Journal articles: 'Tear Break Up Time test'

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Ahsan, Maria, Misbah Sattar, Asifa Saba, Asima saba, Sara sonum, and Asma batool. "Evaluation of tear film instability pre and post corneal collagen cross-linking procedure in keratoconus patients." Advances in Ophthalmology & Visual System 11, no. 1 (July 14, 2021): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2021.11.00403.

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Purpose: To evaluate tear film instability in keratoconus patients pre and post CXL procedure. Study design: Prospective cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: Study was conducted at Al Ehsan Welfare eye hospital Lahore from 15th September, 2020 to 15th June, 2021. Materials and methods: Tear break-up time (TBUT) test was used for determining the stability of the tear film out of 30 patients diagnosed with mild, moderate and severe keratoconus and tear film stability was assessed before and after CXL procedure by measuring tear break up time. Data was collected by using non-probability convenient sampling method. The patients were excluded if they had any previous dry eye syndrome, tear film instability, refractive surgery, other ocular surface abnormalities, cataract surgery and contact lens use before the CXL procedure. Pre and post-operative tear break up time was measured by performing TUBT test. Patients were selected between the age 25 to 35 years. In TBUT, sodium fluorescein dye was used and the tear film was observed with slit lamp under low magnification while the patient was instructed to avoid blinking while time was calculated until first dry spot appearance. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis and Mcneemar’s test (kappa statistics) was applied with significance of p <0.05. Results: Results shows that pre CXL tear breakup time of 22 patients was normal (10-15) sec while 8 patients were observed with borderline tear break up time less than 10 sec with percentage of 73.3% and 26.7 % respectively. Results of Post TBUT after one week of CXL procedure shows variation in values of tear break up time which shows decrease of tear break up time less than 10 sec of 12 patients and 18 patients with significantly reduced tear break up time less than 5 sec was recorded with percentage of 40.% and 60. % respectively. After two weeks of procedure it was recorded that tear break up time of 4 patients was normal (10-15 sec) post tear break up time, while tear break up time of 18 patients was noted borderline (<10 sec) and 8 patient with reduced post tear break up time (<5sec) with percentage of 13.3 % , 60 % and 26.7% respectively. After one month of CXL the tear break up time was significantly improved as compared to one and two weeks of postoperative procedure of CXL as the corneal epithelium was regenerated. Conclusion: This study concludes that tear breakup time was significantly reduced after CXL procedure. TBUT was normal before the CXL but after CXL due to destruction of corneal epithelium the TBUT was reduced. Thus results reveals instability of tear films occurs after CXL procedure.

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Acet, Yakup. "Topographic tear film trend and new parameters for non-invasive break up time test." International Journal of Ophthalmology 15, no. 12 (December 18, 2022): 1932–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2022.12.06.

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AIM: To evaluate the quantitative and qualitative results of the noninvasive tear film break-up time (NI-BUT) test and investigate the predictive ability of the new NI-BUT parameter in discriminating between normal Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI; scores ≤12) and abnormal OSDI (scores ≥13). METHODS: A total of 341 eyes of 341 volunteers who applied for routine eye outpatient control were included in the prospective study. All participants’ noninvasive first tear film break-up time (NIF-BUT), noninvasive average tear film break-up time (NIAvg-BUT) and average value of the first three break-up time (A3F-BUT) were analyzed. A3F-BUT, the new NI-BUT parameter, is calculated by adding the NIF-BUT value to the 2nd break-up time value that has a difference of at most 1 second from the NIF-BUT value and to the 3rd break-up time and then dividing the respective sum by 3. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and forward logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the parameter that had the best predictive ability between the OSDI groups. RESULTS: The NI-BUT values of 255 eyes of 255 volunteers included in the study were analyzed statistically. The mean NIF-BUT, NIAvg-BUT, and A3F-BUT values were calculated as 5.3±3.0, 8±3.1, and 5.8±3.0 seconds, respectively. All three parameters were found to be significantly lower in the abnormal OSDI group (P=0.014, 0.034, and 0.011, respectively). The area under the curve (AUC) of the A3F-BUT to predict abnormal OSDI was AUC=0.625 (0.529-0.720), P=0.011 and NIF-BUT was AUC=0.599 (0.502-0.696), P=0.043. The A3F-BUT parameter and NIF-BUT parameters were found to be significantly efficient in discriminating abnormal OSDI. CONCLUSION: The new parameter for the NI-BUT test has more predictive ability in the discrimination of OSDI groups.

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Wang, Jianhua, Jayachandra R. Palakuru, and James V. Aquavella. "Correlations Among Upper and Lower Tear Menisci, Noninvasive Tear Break-up Time, and the Schirmer Test." American Journal of Ophthalmology 145, no. 5 (May 2008): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2007.12.035.

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Lim, Christine C., and Cheryl L. Cullen. "Schirmer tear test values and tear film break-up times in cats with conjunctivitis." Veterinary Ophthalmology 8, no. 5 (September 2005): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00403.x.

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Alanazi, Mana A., Gamal A. El-Hiti, Rashid Al-Tamimi, Abdullah M. Bawazir, Essam S. Almutleb, Raied Fagehi, Saud A. Alanazi, and Ali M. Masmali. "Assessment of the Effect of Wearing a Surgical Face Mask on Tear Film in Normal Eye Subjects." Journal of Ophthalmology 2022 (August 16, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2484997.

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Purpose. To assess the effect of wearing a face mask for a short time on the tear film parameters in normal eye subjects. Methods. Fifty-four normal eye subjects (14 female and 40 male) aged 18–40 years (23.8 ± 4.4 years) were recruited. A standardized patient evaluation of eye dryness was completed first, followed by noninvasive tear break-up time, phenol red thread, and tear ferning tests. A 5-minute gap was allowed between the tests. The subjects were asked to wear a surgical mask for one hour. The measurements were taken both before wearing a face mask and immediately after its removal. Results. Significant (Wilcoxon test) differences were found between the standardized patient evaluation of eye dryness ( p = 0.002 ) and the noninvasive tear break-up time scores ( p < 0.001 ) before and after wearing face masks. No significant differences (Wilcoxon test, p > 0.05 ) were found between the phenol red thread scores and tear ferning grades before and after wearing face masks. Strong correlations (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, r) were found among the standardized patient evaluation of eye dryness score (r = 0.590; p < 0.001 ), noninvasive tear break-up time measurements (r = 0.631; p < 0.001 ), and the tear ferning grades (r = 0.517; p < 0.001 ) before and after wearing the mask. A medium correlation (r = 0.377; p = 0.005 ) was found between the noninvasive tear break-up time scores and tear ferning grades before wearing the mask. Conclusions. Wearing a surgical face mask for a short duration of one hour has an effect on ocular tear film in normal eye subjects. Dry eye symptoms and tear break-up increased after wearing a face mask compared with those experienced before wearing one.

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Higgins, David, Kevin Webb, Stanley Shapleigh, David Huebner, Terry Carmolli, and Brenda Hall. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMFORT AND TEAR BREAK-UP TIME USING THE AKORN DRY EYE TEST." Cornea 19, Supplement 2 (November 2000): S94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003226-200011002-00076.

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Narayanan, Srihari, William L. Miller, Julie Jackson, Stanley Woo, Norman Leach, and Jan P. G. Bergmanson. "(CL-250)COMPARISON OF NONINVASIVE TEAR BREAK-UP TIME TO THE DRY EYE TEST." Optometry and Vision Science 77, SUPPLEMENT (December 2000): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200012001-00302.

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CHO, PAULINE. "Reliability of a Portable Noninvasive Tear Break-Up Time Test on Hong Kong-Chinese." Optometry and Vision Science 70, no. 12 (December 1993): 1049–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199312000-00010.

