Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'TEC'

En la actualidad, todas las personas tienen miedo de contagiarse del COVID-19, es por ello que buscan soluciones óptimas y eficientes, que no involucren tanto contacto con otras personas, por medio de las nuevas tecnologías. Además, se ha visto un incremento en el uso de metodologías y sistemas ágiles para acelerar determinados procesos, que involucran gran pérdida de tiempo y dinero. Un gran ejemplo; es el uso de los medios digitales como intermediario para contactar a un experto legal y administrativo con el objetivo de que realice determinados trámites sin necesidad de que el cliente salga de su casa, se exponga al covid y realice colas afuera de la institución para solicitar asesoría; evitando así, pérdida de tiempo y mal humor. Por estas razones, hemos visto una oportunidad de negocio para generar valor en dichas personas; la cual se basa en la resolución de trámites más solicitados en la actualidad con la ayuda de profesionales capacitados y las nuevas redes de contacto, que permiten que todo sea más rápido y eficiente. En este presente trabajo, se procederá a desarrollar una investigación con el fin de ver la viabilidad y rentabilidad de nuestro proyecto con el fin de poder proceder a comercializar dicho servicio. Asimismo, se aplicará y desarrollará los conocimientos aprendidos durante el transcurso de la carrera al tratar temas relacionados a distintas áreas como finanzas, marketing, negocios internacionales, logística, entre otros.
At present, all people are afraid of catching COVID-19, which is why they seek optimal and efficient solutions, which are not involved as much contact with other people, through new technologies. In addition, there has been an increase in the use of agile methodologies and systems for certain processes, which involve a great loss of time and money. A great example; is the use of digital media as an intermediary to contact a legal and administrative expert in order to carry out certain procedures without the need for the client to leave their home, expose themselves to covid and queue outside the institution to request advice ; thus avoiding waste of time and bad mood. For these reasons, we have seen a business opportunity to generate value in these people; which is based on the resolution of the most requested procedures nowadays with the help of trained professionals and the new contact networks, which allow everything to be faster and more efficient. In this present work, an investigation will be carried out in order to see the viability and profitability of our project in order to be able to proceed to commercialize said service. Likewise, the knowledge learned during the course of the degree will be applied and developed by dealing with issues related to different areas such as finance, marketing, international business, logistics, among others.
Trabajo de investigación

TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN MARKETING
La República de Panamá como país no productor de petróleo, se ve condicionado a la adquisición de sus derivados con base en las oscilaciones del precio del mercado internacional. Una rebaja en los derivados del crudo nace precisamente de la competencia por parte de los oferentes (productores), entre los que extraen con tecnología tradicional y los que emplean tecnología más perfeccionada para extraer petróleo del esquisto. Esto impacta directamente a los consumidores finales, los cuales cuando conducen en la ciudad o realizan viajes más largos, desean ahorrar dinero en la bomba de gasolina. El rendimiento de motores puede elevarse o compensarse con la utilización de productos químicos que mejoran las propiedades del combustible y del aceite, permitiendo que funcionen de mejor manera. En este sentido, el uso de aditivos contribuye a eliminar las impurezas del sistema de combustión y de lubricación. A pesar de sus beneficios, en términos de ahorros y prolongación de la vida útil del auto, en el mercado panameño se puede notar una ausencia de concienciación sobre los beneficios reales que ofrece un motor de auto limpio para prolongar su vida útil así como el ahorro de combustible. Un punto no explotado en campañas de marketing, dirigidas a este segmento. Seguidamente se presenta un plan de marketing para la promoción de Engine Flush, aditivo desarrollado y comercializado por PRO TEC, el cual ha sido estructurado en tres partes. En su primera sección, se presenta un análisis situacional del mercado de aditivos en Panamá, permitiendo establecer una posición más clara respecto al tema, desde la perspectiva del Marketing, evaluando sus principales afectaciones positivas y negativas respecto al entorno y sus grupos de interés, para determinar planes tácticos de acción. La segunda parte de este documento establece el marco general de un Plan Estratégico de Mercadeo. Dicha planeación comprende, entre otros puntos, la definición de objetivos de mercadotecnia, viabilidad de la propuesta, barreras o limitaciones, estrategia creativa y de comunicación, selección de medios y presupuesto de una campaña, correspondiente de enero a diciembre 2017, que apoyará la promoción del producto antes mencionado. Finalmente, en su tercera parte, se establecen y sugieren, tanto métricas como sus respectivos instrumentos, que permitan monitorear el cumplimiento de los objetivos del plan de marketing y definir otras posibles ejecutorias.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objeto la creación de una plataforma virtual útil para conectar a técnicos y clientes que deseen satisfacer una necesidad técnica a domicilio en el menor tiempo posible. Además, mediante la plataforma virtual se garantizará la seguridad y calidad de los servicios a ofrecer, ya que la selección de técnicos será minuciosa para realizar dicho contacto. En suma, para rectificar nuestro servicio de calidad, se realizará una supervisión del servicio realizado, con el objeto de realizar mejoras y ofrecer beneficios a los clientes, en caso que el cliente no esté a gusto con el servicio ofrecido. La idea de negocio surge a consecuencia de una necesidad frecuente como reparar objetos domésticos y, ello se dificulta ante el requerimiento de un experto con experiencia y que, a su vez, éste sea confiable. Añadido a esto, contratan a trabajadores informales que proliferan sus capacidades técnicas en lugares peligrosos, pero que forman parte de su marketing personal. En los primeros apartados, se apreciará los aspectos más importantes y relevantes para el entendimiento del proyecto como es el caso del modelo del negocio, sus validaciones, estudios de mercado, entre otros puntos. En el presente documento se analiza la viabilidad y escalabilidad del negocio y se desarrollara la proyección de ventas a partir del plan concierge de TEC, asimismo, la planeación estratégica, los planes entre ellos el operativo, de marketing y financiero, definidos así por áreas. Posteriormente, se presenta un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de dichos planes mediante los estados financieros. Por último, se desarrolla un breve resumen de lo más importante por medio de conclusiones.
The purpose of this research work is to create a useful virtual platform to connect technicians and clients who wish to satisfy a technical need at home in the shortest possible time. In addition, the virtual platform will guarantee the safety and quality of the services to be offered, since the selection of technicians will be meticulous to make such contact. In short, to rectify our quality service, a supervision of the service performed will be carried out, in order to make improvements and offer benefits to customers, in case the customer is not comfortable with the service offered. The business idea arises as a result of a frequent need such as repairing household objects and this is hindered by the requirement of an experienced expert who, in turn, is reliable. Added to this, they hire informal workers who proliferate their technical skills in dangerous places, but who are part of their personal marketing. In the first sections, the most important and relevant aspects for understanding the project will be appreciated, such as the business model, its validations, market studies, among other points. This document analyzes the viability and scalability of the business and will develop the sales projection based on TEC's concierge plan, as well as strategic planning, including operational, marketing and financial plans, defined by area. Subsequently, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of these plans is presented through the financial statements. Finally, a brief summary of the most important is developed through conclusions.
Trabajo de investigación

The thesis work has been carried out at Volvo Aero Corporation (VAC) in Trollhättan. VAC has entered a partnership as developing and producing partner with engine manufacturer Pratt & Whitney and is currently at the starting phase of producing the turbine rear frame (TEC) to the engine PW1000.The purpose of this study was to create a report on process level that describes the conditions and the potential with PW1000 TEC to reach the product cost calculation taking into account lead times and describe alternative method solutions.The report describes a comparison between the present flow (2012), a flow based on product cost calculation (2016) and a potential flow (2016). The work has mainly been based on acquiring the knowledge and information available to inspect the present flow; this has been done by workshop observations, meetings and gathering of the information that is available on the work site for the PW1000 TEC.The information obtained has been merged into an Excel document, called Roadmap. It serves as a roadmap with current situation as the start and the potential flow for 2016 as the goal. With the roadmap as a tool, assumptions have been taken considering the flow and how it will change, where processes have been eliminated, reduced or marked as a problem.

The diploma thesis focuses on decision making in business practice. The thesis deals with design of the tool which should make the solution of decision tasks easier by usage of fuzzy logic, decission trees and linear programming.

It has been shown in ionospheric research that modelling total electron content (TEC) during storm conditions is a big challenge. In this study, mathematical equations were developed to estimate TEC over Sutherland (32.38⁰S, 20.81⁰E), during storm conditions, using the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis, combined with regression analysis. TEC was derived from GPS observations and a geomagnetic storm was defined for Dst ≤ -50 nT. The inputs for the model were chosen based on the factors that influence TEC variation, such as diurnal, seasonal, solar and geomagnetic activity variation, and these were represented by hour of the day, day number of the year, F10.7 and A index respectively. The EOF model was developed using GPS TEC data from 1999 to 2013 and tested on different storms. For the model validation (interpolation), three storms were chosen in 2000 (solar maximum period) and three others in 2006 (solar minimum period), while for extrapolation six storms including three in 2014 and three in 2015 were chosen. Before building the model, TEC values for the selected 2000 and 2006 storms were removed from the dataset used to construct the model in order to make the model validation independent on data. A comparison of the observed and modelled TEC showed that the EOF model works well for storms with non-significant ionospheric TEC response and storms that occurred during periods of low solar activity. High correlation coefficients between the observed and modelled TEC were obtained showing that the model covers most of the information contained in the observed TEC. Furthermore, it has been shown that the EOF model developed for a specific station may be used to estimate TEC over other locations within a latitudinal and longitudinal coverage of 8.7⁰ and 10.6⁰ respectively. This is an important result as it reduces the data dimensionality problem for computational purposes. It may therefore not be necessary for regional storm-time TEC modelling to compute TEC data for all the closest GPS receiver stations since most of the needed information can be extracted from measurements at one location.

