The solutions proposed for the theoretical and experimental research is the hybrid turbocharger. The hybrid turbocharger has a double function: to compress the fresh air and to generate electric energy for the vehicle. The compressed fresh air is compress by the rotor wheel of the compressor. The generator which produces the electrical energy is linearly coupled to the rotor on the compressor shaft outside zone. The electrical energy can be used for consumption of the military vehicles or can be stored in to the battery of the vehicle. The military vehicle must have a internal combustion engine or a hybrid engine equipped with a hybrid turbocharger. The article aim is to present the results of the hybrid turbocharger. The simulation was realised with the AMESim Software developed by Siemens. To simulate the exhaust gas energy was used a CIMAT test bed which can provides high pressure air.
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Szabados, György, Herman Szűcs, Jozefin Hézer, and Brian Sanders. "Investigation of Possibilities of λ = 1 Full Load Operation for Gasoline Engines in the Light of Future Emission Regulation." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 50, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.17433.
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To date, huge amounts of money have been invested in the development of internal combustion engines to reach the current level of technology. High specific power and good thermal efficiency have been achieved, thanks to which, internal combustion engines are now widely used. However, the driving force behind the developments is no longer the high performance, but the compliance with strict emission standards. Future emissions regulation, namely Euro 7, will be challenging for engine and vehicle manufacturers. One possible technical solution may be to use a stoichiometric air-fuel mixture on the entire engine map to meet the requirements of the Euro 7 emission standard. This article analyzes the change in Euro regulations in the light of Euro 7, as well as the theoretical background of the λ = 1 operation. Several technical possibilities to achieve the stoichiometric ratio, such as e.g. water injection or variable compression ratio are presented.
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Stępień, Zbigniew. "A Comprehensive Overview of Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines: Achievements and Future Challenges." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 6504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206504.
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This paper provides a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the latest research results in addition to an overview of the future challenges and opportunities regarding the use of hydrogen to power internal combustion engines (ICEs). The experiences and opinions of various international research centers on the technical possibilities of using hydrogen as a fuel in ICE are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of hydrogen as a solution are described. Attention is drawn to the specific physical, chemical, and operational properties of hydrogen for ICEs. A critical review of hydrogen combustion concepts is provided, drawing on previous research results and experiences described in a number of research papers. Much space is devoted to discussing the challenges and opportunities associated with port and direct hydrogen injection technology. A comparison of different fuel injection and ignition strategies and the benefits of using the synergies of selected solutions are presented. Pointing to the previous experiences of various research centers, the hazards related to incorrect hydrogen combustion, such as early pre-ignition, late pre-ignition, knocking combustion, and backfire, are described. Attention is focused on the fundamental importance of air ratio optimization from the point of view of combustion quality, NOx emissions, engine efficiency, and performance. Exhaust gas scrubbing to meet future emission regulations for hydrogen powered internal combustion engines is another issue that is considered. The article also discusses the modifications required to adapt existing engines to run on hydrogen. Referring to still-unsolved problems, the reliability challenges faced by fuel injection systems, in particular, are presented. An analysis of more than 150 articles shows that hydrogen is a suitable alternative fuel for spark-ignition engines. It will significantly improve their performance and greatly reduce emissions to a fraction of their current level. However, its use also has some drawbacks, the most significant of which are its high NOx emissions and low power output, and problems in terms of the durability and reliability of hydrogen-fueled engines.
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Levko, S. F., B. V. Dolishnii, and В. М. Melnyk. "Prospective types of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines." Oil and Gas Power Engineering, no. 2(32) (December 27, 2019): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9868-2019-2(32)-97-106.