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Lawrence, Premsudhakar. "Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye Among Silicone Hydrogel Soft Contact Lens Wearers." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 15, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/15.2.4.

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Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses (SiH CL) provides better comfort when compared with hydrogel contact lenses. But the signs that show up in wearers with reduced comfort are unclear. Thus, we aimed to study the association between symptoms and clinical signs of dry eye in SiH CL wearers. Forty-eight SiH CL wearers (mean age: 28.8 ± 5.0 years) underwent ocular assessments with and without contact lens, and completed Contact Lens Dry Eye questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8). Contact-lens related dryness was reported by 52.1% (n=25) subjects. A significant (p<0.01) Spearman’s correlation was found between CLDEQ-8 score and pre-lens tear film non-invasive tear break-up time (r=-0.80), pre-ocular tear film non-invasive tear break-up time (r=-0.78), invasive tear break-up time (-0.87), and Schirmer test (r=-0.83). In conclusion, for comfortable SiH CL usage, a healthy tear film is essential, and a thorough clinical evaluation may be beneficial in alleviating discomfort.

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Vulovic, Tatjana Sarenac, Sladjana Pavlovic, Katarina Janicijevic, Dusan Todorovic, Mitar Lutovac, Svetlana Paunovic, Nenad Petrovic, Svetlana Jovanovic, and Nemanja Zdravkovic. "Tear Film Stability in Patients with Pseudexfoliation." Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2017-0002.

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Abstract Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is an age related disorder, characterized by abnormal fibrous fiber production and accumulation in different visceral organs as well as in the eye and periocular tissues. Hystological examination recorded the presence of the pseudoexfoliation in the conjunctiva, and they can disturb the accessory lacrimal gland and goblet cell function. This can explain tear film instability in patients with pseudoexfoliations. In our study, we examined the tear film stability in patients with and without pseudoexfoliation, using Schirmer test and tear break up time test. Our results indicated that patients with pseudoexfoliation had lower values of Schirmer and tear break up time tests than patients without it. Pseudoexfoliation is the main reason for the instability of the tear film, because of its negative impact on the conjucntival goblet cells. In conclusion, ophthalmologists must have these data on their mind in the process of the pseudoexfoliation glaucoma treatment and controlling.

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Fattoh, Reham, Amr Mounir, Mohamed Anbar, and Osama Ali Mohammed. "Changes in Noncontact Meibography and Noninvasive Tear Break-Up Time Test with Contact Lenses Usage." Clinical Ophthalmology Volume 16 (May 2022): 1427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/opth.s362307.

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Mohammadpour, Mehrdad, Siamak Maleki, and Masoud Khorrami-Nejad. "The effect of tea tree oil on dry eye treatment after phacoemulsification cataract surgery: A randomized clinical trial." European Journal of Ophthalmology 30, no. 6 (August 5, 2019): 1314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672119867642.

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Purpose: To evaluate the effect of eyelid scrubbing with eye shampoo containing tea tree oil on dry eye disease following phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Methods: This prospective triple-blinded randomized clinical trial was performed on 62 eyes of 62 patients. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups—(1) treatment group: for 33 patients in the treatment group, artificial tears, topical steroid drops, and eye shampoos with tea tree oil and (2) for 29 patients in the control group, artificial tears, topical steroids, and eye shampoos without tea tree oil were used. In the first and second (after 1 month) follow-up visits, microscopic Demodex examination, refraction, corrected distance visual acuity, the ocular surface disease index score (by the questionnaire), Schirmer test, tear break-up time test, and osmolarity of tears (by TearLab) were recorded in treatment and control groups. Results: The mean age of patients was 66.37 ± 8.83 (range: 37–82) years, of which 49 (79%) were female and 13 (21%) were male. The results showed a significant improvement in tear break-up time test, corrected distance visual acuity, osmolarity, and ocular surface disease index score in both groups ( p < 0.05). However, the number of Demodex decreases significantly only in the treatment group after treatment ( p <0.001). Tear break-up time, osmolarity, and ocular surface disease index scores in the treatment group were significantly better than the control group ( p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the pre- and post-Schirmer test results ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: Eyelid scrubbing with eye shampoo containing tea tree oil is recommended for dry eye treatment after cataract surgery, especially decrease in the number of Demodex.

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Luz, Laura da Costa, Andréia Vitor Couto do Amaral, Jéssica Ribeiro Guimarães, Anne Caroline Assis Silva, Carolina Araújo Neves, Lanay Coímbra Cangussu, and Doughlas Regalin. "Effects of auriculopalpebral nerve block on ocular parameters in dogs." Bioscience Journal 37 (December 29, 2021): e37073. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/bj-v37n0a2021-54175.

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The objective of this study was to compare the effects of two local anesthetics used on auriculopalpebral block on eyelid akinesia, tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear break-up time (TBUT) in conscious dogs. A blind, randomized, prospective study was conducted to determine the effects of auriculopalpebral block using ropivacaine 0.75% and bupivacaine 0.5% in 12 healthy non-brachycephalic dogs (24 eyes). Threat response and eyelid reflex tests, Schirmer tear test (STT), IOP and tear break-up time were conducted before blockage and at 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 minutes after application. A difference was observed between the values found at 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes compared to baseline for threat response and eyelid reflex tests in the two groups evaluated, proving eyelid akinesia after blockages. No difference was found for STT, IOP and TBUT between baseline values and post-anesthesia times or between groups. It was possible to conclude that ropivacaine and bupivacaine on auriculopalpebral block in conscious dogs promoted eyelid akinesia for at least 240 minutes, not altering ocular physiological parameters of tear production, intraocular pressure, and tear break-up time after blockages.

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Han, Sang Beom, Yu-Chi Liu, Karim Mohamed-Noriega, Louis Tong, and Jodhbir S. Mehta. "Objective Imaging Diagnostics for Dry Eye Disease." Journal of Ophthalmology 2020 (July 22, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3509064.

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Traditional diagnostic tests for dry eye disease (DED), such as fluorescein tear film break-up time and the Schirmer test, are often associated with poor reproducibility and reliability, which make the diagnosis, follow-up, and management of the disease challenging. Advances in ocular imaging technology enables objective and reproducible measurement of changes in the ocular surface, tear film, and optical quality associated with DED. In this review, the authors will discuss the application of various imaging techniques, such as, noninvasive tear break-up time, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, in vivo confocal microscopy, meibography, interferometry, aberrometry, thermometry, and tear film imager in DED. Many studies have shown these devices to correlate with clinical symptoms and signs of DED, suggesting the potential of these imaging modalities as alternative tests for diagnosis and monitoring of the condition.

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Su, Tai Yuan, Wei Ting Ho, Chien Yi Lu, Shu Wen Chang, and Huihua Kenny Chiang. "Correlations among ocular surface temperature difference value, the tear meniscus height, Schirmer's test and fluorescein tear film break up time." British Journal of Ophthalmology 99, no. 4 (October 8, 2014): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305183.

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ACET, Yakup, and Yaşar DAĞ. "Bir Korelasyon Çalışması Topographic Tear Film Break Up Time Test and Meibographic Correlation Analysis: A Correlation Study." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Ophthalmology 31, no. 4 (2022): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/ophthal.2022-88913.

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Isreb, M. A., J. V. Greiner, D. R. Korb, T. Glonek, S. S. Mody, V. M. Finnemore, and C. V. Reddy. "Correlation of lipid layer thickness measurements with fluorescein tear film break-up time and Schirmer's test." Eye 17, no. 1 (January 2003): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6700224.