The purpose of this thesis has been to determine experimentally how good a peltier element is to convert waste heat from wood burning. Three different peltier elements were used in a comparison study. The comparison was mainly done to know how much power could be obtained from each element. Even, a circuit with a step-up function has been created to give a higher output voltage than the peltier element itself. The result of the experiments was a low output power, the highest value reached 2.18W. Also, the Carnot efficiency has been calculated for the three different elements and the efficiency ranged between 14 and 33%. From the circuit a constant 3.3V output was delivered. The main conclusion of this project is that furthermore Studies are needed in the material field because the elements available at the market today have too low efficiency.

tesis de licenciatura administracion
El principal propósito de este escrito es manifestar información de la experiencia laboral que obtuve en el transcurso de dos años de trabajar en la empresa TEC Electrónica, dedicada a ofrecer equipos y soluciones de identificación automática, así como productos y servicios de tecnologías de información (IT). En este trabajo, se presenta información relacionada con dicha empresa en la que hago referencia a la visión, misión, valores, antecedentes históricos, principales proveedores y clientes de la empresa, se exponen características de las diferentes líneas de productos que se ofrecen, las áreas que conforman la estructura organizacional de la empresa, así como sus funciones, que en conjunto permitan conocer a la organización. Se elaboró un análisis FODA cuya herramienta fue identificar las fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas de la situación de la empresa, a fin de determinar ventajas empresariales competitivas, así como estrategias de mejoras en las deficiencias encontradas. Dentro de este trabajo también se describen las principales actividades que desempeñé en el área de ventas, y los principales problemas a los que me enfrente como administradora.
Universidad Autónoma del Estad de México, Centro Universitario UAEm Temascaltepec, Extension Tejupilco. Lic en Administración

El proyecto empresarial Tec & Mobilier es la primera plataforma virtual en el Perú que te permitirá personalizar tus muebles multifuncionales; el negocio consiste en la venta y distribución de muebles en línea, permitiendo al usuario ingresar las medidas que necesita, de acuerdo con el espacio donde se encuentra, y el color que más prefiera, para luego fabricar y entregar el mueble en un plazo máximo de 72 horas (3 días hábiles). La creación de nuestra plataforma virtual está orientado a un público joven que cuente ya con un departamento, y dada la tendencia del tamaño en que se venden hoy en día y el estilo de vida que los jóvenes manejan, su principal problema es la falta de espacio y tiempo para encontrar el mueble ideal; y es aquí donde aparecemos nosotros, ofreciéndoles rapidez y comodidad en la compra de su mueble y agregándole una super característica “Ser Multifuncional” permitiendo optimizar cada espacio dentro de su departamento.
The Tec & Mobilier business project is the first virtual platform in Peru that will allow you to customize your multifunctional furniture; the business consists in the sale and distribution of furniture online, allowing the user to enter the measures he needs, according to the space where he is, and the color he prefers, to then manufacture and deliver the furniture within a maximum period of 72 hours (3 business days). The creation of our virtual platform is aimed at a young audience that already has a department, and given the trend of the size in which they are sold today and the lifestyle that young people handle, their main problem is the lack of space and time to find the ideal piece of furniture; and it is here where we appear, offering them speed and comfort in the purchase of their furniture and adding a super feature "Multifunctional Being" allowing to optimize each space within your department.
Trabajo de investigación

This thesis work has been performed at Volvo Aero Corporation in Trollhättan, at the department of “hot structures” involving aircraft engine GP7000. The purpose with the study was to investigate the possibility to reduce size of the forging of flanges on the rear turbine frame when purchasing. Thereto examine the parameters that affect the flanges motion during the manufacturing process. The goal was to provide Volvo Aero with foundation to later bring in slimmed forgings. In order to supply the company with a concrete result the report was limited into studying the P-flange. During the manufacturing process the flanges moves. By measuring the deviation from calculated points on nominal geometry relative to scanned geometry after affecting operations, the motion could be mapped. From these studies two proposals for optimization was presented. The first proposal is based on evening out the tilt caused from the TIG-welding operation. Purchasing tilted forgings would compensate the angle and make room for further savings. If the introduction became a success it could eventually mean that a whole operation (roughing) might be removed. Due to insufficient knowledge about whether the tilt would change as expected after introduction, it requires another analyze after implemented before material can be reduced. The second proposal is based on reducing material solely on the point´s motion. Calculating with four sigma safety (99,379%) on the movements gave information about how much excess material that could be reduced on the forgings. Considerations about whether decreased material would modify the movement pattern have been taken into account. The result shows that 10 % from the bought in forgings can be removed directly. The authors suggest that Volvo Aero begin with the tilt-proposal as a first step in bringing in slimmed forgings. For future work the company could implement the approach taken on this report to the other flanges.
Examensarbetet har utförts vid Volvo Aero Corporation i Trollhättan på avdelningen ”heta strukturer” där bakre motorfästet till flygplansmotorn GP7000 utvecklas. Rapporten avhandlar en studie av P-flänsen på bakre motorfästet. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka vilka parametrar som påverkar flänsens rörelse under tillverkningsprocessen.  Målet var att utreda möjligheten att införa ett slimmat flänssmide. För att hinna skapa ett konkret resultat avgränsades arbetet till att endast granska P-flänsen. Flänsarna rör sig under tillverkningsprocessen. Genom att mäta avvikelser från punkter utsatta på nominell geometri i förhållande till skannad geometri efter påverkan av tillverkningsprocessen kunde rörelsen kartläggas. Utifrån kartläggningen skapades två förslag. Det första förslaget baserades på en vinkling av flänsen. Förslaget skall kompensera lutningen som orsakas av TIG-svetsningen. Ett lyckat införande skulle eventuellt kunna innebära att en hel operation (grovsvarvning) skulle kunna avlägsnas. På grund av otillräcklig kunskap om huruvida lutningen skulle förändras efter införandet krävs analys av utfallet innan material kan reduceras. Det andra förslaget baserades enbart på punktavvikelser. Avvikelserna var normalfördelade vilket möjliggjorde statistiska beräkningar där fyra sigma (99,379%) i säkerhet användes för att skapa ett säkerhetsintervall för punkternas avvikelse. Resultatet från beräkningarna utgjorde underlaget för mängden överflödigt flänssmide som med säkerhet kunde reduceras vid inköp. Resultatet påvisar att cirka 10 % av inköpt flänssmide kan tas bort. Författarna föreslår att Volvo Aero använder sig av förslag ett eftersom ett mer slimmat smide enklare kan införas på sikt. För framtida arbeten rekommenderas företaget att applicera tillvägagångssättet från rapporten till undersökning av de resterande flänssmidena på GP 7000 TEC. Analysen utförd i rapporten kan även beaktas då nya smidesgeometrier till andra projekt skall utvecklas.

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Este trabalho analisa a gestão dos recursos repassados pelo Governo Federal à Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros – Unimontes, destinados ao ensino profissionalizante vinculado à Rede e-Tec Brasil. Nesse contexto, a pesquisa tem como tema a Gestão e implementação dos recursos públicos em uma autarquia estadual. Foram analisados os procedimentos para elaboração e execução dos recursos financeiros da Rede e-Tec Brasil pela instituição, verificando se tais ações obedeceram aos princípios da legalidade e eficiência da administração pública. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa descritiva com enfoque qualitativo, apresentou-se a Rede e-Tec Brasil, política pública do governo federal, descrevendo como a mesma foi implantada e como tem sido executada no âmbito da Unimontes. Utilizaram-se dados referentes à elaboração do projeto Rede e-Tec Brasil/Unimontes, planilhas financeiras da execução e relatórios parciais da operacionalização do Plano de Trabalho, os quais foram coletados junto ao departamento financeiro e à coordenação geral da Rede e-Tec Brasil/Unimontes. Ademais, foi feita pesquisa junto aos coordenadores e executores do projeto, por meio de entrevista e aplicação de questionários, instrumentos que possibilitaram ampliar o conhecimento sobre a dinâmica operacional e de execução da gestão financeira de uma instituição pública estadual. O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a elaboração e implementação do programa Rede e-Tec Brasil no âmbito da Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), essencialmente no que tange à proposição e consequente gestão e administração dos recursos financeiros pela instituição. A partir dos resultados, foi elaborado um plano de ação com vistas à criação do Núcleo de Gerenciamento e Implementação de Recursos, que possibilite a otimização dos recursos financeiros utilizados na universidade.
This papers examines the management of the funds transferred by the Federal Government to the State University of Montes Claros - Unimontes, intended for vocational education and linked to the Rede e-Tec Brazil. In this context, the research theme is the management and implementation of public resources in an autonomous state. Were analyzed the procedures for the preparation and implementation of financial resources and Rede e-Tec Brazil by the institution, whether those actions met the principles of legality and efficiency of public administration. For the development of descriptive research with qualitative approach, introduced himself and the Rede e-Tec Brazil, public policy of the federal government, describing how it was implemented and how it has been implemented on a Unimontes. Were used data on project design and Rede e-Tec Brazil / Unimontes, financial spreadsheets and reports partial implementation of the operationalization of the Work Plan, which were collected from the finance department and the overall coordination and Rede e-Tec Brazil / Unimontes. Moreover, a survey was made with the coordinators and implementers of the project, through interviews and questionnaires, instruments which enlarged the knowledge about the dynamics and operational execution of the financial management of a public statewide. The objective of the research was to analyze the design and implementation of Rede e-Tec Brazil program within the State University of Montes Claros (Unimontes), especially concerning the proposition and consequent management and administration of financial resources by the institution. From the results, an action plan was drawn up with a view to the creation of the Center for Management and Implementation Resource, which enables the optimization of financial resources used at the university.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The main source of error in the position of the user of GPS (Global Positioning System) receivers, using a frequency is the effect caused by the ionosphere on the signal transmitted by satellites. This error is directly proportional to the total electron content (TEC - Total Electron Content) in the ionosphere and inversely proportional to the square of the frequency of the transmitted signal. The TEC varies in time and space with respect to time (daily variation), the time of year (seasonal variation), geographical location, the cycle of sunspots (range, long period). In this work was studied and evaluated the variation of the TEC and, therefore, the error due to the ionosphere in the GPS observable for the years 2004 to 2008, covering the Brazilian territory, using maps of VTEC (TEC in vertical direction) using the data model global ionosphere (files IONEX - Ionosphere Map Exchange Format) from IGS (International GNSS Service) assessing the stage of the cycle of decline of 23 spots and start the cycle 24. It was also assessed the processing of precise point positioning using PPP on-line software provided by the GSD (Geodetic Survey Canada) of NRCan (Natural Resource Canada), known as CSRS-PPP (Canadian Spatial Reference System Precise Point Precise) for the years 2004 and 2008, correcting the effect of the ionosphere by IONEX. These experiments show a reduction in the value of the VTEC during 2008 in respect to the year 2004, due to lower solar activity in the year 2008 compared to 2004, consequently, a smaller amount of electrons in the ionosphere, improving the performance of the positioning with GPS, with this decline in the number of sunspots.
A principal fonte de erro na posição do usuário do sistema GPS (Global Positioning System), utilizando receptores de uma frequência, é o efeito causado pela ionosfera no sinal transmitido pelos satélites. Este erro é diretamente proporcional ao conteúdo total de elétrons (TEC Total Electron Content) presentes na ionosfera e inversamente proporcional ao quadrado da frequência do sinal transmitido. O TEC varia no tempo e no espaço com relação a hora (variação diária), a época do ano (variação sazonal), a localização geográfica, ao ciclo de manchas solares (variação de longo período). Neste trabalho foi estudado e avaliado a variação do TEC para os anos de 2004 a 2008, abrangendo o território brasileiro, através de mapas do VTEC (TEC na direção vertical) utilizando dados do modelo global da ionosfera (arquivos IONEX Ionosphere Map Exchange Format) do IGS (International GNSS Service), analisando a fase de declínio do ciclo de manchas 23 e início do ciclo 24. Também foi avaliado o processamento do posicionamento por ponto preciso, utilizando software PPP-online fornecido pelo GSD (Geodetic Survey Canada) do NRCan (Natural Resource Canada), denominado CSRS-PPP (Canadian Spatial Reference System Precise Point Precise) para os anos de 2004 e 2008, corrigindo o efeito da ionosfera pelo IONEX. Estes experimentos constatam uma redução no valor do VTEC no ano de 2008 em relação ao ano de 2004, devido a menor atividade solar no ano de 2008 em comparação à 2004, consequentemente, uma menor quantidade de elétrons presentes na ionosfera, melhorando a performance do posicionamento com GPS, com o declínio no número de manchas solares.