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Currently, the disposal and recycling of the alcohol industry products creates a number of difficulties due to the lack of well-established recycling lines in Ukraine. Since 1998, eight enterprises of the state-owned concern Ukrspirt have been converted to produce high-octane oxygen-containing additives (CFCs) for ethanol-based fuels to organize the processing of waste from the alcohol industry. During this time, they produced 28.2 thousand tonnes of CALs, but CALA enterprises face great difficulties in selling their products, as they are new and expensive. The influence of fusel oil additives on commodity fuels on the main physical and technical indicators of the obtained alternative fuels is considered in the paper. According to the results of studies of octane number, we have established the optimal compositions of fuel mixtures of fusel oils with gasoline A-80 can contain up to 10% of the latter. For mixtures of fusel oils with diesel fuel by cetane number, their optimum content in diesel fuel is from 4 to 10% by volume. But, according to the trends of the development of diesel engines, the compression ratio increases, which allows the use of diesel fuel with higher cetane number, and therefore it is possible to raise the content of fusel oils in diesel fuel to 12%. According to the results of studies of the environmental performance of the ZIL-130 engine when fusel oils are added to commercial gasoline in an amount of 2 to 10% vol. the CO content in ICE exhaust gases decreases by 9.3%, fuel consumption increases by 6.5%, hydrocarbons by 10.2% and nitrogen oxide by 16.9%. As a result of increasing the content of fusel oils in diesel from 0 to 6%, there is an increase in mass flow rate of fuel to 6.1%, an increase in the concentration of hydrocarbons to 10% and nitrogen oxides by 1.9% in the exhaust gases of the engine D21A1. Thus, as we see today, along with traditional fuels for internal combustion engines, it is possible to use their alternative substitutes quite efficiently both in their pure form and in mixtures with them. There are all prerequisites for this in Ukraine and the region, the only question is the financing of these projects.
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Shshinnikov, Pavel, Vitalii Tomilov, and Denis Sinelnikov. "Methods of assessing technical and economic efficiency of cogeneration plants based on air-cooled internal combustion engines." Science Bulletin of the Novosibirsk State Technical University, no. 2 (June 20, 2015): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1814-1196-2015-2-134-142.
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Kochev, N. S., B. P. Zhilkin, and L. V. Plotnikov. "Improving the technical and environmental performance of piston engines by upgrading the fuel system." E3S Web of Conferences 124 (2019): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912401014.
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The article presents the results of an experimental study of the dispersion of superheated water through cylindrical channels and nozzles of piston internal combustion engines under different initial conditions. The advantages and disadvantages of modern diesel engine fuel systems are discussed in the article. The process of explosive boiling in relation to the fuel system of a piston engine is formulated and briefly described. A description of the laboratory setup and methods of conducting experiments is given in the article. The results of the visualization of sprayed superheated water through a cylindrical channel and through a diesel engine nozzle of 21/21 dimension are presented. The original scheme of the fuel system for a diesel engine using the effect of explosive boiling is proposed. Preliminary estimates have shown that the use of such a fuel system will increase the reliability of the combustion chamber elements of a piston engine, reduce specific fuel consumption (up to 2%) and reduce the amount of harmful substances in exhaust gases (an average of 12% compared with traditional fuel systems).
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Mărdărescu, Vladimir, Nicolae Ispas, and Mircea Nastasoiu. "Qualitative Estimation Criterion of Direct Injection Diesel Engines Performance Prediction for Stationary and Industrial Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 659 (October 2014): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.659.205.
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Our approach is to define as accurately as possible, the opportunities of forecasting the environmental and energetically qualities of direct injection Diesel engines for stationary and industrial applications. This research requires the validation of new energy solutions or injection process. Knowing that test bench research of internal combustion engines is a task that requires highly qualified personnel and very expensive equipment for investigate the combustion process, a research program to define the best technical solution involves significant costs. The energetically solution of an internal combustion engine, similar to those examined in this paper, is defined by the following guidelines and parameters: - Control of mixture formation; - Compression ratio; - Average swirl intake number channel; - Geometry of the intake and exhaust cams; - Diagram of distribution; - Drive cam type injection pump; - Geometry of the combustion chamber; - Type and nozzle geometry (sack configuration and l / d ratio ); - Needle stroke; - The diameter and length of the injection pipe; - Amount of injector opening pressure (for hydraulic injectors); - Type of delivery valve; - Time of injection. Based on experience gained during the test at the test bed, we proposed a criterion for assessing qualitative performance of Diesel class discussed above. This criterion refers to environmental and energetically performance, as a prediction of performance at nominal regime, after shorten tests with cold engine.
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Kambli, Rujuta O. "Electric Vehicles in India: Future and Challenges." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40297.