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Farooq, Nesr, Hafiz Waqar Ahmad Ghauri, Asad Zaman Khan, Abdul Bari Kakar, Muhammad Amin, and Chakar Tajwidi. "Frequency of Dry Eye in Glaucoma Patients Using Topical Anti-Glaucoma Therapy." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 10 (October 30, 2021): 2606–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115102606.

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Aim: To determine the prevalence of dry eye in glaucoma patients using topical anti-glaucoma therapy. Study Design: Descriptive observational study Place and duration of study: Department of Ophthalmology, Shalimar Medical & Dental College Lahore from 1st November 2020 to 30th April 2021. Methodology: Ninety patients of both genders were enrolled. Detailed demographics of enrolled cases age, sex and body mass index were recorded after taking informed written consent. Patients using topical anti-glaucoma therapy for more than 8 months and having symptoms of stinging and burning sensations itching, watering, irritation, due to regular use of topical antiglaucoma drugs were presented. Basal Schrimer’s test and tear film break-up time test was used to measure the frequency of dry eye syndrome as mild, moderate and severe. Results: There were 60 (66.7%) females and 30 (33.3%) patients were males. Mean age of the patients were 45.61±7.66 years with mean BMI 26.24±8.71 kg/m2. We found that 40 (44.4%) patients had burning and stinging sensations, itching found in 21 (23.3%), dry eye sensations were found in 16 (17.8%) patients and watering and irritation found in 13 (14.4%) .According to tear film break-up time test 20 (22.2%) cases did not show dry eye syndrome and 19 (21.1%) patients were normal in Basal Schrimer’s test. Conclusion: Use of topical anti-glaucoma medication resulted in dry eye syndrome as well as a decrease in the tear film's stability. Keywords: Anti-glaucoma therapy, Basal Schrimer`s test, Tear film break-up time, Anti-glaucoma therapy, Dry eye syndrome

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Disty Andryani, Petty Purwanita, and Anang Tribowo. "Comparison of Schirmer and Tear Break Up Time (TBUT) Diagnostic Test of Dry Eye Following Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery." Sriwijaya Journal of Ophthalmology 2, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/sjo.v2i1.41.

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Abstract Background: Phacoemulsification is a technique of modern cataract surgery with smaller corneal incision than conventional techniques but uses various effects on springs that cause dry eye syndrome (DES). DES is a multifactorial defect of tears and ocular surfaces characterized by eye discomfort. Examination of DES can be done by examining Schirmer 1 and Tear Break Up Time (TBUT). Purpose: To determine the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the Schirmer test dan TBUT in postoperative patients with phacoemulsification techniques at the Rumah Sakit Khusus Mata Province of South Sumatra. Method: Diagnostic test has been done in order to the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the Schirmer test dan TBUT on DES in post operative cataract surgery with phacoemulsification techniques. This study has been conduct Schirmer 1 test and TBUT was done periodically from 1 week, 2 weeks and 1 month after cataract surgery. The data analysis has been done with diagnostic research by SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS, Inc Chicago, Illinois). Result: 40 study samples of post operative cataract surgery with phacoemulsification technique obtained by female sex with 22 out of samples were (55%), with an average age of patients between of 60-70 years.The accuracy of Shirmer 1 and TBUT test was 0,425 and the sensitivity value was 39.5% and also the specificity value was 100%. Conclusion: Schirmer 1 test and TBUT in patients of post cataract surgery with phacoemulsification techniques are specific (100%) but less sensitive (39,5%)

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Feng, Yanhong, Gang Feng, Shuli Peng, and Hui Li. "The Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Dry Eye Syndrome Evaluated with Schirmer Test and Break-Up Time." Journal of Ophthalmology 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/420302.

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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for dry eye syndrome (DES) is controversial in clinical practice. The goal of this study was to review relevant studies and analyze the pooled data to determine whether HRT is effective for DES. In this study, a literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to May 2015 was performed, with the search restricted to English language publications. The studies were screened after reading the abstract and full text. Only studies related to the effect of HRT on DES were included in the meta-analysis. Results of Schirmer tests with and without anesthetics and tear break-up time (BUT) values data were extracted and entered into RevMan software to meta-analyze the overall effect of HRT on DES. A total of 43 studies were identified, and 21 of these studies were found to be related to the effect of HRT on DES. Ultimately, 5 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled results revealed that HRT can affect Schirmer test results without anesthetics but does not affect Schirmer test results with anesthetics and BUT. The results indicate that HRT might improve DES symptoms when measuring basal tear production without anesthesia.

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Amatya, Amit, Ranjana Sharma, Dharmendra Kumar Karn, and Raju Kaiti. "Association of dry eye syndrome with oral Isotretinoin therapy for severe nodulocystic acne and recalcitrant acne vulgaris." Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 18, 2015): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v2i1.20334.

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Introduction: Oral isotretinoin was registered in Nepal almost three decades later its first introduction in USA. It remains the most clinically effective medication for acne. Dry eye syndrome is a ‘certain’ adverse effect of oral isotretinoin therapy which can be validated by tear film break up time and Schirmer I tests.Methods: Fifty patients aged above 12 years presenting to dermatology outpatient department of Dhulikhel Hospital with severe nodulocystic acne or recalcitrant acne vulgaris not responding to three months of systemic antibiotics along with topical agents were included. Tear film break up time and Schirmer I tests before, at 45 and 90 days, and one month after taking oral isotretinoin were performed to study association of dry eye syndrome due to oral isotretinoin.Results: Both eyes of fifty selected patients were sampled. Baseline mean tear film break up time of 12.37±4.17 sec decreased to 9.69±3.70 sec, 9.09±3.77 sec and 10.67±3.50 sec at 45 and 90 days and on follow up, respectively. Likewise, baseline mean Schirmer I value of 16.68±8.73 mm decreased to 12.26±7.64 mm, 11.49±8.07 mm and 11.76±8.11 mm respectively at 45 and 90 days and on follow up. The differences between the mean values were analyzed using paired samples T test and all were statistically significant except between the mean Schirmer values at 90 days and on follow up.Conclusions: Abnormal mean tear break up time at 45 and 90 days in this study suggests that dry eye syndrome was caused by oral isotretinoin during acne therapy but tends to revert to normal on cessation.Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2015. page:12-16

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Shuaibu, Ayishetu Oshoke, Sarah Ikhuemose Ebuwa, and Abimbola Esther Ikuemonisan Ikuemonisan. "Assessment of Dry Eye Syndrome among Computer Programmers in Computer Training Institutes in Benin City." Journal of the Nigerian Optometric Association 23, no. 1 (June 11, 2021): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jnoa.v23i1.5.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate dry eye syndrome among computer programmers in computer training institutes in Benin City.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out using 250 participants of 18 years and above who were computer instructors and students of various computer training institutes in Benin City. Sociodemographic data and relevant ocular history were obtained from the participants. External and Internal examinations of the eyes were carried out to check for the presence of any ocular abnormalities. Dryeye disease was assessed subjectively with the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire and objectively by performing Schirmer’s test and Tear Break-up Time (TBUT). Participants with an OSDI score of ≥35 and who had < 10mm to Schirmer’s I test or < 10secs in Tear break-up Time (TBUT) test were considered to have dry eye.Results: The mean age of the participants was 25.32 ± 7.38 years and 68% were males. The prevalence of dry eye among the computer programmers was found to be 30.8%. Mean TBUT and Mean Schirmer’s Test value for those with dry eye was 10.21s±3.44s and 12.46 ± 7.27mm respectively. This study showed that age (p=0.213), gender (p=0.243) and duration of time spent on computer display units (p=0.124) were not statistically significant determinants of dry eye among the computer programmers.Conclusion: Computer programmers are predisposed to developing dry eye diseases. It is therefore imperative for them to go for regular eye examination to prevent ocular surface disorders and therefore maintain comfortable vision. Keywords: Dry Eye, Schirmer Test, Tear Break-up Time, Ocular Surface Disease Index, Computer Programmer.