There is an increasing demand for higher precision when using Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GNSS, for positioning. The measurement uncertainty depends on multiple factors and one of them is the ionosphere. Due to the ionosphere being ionized and contains free electrons, satellite signals that propagates the ionosphere will be affected by the total electron content, TEC. There is no way to reduce the errors caused by the ionosphere for single frequency measuring, but it can be done for dual frequencies. The objective for this study was to compare different websites modeling results for disturbance on ground and ionospheric turbulence. Three websites were used in the comparison: Swedish SWEPOS, Norwegian seSolstorm and German IMPC. Due to different content on the websites, SWEPOS was compared with seSolstorm and IMPC was compared to seSolstorm on five different dates. In total 10 comparisons were made. The websites were evaluated on four criteria, designed from the point of view of a land surveyor: user friendliness, graphical representation, knowledge requirement and mobile website adaptation. Each criterion was graded on a scale from 1–5, where 5 was considered the best. The study showed that the modeling results from the websites differed and that the difference can not only be explained by different graphical representation or scales for measure. The results for the evaluation and grading of the websites where as follows: SWEPOS 16, seSolstorm 13 and IMPC 12. This makes SWEPOS the best suited website to use for a land surveyor.
Vid positionsbestämning finns det ett behov av högre precision vid användandet av Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GNSS. Mätosäkerheten beror av ett flertal faktorer och en av dem är jonosfären. Tack vare att jonosfären är joniserad och innehåller fria elektroner kommer satellitsignaler som färdas genom jonosfären att påverkas av det totala elektroninnehållet, TEC. Det finns idag inget sätt för enkel frekvensmätning att eliminera den mätosäkerhet som uppstår till följd av jonosfäriska störningar, däremot är det möjligt att modellera för dessa störningar då två frekvenser används. Målet för denna studie var att jämföra olika webbplatsers modelleringsresultat för störningar på marknivå och för jonosfärisk turbulens. Tre webbplatser användes i jämförelsen: svenska SWEPOS, norska seSolstorm och tyska IMPC. På grund av att hemsidorna hade olika innehåll gällande modelleringar jämfördes SWEPOS med seSolstorm, medan IMPC jämfördes med seSolstorm. Totalt gjordes 10 jämförelser för fem olika datum. Webbplatserna utvärderades utifrån fyra kriterier vilka var utformade utifrån en mätteknikers synvinkel: användarvänlighet, grafisk representation, kunskapsbehov och mobil webbplatsanpassning. Varje kriterium betygsattes på en skala från 1–5, där 5 ansågs vara det bästa. Studien visade att modelleringsresultaten från webbplatserna skilde sig åt och att skillnaden inte kunde förklaras med olika grafiska framställningar eller skalstorlek. Resultaten för utvärdering och betygsättning av webbplatserna var följande: SWEPOS 16, seSolstorm 13 och IMPC 12. Detta gjorde SWEPOS till den bäst lämpade webbplatsen att använda för en mättekniker.

Modelling ionospheric total electron content (TEC) is an important area of interest for radio wave propagation, geodesy, surveying, the understanding of space weather dynamics and error correction in relation to Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNNS) applications. With the utilisation of improved ionosonde technology coupled with the use of GNSS, the response of technological systems due to changes in the ionosphere during both quiet and disturbed conditions can be historically inferred. TEC values are usually derived from GNSS measurements using mathematically intensive algorithms. However, the techniques used to estimate these TEC values depend heavily on the availability of near-real time GNSS data, and therefore, are sometimes unable to generate complete datasets. This thesis investigated possibilities for the modelling of TEC values derived from the South African Global Positioning System (GPS)receiver network using linear regression methods and artificial neural networks (NNs). GPS TEC values were derived using the Adjusted Spherical Harmonic Analysis (ASHA) algorithm. Considering TEC and the factors that influence its variability as “dependent and independent variables” respectively, the capabilities of linear regression methods and NNs for TEC modelling were first investigated using a small dataset from two GPS receiver stations. NN and regression models were separately developed and used to reproduce TEC fluctuations at different stations not included in the models’ development. For this purpose, TEC was modelled as a function of diurnal variation, seasonal variation, solar and magnetic activities. Comparative analysis showed that NN models provide predictions of GPS TEC that were an improvement on those predicted by the regression models developed. A separate study to empirically investigate the effects of solar wind on GPS TEC was carried out. Quantitative results indicated that solar wind does not have a significant influence on TEC variability. The final TEC simulation model developed makes use of the NN technique to find the relationship between historical TEC data variations and factors that are known to influence TEC variability (such as solar and magnetic activities, diurnal and seasonal variations and the geographical locations of the respective GPS stations) for the purposes of regional TEC modelling and mapping. The NN technique in conjunction with interpolation and extrapolation methods makes it possible to construct ionospheric TEC maps and to analyse the spatial and temporal TEC behaviour over Southern Africa. For independent validation, modelled TEC values were compared to ionosonde TEC and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) generated TEC values during both quiet and disturbed conditions. This thesis provides a comprehensive guide on the development of TEC models for predicting ionospheric variability over the South African region, and forms a significant contribution to ionospheric modelling efforts in Africa.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The thematic concern, generating this research is centered on the challenges of pedagogical mediation of the Multidisciplinary Team at the Horticulture Technical Distance Course (ou apenas Horticulture Technical Course ), inserted into e-Tec Brasil system, at Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Polytechnic School. We investigate didactic-methodological strategies that promote collaborative teaching and learning mediated by Moodle tools. To achieve the proposed objectives, we are guided by methodological concepts of action research, establishing cyclical stages, such as planning, implementation, evaluation and redesign activities that cover the construction of didactic-methodological strategies implemented at first module of the course. Action research was argued in three mediators matrixes propositions: the Dialogic-problem-Matrix (DPM), the Theme-Organizing Matrix (TOM) and the Theme-Analytic Matrix (TAM), which guided, respectively, the production of data organization and analysis. research instruments (participation observation diaries, interviews and survey type questionnaires) were guided in sixteen issues of MDP, becoming indicators to the bottom line. Therefore, this action research is grounded in public policy for Professional and Technological Education (PTE) and the e-Tec Brasil system. Also, in Freire's conceptions of Dialogic-Emancipatory Education (DEE), Pedagogical mediation education in Virtual Environments of Teaching and Learning (VETL) and Study Activity Theory. Thus, the elected analytical categories were collaborative teaching and learning and technological fluency. The results of the action research, supported in the triangulation of data, point out the challenge in the pedagogical mediation of distance technical courses, to promote collaborative teaching and learning is focused on development of technological and pedagogical fluency both components of the multidisciplinary team as the students of the course.
A preocupação temática, geradora dessa pesquisa, está centrada nos desafios da mediação pedagógica da Equipe Multidisciplinar no Curso Técnico em Fruticultura a distância, inserido no Sistema e-Tec Brasil, do Colégio Politécnico da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Investigamos estratégias didático-metodológicas que favorecem ensino-aprendizagem colaborativo mediado pelas ferramentas do Moodle. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos, nos orientamos pelas concepções metodológicas da pesquisa-ação, estabelecendo etapas cíclicas de planejamento, implementação, avaliação e replanejamento das ações que permeiam a construção das estratégias didático-metodológicas implementadas no primeiro módulo do curso. A pesquisa-ação sustentou-se nas proposições de três matrizes mediadoras: a Matriz Dialógico-Problematizadora (MDP), a Matriz Temático-Organizadora (MTO) e a Matriz Temático-Analítica (MTA), as quais orientaram, respectivamente, a produção de dados, sua organização e análise. Os instrumentos de pesquisa (diário de observação participante, questionários tipo survey e entrevistas) estiveram norteados nas dezesseis questões da MDP, tornando-se indicadores aos resultados finais. Por conseguinte, esta pesquisa-ação está fundamentada nas políticas públicas para Educação Profissional e Tecnológica (EPT) e no Sistema e-Tec Brasil. Também, nas concepções freiriana de Educação Dialógico-Problematizadora (EDP), Mediação pedagógica na educação em Ambientes Virtuais de Ensino-Aprendizagem (AVEA) e na Teoria da Atividade de Estudo. Assim, as categorias analíticas eleitas foram ensino-aprendizagem colaborativo e fluência tecnológica. Os resultados da pesquisa-ação, sustentados na triangulação dos dados, apontam que o desafio na mediação pedagógica dos cursos técnicos a distância, para promover o ensino-aprendizagem colaborativo, está centrado no desenvolvimento da fluência tecnológico-pedagógica tanto dos componentes da equipe multidisciplinar quanto dos discentes do curso.