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Abstract: For the transportation sector, vehicle electrification is a game changer due to major energy and environmental implications driven by high vehicle efficiency i.e. EVs are approximately 3–4 times more efficient than comparable internal combustion engines vehicles (ICEV), zero tailpipe emissions, and reduced petroleum dependency as great fuel diversity and flexibility exist in electricity production. Far-reaching implications for vehicle grid integration extend to the electricity sector and to the broader energy system. The Indian Government is also planning to increase the electric vehicle in the automobile industries. In this paper the future and challenges of the electric vehicles in Indian market is discussed. The different factors like economic, social, technical and environmental which are affecting the electric vehicles market in India are discussed in this paper. The battery and infrastructure development are related to economic and technological factors. Based on the challenges, recommendations are made and it also helps to promote the market growth of electric vehicles. Keywords: Electric vehicle (EV), Comparable Internal Combustion Engines Vehicles (ICEV), carbon emissions.
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Giernalczyk, Mariusz. "Analysis of the Possibility of Using Low Speed Two-Stroke Dual-Fuel Engines for Propulsion of Sea-Going Vessels." Journal of KONES 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0031.
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Abstract The use of gas/LNG to supply marine engines in addition to tangible economic benefits is also a method of limiting emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and meeting strict environmental protection regulations, especially in special areas. The technology of supplying liquid and gas fuels (Dual Fuel) is most easily used in four-stroke engines but the highest thermal efficiency is ensured by combustion two-stroke piston engines. However, in the first two-stroke dual-fuel engines, the gas supply installation was more complicated than in the four-stroke engine. It resulted, among others from the necessity of compressing the gas to high pressures (15÷30 MPa), for which extremely energy-consuming multi-stage compression systems were needed. The complicated technical system is inherently prone to failures, which is why the dual-fuel low-speed two-stroke diesel engines remained for a long period in the design and experimental phase. In recent years, there has been a significant breakthrough thanks to the introduction of new solutions with the possibility of supplying two-stroke engines with low-pressure gas (less than 1.6 MPa). In recent years, many ships powered by two-stroke, dual-fuel internal combustion engines were commissioned. Some ship-owners owning a fleet of LNG carriers with two-stroke diesel engines that so far have been powered only by liquid fuels have decided to adapt them to gas combustion. This required the adaptation of the engine for gas combustion and the expansion of the supply gas fuel system. This paper is an attempt to analyse the legitimacy of introducing two-stroke, dual-fuel internal combustion engines into the propulsion system and adaptation of engines that are already used to burn gas in them. It presents the changes introduced on one of the LNG gas carriers consisting in adapting the engine to gas combustion through modification of the cylinder head and fuel supply installation. Parameter results of the modified engines obtained during sea trials have been presented. Both advantages and disadvantages resulting from gas combustion have been pointed out. Finally, the possibility of this solution application to other LNG carriers was assessed.
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Prażnowski, Krzysztof, Andrzej Bieniek, Jarosław Mamala, and Adam Deptuła. "The Use of Multicriteria Inference Method to Identify and Classify Selected Combustion Engine Malfunctions Based on Vehicle Structure Vibrations." Sensors 21, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072470.
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Internal combustion engines are among the most commonly used propulsion units for drive systems in various industries such as land transportation, maritime transportation, and power generation. Their operation involves a continuous change of technical condition as a result of not only the combustion process but also their operation under conditions of variable load or ambient impact. It is therefore important to monitor the technical condition of internal combustion engines to ensure high performance and reliability over their lifetime. The article presents the test results obtained from incorrect operation of an internal combustion engine as a result of forced failures of the ignition and injection system. On this basis, a multicriteria comparison of the signal analysis of engine block vibrations was made, after the transformation of the signal from the time domain to the frequency domain, by using the induction technique obtained from the operation of decision tree algorithms. For this purpose, the amplitude spectrum in the frequency domain, scaled to absolute values of discretization for which teaching and testing data tables were created for successive harmonics, was determined for the engine block vibration signal being tested. On the basis of the developed algorithm using decision trees, a multicriteria data table was analyzed for which a compatibility path for the analyzed engine block vibration signal is created. In this way, it is confirmed with a specified degree of effectiveness, depending on the point of operation of the engine resulting from its crankshaft speed, that there is a possibility of detecting a preset ignition or injection system malfunction in the technical condition of the internal combustion engine with a probability up to about 72%.
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WOŚ, Paweł, Artur JAWORSKI, Hubert KUSZEWSKI, Kazimierz LEJDA, and Adam USTRZYCKI. "Technical and operating problems yielded from setting up the optimum value of geometric compression ratio in piston engines." Combustion Engines 164, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116483.