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Acet, Yakup, Baris Çil, Mehmet Kabak, and Esra Vural. "Instability of Tear Film after Novel Coronavirus Disease: A Noninvasive and No Contact Method by a Scheimpflug-Placido Disc Topographer." Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde 239, no. 03 (October 21, 2021): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1585-2239.

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Abstract Purpose To compare the topographical tear film break-up time (T-BUT) between individuals recovering from COVID-19 and control subjects using a noninvasive and noncontact technique with a Scheimpflug-Placido disc topographer. Methods One-hundred and twenty-two eyes from 61 post-COVID-19 patients and 124 eyes from 62 control subjects were included in this prospective study. All participants underwent detailed ophthalmological examination including best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure measurements, slit lamp examination, and fundoscopy as well as qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the noninvasive first tear film break-up time (NIF-BUT) and noninvasive average tear film break-up time (NIAvg-BUT) with T-BUT measured with a Sirius (CSO – Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici S. r. l., Italy) corneal topography device. Results The mean NIF-BUT in post-COVID-19 and control patients was 5.2 ± 3.4 vs. 6.5 ± 3.2 sec, respectively. The mean NIAvg-BUT in the corresponding groups was 7.5 ± 3.5 vs. 8.8 ± 3.0 sec, respectively. Both NIF-BUT and NIAvg-BUT were significantly lower in the post-COVID-19 group than in controls (p = 0.004 vs. 0.020). Topographical tear film break-up at any time during the test (17 sec) was observed qualitatively in 79 eyes (64.8%) in the post-COVID-19 group and 57 eyes (46%) in the control group (p = 0.003). Moreover, temporal quadrant involvement occurred significantly more frequently in the post-COVID-19 group (p = 0.028). Conclusion Tear film stability assessment based on T-BUT showed shorter NIF-BUT and NIAvg-BUT in post-COVID-19 patients as compared to the control group. Our results suggest that post-COVID-19 patients have impaired stability of tear film, and therefore require closer monitoring regarding dry eye. In addition, tear film instability in post-COVID-19 patients can be reliably detected using a noninvasive and noncontact technique that is more comfortable for both patients and physicians.

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Yazdani, Mazyar, Jørgen Fiskådal, Xiangjun Chen, Øygunn A. Utheim, Sten Ræder, Valeria Vitelli, and Tor P. Utheim. "Tear Film Break-Up Time and Dry Eye Disease Severity in a Large Norwegian Cohort." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10040884.

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This study evaluated to what extent tear film break-up time (TFBUT) could discriminate pathological scores for other clinical tests and explore the associations between them. Dry eye patients (n = 2094) were examined for ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear film osmolarity (Osm), TFBUT, blink interval, ocular protection index (OPI), ocular surface staining (OSS), Schirmer I test, meibomian expressibility, meibomian quality, and meibomian gland dysfunction. The results were grouped into eight levels of break-up time (≤2, ≥3, ≤5, ≥6, ≤10, ≥11, ≤15, and ≥16) with or without sex stratification. Receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to study TFBUT’s discriminative power and the associations among the tests, respectively. Above and below each TFBUT’s cut-off, all of the parameters indicated significant difference between groups, except OSDI (cut-off 15 s) and Osm (cut-offs 5 s–15 s). At TFBUT cut-off of 2 s, sex difference could be detected for OSDI, Osm, and OSS. OPI presented the strongest discriminative power and association with TFBUT in sharp contrast to Osm, holding the poorest discriminative power with no significant correlation. The remaining parameters were within the poor to very poor categories, both with regard to discrimination and correlation. In conclusion, patients with lower TFBUT presented with more severe DED parameters at all four defined cut-off values.

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Divate, Akshay, Waman Chavan, and Vasant Suvarnkar. "STUDY OF DRY EYE IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AT RURAL TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 1158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15593.

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Purpose: Not much attention is given to evaluation of ocular surface abnormalities in diabetics. This study has been carried out to evaluate factors like age, sex, duration of diabetes in causing dry eye in type 2 diabetics along with evaluation of tear film stability using various tests like Schirmers test and Tear film break up time. Materials and Methods: In this observational cross-sectional study, 50 patients were examined, who were a diagnosed case of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Detailed history, anterior segment evaluation was done. Ocular surface evaluation was done using tear film break up time and Schirmers test. Ocular surface disease index Questionnaire was taken. Results:Among 50 patients with diabetes 46% of patients had dry eye. All patients who had diabetes for more than 20 years had dry eye and just 31.57% had dry eye who had diabetes for less than 5 years. It was found that Diabetics showed reduced Schirmer, TBUT measurements. Conclusion:Patients with type II diabetes have higher prevalence of dry eye.Evaluation of diabetic patients using the OSDI questionnaire canbe helpful in identifying dry eye in early stages.Significant reduction in TBUT and Schirmer test was found indiabetic patients.

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Prabtani, Ruchi M., and Harish R. Trivedi. "A study of incidence of dry eye after manual small incision cataract surgery and phacoemulsification." Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 8, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijceo.2022.038.

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To compare incidence of dry eye between phacoemulsification and manual small incision cataract surgery. This observational study included two groups. Group A consisted of 30 patients who had undergone manual small incision cataract surgery and Group B consisted of 30 patients who had undergone phacoemulsification. A detailed history was taken from all paricipants before they underwent a complete systemic and ocular examination which included best corrected visual acuity, slit lamp examination, intraocular pressure, and dilated fundus examination. Tests for dry eyes likes Schirmer’s test 1, tear film break up time (TBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH) was done postoperatively at 1 week, 3 weeks and 1 month postoperative. One test positive out of three was considered as a dry eye.The values of various tear film tests schirmer’s test, tear film break up time and tear meniscus height showed no significant difference between both groups (Chi square test P Value = 0.605,0.832, 1). There was no significant difference in incidence of dry eye in manual small incision cataract surgery and phacoemulsification (Chi square test p value = 0.317). On comparing the data with respect to age and sex, no significant difference in incidence of dry eye was seen between both groups or between male and female. There is high incidence of dry eye 33.33⸓ seen in diabetic patients. (Chi square test P Value = 0.0371).There is no significant difference in incidence of dry eye between manual small incision cataract surgery and phacoemulsification. We also found out high incidence of dry eye in diabetic patients.

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Al-Maqbali, Wejdan Salim Matar. "Comparing the effectiveness of Schirmers test I and Non-invasive tear break-up time NITBUT for the assessment of dry eye among University students: A case-control study." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 1580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11429.

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Sharif, Faiza, Syed Nishat Akram, Hafsa Sharif, Rida Khalid, Arslan Saleem Chughtai, and Muhammad Ajmal Chaudhary. "Efficacy of Schirmer’s Test I and Tear Break Up-Time (TBUT) test among Patients of Type II Diabetes with Dry Eye." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22169595.