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The professional education for people with special educational needs intends to promote the development of the potentialities of these individuals, with the objective of supporting the complete exercise of the citizenship. It s necessary that the responsible institutions for the preparation for the work accept people with special educational needs. This opening can provide the implantation of real steps that minimize the social exclusion and facilitate the access for people with special educational needs to the work world. In a country with so many social inequalities, the inclusion of people with special educational needs in education programs for the work presume the enlargement of the presence spaces of these people in high and professionalizing schools, also in Technological Education Federal Institutions. In this sense, the study takes place in the setting of the special education public politics into the field of the professional education for people with special educational needs, with the focus in the Program TEC NEP (Education, Technology and Professionalization for People with Special Educational Needs) as a proposal of expansion of education and professionalization in the federal net institutions settings. The TEC NEP Program is a proposal for professional education implemented by the Special Education Secretary connected with the High and Technological Education Secretary intending to expand the offer of professional education, access and permanence in the work for people (young and adults) with special educational needs. The aim of this study was estimating how the guidelines proposed in the TEC NEP Program are being implemented in the federal net schools, through the perception of the nuclei coordinators. Twenty nine nuclei coordinators took part of this study. The data were obtained through the questionnaires sent by internet to the 32 schools which had, until 2005, instituted formal nuclei of the program. 29 coordinators nuclei filled and gave back the questionnaires. The data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively and synthesized to offer information about characteristics of the informers and institutions, description of the implementation of the TEC NEP Program in the federal net schools, selective process characteristics, registrations number of students with special educational needs, partnership support, strategies to aid the school inclusion for students with special needs, insertion in the work market, program financing, difficulties in implementing and managing, program impacts and suggestions and considerations brought by the informers. The results obtained after six years of implantation of the program show that its reach is still restrict, considering that in 20 of the 29 schools, the nuclei were implanted only within the two last years and only about fifth of the schools (32 amongst 144) had nuclei of the program. In 19 amongst 29 investigated schools, the nuclei coordinators reported that their schools had already former report of registration of students with special educational needs even before the implantation of the nuclei. The number of investigated schools with registration of students with deficiency raised for 21 in 2005. In the 29 schools investigated were notified 379 registrations of students with special educational needs. However, it s useful to stand out that 244 students with deficiencies (65%) were in courses of initial and continued formation which didn t demand scholastic level. Moreover, only 4 amongst 29 schools concentrated about 71% of the 379 registrations of students with deficiencies, showing the small reach of the program. 8 Therefore, it s observed that the number of registrations of students with special educational needs in the federal net schools is still little significant, what can be connected with the difficulties for the access and permanence conditions of this population in these institutions, since they only can entry through selective examination. The considerations of the coordinators appoint the necessity of taking measures to modify the structures of the schools, implant support services, review curriculum questions, re-define the evaluation process, provide teaching staff formation; it s necessary the involvement of the whole school community in the pedagogical project of the school. Through the reports of each institution, it s still perceived the priority necessity of eliminating prejudiced attitudes, adjust programs, offer pedagogic support, elaborate budgets for the nuclei and qualify continuously all the professionals that work in it. It was verified that the quantitative of students with deficiencies in these schools, even not so significant, is due to partnerships with ONG s (Not Governmental Organizations), what means the transfer of the government responsibility. Concerning to the leading to the work market, it s verified that some few institutions did the control of this datum and the lack of this information hinders a proper evaluation about the effectiveness of the program. It follows that the adoption of isolated measures for the creation of opportunities for access in the federal institutions will make not sense if it s not connected with the taking of steps in the Reabilitation, Education, Health and Transport areas, in order to allow the access and the permanence of these people to these institutions. Thus, it seems necessary a larger planning, accompaniment and evaluation about the measures proposed by the Program for the responsible organizations.
A educação profissional para pessoas com necessidades educacionais especiais (NEE) tem como finalidade promover o desenvolvimento das potencialidades desses indivíduos, objetivando favorecer o exercício pleno da cidadania. É necessário que as instituições responsáveis pela preparação para o trabalho recebam pessoas com NEE. Essa abertura poderá proporcionar a implantação de medidas concretas que minimizem a exclusão social e facilitem o acesso de pessoas com NEE ao mundo do trabalho. Em um país de tantas desigualdades sociais, a inclusão de pessoas com NEE em programas de educação para o trabalho supõe a ampliação dos espaços de presença dessas pessoas em escolas de ensino médio e profissionalizantes, inclusive nas Instituições Federais de Educação Tecnológica (IFET s). Nesse sentido, o estudo situa-se no contexto das políticas públicas em educação especial no campo da educação profissional de pessoas com NEE, com foco no Programa TEC NEP (Educação, Tecnologia e Profissionalização para Pessoas com Necessidades Educacionais Especiais) enquanto proposta de expansão de educação e profissionalização no contexto das instituições da rede federal. O Programa TEC NEP é uma proposta de educação profissional implementada pela Secretaria de Educação Especial (SEESP) em conjunto com a Secretaria de Educação Média e Tecnológica (SEMTEC) que visa expandir a oferta de educação profissional, acesso e permanência no trabalho para pessoas (jovens e adultos) com necessidades educacionais especiais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como as diretrizes propostas no programa TEC NEP estão sendo implementadas nas escolas da rede federal, através da percepção dos coordenadores de núcleos. Participaram do presente estudo vinte e nove coordenadores de núcleos. Os dados foram obtidos através de questionários enviados via internet para as 32 escolas que possuíam até 2005 núcleos do referido programa formalmente instituídos. Preencheram e devolveram o questionário 29 coordenadores de núcleos, tendo sido os dados analisados de forma quanti-qualitativa, e sintetizados de modo a oferecer informações sobre características dos informantes e das instituições, histórico da implementação do Programa TEC NEP nas escolas da rede federal, características do processo seletivo, número de matrículas de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais, suporte das parcerias, estratégias para favorecer a inclusão escolar de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais, inserção no mercado de trabalho, financiamento do programa, dificuldades de implementação e gerenciamento, impactos do programa e sugestões e considerações efetuadas pelos informantes. Os resultados obtidos após seis anos de implantação do programa indicam que sua abrangência ainda é restrita, considerando-se que em 20 das 29 escolas os núcleos foram implantados apenas nos dois últimos anos, e que apenas cerca de um quinto das escolas (32 de um universo de 144) tinham núcleos institucionalizados do referido programa. Das 29 escolas investigadas em 19 os coordenadores de núcleos informaram que suas escolas já tinham histórico anterior de matrículas de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais antes mesmo da implantação dos núcleos. O número de escolas investigadas com matrículas de alunos com deficiências subiu para 21 em 2005. Foram notificadas um total de 379 matrículas 6 de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais nas 29 escolas investigadas. Entretanto, caberia ressaltar que 244 alunos com deficiências (65%) estavam em cursos de formação inicial e continuada que não requeriam nível de escolaridade. Além disso, apenas 4 das 29 escolas concentraram cerca de 71% do total das 379 matrículas de alunos com deficiências, indicando a pequena abrangência do programa. Portanto, observa-se que o número de matrículas de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais nas escolas da rede federal ainda é pouco expressivo, fato que pode estar relacionado às dificuldades nas condições de acesso e permanência desta população nessas instituições, visto que só podem ingressar através de exame seletivo. As considerações dos coordenadores indicam a necessidade de medidas para modificar as estruturas das escolas, implantar serviços de apoio, rever questões curriculares, redefinir o processo de avaliação, proporcionar formação docente, sendo que para isso, é necessário o envolvimento de toda a comunidade escolar no projeto pedagógico da escola. Através dos relatos de cada instituição, percebe-se ainda a necessidade prioritária de eliminar atitudes preconceituosas, adequar programas, oferecer suporte pedagógico, criar orçamentos para os núcleos e ainda capacitar continuamente todos os profissionais que nela atuam. Foi constatado também que o quantitativo de alunos com deficiências nessas escolas, ainda que não tanto expressivo, se deve a parcerias com ONG´s, o que caracteriza a transferência da responsabilidade do poder público. No que se refere ao encaminhamento para o mercado de trabalho, verifica-se que algumas poucas instituições fizeram o controle deste dado e a falta desse tipo de indicador impede que uma avaliação mais adequada sobre a efetividade do programa seja efetuada. Conclui-se que a adoção de medidas isoladas para criação de oportunidades de acesso nas instituições federais, não terá sentido, se não for acompanhada pela provisão de providências na área de Reabilitação, da Educação, da Saúde e do Transporte, de forma a permitir o acesso e a permanência dessas pessoas nessas instituições. Assim parece necessário um maior planejamento, acompanhamento e avaliação da implementação das ações propostas pelo Programa pelos órgãos responsáveis.

Le tec froid (non polarise sur le drain) est un element non lineaire employe avantageusement dans les tetes melangeuses de frequences. Habituellement monte en configuration parallele, nous l'avons egalement utilise en serie. Il etait donc interessant de concevoir et de realiser des melangeurs microondes adoptant ces deux configurations dans le but de comparer leurs performances. Afin de simuler le fonctionnement des melangeurs, nous avons developpe deux nouveaux modeles de tec froid, l'un tenant compte de la non linearite de sortie (fonction de vds) et l'autre decrivant correctement les derivees premiere et seconde de la non linearite de transfert (fonction de vgs). La simulation effectuee sur le logiciel mds de hewlett packard nous a permis la recherche des conditions optimales de fonctionnement pour les deux configurations. Apres une premiere realisation au laboratoire en technologie hybride, une seconde en technologie integree monolithique sur asga (mmic) a ete realisee chez le fondeur gec-marconi. Les performances, mesurees au laboratoire, s'averent interessantes et demontrent que la configuration serie presente autant d'interet que la parallele. Par ailleurs, nous avons elabore un programme de calcul numerique original permettant la recherche des impedances de fermeture optimales a toutes les frequences. Cette optimisation, appliquee au cas du melangeur serie, montre la possibilite d'ameliorer tres sensiblement le gain de conversion

Nous présentons dans ce travail, tout d'abord, une modélisation originale du Transistor à Effet de Champ ( TEC) dans son utilisation faible tension et faible puissance dénommée TEC froid. En effet, nous montrerons que les modélisations conventionnelles, actuellement disponibles, sont incapables de représenter correctement le comportement non linéaire de ce composant à des fréquences aussi élevées que 110 GHz. Ensuite, dans une seconde partie, une application particulière du TEC froid sera envisagée. Il sagit de la conception et de la réalisation de modulateurs très rapides. Une réalisation en circuits hybrides en ondes centimétriques a été testée et les performances ont été mesurées. Ceci a permis de montrer la faisabilité d'un tel dispositif et son intérêt pour les applications microondes. Enfin, une conception en circuits intégrés sur Arséniure de Gallium est présentée.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1992 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California
An improved ionospheric delay correction model for a transionospheric electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is used for estimating the total-electron-content (TEC) profile of the path and accurate ranging of the EMP source. For a known pair of time of arrival (TOA) measurements at two frequency channels, the ionospheric TEC information is estimated using a simple numerical technique. This TEC information is then used for computing ionospheric group delay and pulse broadening effect correction to determine the free space range. The model prediction is compared with the experimental test results. The study results show that the model predictions are in good agreement with the test results.

Am DLR Neustrelitz wird kontinuierlich die totale Ionosation der Atmosphäre bestimmt und globale Karten der vertikal integrierten Elektronendichte erstellt. Es werden dazu die Signale der Navigationssatelliten-Systeme GPS und GLONASS verwendet. In dieser Arbeit wird die Verteilung des totalen Elektronengehalt (TEC) oberhalb der mittleren Breiten während der Übergangssaison September bis November 2004 auf langperiodische Variationen im Bereich von mehreren Tagen sowie zonalen Wellenzahlen bis zu 5 untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden mit einer Analyse von planetaren Wellen aus assimilierten Stratosphärendaten, Radardaten für Temperatur vom Collm Observatorium (51.3◦N, 13.0◦O) und Beobachtungen der kritischen Plasmafrequenz der F2-Schicht (f0F2) mit der Ionosonde in Juliusruh (54.6◦N, 13.4◦O) verglichen, um den meteorologischen Einfluss auf die Variation der Ionosphäre zu studieren.
The DLR Neustrelitz regularly produces maps of the total total electron content (TEC) on a global scale using the navigation satellite systems GPS and GLONASS to forecast space weather. In this study we turn our attention to the higher middle latitudes TEC variations during September to November 2004 in a long-period range of several days with a zonal wavenumber up to 5. The results are compared with a planetary wave analysis using assimilated stratospheric data, mesosphere/lower thermosphere radar temperature data at Collm observatory (51.3◦N, 13.0◦E) and the ionosonde observed critical plasma frequency of the F2-layer (f0F2) at Juliusruh (54.6◦N, 13.4◦E) to investigate the meteorological influences on ionospheric variability.