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The article discusses the problem of choosing the optimal compression ratio value in internal combustion engines at their design phase, according to todays development trends toward high economy and ecology of road transportation and the divers expectations in vehicle use and performance. Because the variable compression ratio technology VCR is not yet developed well enough to be implemented into the mass production of engines in the near future, the choice of compression ratio value is always a serious task for constructors to find a compromise between the functional engine properties, operational characteristics, engine efficiency, the powertrain design complexity, and finally the exhaust emission level. Therefore, the paper examines the impact of the compression ratio on the combustion engine parameters mentioned above and presents some innovative designs, where the settings of the compression ratio value beyond the conventional range is connected with using additional solutions in design structure and control systems, with modifications corresponding to the working process in these engines.
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Gritsenko, Aleksandr V., Grigoriy N. Salimonenko, and Maksim V. Nazarov. "Design of a Method for Test Diagnostics of an Internal Combustion Engine Based on the Analysis of the Exhaust Gas Composition." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 67, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-1-104-110.
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The introduction of methods for timely diagnostics of internal combustion engines allows maintaining the environmental indicators of the car fleet at the highest level. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in increasing the reliability of diagnostics of internal combustion engines by using data obtained by selective sampling of exhaust gases. (Materials and methods) Informational, mathematical and experimental research methods, including methods for statistical processing of results and analysis of data obtained during experiments were used during the study. (Results and discussion) The main systems that affect the environmental performance of internal combustion engines has been identified: the fuel supply system, the ignition system and the exhaust gas neutralization system. The article describes a generalized mathematical model for calculating the characteristics of exhaust gases. Authors conducted operational tests on 35 internal combustion engines with justification of their number according to standard methods. The actual value of diagnostic parameters was processed into relative percentages for drawing a nomogram. A zero value has been set for the reference state of the elements specified by the manufacturer. (Conclusions) It was found that the dominant number of failures accounted for internal combustion engines, in detail: the ignition system produces 15-25 percent of failures, the power system produces 30-44 percent, the exhaust system produces 10-15 percent. It was found that for unambiguous identification of any combination of factors, it is necessary to have output values of at least three evaluation criteria. It was found that the most sensitive parameters for evaluating the technical condition of the three systems are: changes in the engine crankshaft speed, the parameters of exhaust gas toxicity, CO, CO2, CH, O2 when providing test modes (operation of the internal combustion engine on 1 cylinder at 20 and 40 percent of the throttle opening). The article describes designed a gasoline engine loader for the implementation of diagnostic modes and control of diagnostic parameters, that allows to create operating loads with an accuracy of 0.1 percent.
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Neto, Rieder de Oliveira, César Adolfo Rodriguez Sotomonte, Christian J. R. Coronado, and Marco A. R. Nascimento. "Technical and economic analyses of waste heat energy recovery from internal combustion engines by the Organic Rankine Cycle." Energy Conversion and Management 129 (December 2016): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.10.012.
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Markov, V. A. "Automatic Control and Regulation Systems for Heat and Power Plants." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, no. 4 (139) (December 2021): 94–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2021-4-94-123.
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The modern stringent requirements for fuel efficiency, exhaust gases toxicity and dynamic performance can only be met by equipping thermal power plants with modern control and regulation systems. Thermal power plants based on internal combustion engines have found the greatest application. They are used in different fields --- automobile and railway transport, agricultural, road-building and forestry machines, in ship-building, aviation, stationary power plants. The analysis of the main directions for further improvement of thermal power plants with internal combustion engines and their automated control and regulation systems has been carried out. Among these directions are an expansion of functional capabilities in such systems, improvement of control and regulation processes quality and their use at adaptation of thermal power plants to work on alternative fuels. The important aspects for improvement of thermal power plants with internal combustion engines are the necessity of studying the working processes of engines and their systems in order to decrease the exhaust gases toxicity. The relevance of these systems research is shown and the evaluation of the current level in their development is made. A characteristic feature of modern control and regulation systems of thermal power plants is their widespread construction on modern microprocessor element base The paper was based on the materials of the reports of the all-Russian scientific and technical conference n.a. Professor V.I. Krutov (27.01.2021)
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Landowski, Bogdan, Michał Pająk, Bogdan Żółtowski, and Łukasz Muślewski. "Method of Building a Model of Operational Changes for the Marine Combustion Engine Describing the Impact of the Damages of This Engine on the Characteristics of Its Operation Process." Polish Maritime Research 24, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2017-0137.