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Objective: To determine the efficacy of Schirmer’s I test and TBUT test in dry eye changes in type II diabetic patients. Subjects& Methods: In these prospective study 58 (116 eyes) dry eye patients with diabetesmellitus type II patients with minimum duration of 5 year, with BCVA of 6/12 to 6/6. After baseline examination, TBUT Test and Schirmer’s Test I were performed to measure dry eye changes occurred due to DM type II.As the data was not normally distributed therefore Wilcoxon sign rank test were applied using p-value ≤0.05 as significant. Results:In the current study on average duration of diabetes was 5.90±1.17 (Range 5-9)years. 30(50.8%) had 5 years history of diabetes, 15(25.4%) had 6years, 7(11.9%) has 7years, 4(6.8%) had 8years and 3(5.1%) had 9 years history of diabetes. Schirmer's Test I Ocular Dexter (OD) &Oculus Sinister (OS) were 12.90±3.65mm and 12.56±3.23mm. Mean difference was statistically significant (p-value 0.022). Whereas mean TBUT of Ocular Dexter (OD) &Oculus Sinister (OS) were 18.81±6.730 and 19.63±7.083 respectively, the mean difference was not statistically significant (p-value 0.342). Differences between TBUT & Schirmer’s I test of OD and TBUT & Schirmer’s I test of OS were statistically significant (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: This study evaluates that TBUT Test are much significant as compared to Schirmer’s test because they have so much difference in their Mean ± Std. Deviation. Keywords: TBUT Test, Schirmer’s Test I, Diabetes type II, Dry Eye.

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Kumar, Sonali V. "Role of punctal plugs as a primarily treatment modality in moderate to severe dry eye." International Journal of Clinical Trials 7, no. 2 (April 22, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20201713.

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Background: In dry eye syndrome tear film disrupts which lead to ocular discomfort. Treatment of dry eye is very challenging and time consuming. Multiple treatment options are available for treating dry eye and one of them is punctal plugs. It blocks the drainage of tear by occluding puncta which helps in the preservation of natural tears on the ocular surface and relieve dry eye symptoms. This study was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of punctal plugs as a primary treatment modality in moderate to severe dry eye.Methods: Fifty patients were included in this study and they were divided into two groups. In group A which included 25 patients punctal plugs were inserted and in group B (25 patients or 50 eyes) artificial tear drop was prescribed. The primary treatment outcome was the improvement in dry eye symptoms and secondary outcome was Schirmer test score, tear break up time and rose bengal staining score.Results: There was drastic improvement in dry eye symptoms in group A (punctal plugs) compared to group B (artificial tear group). Schirmer test score, tear break up and rose bengal staining score also improved in punctal plug group.Conclusions: This study has shown that punctal plug can be used as a primary treatment modality in moderate to severe dry eye as it improves greater symptomatic relief and also improves the condition of damaged ocular surface.

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Ramos, L., N. Barreira, A. Mosquera, M. G. Penedo, E. Yebra-Pimentel, and C. García-Resúa. "Analysis of parameters for the automatic computation of the tear film break-up time test based on CCLRU standards." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 113, no. 3 (March 2014): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.12.003.

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R., Minnu Lekshmi, Rajakumari Murugesan, Vignitha K., Aditi Pandey, and Heena Dharamdasani. "A Cross-sectional Study of Central Corneal Thickness in Dry Eye Disease Patients in a Tertiary Centre in South India." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2022/42.

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BACKGROUND Dry eye disease is one of the most common presentation in hospital with varied presenting complaints and which can lead to various complications. Study is done on 200 eyes diagnosed with dry eyes in a tertiary centre in South India using Schirmer; and tear break up time test. Their central corneal thickness is measured using specular microscopy. The correlation of dry eye disease and central corneal thickness is assessed. Dry eye disease diagnosed using Schirmer test showed a strong correlation with the central corneal thickness. A significant reduction in central corneal thickness was observed in dry eyes disease diagnosed with Schirmer disease. The factors affecting dryness includes inflammatory component and evaporating component. Based on my study the results of dry eyes due to inflammation of eye can be considered to have more association to the pathogenesis in relation to central corneal thickness. Inflammation decreases the eyes’ ability to produce normal tear. METHODS 200 eyes of 100 patients who presented in hospitals diagnosed with dry eye disease were included in the study. The central corneal thickness of these patients was measured and corelated with the degree of dryness using Shermer’s test and tear film break up time. RESULTS A statistical significance was observed between the inflammatory component causing dry eyes and the CCT values. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant association between the central corneal thickness and dry eye diseases. KEY WORDS Central Corneal Thickness, Schirmer’s Test, TBUT.

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Ingle, Santosh Yadawrao, and Saswati Biswas. "Prevalence of Ocular Surface Disorder and Dry Eye in Patients with Glaucoma using Topical Antiglaucoma Medications." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210902.

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Background: The main aim of the study is to establish the prevalence of ocular surface disorders in glaucoma patients treated with topical antiglaucoma medications. Methods: Investigation of 50 eyes of 25 patients has been performed using two or more antiglaucoma medications for six months, and compared with 50 eyes of 25 normal subjects without any ocular problem. After one year each patient was evaluated by Schirmer’s (SCH) test-I Tear break-up time (TBUT), Corneal staining score. Results: The mean values in the glaucoma cases and control groups respectively were as follows: Schirmer’s test-1 (7.63 ± 2.64mm / 12.86 ± 1.93mm; p= 0.001), Tear breakup time (9.44 2 ±.76 sec / 11.8 ± 1.88 sec; p=0.001), Corneal staining score (5.7 ± 2.33 /1.1 ± 0.58; p=0.001). Conclusion: Patients on antiglaucoma therapy have a greater prevalence of ocular surface disease and dry eye. The causative factors were medications with preservatives and longer treatment duration. Keywords: Antiglaucoma medication, dry eye, ocular surface diseases (OSD), Schirmer’s (SCH) test, Tear breakup time, Corneal staining score.

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Lim, Christine C., Christopher M. Reilly, Sara M. Thomasy, Philip H. Kass, and David J. Maggs. "Effects of feline herpesvirus type 1 on tear film break-up time, Schirmer tear test results, and conjunctival goblet cell density in experimentally infected cats." American Journal of Veterinary Research 70, no. 3 (March 2009): 394–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.70.3.394.

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Situ, Ping, Trefford Simpson, Renee Dutoit, and Desmond Fonn. "(CL-167)THE DETECTION OF CHANGE IN TESTS OF TEAR FILM BREAK-UP TIME (BUT) AND PHENOL RED THREAD TEST." Optometry and Vision Science 77, SUPPLEMENT (December 2000): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200012001-00438.

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Chhabra, Hema, Anita Gupta, and Gursatinder Singh. "A comparative study of benzalkonium chloride-free latanoprost versus benzalkonium chloride-preserved latanoprost on ocular surface health in patients of primary open angle glaucoma." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 5 (April 24, 2017): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20171660.

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Background: Prolonged use of anti-glaucoma therapy leads to development of ocular surface disease (OSD). The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of Benzalkonium chloride (BKC)-free latanoprost and Benzalkonium chloride (BKC)-preserved latanoprost on ocular surface health in patients of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).Methods: This was a prospective, open-label, randomized, interventional, switch trial. 30 established cases of POAG who were already on BKC-preserved latanoprost for atleast more than three months were enrolled. Their Schirmer test and Tear film break-up time (TBUT) were recorded at the baseline. They were required to answer an ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire from which an OSDI score was calculated. They were switched to BKC-free latanoprost for another three months. On their follow-up visit at 6 weeks and 12 weeks, Schirmer test and Tear film break up time were performed again and OSDI score was calculated.Results: Schirmer test increased from 6.73±3.77 mm at baseline to 9.53±3.67 mm at 6 weeks and 11.97±3.53 mm at 12 weeks (p=0.001). Mean TBUT improved significantly from 6.77±3.82 seconds at baseline to 8.63±3.91 seconds at 6 weeks to 10.47±3.76 seconds at 12 weeks (p=0.001). OSDI score decreased from 31.55±23.32 at baseline to 23.42±21.93 at 6 weeks to 15.82±20.10 at 12 weeks (p=0.001).Conclusions: BKC-free latanoprost led to improvement in tear film status or ocular surface health of glaucoma patients as compared to BKC-preserved latanoprost.