Les proteines tyrosine kinases (ptk) sont indispensables pour la signalisation de la cellule t. Trois familles (src, syk/zap70 et tec) ont ete decrites comme etant impliquees dans des voies de transduction des cellules t. Cependant, le role de la famille tec reste peu connu. La famille tec comprend cinq membres : btk, itk, tec, rlk et bmx. Tec, itk et rlk sont exprimes dans la cellule t. Nous avons pu montrer que tec est impliquee dans les voies de signalisation passant par le recepteur t (tcr) et par la molecule cd28 puisque l'engagement du tcr ou de cd28 peut stimuler l'activite tyrosine kinase de tec. Dans ces cas, l'activation de tec peut etre regulee positivement par une autre famille de ptk : la famille src. Tec kinase est fonctionnelle, elle peut reguler l'expression de cytokines comme il-2, ifn ou il-4. Tec active des voies de signalisation conduisant a l'activation des promoteurs de ces genes codant pour il-2, ifn ou il-4 en particulier en agissant sur des facteurs de transcription nfat et nfb. Au niveau de la molecule cd28, nous avons mis en evidence une interaction entre tec et cd28 de maniere activation-dependante. Cette interaction provient d'une liaison entre le domaine sh3 de tec et la region riche en proline de cd28. La stimulation de cd28, contrairement a une stimulation du tcr, conduit a la phosphorylation sur residu tyrosine d'une proteine p62 d o k associee a rasgap. P62 d o k est un substrat de tec kinase. En parallele, un autre membre de la famille tec : itk a ete etudie. Par rapport a tec, itk n'est pas impliquee dans l'expression des cytokines, de plus p62 d o k n'est pas un substrat cellulaire de itk. Ces resultats montrent que ces deux membres de la famille tec : tec et itk ont des fonctions differentes dans les cellules t bien qu'elles soient toutes les deux stimulees lors de l'engagement de recepteurs (tcr, cd28) activant la cellule t.

Am DLR Neustrelitz wird kontinuierlich die totale Ionosation der Atmosphäre bestimmt und globale Karten der vertikal integrierten Elektronendichte erstellt. Es werden dazu die Signale der Navigationssatelliten-Systeme GPS und GLONASS verwendet. In dieser Arbeit wird die Verteilung des totalen Elektronengehalt (TEC) oberhalb der mittleren Breiten während der Übergangssaison September bis November 2004 auf langperiodische Variationen im Bereich von mehreren Tagen sowie zonalen Wellenzahlen bis zu 5 untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden mit einer Analyse von planetaren Wellen aus assimilierten Stratosphärendaten, Radardaten für Temperatur vom Collm Observatorium (51.3◦N, 13.0◦O) und Beobachtungen der kritischen Plasmafrequenz der F2-Schicht (f0F2) mit der Ionosonde in Juliusruh (54.6◦N, 13.4◦O) verglichen, um den meteorologischen Einfluss auf die Variation der Ionosphäre zu studieren
The DLR Neustrelitz regularly produces maps of the total total electron content (TEC) on a global scale using the navigation satellite systems GPS and GLONASS to forecast space weather. In this study we turn our attention to the higher middle latitudes TEC variations during September to November 2004 in a long-period range of several days with a zonal wavenumber up to 5. The results are compared with a planetary wave analysis using assimilated stratospheric data, mesosphere/lower thermosphere radar temperature data at Collm observatory (51.3◦N, 13.0◦E) and the ionosonde observed critical plasma frequency of the F2-layer (f0F2) at Juliusruh (54.6◦N, 13.4◦E) to investigate the meteorological influences on ionospheric variability

One of the principal observations derived from GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) signals is ionospheric total electron content (TEC), which is a measure of the density of free electrons (i.e. ionosphere plasma density) integrated along the signal path. TEC is typically computed using the difference of dual-frequency signals from a GNSS satellite, thereby taking advantage of the frequency dispersive effects of ionosphere plasma on microwave-band propagation. However, it is difficult to distinguish between the ionosphere and other frequency-dependent effects, such as multipath and satellite antenna phase effects. Newly available triple-frequency GNSS signals allow computation of geometry-ionosphere-free combinations (GIFC) that specifically highlight the impact of residual errors from these effects. This work aims to: 1) introduce a framework for choosing linear estimator coefficients for GNSS parameters, 2) use this system to derive triple-frequency TEC estimator and GIFC coefficients, 3) introduce and summarize typical GIFC signals from real triple-frequency GPS data, 4) highlight the various frequency-dispersive effects that pervade these signals, and 5) use statistics from GIFC signals to assess the impact of error residuals on TEC estimates made using GPS signals.

Radio signals transmitted by GPS satellites orbiting the Earth are modulated as they propagate through the electrically charged plasmasphere and ionosphere in the near-Earth space environment. Through a linear combination of GPS range and phase measurements observed on two carrier frequencies by terrestrial-based GPS receivers, the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) along oblique GPS signal paths may be quantified. Simultaneous observations of signals transmitted by multiple GPS satellites and observed from a network of South African dual frequency GPS receivers, constitute a spatially dense ionospheric measurement source over the region. A new methodology, based on an adjusted spherical harmonic (ASHA) expansion, was developed to estimate diurnal vertical TEC over the region using GPS observations over the region. The performance of the ASHA methodology to estimate diurnal TEC and satellite and receiver differential clock biases (DCBs) for a single GPS receiver was first tested with simulation data and subsequently applied to observed GPS data. The resulting diurnal TEC profiles estimated from GPS observations compared favourably to measurements from three South African ionosondes and two other GPS-based methodologies for 2006 solstice and equinox dates. The ASHA methodology was applied to calculating diurnal two-dimensional TEC maps from multiple receivers in the South African GPS network. The space physics application of the newly developed methodology was demonstrated by investigating the ionosphere’s behaviour during a severe geomagnetic storm and investigating the long-term ionospheric stability in support of the proposed Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio astronomy project. The feasibility of employing the newly developed technique in an operational near real-time system for estimating and dissimenating TEC values over Southern Africa using observations from a regional GPS receiver network, was investigated.

Copy of author's previously published work inserted. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-182). Concentrates mainly on the characterisation of the molecular mechanism of action of the tec protein tyrosine kinase using biochemical and genetic approaches.

Shutter-less infrared cameras based on microbolometer focal plane arrays (FPAs) are the most widely used cameras in thermography, in particular in the fields of handheld devices and small distributed sensors. For acceptable measurement uncertainty values the disturbing influences of changing thermal ambient conditions have to be treated corresponding to temperature measurements of the thermal conditions inside the camera. We propose a compensation approach based on calibration measurements where changing external conditions are simulated and all correction parameters are determined. This allows to process the raw infrared data and to consider all disturbing influences. The effects on the pixel responsivity and offset voltage are considered separately. The responsivity correction requires two different, alternating radiation sources. This paper presents the details of the compensation procedure and discusses relevant aspects to gain low temperature measurement uncertainty.

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A temática em estudo explora a educação profissional no Brasil, considerada atualmente matéria principal das políticas públicas do Ministério da Educação – MEC, por ser uma iniciativa que vem ao encontro do apelo midiático sobre a existência de um apagão de mão de obra no âmbito do mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Trata da Rede e-Tec Brasil, como estratégia adotada pelo governo para a qualificação de trabalhadores, constituindo-se numa ação de incentivo e apoio à oferta e expansão de cursos técnicos na modalidade a distância, que envolve instituições públicas de educação profissional e tecnológica das esferas federal e estaduais. Reflete sobre o crescimento significativo de matrículas nos cursos técnicos e o aporte orçamentário que aumenta, anualmente, e, proporcionalmente, ao número de matrículas para financiar as instituições, apontando que apesar do volumoso recurso público aplicado, não há por parte do MEC nenhuma ação de avaliação para mensurar sua eficiência de modo a garantir a eficácia desse investimento. Apresenta a sistematização de dados e informações sobre a educação profissional no Brasil, notadamente a avaliação das condições da oferta dos cursos da Rede e-Tec Brasil, contextualizada na Secretaria de Estado de Pernambuco, possibilitando levantar as potencialidades e fragilidades dos cursos, notadamente dos aspectos referentes ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem, além de subsídios para corrigir as possíveis distorções detectadas. A pesquisa permitiu um exame da realidade concreta, com a aplicação de questionários envolvendo alunos, coordenadores, tutores e professores dos cursos. Os resultados trouxeram contribuições importantes, vez que as questões abordadas envolveram diferentes componentes: cursos, polo e disciplinas onde cada avaliador trouxe informações importantes para a compreensão dos problemas investigados. A expectativa é que este estudo possa trazer contribuições significativas para elevar as condições de oferta de todos os cursos promovidos por meio da Rede e-Tec Brasil.
This study presents the systematization of data and information on vocational education in Brazil currently considered as the main theme of the policies of the Ministry of Education – MEC, as an initiative that is in agreement with the media appeal about the existence of a manpower blackout in the Brazilian labor market. This is the Brazil e-Tec Network, a strategy adopted by the government for qualifying employees, constituting an act of encouragement and support to technical courses in the distance mode expansion, which involves public institutions of professional and technological on federal and intrastate sphere. It reflects on the significant growth of enrollments in technical courses and budgetary support that increases every year, proportionally to the number of enrollments for financing institutions, indicating that despite the massive public resource applied, there is no evaluation by MEC in order to measure the strategy efficiency to ensure the effectiveness of this investment. It presents the systematization of data and information on professional education in Brazil, especially the conditions evaluation of the courses offered from Brazil e-Tec Network, contextualized in the Secretary of the State of Pernambuco, enabling the strengths and weaknesses raisings of its courses, particularly referring to the teaching and learning process as well as subsidies to remedy possible distortions detected. The research allowed an examination of the concrete reality, with questionnaires involving students, coordinators, tutors and teachers from the courses. The results brought important contributions, since the issues discussed involved different components: courses, pole and disciplines where each evaluator provided important information for the understanding of problems studied. The expectation is that this study should provide significant contributions for raising the supply conditions of all courses offered by Brazil e-Tec Network.

Nous étudions l'effet thermo-électrique et les phénomènes qui en résultent, forces et les courants thermoélectriques (TEC) sous l'action d'un champ magnétique externe imposé lors de la solidification d'alliages métalliques. Nous avons utilisé des simulations numériques, des observations directes et des examens de laboratoire. L'interaction entre les courants thermo-électriques et le champ magnétique externe lors de la solidification se produit des forces électromagnétiques et donc un écoulement du métal liquide. Le résultat est nommé effet magnétique thermoélectrique (TEME). Les formulations de TEC, les forces et les équations gouvernant les écoulements TEM sont donnés. Afin de mieux prouver l'existence de la TEME, des expériences par méthode d'imagerie à rayons X menées au synchrtron ont été utilisées pour observer in-situ et en temps réel l'action directe des forces et les mouvements TEM pendant la solidification directionnelle des alliages Al-Cu. Nous avons montré la cohérence raisonnable entre les calculs analytiques et des simulations numériques qui ont exécuté avec les mêmes conditions de traitement. En outre, la capacité des écoulements thermo-électriques à influer sur la microstructure lors de la solidification directionnelle sont expérimentalement évaluées dans les autres cas en réalité. La solidification directionnelle d'une seule phase de formation des alliages Al-Cu sous divers champs magnétiques montre que les écoulements TEM sont capables de modifier la forme de l'interface liquide-solide conduisant à des morphologies différentes. L'effet le plus intense se produit dans différents champs magnétiques pour différentes morphologies, en effet, le champ magnétique élevé est nécessaire pour la morphologie a une plus petite longueur typique. Ceci est en accord avec le comportement des vitesses de TEM qui varient avec les champs magnétiques imposés ainsi que les différentes échelles de longueur typique. Cette variation est confirmée par des simulations numériques 3D. Nous montrons que les dendrites primaires et à l'avant de la phase eutectique, peuvent être modifiés par les mouvements TEM et les forces de TEM dans le solide pour améliorer la croissance de la phase de Al2Cu facettes primaire pendant la solidification des Al-40wt%Cu hypereutectiques. Le mécanisme de renforcement de la croissance de la phase facettes Al2Cu est confirmé par la transmission électronique observation au microscope, et la raison de la formation de la structure de croissance de couple de Al-26wt% Cu alliages est vérifiée par le test de l'analyse thermique différentielle. Ainsi, nous pouvons affirmer que le champ magnétique élevé facilite la formation de la structure de la croissance de couple pour hypoeutectiques alliages Al-Cu, et favorise la croissance de la phase Al2Cu primaire pour hypereutectiques Al-Cu alliages.