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AbstractThis article deals with the modeling of the processes of operating both marine main and auxiliary engines. The paper presents a model of changes in operating conditions of ship’s internal combustion engine. The semi-Markov decision process was used to mathematically describe the process model of the engine. The developed model describes the effect of engine damage on the characteristics of its operation. A change in the input parameters of the model can simulate the influence of internal and external factors on the course of the analyzed process. A simplified calculation example is also presented for illustration purposes. The presented method together with developed algorithms and IT tools can be used to solve a wide range of problems related to the operation of marine main engines and other marine equipment as well as maritime and port facilities. This concerns primarily the economic, risk management and operational security issues of complex technical systems, as well as the readiness and reliability analysis of technical facilities.
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Fomin, V. M., and А. S. Platunov. "Method of improving the performance of gasoline engine work with internal mixing." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 5, no. 2 (January 20, 2011): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-69880.
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Analyzes the problematic issues associated with the prospect of development of domestic automotive gasoline engines with internal mixing, which stimulate the need for search tools and new technical solutions that are acceptable for domestic engines. Noted the unacceptability of a direct copying of foreign decisions in domestic practice, not only because of the high financial costs for their implementation, but given the lack of technology and the necessary materials for their production. As an alternative, we propose a method that allows for minimal financial costs quickly solve an actual problem of domestic engine - the creation of the Russian automotive gasoline engine of a new generation with internal mixing. The method is based on the use of hydrogen as a chemical reagent that promotes improvement of ecological and economic qualities of the engine.
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Igor Vasilevish, Sepelenko, Arifa Warouma, and Sherkun Vitalii Vasilevish. "Restoration of bronze bushes by the method of surface plastic deformation." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 5, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v5i1.5651.
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The restoration cost for agricultural machinery parts systematically influences on that of agricultural production. Hence the need to find the most effective and less expensive methods for repairing these parts. The bushes of the connecting rods of internal combustion engines are among the parts that wear out quickly and are made with expensive and deficient bronzes. The technical equipment used consists a worn out bushes of bronze treated by various methods, a vibro-rolling device, deformation software, a profilograph-profilometer, a microscope, and a machine of friction. In order to analyze the performance of the bushes of the connecting rods of internal combustion engines resulting from various treatments, the following parameters were determined: the height of the micro-relief elements, the absorption and the surface oil retention force, the optimum support surface, the wear and the wear intensity, the temperature of the friction area and the duration of the running-in period. The vibro-rolling followed by the deformation by broaching increases oil retention force from 1.8 to 2 times, and the wear resistance from 1.86 to 3.45 times as compared with the traditional technology. This new technology can be used for the restoration of the bushes of the connecting rods of internal combustion engines.
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LUPCHIAN, Mariana. "The Correlation Between the Operating Conditions of an Oil Tanker and Fuel Consumption." Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 44, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2021.3.05.
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This paper presents a calculation method to determine optimum operating conditions of power plants installations with internal combustion engines used on ships. The scope of this document is to make a minimum fuel consumption calculation using software Engineering Equation Solver. Analysing several operating regimes, the specific consumption of heavy fuel used on the main engine of the oil tanker is calculated. Vessel must operate at the parameters for which it was designed and built, thus satisfying all technical and economic aspects.
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Ismatov, Jumaniyoz, and Obidjon Ergashev. "Processes of mixture formation, ignition and combustion of a diesel engine." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 04062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126404062.
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One of the most significant concepts of deep restructuring of the economic mechanism of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the creation of an integral, effective and flexible system of economic management and the implementation on this basis of a program to improve the technical level and quality of machines. The car park of our country is more replenished with vehicles with diesel engines. The development of contemporary diesel engine building is proceeding by forcing engines: increasing the average effective pressure and speed. Therefore, high reliability and service life, fuel efficiency and environmental performance are the basic criteria for their quality. Forcing diesel engines leads to an increase in thermal and mechanical loads on the basic parts of the cylinder-piston group (CPG) (piston, liner and cylinder head), a significant increase in their temperature, as well as the temperature of piston rings and valves. Overheating of parts is accompanied by the formation of temperature fields with a pronounced uneven temperature distribution and, as a result, an increase in thermal stresses with a simultaneous deterioration of the mechanical properties of the material, the formation of cracks and, finally, the destruction of the part. In this regard, the task of protecting parts from excessive exposure to high thermal loads from the working fluid becomes urgent, or, in other words, the task of creating a diesel engine with reduced heat removal from the working fluid.