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Shen, Guanglin, and Xiaoping Ma. "High Levels of 17β-Estradiol Are Associated with Increased Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and Metalloproteinase-9 Activity in Tears of Postmenopausal Women with Dry Eye." Journal of Ophthalmology 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2415867.

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Purpose. To determine the serum levels of sex steroids and tear matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9 concentrations in postmenopausal women with dry eye.Methods. Forty-four postmenopausal women with dry eye and 22 asymptomatic controls were enrolled. Blood was drawn and analyzed for serum levels of sex steroids and lipids. Then, the following tests were performed: tear collection, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, fluorescein tear film break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining, Schirmer test, and conjunctival impression cytology. The conjunctival mRNA expression and tear concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured.Results. Serum 17β-estradiol levels were significantly higher in the dry eye subjects than in the controls (P=0.03), whereas there were no significant differences in levels of testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and progesterone. Tear MMP-2 and MMP-9 concentrations (P<0.001), as well as the MMP-9 mRNA expression in conjunctival samples (P=0.02), were significantly higher in dry eye subjects than in controls. Serum 17β-estradiol levels were positively correlated with tear MMP-2 and MMP-9 concentrations and negatively correlated with Schirmer test values.Conclusions. High levels of 17β-estradiol are associated with increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 activity in tears of postmenopausal women with dry eye.

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Shrestha, GS, D. Sujakhu, JB Shrestha, and JK Shrestha. "Tear Film Evaluation in Contact Lens Wearers and Non Wearers." Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal 34, no. 2 (October 29, 2013): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiom.v34i2.9045.

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Background: Dry eye symptoms are more frequent in contact lens wearers than in non wearers. Dry eye is considered relatively common in contact lens wearers than non-wearers. However, there was no any report in our clinical setting that compared and addressed the issue related to dry eye and its symptom in contact lens wearers. The present study was conducted to compare pre-ocular tear lm in contact lens wearers (CLW) and contact lens non wearers (CLNW), and evaluate the relationship between clinical and subjective assessment of dry eye symptoms. Methods: It was a comparative study conducted among 131 subjects (262 eyes) attended in the contact lens clinic at BP Koirala Lions Center for the Ophthalmic Studies. Sixty five were daily soft contact lens wearers; sixty-six were non wearers. Tear function assessment included non- invasive tear break up time, invasive tear break up time, tear prism height and Schirmer II test. Subjective assessment of dry eye symptoms was carried out using McMonnies questionnaires. Results: Mean age of CLNW was 23.01± 5.53 and CLW was 23.6± 4.61. Female (89 subjects) visited more than male (42 subjects) in contact lens clinic. Mean symptom score in CLW was significantly higher than CLNW (p<0.001). But, distribution of symptomatology was not significantly different in both groups. Symptomatic subjects were elder (p<0.001) and female (p<0.05) in CLNW and only elder subjects in CLW. Tear function tests were significantly lower in symptomatic subjects in CLW and CLNW; Overall tear function test scores were also lower in CLW than CLNW. Tear function tests scores were insignificantly different in male and female. Coefficient of correlation was positive and weak for all tear function tests scores. Conclusions: Though, tear function tests scores were reduced in CLW than CLNW, dry eye symptomatology was almost similar. Subjective assessment of symptoms is as important as clinical tests. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joim.v34i2.9044 Journal of Institute of Medicine August, 2012; 34:2 14-20

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Safonova, Tatyana N., Olga V. Gladkova, Ivan A. Novikov, and Vasil I. Boev. "A new method for treatment severe forms of dry keratoconjunctivitis (preliminary results)." Ophthalmology journal 10, no. 3 (September 15, 2017): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ov10353-59.

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The aim is to improve the treatment method of severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) forms using designed soft contact lenses (SCL). Material and methods. An original SCL of silicone hydrogel material with individual optical power, consisting of a non-through depot filled with 0.05% Cyclosporin A (CyA) was designed. The therapeutic CyA saturated SCL was used in 5 patients (1 male and 4 females; 7 eyes) aged from 34 to 66 years, with severe KCS, who were constantly wearing them for 7-14 days. Patients additionally instilled hyaluronic acid containing non-preserved artificial tears up to 6 times a day. Standard ophthalmic examination, Schirmer test, tear break-up-time test, tests using vital dyes (assessed using the Oxford scale), tear osmolarity measurements (TearLab System, USA), tear pH measurement by a highly sensitive litmus test, conjunctival culture, measurement of the interpalpebral fissure width were carried out, the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) was determined. Treatment results were assessed in 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months since the SCL wear start. Results. The use of therapeutic CyA saturated SCL allows to achieve complete corneal epithelization, and helps to reduce inflammation within the time from 1 week up to 1 month, significantly reducing the treatment timeframe of severe forms of KSC in comparison to standard therapy. Conclusion. The developed treatment method for severe forms of the KCS consists in using specifically designed therapeutic SCL which provides an even CyA 0.05% release on the ocular surface, while instilling non-preserved artificial tears. Preliminary results show a high efficacy of this method in terms of reducing corneal epithelization time up to 1 week-1 month and resolving inflammation on the ocular surface. (For citation: Safonova TN, Gladkov OV, Novikov IA, Boev VI. A new method for treatment severe forms of dry keratoconjunctivitis (preliminary results). Ophthalmology Journal. 2017;10(3):53-59. doi: 10.17816/OV10353-59).

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Ling, Tan Ee, Khairuddin Othman, Ong Poh Yan, Rasdi Abdul Rashid, Cheong Min Tet, Azhany Yaakob, and Liza-Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin. "Evaluation of Ocular Surface Disease in Asian Patients with Primary Angle Closure." Open Ophthalmology Journal 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874364101711010031.

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Objective:To evaluate the incidence of ocular surface disease (OSD) and to determine the effects of topical pressure-lowering drugs on ocular surface disease in primary angle closure patients.Methods:This was a cross-sectional comparative study comparing primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) patients (Group A) with primary angle closure and primary angle closure suspect (Group B). Group A was treated with topical pressure-lowering drugs; Group B was not. Data on ocular diagnosis and details of treatment were obtained from medical records. Ocular surface disease incidence was assessed using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire and from clinical signs using Schirmer’s test, tear break-up time and corneal fluorescein stain. Predictive Analytic Software 20 and STATA analysis software were used for statistical analyses.Results:Group A demonstrated a higher rate of OSD (OSDI 52.3%, Schirmer’s test 70.5%, tear break-up time (TBUT) 75%, corneal staining 77.3%) compared to Group B (OSDI 39.0%, Schirmer’s test 73.2%, TBUT 58.5% and cornea staining 14.6%) except for Schirmer’s test. There was a significant difference in mean score of OSDI (p=0.004), TBUT (p=0.008) and cornea staining (p<0.001) between two groups. Primary angle closure glaucoma treated with more than two medications and for more than three years had worse ocular surface disease parameters but without statistical significant difference.Conclusion:Ocular surface disease is common in PACG patients treated with topical pressure-lowering drugs. Topical pressure-lowering drugs caused significant OSD symptoms and signs except for tear production in PACG patients. Thorough evaluation of ocular surface disease is important to ensure appropriate treatment and intervention in PACG patients.

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Yang, Lei, Zongguo Yang, Hong Yu, and Hui Song. "Acupuncture Therapy Is More Effective Than Artificial Tears for Dry Eye Syndrome: Evidence Based on a Meta-Analysis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/143858.