Usando receptores GPS de dupla frequência do sector da América do Sul, a medição do Conteúdo Eletrônico Total (TEC) absoluto foi estimada aplicando o modelo ionosférico Nagoya para 2009 e 2001, representando baixas e altas atividades solares respectivamente. As variações diurnas, dia-a-dia, mensal, sazonal, e de latitude e longitude do TEC foi estudado para regiões equatoriais e de baixas latitudes da América do Sul. A intensidade e as características da Anomalia da Ionização Equatorial (EIA) foram igualmente analisadas. Também foram investigadas as diferenças do TEC entre equinócios de março e setembro, tanto para o mínimo solar quanto para o máximo solar. O efeito do aquecimento estratosférico súbito na ionosfera polar durante os períodos de 2007/2008 e 2008/2009 são igualmente analisados. A Física baseada O modelo SAMI2 baseado em princípios físicos foi também usado para fornecer os possíveis mecanismos responsáveis pelas variações no TEC. A assimetria equinocial na ionosfera mostra que o TEC é maior nos meses de março do que nos meses de setembro e que este fenômeno ocorre em regiões de latitudes baixas e equatoriais, em ambas as fases do ciclo solar. As análises revelam também a bem conhecida variação diurna, sazonal e semi-diurna, bem como a variabilidade noturna, durante baixa e alta atividades solares. Wavelet análise dos espectros de potência foi empregada para verificar as periodicidades dos dados do TEC, F10.7 e velocidades do vento zonal e meridional medidos pelo rada meteórico, a uma altitude de 100 km. Muitos períodos considerados dominantes na velocidade do vento zonal e meridional correspondente com os das periodicidades do TEC foram observados. Acreditamos que esta poderia ser uma evidência de ondas planetárias que poderiam causar modulação do campo eléctrico E região durante o dia e, consequentemente, causar algum aumento na ionização da ionosfera. Por fim, apresentamos a evidência da resposta ionosférica aos eventos de Aquecimento Estratosférico Súbito (SSW) de 2008 e 2009 durante condições de mínima atividade solar. A resposta é caracterizada pela perturbação semidiurna de grande amplitude e persistência, por cerca de 3 semanas após o pico de temperatura da estratosfera. Evidências de nosso estudo mostram que o EIA foi mais intenso durante a manhã, suprimido durante as horas da tarde e um aumento secundário também foi notado após o pôr do sol. A mudança temporal progressiva do EIA ocorre em uma taxa diferente para os diferentes eventos SSW. Ao todo, um total de cinco eventos SSW foram analisados.
Using dual frequency GPS receivers in the South American sector, the measurement of absolute ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) has been estimated applying the Nagoya ionospheric model for both 2009 and 2001, which represent low and high solar activities respectively. The diurnal, day-to-day, monthly, seasonal, latitudinal and longitudinal variations of TEC was studied for equatorial and low latitude region of South America. The strength and characteristics of the EIA were equally analyzed. We also investigated the TEC differences between the March and September equinoxes of both solar minimum and solar maximum and the effect of Sudden Stratospheric Warming on the ionosphere during the period of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. The Physics based SAMI2 model was also used to provide possible TEC variations mechanisms. The equinoctial asymmetry in the ionosphere shows that TEC is larger in March month than in September month and that this phenomenon occurs at both equatorial and low latitude regions of both solar phases. The analyses also reveal the well know diurnal, seasonal and semidiurnal variation as well as the nighttime variability during the low and high solar activities. Wavelet power spectra analysis was employed to check the periodicities of the TEC data, F10.7 and zonal and meridional wind velocities measured by Metor radar at an 100 km altitude. Many periods were found to be dominant in the zonal and meridional wind velocity corresponding with that of TEC periodicities. We believe this could be an evidence of planetary waves which could result in the modulation of the E region electric field during the day and consequently cause some enhancement in the ionosphere ionization. Finally, we present, evidence of the ionospheric response to Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) of 2008 and 2009 events during solar minimum conditions. The response is characterized by semidiurnal, large amplitude and persistence perturbation for about 3 weeks after the peak of the stratospheric temperatures. Evidences from our study show that the EIA was enhanced during the morning hours, suppressed during afternoon hours and a secondary enhancement was also noticed after sunset. The progressive shift of EIA occurs at a different rate for different SSW events. In all, a total of five SSW events have been analyzed.

The Tec family tyrosine kinases Itk, Tec and Rlk are expressed in T cells. Previous studies have established that these kinases are critical for TCR signaling, leading to the activation of PLCγ1. To further understand the functions of Tec kinases in T cell activation, we took three different approaches. First, we performed a thorough analysis of CD28-mediated signaling events and functional responses with purified naïve T cells from Itk-/- mice and a highly controlled stimulation system. Data from this set of studies definitively demonstrate that CD28 costimulation functions efficiently in naïve CD4+ T cells in the absence of Itk. Second, in order to further study the functions of Tec kinases in vivo, we generated transgenic mouse lines expressing a kinase-dead (KD) mutant of Tec on the Itk-/-Rlk-/- background, hoping to study mice that are functionally deficient for all three Tec kinases. The results hint the importance of the Tec kinases in T cell development and/or survival. Finally, in order to identify potential transcriptional targets of Itk, we used microarray technology to compare global gene expression profiles of naïve and stimulated Itk-/- versus Itk+/- CD4+ T cells. This analysis provided a short list of differentially expressed genes in Itk-/- versus Itk+/- CD4 T cells, providing a starting point for further studies of Itk in T cell activation. Collectively, these studies clarified the role of Itk in CD28 signaling, revealed some unexpected aspects of Tec family kinases in T cells, and indicated potential targets of Itk-dependent signaling pathways in T cells.

A study of large solar storms in the equinox periods of solar cycles 23 and 24 is presented to quantify their effects on the total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere. We study the dependence of TEC over the contiguous US on various storm parameters, including the onset time of the storm, the duration of the storm, its intensity, and the rate of change of the ring current response. These parameters are inferred autonomously and compared to TEC values obtained from the CORS network of GPS stations. To quantify the effects we examine the difference between the storm-time TEC value and an average from 5 quiet days during the same month. These values are studied over a grid with 1 deg x 1 deg spatial resolution in latitude and longitude over the US sector. Correlations between storm parameters and the quantified delta TEC values are studied using machine learning techniques to identify the most important controlling variables. The weights inferred by the algorithm for each input variable show their importance to the resultant TEC change. The results of this work are compared to recent TEC studies to investigate the effects of large storms on the distribution of ionospheric density over large spatial and temporal scales.
MS

Detailed study of the spatial correlations of day-to-day ionospheric TEC variations on a global scale was performed for four 30-day-long periods in 2004 (January, March/April, June/July, September/October) using observations from more than 1000 ground-based GPS receivers. In order to obtain the spatial correlations, initially, the day-to-day variability was calculated by first mapping the observed slant TEC values for each 5-minute GPS ground receiver-satellite pair to the vertical and then differencing it with its corresponding value from the previous day. This resulted in more than 150 million values of day-to-day change in TEC (delta TEC). Next, statistics were performed on the delta TEC values. The study indicates strong correlationsbetween geomagnetic conjugate points, and these correlations are larger at low latitudes than at middle latitudes. Typical correlation lengths, defined as the angular separation at which the correlation coefficient drops to 0.7, were found to be larger at middle latitudes than at low latitudes. The correlation lengths are larger during daytime than during nighttime. The results indicate that the spatial correlation is largely independent of season. These spatial correlations are important for understanding the physical mechanisms that cause ionospheric weather variability and are also relevant to data assimilation. In an effort to better understand the effects of neutral wind and electric field on the TEC variability, a physics-based numerical Ionosphere/Plasmasphere Model (IPM) was used. The model solves the transport equations for the six ions, O+, NO+, O2+, N2+, H+, and He+, on convecting flux tubes that realistically follow the geomagnetic field. Two of the inputs required by the IPM are the thermospheric neutral wind and the low-latitude electric field, which can be given by existing empirical model or externally specified by the user. To study the relative importance of the neutral wind and the electric field for the TEC variations, these two model inputs were externally modified and the resulting variations in TEC were compared. Neutral wind and electric field modifications were introduced at three different local times in order to investigate the effect of different start times of the imposed perturbations on TEC. This study focused on modeled low- and middlelatitude TEC variations in the afternoon and post-sunset at three different longitude sectors for medium solar activity and low geomagnetic activity. The largest changes in TEC were found predominantly in the equatorial anomaly, and a significant longitudinal dependence was observed. The results indicate that the perturbation effect on the TEC at 2100 LT varied nonlinearly with the elapsed time after the imposed neutral wind and electric field perturbations. An important outcome of this study is that daytime neutral wind and/or electric field modifications will lead to essentially identical TEC changes in the 2100 local time sector.

Accurate knowledge of the electron density structure of the Earth's upper atmosphere is crucial to forecasting the performance of transionospheric radio signals. For this research, we focus on storm-time structuring in the mid- to high latitude ionosphere where large gradients in electron density can cause severe degradation of communication and navigation signals. We begin in Chapter 2 with a review of the primary data sets and methods used to accomplish the collaborative, multi-instrument studies described in this dissertation. In Chapter 3, we compare observational techniques for tracking polar cap patches during a moderate geomagnetic storm interval. For the first time, we monitor the transportation of patches with high spatial and temporal resolution across the polar cap for 1--2~h using a combination of GPS TEC, all-sky airglow imagers (ASIs), and Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radar backscatter. Simultaneous measurements from these data sets allow for continuous tracking of patch location, horizontal extent, and velocity even under adverse observational conditions for one or more of the techniques. A focus is placed on the structuring of patches, particularly on the nightside ionosphere as they become wider in the dawn-dusk direction and develop narrow finger-like structures. In Chapter 4, we perform a superposed epoch analysis to characterize the average response of GPS TEC in the North American sector during more than 100 geomagnetic storms over a 13-year interval. For the first time a rigorous approach is used to fully separate storm-time, local time, longitudinal, and seasonal effects at midlatitudes where dense ground receiver coverage is available. The rapid onset of a positive phase is observed across much of the dayside and evening ionosphere followed by a longer-lasting negative phase across all latitudes and local times. Our results show clear seasonal variations in the storm-time TEC, such that summer events tend to be dominated by the negative storm response while winter events exhibit a stronger initial positive phase with minimal negative storm effects. A prominent magnetic declination effect is identified and examined in terms of thermospheric zonal winds pushing plasma upward/downward along magnetic field lines of opposite declination. Finally in Chapter 5 we summarize several co-authored studies which examined various storm-time phenomena utilizing GPS TEC mapping tools developed for this dissertation research, with topics including subauroral polarization stream (SAPS), storm enhanced density (SED), tongue of ionization (TOI), and polar cap patches.
Ph. D.