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Sovin, K. "Determination of the nomenclature of indicators for evaluation and analysis of operational and technical characteristics of internal combustion engines (ICE) of auto-tractor equipment." Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2001-01.
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The article provides performance indicators of internal combustion engines (ICE) of autotractor equipment by means of information exchange via CAN of tyres between electronic control units. The device is classified depending on its fi eld of application, as well as the list of components, operation of which is provided by application of CAN bus. Main values and performance indicators of ICE are indicated when using electronic control units: ACU, CAB, CCU, CLC, ECU, HCU, ICU, PTQ, TEC, VLC.
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Belinskaia, Irina, Rahim Zainetdinov, and Konstantin Evdokimov. "On the issue of reducing the negative impact of nitrogen oxides in the system recirculation of diesel exhaust gases on applying the vortex effect." E3S Web of Conferences 221 (2020): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022102006.
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The problem of negative impact on the environment of motor transport is one of the most fundamental in the complex of global problems. The constant increase in the number of cars with internal combustion engines encourages the search for methods and ways to reduce the volume of negative impulses. The operation of heat engines is accompanied by significant emissions of gaseous harmful substances into the atmosphere, i.e. nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, as well as solid particles, including soot. The solution to this problem should be implemented within the framework of a systematic approach. To do this, it is necessary to combine the study of technical, economic, and organizational approaches to the organization of the exhaust gas disposal process. To date, there is a significant methodological base in the field of organizational and economic decisions. The article discusses various methods of cleaning exhaust gases of piston engines, their advantages and disadvantages are noted. The method of processing using ammonia is widely known. It is noted that a catalytic method for reducing nitrogen oxides using ammonia is quite economical. However, the optimal temperature range at which nitrogen oxides are reduced is rather narrow. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use the vortex effect in the exhaust system. The efficiency of using a vortex gas recirculation pipe is due to its significant influence on the thermal gasdynamic processes occurring in the exhaust system. Using the principles of non-equilibrium thermodynamics allows us to take into account dissipative processes when establishing the relationship of fuel and economic indicators of internal combustion engines with thermodynamic parameters. This significantly increases the accuracy of calculations and allows you to develop measures to reduce the level of negative impact on the environment.
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Śliwa, Adrian. "Electric vehicle vs. internal combustion car in the smart city concept." Transport Economics and Logistics 79 (October 23, 2018): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/etil.2018.79.05.
Full textAbstract:
Replacing traditional internal combustion cars with electric vehicles is one of the most important aspects of the concept of electro-mobility which means environmentally friendly and clean transport. Such means of passenger transport logically fit in with the Smart City concept, as theoretically they could create opportunities for reducing traffic congestion and greenhouse gas emissions. The presented research results are an attempt to verify this hypothesis based on the opinions collected in a survey randomly conducted on users of two types of automobiles with electric and internal combustion engines. The results of the survey are not unambiguous since the development of electromobility is not supported by higher occupancy rates in electric cars and their more frequent use on short distances, but the argument for promoting them is their better operating and economic performance.
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Plotnikov, Leonid, and Nikita Grigoriev. "Modernization of the Mechanical Fuel System of a Diesel Locomotive Engine through Physical and Numerical Modeling." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 18, 2021): 8554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248554.
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Reducing harmful emissions from exhaust gases and increasing energy efficiency are urgent tasks when designing reciprocating internal combustion engines. In this experimental work, the fuel system of a diesel locomotive engine operating on the Miller cycle is improved. The purpose of the study is to improve the environmental and economic indicators of diesel engines at minimal financial cost. The article provides an overview of the main research on improving fuel supply, mixing and combustion. The features of engine operation are also briefly described. Numerical simulation of the diesel engine operating cycle was performed before the bench tests. The experiments were performed on a full-size diesel engine with a power of 1200 kW. The measuring equipment and experimental technique are described in the article. The technical solutions that made it possible to improve the fuel supply are described. A new design for the high-pressure fuel pump drive is proposed. The optimal fuel injection advance angles are determined. An original design for the fuel pump plunger was developed. The proposed technical solutions made it possible to reduce fuel consumption by up to 3% (from 217.8 to 211.4 g/kW·h) and NOx emissions two-fold (from 19.4 to 8.8 g/kW·h).