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Background. The efficacy of acupuncture in dry eye syndrome patients remains controversial.Methods. Pubmed, Ovid, Cochrane libraries, CNKI, Wanfang, and CQVIP databases were electronically searched until October 1, 2014. Outcomes including tear break-up time (BUT), Schirmer I test (SIT), and cornea fluorescein staining (CFS) were analyzed. A meta-analysis was performed using both fixed- and random-effects models based on heterogeneity across studies.Results. Seven studies were included in this study; 198 and 185 patients were randomly treated with acupuncture and artificial tears, respectively. The overall BUT of patients in acupuncture group was significantly longer than that of the artificial tears group after treatment (P<0.00001). The SIT was significantly higher in the acupuncture group than that in the artificial tears group after treatment (P=0.001). The CFS of patients in acupuncture group was significantly improved compared to that in artificial group (P<0.0001).Conclusions. Acupuncture therapy is effective for the dry eye patients, partly better than artificial tear treatment.

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Garhöfer, Gerhard, Valentin Aranha Dos Santos, Hannes Stegmann, Doreen Schmidl, Narine Adzhemian, René M. Werkmeister, and Leopold Schmetterer. "The Association between Tear Film Thickness as Measured with OCT and Symptoms and Signs of Dry Eye Disease: A Pooled Analysis of 6 Clinical Trials." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 3791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113791.

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Purpose: To determine the association between tear film thickness (TFT) as measured with ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT) and signs and symptoms of dry eye disease (DED). Methods: A total of 450 eyes from 225 patients with DED from six different randomized clinical trials were included in this pooled analysis. In all subjects, TFT was measured with a custom-built UHR-OCT system. Symptoms of DED were quantified using a standardized Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSD)I questionnaire and clinical signs including tear film break up time (TFBUT) and Schirmer I test were assessed. Associations of the average TFT with OSDI, TFBUT, and Schirmer I test were calculated using a linear regression analysis. Results: The average TFT of the included sample (mean age, 45.0 ± 13.3 years; 65% female) was 4.2 ± 0.5 µm and the OSDI 36.2 ± 10.4. A significant negative correlation was found between TFT and OSDI (r = −0.36 to −0.31; p < 0.001). Tear break up time and Schirmer I test were not correlated with OSDI. Significant albeit weak correlations were found between TFT and TFBUT (r = 0.17 to 0.25; p < 0.01) as well as Schirmer I (r = 0.36 to 0.37; p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that the correlation was stronger in the subjects with abnormal Schirmer I (<15 mm; r = 0.50 to 0.54; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The present study demonstrates an objective measurement of TFT using a novel OCT approach for DED that correlates with symptoms and signs of DED. Our data are consistent with the idea that TFT represents the aqueous-deficient component of DED.

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Zulkarnain, Bambang Subakti, Rozalina Loebis, and Toetik Aryani. "Sodium Hyaluronate Eye Drops for College Students with Computer Vision Syndrome in Indonesia." Folia Medica Indonesiana 58, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v58i4.6704.

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Highlight: Computer vision syndrome (CVS) that causes dry eyes becomes a health problem for college students. Sodium hyaluronate eyedrops can be used as one of the CVS therapy strategies for students suffering from CVS. Abstract: The use of computers and mobile devices is increasing. Computers and mobile devices help our daily work or study. However, prolonged use of them may cause computer vision syndrome (CVS). Nowadays, CVS becomes a health problem for everyone working with computers or mobile devices including college students because it causes dry eyes. It may disrupt reading, doing professional work, or using a computer which is important for college students to complete academic tasks. Sodium hyaluronate can be used to overcome the dry eye problem due to CVS. To assess the effectiveness of sodium hyaluronate eyedrops on students suffering from CVS, pre- and post-administration of sodium hyaluronate was measured for two weeks. Inclusion criteria for this study were college students aged 20-35 years, using a computer for >2 hours a day, not using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), not consuming drugs, or having a disease that affects tear production and bearing no pregnancy. Parameters assessed include tear break-up time using the Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT) test, tear production using the Schirmer I test, the number of clinically subjective symptoms, and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores. Data were analyzed using student paired t-tests or Wilcoxon Rank Test. There were statistically significant differences before and after the TBUT (4.4 vs 6.7 seconds; p<0.0001); the Schirmer I Test (4 vs 6 mm; p<0.05), and the number of clinically subjective symptoms (3 vs 0 clinically subjective symptoms; p<0.0001). The OSDI scores did not show statistical differences before and after administration of sodium hyaluronate (27 vs 21; p>0.05), but there was a positive impact from moderate to mild dry eye. Sodium hyaluronate eyedrops can be used as one of the CVS therapy strategies for students suffering from CVS.

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Antony Cruse, Jayakumar, Samuel Livingstone Kumaran, and Tamilselvan Pachiyappan. "Comparative study of tear film evaluation among healthy pregnant women and gestational diabetes: a cross-sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220702.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the risk factors for dry eye. This study aimed to estimate the characteristics of tear film by measuring the tear secretion, tear evaporation rate, conjunctival impression cytology and also ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scoring through a questionnaire for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and healthy pregnant women (HPW).Methods: Total of 40 subjects which included 20 subjects who were HPW in group-1 and 20 subjects who were GDM in group-2. After examining their ocular status, the subjects were initially administered with OSDI questionnaire followed by dry eye evaluation procedures such as non-invasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), Schirmer’s 1 and 2, tear film break up time (TBUT) and conjunctival impression cytology (CIC).Results: The gathered data was checked for normality. Mean and standard deviation was compiled for each parameter for their respective groups. A statistical comparison with independent t test was performed between the groups which compared OSDI scores, NIBUT, Schirmer’s 1 and 2, TBUT and CIC for both HPW and GDM group women. Statistically significant difference (p<0.01) was observed with OSDI scores, Schirmer's test 2, TBUT and NIBUT whereas Schirmer's test 1 and CIC were not statistically significant (p>0.01). OSDI scores represented mild symptoms for GDM women.Conclusions: Tear film of GDM women was affected more than HPW suggesting evaporative dry eye. Assessing tear film as a part of routine eye examination for women with GDM is essential to avoid the occurrence of complications due to tear film abnormalities.

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Roberts, Michael, Sarah Sutherland, and Thomas Karkkainen. "A COMPARISON OF TEAR BREAK-UP TIMES DETERMINED BY THE DRY EYE TEST® (DET) AND STANDARD SODIUM FLUORESCEIN." Optometry and Vision Science 79, Supplement (December 2002): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-200212001-00151.

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Doğan, Emine, Burçin Köklü Çakır, Nilgün Özkan Aksoy, Erkan Celik, and Ünal Erkorkmaz. "Effects of topical antiglaucomatous medications on central corneal epithelial thickness by anterior segment optical coherence tomography." European Journal of Ophthalmology 30, no. 6 (January 21, 2020): 1519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672120901698.

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Purpose: To evaluate the effect of topical antiglaucomatous medications on central corneal epithelial thickness measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Materials and methods: A total of 153 eyes of 153 patients using topical antiglaucomatous medications and 110 eyes of 110 control subjects were enrolled. Glaucoma type, duration of therapy, the number of drugs, and drops/day were noted in the patient group. Patients and control subjects underwent ocular examinations including Schirmer test, slit lamp examination for tear film break-up time, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography for central corneal thickness and central corneal epithelial thickness. Central corneal epithelial thickness and other data were evaluated separately with regard to glaucoma type, duration of therapy, the number of drops, and drugs in the patient group. Results: The mean ages of the patients and controls were 60.1 ± 10.8 and 58.7 ± 11.2 years, respectively. The groups were similar with regard to mean age and gender (p = 0.058, p = 0.734, respectively). The median (interquartile range) central corneal thickness was 536 (54) µm in patients and 552 (53) µm in controls (p = 0.011). The median (interquartile range) central corneal epithelial thickness of patients and controls were 56 (4) µm and 60 (8) µm, respectively (p < 0.001). The median (interquartile range) tear film break-up time and Schirmer were 12 (6) s and 10 (8) mm in patients and 16 (2) s and 18 (4) mm in controls, respectively (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). In patient group, there was no significant difference in the median central corneal thickness, central corneal epithelial thickness, and tear film break-up time in terms of glaucoma type, duration of therapy, the number of drugs, and the number of daily drops. Only the median Schirmer test was found to be statistically lower in terms of number of daily eye drops (p = 0.039). Conclusion: Using topical antiglaucomatous medications seems to affect the central corneal epithelial thickness in glaucoma patients. Central corneal epithelial thickness was thinner in glaucoma patients than controls. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography might be helpful to evaluate the effect of antiglaucomatous medications on central corneal epithelial thickness during treatment.