La conception et la réalisation d'un dispositif oscillateur additionneur de puissance, dit "combineur" constituent l'objet de cette thèse. Le système utilise des transistors à effets de champ (TEC) et des résonateurs diélectriques tubulaires (RDT). Une caractérisation expérimentale des TEC et des RDT a permis de modéliser ce type de circuit, introduisant en particulier une représentation équivalente simple. La réalisation d'un combineur à 3 transistors a montré que ce nouveau type de circuit est compétitif vis à vis des combineurs existants.

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RESUMO O mamão é um fruto climatérico de difícil manejo nas etapas entre a colheita e o mercado consumidor. Durante o amadurecimento os polissacarídeos da parede celular, responsáveis pela textura dos frutos, são degradados por enzimas hidrolíticas (pectinametilesterase (PME), b-galactosidase (b-gal) e celulase), o que acarreta perda da textura. Este trabalho comparou o efeito de três métodos de conservação sobre os processos bioquímicos/fisiológicos relacionados com características essenciais à qualidade e comercialização do mamão Carica papaya L. da cultivar Golden. Os frutos foram colhidos no estádio 1 de maturação e separados em 3 grupos: (C) controle - lavagem em água clorada; (TP) tratamento padrão - tipo exportação; (I) irradiado - radiação gama 0,8kGy. Os frutos foram mantidos em condições naturais de amadurecimento e as características organolépticas e as atividades de enzimas de parede celular foram avaliadas. Os frutos do grupo I apresentaram maior textura e menor atividade da PME, b-gal e celulase, o que sugere que a radiação gama retarda o amadurecimento dos frutos pela redução da atividade destas enzimas. O teor de carboidrato foi semelhante para todos os grupos (@11,57 g/100g polpa) quando estes atingiram textura ideal para o consumo, 4º, 6º e 10º dia pós-colheita para frutos dos grupos TP, C e I respectivamente. Esses resultados mostram que a radiação gama foi o tratamento mais eficiente entre os testados, uma vez que forneceu um ganho de 4 e 6 dias de conservação quando comparados aos frutos dos grupos C e TP respectivamente, sem o comprometimento de características sensoriais e nutricionais. Palavras-chave: Radiação gama, enzimas, pectina, mamão, tecnologia pós-colheita.

Les peptoïdes sont une classe de peptidomimétiques pour lesquels les chaînes latérales de chaque résidu sont déplacées du carbone α sur l'azote d'amide adjacent. Le travail présenté dans ce document s'intéresse à l'étude et à l'utilisation de plateformes moléculaires de géométrie contrôlée de type β- et α,β-peptoïdes alternés. Une nouvelle méthode de synthèse "submonomer" en solution des différentes familles de peptoïdes a tout d'abord été mise au point. Elle permet de s'affranchir des purifications intermédiaires par chromatographie, grâce à l'utilisation d'amines primaires volatiles et de solvants permettant des précipitations sélectives, et ainsi d'accéder rapidement à des tétrapeptoïdes simples. Sur ce type de composés, la possibilité d'introduire de la diversité chimique par des post-modifications sur les chaînes latérales a été étudiée. Une plateforme β-peptoïde modèle pouvant présenter trois pharmacophores différents a été obtenue grâce à des ligations orthogonales sur les chaînes latérales par Cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire catalysée au cuivre entre un alcyne et un azoture (CuAAC), couplage thiol-ène photochimique (TEC) et alkylation d'amine tertiaire. Une méthode efficace d'accès à des glycoclusters a également été développée : elle fait intervenir la ligation multivalente de 1-thiosucres non protégés sur des plateformes peptoïdes portant des chaînes latérales allyles grâce à la réaction de TEC photochimique. Dans un deuxième temps, une étude sur le contrôle l'isomérie cis / trans, corollaire du lien amide tertiaire présent dans les peptoïdes, est présentée. Elle a permis d'observer qu'un groupement triazolium sur la chaîne latérale permet de sélectionner de façon très efficace la géométrie cis grâce à des interactions électroniques. Le groupement tert-butyle a une influence similaire grâce à des effets stériques. La dernière partie décrit la synthèse d'analogues de la Somatostatine (hormone humaine impliquée dans la régulation de nombreuses fonctions physiologiques) possédant un squelette β-peptoïde en vue d'étude pharmacologique
Peptoids are a class of peptidomimetics in which the side chains of each residue are moved from the α-carbon to the adjacent amide nitrogen. The work presented in this document focuses on the study and use of β-peptoid and α,β-alternating peptoid molecular scaffolds with controlled geometry. Firstly, a new method for solution-phase synthesis of peptoids was optimised. This method derives from the submonomer synthesis of peptoids and allows suppression of intermediate chromatography purifications thanks to the use of volatile primary amines and solvents allowing selective precipitations. It gives rapid access to simple tetrapetoids on which the potential of side chains post-modifications was investigated. A functionalised β-peptoid scaffold was decorated through orthogonal ligations on side chains using the Copper-catalysed Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition (CuAAC), thiol-ene coupling (TEC) and tertiary amine alkylation reactions. An efficient method allowing access to glycoclusters was also developed : it consists in multivalent ligation on allyl fonctionalised peptoid scaffolds with unprotected 1-thiosugars using the photochemical TEC reaction. Secondly, a study was conduced on the control of the subsequent cis / trans isomerisation of tertiary amide linkage present in peptoids. It allowed us to observe that a triazolium side chain induces efficient selection of the cis geometry due to electronic interactions. The tert-butyl group has a similar effect due to steric effects. The last part of the document describes the synthesis of somatostatin (human hormone involved in the regulation of numerous physiological functions) analogs possessing α,β-peptoid scaffold with the aim of pharmacological studies

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver um estudo sobre a imagem poética do Nuevo Teatro Latino-Americano. A análise desenvolvida, a partir do ponto de vista da Sociologia da Arte, buscou o deslindamento dessa imagem nas encenações teatrais representativas dos principais grupos do movimento: TEC e LA CANDELÁRIA da Colômbia. Parte-se de uma primeira hipótese de que essa imagem poética repousa sobre princípios que remontam às vanguardas do início do século XX. Parte-se de uma segunda hipótese de que encenadores de parte das obras teatrais representativas do movimento do Nuevo Teatro, para além de seu engajamento sócio-político já constatado, empreenderam, consciente ou inconscientemente, uma busca estética que pode dialogar em muitos pontos com a vanguarda russa do século XX. Experiência em que vigorou de forma orgânica a confluência entre vanguarda artística e vanguarda política. Por meio de múltiplos caminhos, alguns não aparentes e subterrâneos, pode-se afirmar, que houve influências de princípios do teatro de vanguarda russo, mais precisamente do teatro de Meyerhold, sobre o Nuevo Teatro, evidentes nas imagens cênicas construídas em suas obras teatrais. A partir da violência e barbárie da Conquista, as sociedades da América Latina foram se configurando sob o signo da fragmentação, o que gerou desde sua origem a busca pela unidade do Ser. O alcance da criação de imagens poéticas de sua produção teatral da segunda metade do século XX revela um relativo amadurecimento desta busca. Representa não um ponto de chegada propriamente dito, mas uma aproximação ao reconhecimento do que significou, significa e significará ser latino-americano.
This work intends to develop a study on the poetical image of the \"Nuevo Teatro Latino-Americano\". From the Sociology of the Arts point of view the analysis sought to explicate this image in the theatrical presentations representative of the main groups of the movement: TEC and the Colombian LA CANDELÀRIA. The first hypothesis surmises that this poetical image rests upon principles that go back to the vanguards of the early 20th Century. A second hypothesis considers that those staging part of the theatrical works representative of the Nuevo Teatro movement, in addition to their already detected social-political commitment, consciously or unconsciously pursued an esthetical quest able to establish a wide ranging dialogue with the Russian vanguard of the 20th Century. An experience that strengthened in an organic manner the confluence between the artistic and the political vanguards. Through multiple routes, some not apparent and subterranean, it can be stated that the Russian vanguard theater principles, more precisely, the Meyerhold theater had an influence, on the Nuevo Teatro, clearly seen in the scenic images constructed in their theatrical works. After the violence and barbarism of Conquest, Latin American societies were being shaped under the sign of fragmentation which generated, as from their origin, the quest for unison of the Being. In the second half of the 20th Century, the scope of the Nuevo Teatro poetical image creation discloses a relative maturity of this quest. It does not embody a true point of arrival, but an approximation to the acknowledgment of what it meant, means and will mean to be Latin-American.