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LAGUZIN1, ALEKSEI B., SERGEI M. GAIDAR, ALEKSANDR V. PYDRIN, and ABDULZAHRA FARHOOD NAJI NAJM. "ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF ANTIFRICTION ADDITIVE ON ECONOMIC, POWER AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES." AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, no. 6 (2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2020-6-50-58.
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To determine eff ectiveness and feasibility of using an antifriction additive, the authors carried out comparative bench tests of an internal combustion engine VAZ-11194 No. 000094 of environmental class 5, with and without using an antifriction additive to Lukoil Genesis 5W-30 oil. The studies were carried out in accordance with GOST 14846 “Automotive Engines, Bench Test Methods”, UN Regulation No. 49 (emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides with exhaust gases) and UN Regulation No.85 (performance indicators). During the tests, harmful substances with exhaust gases (CO, CH, NOx) emissions,engine power indicators and fuel consumption were evaluated. The tests were carried out according to presented method after 5, 50 and 100 hours of engine operation. The test results recorded an increase in power by 4.1%, in engine torque by 3.5…4.0% with a decrease in specifi c fuel consumption by 6…7% after 100 hours of engine operation with the use of an antifriction additive in engine oil. During the test period, harmful substances concentration in engine exhaust gases decreased: CO to 21.6%, CH to 18.3%, and NOx to 27.6%. A conclusion has been formulated on the eff ectiveness of using antifriction additives in terms of improving environmental, economic and power indicators of an internal combustion engine
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Markov, V. A., E. V. Bebenin, and S. A. Zykov. "Improvement of the process of agricultural machinery fueling with gaseous fuel." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 83, no. 11 (November 15, 2016): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66238.
Full textAbstract:
Depletion of oil fields and environmental deterioration demand the search of alternative sources of energy. Actuality of the article is driven by the need for increased use of alternative fuels in internal combustion engines. As alternative fuels for internal combustion engines, the article considers both liquid fuels (synthetic fuels, biodiesel, bioethanol, mixed biofuels) and gaseous fuels (natural gas, propane-butane mixture, hydrogen, dimethyl ether). Natural gas is one of the most promising among the fuels. The advantages of use of natural gas as motor fuel are shown. One of the problems of natural gas use is the fuel delivery and fueling of vehicles and agricultural machinery. An improved method of fueling of vehicles and agricultural machinery with gaseous fuel is suggested. A technology of fueling of agricultural machinery based on the use of removable cassette modules is developed. This technology allows to reduce the time of tractor fueling by more than 30% compared to traditional methods of fueling with gaseous fuels. The developed system of distributed supply of gaseous fuel into the combustion chamber of diesel engine is presented. The system contains the gas-air mixers that allow to supply gaseous fuel directly under the inlet valve of diesel engine. The air-gas mixers are made in the form of a plug between the engine body and the inlet manifold and are combined with the gas solenoid valves. The considered technical solutions may be used when developing the concept for advanced natural gas engines with the required environmental, economic and power characteristics.
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Marchenko, A. P., I. V. Parsadanov, and A. V. Savchenko. "DETERMINATION OF COMPLEX FUEL-ECOLOGICAL CRITERION FOR DIESEL WORKING ON WATER-FUEL EMULSION." Internal Combustion Engines, no. 2 (July 26, 2021): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/0419-8719.2021.2.04.
Full textAbstract:
Today, internal combustion engines are very common as energy sources in many countries around the world. This makes the tasks related to improving the environmental performance of internal combustion engines relevant. The introduction of alternative fuels in internal combustion engines is an effective way to reduce their negative impact on the environment. One of the most available and widespread alternative fuels for diesels is a water-fuel emulsion. The use of water-fuel emulsion makes it possible to reduce the specific fuel consumption of petroleum origin, as well as to achieve a significant reduction in emissions of harmful substances from diesel exhaust. However, due to differences in the physical properties of traditional diesel fuel and water-fuel emulsion, the course of the processes of mixture formation and combustion in the diesel cylinder changes significantly. This may be due to the emergence of a reserve for further improvement of the diesel engine by selecting the parameters of the diesel engine running on water-fuel emulsion. The study selected the following parameters for variation: compression ratio, boost pressure, duration of the injection process, injection timing. The article considers the influence of these parameters on the Brake-specific fuel consumption of diesel, the specific emission of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides, the maximum pressure in the cylinder. The nature and degree of influence of changes in the parameters of the diesel engine on its performance was determined using mathematical modeling. It should be noted that the influence of each of the parameters selected for variation is quite complex and often ambiguous. That is, when some indicators improve, others may deteriorate somewhat. Therefore, in order to select the most rational parameters of a diesel engine running on a water-fuel emulsion, it is necessary to simultaneously assess the economic and environmental performance of the diesel engine. For this assessment, a method was used to determine a comprehensive fuel and environmental criterion for a diesel engine running on a water-fuel emulsion. Thus, the article shows the potential for comprehensive improvement of environmental and economic performance of the diesel engine by choosing rational parameters.