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Arman, Ayşegül, D. Deniz Demirseren, and Gulsen Akoglu. "Tolerance to Systemic Isotretinoin Therapy in Two Patients Using Highly Wettable Contact Lenses." Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/452462.

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Purpose.Numerous ocular side effects have been reported with the use of systemic isotretinoin therapy. Herein, we presented two contact lens user patients who did not have contact lens intolerance during systemic isotretinoin therapy.Methods.25-year-old male and 20-year-old female patients with severe acne vulgaris who were using highly wettable silicone hydrogel contact lenses which increase tear film stability were examined. Tear film function tests including Schirmer tests and tear break up time (TBUT) test and ocular surface staining with fluorescein were done. Subjective ocular complaints were scored with ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire. Patients were followed up monthly and examinations were repeated at each visit.Results.Both patients completed the therapy after a cumulative dose of 140 mg/kg isotretinoin in 6 months. The OSDI score and tear film function tests before and after treatment were all within normal limits.Discussion.Highly wettable contact lenses that provide increase in the tear film stability may be used during systemic retinoid therapy under close followups. Although isotretinoin affects ocular glands, the differences between tolerances to this retinoid therapy need to be investigated in larger patient groups using contact lenses.

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Hao, Ran, and Xue-Min Li. "Leptin’s concentration in tears and dry eye: a clinical observational study." International Journal of Ophthalmology 14, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2021.01.12.

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AIM: To investigate the concentration of leptin in tears and its correlation with dry eye symptoms and signs. METHODS: The study enrolled individuals (n=39) responding to an advertising or dry eye patients (n=58) from the Ophthalmology Department. Tear samples were collected for leptin concentration measuring. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), tear meniscus height (TMH), tear break up time (TBUT), cornea fluorescein staining, Schirmer test (ST) and impression cytology (IC) were assessed. Leptin concentration in tears of dry eye patients and healthy controls, and its correlation with clinical features of dry eye disease (DED) were analyzed. RESULTS: Age, body mass index (BMI), OSDI scores and cornea fluorescein staining scores showed a negative correlation with leptin concentration in tears (r=-0.340, P=0.001; r=-0.332, P=0.001; r=-0.258, P=0.011; r=-0.424, P<0.001, respectively). ST showed positive correlation with leptin concentration in tears (r=0.206, P=0.045). No significant difference was observed in leptin concentration between dry eye patients and controls (P=0.682). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that dry eye, OSDI, corneal fluorescein staining scores and ST correlated with leptin concentration in tears. CONCLUSION: This is the first study measuring leptin concentration in tears. The correlation between leptin concentration and DED symptoms and signs reveal that leptin level correlated with the dry eye, potentially contributing to repair of ocular damage and dry eye improvement.

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Anang Tribowo, Alie Solahuddin, Lady Kavotiner, Theodorus, and Vidya Hestika. "Ferning, Schimer I and Tear Break Up Time (TBUT) Accuracy Test in Post-Operative Cataract Patient with Extra Capsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE) Technique." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 5, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v5i2.219.

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A B S T R A C TObjective: To determine the accuracy of the Ferning, Schimer I and TBUT test incataract patients after cataract surgery with the ECCE technique at the EyePolyclinic at Mohammad Hoesin Hospital Palembang and the Special Eye HospitalPalembang Methods: Diagnostic test was undertaken at the Eye Polyclinic atMohammad Hoesin Hospital Palembang and the Special Eye Hospital Palembangfrom May 2019 to January 2020. There were 42 postoperative cataract patients whomet the inclusion criteria. Ferning, Schimer I and TBUT tests were performed beforesurgery and one month after surgery. Data analysis using SPSS version 22.0 (SPSS,Inc Chicago, Illinois). Results: Fourty two samples of postoperative cataract surgerywith ECCE technique obtained by female sex (57,1%) with a mean age of cataractpatients of approximately 58.09 years. The accuracy of Schimer I and TBUT is 0.952with 100% sensitivity, 50% specificity, 95% positive predictive value (PPV) and 100%negative predictive value (NPV), the accuracy of TBUT and Ferning is 0.881 with90.2% sensitivity, 0% specificity , positive predictive value (PPV) 97.4% and negativepredictive value (NPV) 0% while the accuracy of Ferning and Schimer I was 0.928with a sensitivity of 97.5%, specificity of 0%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 95.1%and negative predictive value (NPV) 0%. Conclusion: Schimer I test is more accurateto use as a predictor of dry eye in postoperative cataract patients than Ferning andTBUT

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Basnet, Anjila, Pragya Basnet, Poojyashree Karki, and Shriraj Shrestha. "Computer Vision Syndrome Prevalence and Associated Factors Among the Medical Student in Kist Medical College." Nepalese Medical Journal 1, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmj.v1i1.20396.

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Introduction: Computers and other visual display terminals are now an essential part of our daily life. In the present era, use of computer has increased many folds, and its use has been associated with increased health risks, especially eyes.Materials and Methods: This hospital-based prospective, observational, descriptive study. “Specific Computer Users Questionnaire’’regarding the visual symptoms was put used. Schirmer’s test –I, and Tear film break up time were evaluated in all students.Results: Among 100 medical students 74% of the medical students sampled who used to spend 2 hours or more on their digital screens on a daily basis were complaining of one or more of CVS manifestation. Eye strain, burning eyes, neck, shoulder, or back pain, dryness, irritation and redness of eyes, headaches during or after working on computer and overall body fatigue were recorded in 89%,87%,78%,77%,71%and 68% respectively. Dry eye was associated with CVS in 58 % in right eye and 55% in left eye according to-Tear film break up time measurement whereas 59 % students have dry eye in right eye and 57% students have dry eye in left eye according to Schirmer’s test – I measurement.Conclusions: Symptoms of CVS increase with increased duration of working on digital screens for 2 hours or more. The factors associated with the severity of CVS were hours of digital screens use per day and dry eye..Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, Page: 29-31

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Di Cello, Luca, Marco Pellegrini, Aldo Vagge, Massimiliano Borselli, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Vincenzo Scorcia, Carlo E. Traverso, and Giuseppe Giannaccare. "Advances in the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 5, 2021): 10384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110384.

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Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease that represents one of the most common ophthalmologic conditions encountered in everyday clinical practice. Traditional diagnostic tests for DED, such as subjective questionnaires, tear film break-up time and the Schirmer test, are often associated with poor reproducibility and reliability, which make the diagnosis, follow-up, and management of the disease challenging. New advances in imaging technologies enable objective and reproducible measurements of DED parameters, thus making the diagnosis a multimodal imaging-based process. The aim of this review is to summarize all the current and emerging diagnostic tools available for the diagnosis and monitoring of DED, such as non-invasive tear breakup time, thermography, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, meibography, interferometry, in vivo confocal microscopy, and optical quality assessment. Although there is not a gold standard imaging technique, new multi-imaging-integrated devices are precious instruments to help clinicians to better cope with the diagnostic complexity of DED.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tear Break Up Time test'

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