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This article presents the analyses of the implementation of the National Professional Education Policy, promoted by E-Tec in Brazil, from 2011 to 2015. This paper intents to understand how this policy, created for workers, was actually stablished. The educational policy was a Pronatec (National Program of Acessing Technical School and Jobs) initiative. This analyses main objective is to show which are the possible demands of the professional formation policy and the financial budget of E-Tec during the years of 2011 and 2015. The network is a program that shares and finances long-distance professional and technological courses, with the participation of Federal and State Universities and the "S" Teaching System.This program started in 2007, during the government of president Lula, as an answer to PDE (Educational Development Plan) and others demands in Brazilian political, social and economic context. Considering its historical condition and understanding, as a Pronatec initiative, this paper presentes its beginning, since 2007 until 2015 and analyses it to give an opinion about the the program within the time delimitation of the research. The social system nowadays is the start to analyse the presence of the State on the issue of public, educational and social policies.The discussion also involves the educational reformation stablished in Brazil since 1990 and the professional educational policies created in Lula´s government (2003-2010) and Dilma Roussef’s government (2011-2015), expressed by the law documents that are part of EPT (Professional and Technological Education). The issues discussed in this article were analysed in the contradictions existent in their researchers analyses and includes official documents, systems sumaries of Brazilian government administration, Unesco and Tribunal de Contas reports and documents related to the financial function of the program. It is a bibliographical, documental, exploratory and investigating research. It also has critics to the economical policy of the capitalistic society, where the work force is explored and makes the capital advance. This concept is present in professional education and in the way history relates to social production of humanity, or as a history understood by all people (CIAVATTA, 2013). This research got many information about E-Tec network and about its response to the needs of workers formation. A formation that follows the ideological purposes of industry and emergent market and because of that, it has similar characteristics to the way it administrates people and financial budgets, outsourcing the educational process.
Esta dissertação analisou a implementação da Política de Educação Profissional ofertada pela Rede e-Tec no Brasil de 2011 a 2015, com o objetivo de compreender como se estabeleceu a política pública educacional de formação profissional, voltada aos trabalhadores e ofertada por essa rede enquanto iniciativa do Pronatec (Programa Nacional de Acesso ao Ensino Técnico e Emprego), tendo então como problemática, a quais possíveis demandas a política de formação e financiamento da Rede e-Tec se destinaram no período de 2011 a 2015? A Rede e-Tec Brasil é um programa que visa por meio da adesão de instituições da rede federal, estadual e Sistema S de ensino, fomentar e financiar a oferta de cursos de educação profissional e tecnológica a distância. O programa é criado em 2007 no governo Lula, como resposta ao Plano de Desenvolvimento Educacional (PDE) e a outras demandas do contexto político, social e econômico brasileiro. Dada à condição histórica e para que pudéssemos compreender sua trajetória até se constituir enquanto uma iniciativa do Pronatec, tratamos de apresentá-lo, desde 2007 até 2015, analisando-o e conhecendo-o por meio de seus condicionantes históricos, econômicos e políticos, para então emitir a análise a que se refere a delimitação temporal da problemática de pesquisa. Partindo então da discussão sobre o sistema societário vigente, problematizamos a atuação do Estado nas proposições das políticas públicas, sociais e da educação, quando da sua reforma a partir da década de 1990 no Brasil. Também apresentamos as políticas constituídas para educação profissional brasileira nos anos 1990, nos Governos Lula (2003-2010) e Dilma Rousseff (2011-2015), expressas por meio de dispositivos jurídicos que regulamentam a Educação Profissional e Tecnológica (EPT). Todas as discussões sobre os assuntos elencados foram em sua maioria, pautadas por pesquisadores que versam sobre as contradições existentes na forma em que estão postas. Nesses estudos abstraímos em que momento a e-Tec Brasil foi criada e sob que premissas, dessa forma analisamos documentos oficiais, relatórios dos sistemas de gerenciamento governamental brasileiro; relatórios da Unesco e do Tribunal de Contas da União, documentos que tratam do funcionamento financeiro e burocrático da rede. Trata-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, de natureza investigativa e exploratória, tendo como pressupostos a crítica à economia política da sociedade do capital, onde capital e trabalho tem relação profunda, onde se tem apropriação do tempo de trabalho para o capital avançar, presente na Educação profissional enquanto perspectiva de emprego e o como se chega a isso; e a história como produção social da existência; uma história compreendida sobre todas as pessoas (CIAVATTA, 2013). Dos vários indicativos que a pesquisa obteve o modo como a Rede e-Tec Brasil opera, responde a demanda de formação de trabalhadores com o intuito de atender aos propósitos ideológicos do setor produtivo e do mercado emergente, assumindo por conta disso características similares no seu modo de gestão de pessoal e dos recursos financeiros públicos a ela destinados, destacando-se a terceirização do processo educativo.

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The Rede e-Tec Brasil, regulated by Decree n. 7,589, October 26, 2011, offers professional education on distance mode. This program was formulated in the disputes around the Brazilian professional formation of the 21st century. Currently, the Rede e-Tec Brasil is part of the National Program of Access to Technical Education and Employment (PRONATEC), which offers professional education in public institutions and in National Learning Services (Sistema S). The main objective of this research was analyze which conceptions of education and work are in dispute in the public policy of professional and technological distance education (Rede e-Tec Brasil) in a professional education institution. The specific objectives were: a) to understand the delineations, the mediations and the contradictions present in the formation of the contemporary worker; b) analyze the conceptions of work and education in the official documents that regulate the policy of e-Tec Brasil Network nationally; c) to elucidate, in the documents that organize the courses offered by e-Tec Brazil Network in the institution researched, in what way the fundamental relationship between work and education is presented; d) unveil how the managers responsible for e-Tec Brazil Network in the institution and the students of the courses taught characterize the relationship between work and education. Thus, the research problem was formulated: Which are the conceptions of work and education are present and are the protagonists of disputes in the public policy for the training of distance workers (Rede e-Tec Brasil) of a professional education institution? The guiding axes of the theoretical reference were: a) capital crisis, production organization and distance worker training with support in Antunes (2009a, 2011b, 2013); Alves, G. (2011); Harvey (2011, 2013); Silva Júnior and Martins (2013), Duarte (2008); b) structural duality in Brazilian professional education in Cunha's writings (2000a, 2000b, 2005); Manfredi (2002); Caires and Oliveira (2016); Frigotto (2001); Ciavatta and Ramos (2011); Silva, M. R. (2010); c) polytechnic training of the worker with contribution of Saviani (2007a, 2008); Frigotto (2001, 2010a, 2011); Moura and Lima Filho (2017); Lima Filho (2015); Kuenzer (1991); Rummert (1998); Ciavatta and Ramos (2011); Ramos (2002). Thus, an investigation anchored in Marx's historical-dialectical materialism was proposed, understanding that social reality is the consequence of human activity, and that professional education policies are the result of the performance of historical subjects in a Brazilian capitalist society. The approach of the research is qualitative, having as methodological procedures the documentary analysis, interviews with managers and discussion groups with students. From the empirical data analysis, four categories emerged: a) The configuration of Rede e-Tec Brazil; b) the management of the market in the training of workers; c) the emptied content of the workers training; d) ruptures and continuities in the formation of the worker. It is concluded, therefore, that the organization of this EaD policy distanced itself from the polytechnical training, since the Rede e-Tec Brasil reproduced the fragmentation of the educational work and the knowledge of the professional education, with the presence of a market-oriented education , lightened and aimed at adapting subjects to flexibilization, informality, entrepreneurship and efficiency; the reduction of education and work to the practical experimentation of the making of a profession; the reaffirmation of structural duality in education materialized by the fragmentation between knowledge of work, science and culture. It is also concluded that, in the institutional context, some specific actions of articulation between work, science and culture were verified.
A Rede e-Tec Brasil, regulamentada pelo Decreto n.º 7.589, 26 de outubro de 2011, oferta educação profissional a distância. Esse programa foi formulado nas disputas em torno da formação profissional brasileira do século XXI. Atualmente, a Rede e-Tec Brasil está vinculada ao Programa Nacional de Acesso ao Ensino Técnico e Emprego (PRONATEC), que oferece educação profissional em instituições públicas e em Serviços Nacionais de Aprendizagem (Sistema S). Quanto ao objetivo geral, esta investigação analisou quais concepções de educação e trabalho se encontram em disputa na política pública de educação profissional e tecnológica a distância (Rede e-Tec Brasil) em uma instituição de educação profissional. Já os objetivos específicos foram: a) compreender os delineamentos, as mediações e as contradições presentes na formação do trabalhador contemporâneo; b) analisar as concepções de trabalho e educação nos documentos oficiais que regulamentam nacionalmente a política da Rede e-Tec Brasil; c) elucidar, nos documentos que organizam os cursos ofertados pela Rede e-Tec Brasil na instituição pesquisada, de que maneira se apresenta a relação fundamental entre trabalho e educação; d) desvendar como os gestores responsáveis pela Rede e-Tec Brasil na instituição e os estudantes dos cursos ministrados caracterizam a relação entre trabalho e educação. Desse modo, o problema de pesquisa foi assim formulado: Quais concepções de trabalho e educação estão presentes e protagonizam disputas na política pública de formação dos trabalhadores a distância (Rede e-Tec Brasil) de uma instituição de educação profissional? Como eixos orientadores do referencial teórico, estes foram: a) crise do capital, organização da produção e formação do trabalhador a distância com apoio em Antunes (2009a, 2011b, 2013); Alves, G. (2011); Harvey (2011, 2013); Silva Júnior e Martins (2013), Duarte (2008); b) dualidade estrutural na educação profissional brasileira nos escritos de Cunha (2000a, 2000b, 2005); Manfredi (2002); Caires e Oliveira (2016); Frigotto (2001); Ciavatta e Ramos (2011); Silva, M. R. (2010); c) formação politécnica do trabalhador com aporte de Saviani (2007a, 2008); Frigotto (2001, 2010a, 2011); Moura e Lima Filho (2017); Lima Filho (2015); Kuenzer (1991); Rummert (1998); Ciavatta e Ramos (2011); Ramos (2002). Propôs-se assim uma investigação ancorada no materialismo histórico-dialético de Marx, compreendendo que a realidade social é fruto da atuação dos seres humanos, sendo as políticas de educação profissional resultado da atuação de sujeitos históricos em uma sociedade capitalista, a brasileira. A abordagem da pesquisa é qualitativa, tendo como procedimentos metodológicos a análise documental, entrevistas com gestores e grupos de discussão com estudantes. Da análise dos dados empíricos, emergiram quatro categorias: a) a Rede e-Tec Brasil em sua configuração; b) a regência do mercado sobre a formação dos trabalhadores; c) o esvaziamento do conteúdo da formação do trabalhador; d) rupturas e continuidades na formação do trabalhador. Conclui-se, portanto, que a organização desta política de EaD se distanciou da formação politécnica, visto que a Rede e-Tec Brasil reproduziu a fragmentação do trabalho educativo e do conhecimento da educação profissional, havendo a presença de uma educação voltada para o mercado, aligeirada e que visa adequar os sujeitos à flexibilização, à informalidade, ao empreendedorismo e à eficiência; a redução da educação e do trabalho à experimentação prática do fazer de uma profissão; a reafirmação da dualidade estrutural na educação materializada pela fragmentação entre conhecimentos do trabalho, das ciências e da cultura. Conclui-se ainda que, no âmbito institucional, foram constatadas algumas ações específicas de articulação entre trabalho, ciência e cultura.

Ce memoire presente l'etude et la realisation de l'integration monolithique d'un detecteur et d'un preamplificateur a heterojonction gaas/gaalas. Apres un bref rappel de l'evolution des techniques des transmissions optiques, nous avons montre le besoin de developper d'autres materiaux pouvant repondre aux exigences des telecommunications par fibre optique. Le principe de fonctionnement et les criteres de conception du circuit integre detecteur-tec sont decrits. Nous evaluons ensuite la sensibilite du photorecepteur integre sur un substrat gaas a partir des caracteristiques des deux dispositifs elementaires. La fabrication du tec a heterojonction est organisee a partir de la technique de l'epitaxie en phase liquide. La structure comprend deux couches epitaxiees, principales, le canal forme par une couche de gaas de type n et la region de grille en gaalas/gaas de type p. Nous detaillons la technologie de fabrication du composant et nous identifions les caracteristiques courant-tension. Nous avons obtenu un facteur d'idealite proche de 2, des courants inverses de l'ordre 1na, un courant de saturation de l'ordre de 1,4. 10**(-10) a/cm**(2) et une transconductance de 60 ms/mm