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Kang, Jianxiong, Yanjun Lu, Hongbo Luo, Jie Li, Yutao Hou, and Yongfang Zhang. "Wear assessment model for cylinder liner of internal combustion engine under fuzzy uncertainty." Mechanics & Industry 22 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2021028.
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The wear of the piston ring-cylinder system is inevitable in the operation of the internal combustion engines (ICEs). If wear exceeds the maximum, the piston ring-cylinder system will be failure. A novel wear assessment model is proposed based on the support vector regression, and the fuzzy uncertainty is modeled to describe the random behavior under small sample. To verify the proposed model, the sample data of cylinder liner wear is applied. For best results, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the model parameters. A back propagation neural network (BPNN) is employed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results show that the novel support vector regression has better prediction accuracy than other methods for cylinder wear in this paper, the proposed model can evaluate the cylinder liner wear of the ICEs effectively. The work provides a technical support for evaluating the service performance of the piston ring-cylinder liner and a reference for regular maintenance of the ships.
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Stakhin, Dmitry, and Kirill Goncharov. "Features of the choice of power unit for electric tricycle." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914002010.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers the bolide Shell Eco Marathon, which main operating purpose is to cover the maximum distance with the minimum fuel consumption. With the aim of providing the bolide with technical and operational indicators, it is appropriate to solve the problem of decreasing the bolide’s mass, the air drag coefficient, and also the choice of the economic power plant. The basic formulas for the engine traction-dynamic calculation are presented. Due to the results of the calculation, the conclusion about profitability of the power plant is made. There is also a description of the principle of the electric engine and its main advantages comparing to the internal combustion engines.
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Anisimov, Victor, and Vasyl Muzychuk. "DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL FUEL RESOURCE AUTOTRACTOR DIESEL EQUIPMENT BY MATHEMATICAL MODELING WITH METHOD APPLICATION SMALL DEVELOPMENTS." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 3(110) (October 30, 2020): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2020-3-1.
Full textAbstract:
The reliability of automotive internal combustion engines is a function of the reliability of their mechanisms and systems. For many years, domestic and foreign engineers have tested many auto-tractor internal combustion engines and it has been proven that if mathematical models reliably describe physical phenomena, cycles or processes that take place in engines, then the theory of small deviations for theoretical research is much better than any experiment on control characteristics and many second parameters The theory of small deviations for fuel equipment of autotractor diesel engines is considered in the article. The method of transition from the ordinary differential equations describing the quality of diesel fuel spraying to the equations in small deviations. Equation of kinematics and hydrodynamics of precision pairs of fuel equipment in small deviations. Consumption characteristics of fuel in the process of injection in small deviations. Methods of similarity, dimension theory, mathematical statistics, and probability theory, which are used in determining the resource and predicting the operation of tractor engines. It is shown that the most practically accepted method for determining the residual life of autotractor engines is the method of mathematical statistics and probability theory. The role of mathematical modeling in determining the residual life of fuel equipment of autotractor diesel engines is established. It is also noted that it is advisable to use the small deviation method to accurately describe the processes in the fuel equipment of autotractor diesel engines. The mathematical model is based on the known physical laws that describe the interdependencies of the two groups of parameters, control and operational, both within and between groups. The transition of the classical differential equations describing the processes of fuel supply and injection, taking into account fuel leaks in precision pairs, into equations with small deviations of parameters, is shown. The relationship between injection, fuel supply and fuel leakage is analyzed and the most influential parameters found. Impact coefficients are found and their dependencies are plotted on their corresponding parameters. Using the obtained dependencies, the influence of the technical condition of precision pairs on the effective performance of the engine is characterized. Dependences of change of injection characteristics on small deviations of parameters characterizing the technical condition of precision pairs of fuel equipment are also established.