To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Team Work Context Scale.
Books on the topic 'Team Work Context Scale'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 44 books for your research on the topic 'Team Work Context Scale.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Cooperative learning in context: An educational innovation in everyday classrooms. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999.
Find full text
2
Palmisano, Michael J. Taking inquiry to scale: An alternative to traditional approaches to education reform. Urbana, Illinois: National Council of Teachers of English, 2013.
Find full text
3
Kelly, Des. Making national vocational qualifications work for social care: Can there be a context-sensitive approach to national vocational qualifications? : a report of a study to investigate the potential role of first line managers as assessors of staff competencies within an NVQ framework, and to examine their training needs. London: National Institute for Social Work, 1990.
Find full text
4
Bagdasaryan, Vardan. Leadership. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1086964.
Full textAbstract:
The study of the course "Leadership" is associated with an increasing demand for the formation and disclosure of human leadership potentials. The presented textbook allows you to carry out this work in a targeted way. It summarizes and systematizes the world experience in the development of the theory and practice of leadership, discusses the classification of types of leaders, issues of practical use in leadership scenarios of personal qualities of a person, and offers a methodology for developing team strategies and team building. The distinctive features of the proposed program are its adaptability to the socio-cultural context of Russian society and its strong connection with the task of training the future generation of leaders in the interests of the Russian state. Each of the sections of the textbook is accompanied by practical tasks, the solution of which develops the skills of self-knowledge of a person in the perspective of developing leadership potentials and understanding the variability of leadership strategies. It is focused primarily on the preparation of bachelors studying in pedagogical areas of training, but it can also serve as a basic source for training in the course "Leadership" within the framework of a bachelor's degree in the humanities and the direction of social sciences.
5
Baldacchino, G. Global Tourism and Informal LAbour Relations: The Small Scale Syndrome at Work (Employment and Work Relations in Context). Routledge, 2006.
Find full text
6
Joshi, Aparna, and Hyuntak Roh. Understanding How Context Shapes Team Diversity Outcomes. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0012.
Full textAbstract:
The study of diversity context offers many opportunities and also represents many challenges. In this chapter we present a research agenda that exploits some opportunities and attempts to overcome the challenges in conducting contextualized diversity research. We offer a tripartite definition of diversity context comprising its structural, relational, and normative components, and discuss a theoretical framework for identifying the effect of context on categorization and elaboration-based processes within work teams. We conclude by suggesting directions for future research that we hope will be a road map for future research in this area.
7
Dvinyatina, Tatiana M. I.A. Bunin and his time: Context of Life — History of Work. Edited by Sergey N. Morozov. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/ab-978-5-9208-0675-8.
Full textAbstract:
The collection is based on the materials of two anniversary international scientific conferences dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the birth of Ivan Bunin and held at IMLI RAS and IRLI RAS. The collection also holds publications of new archival materials, as well as translations of foreign articles about Ivan Bunin. Some illustrations from the collection have never been pubished before. The present collection is the next stage a large-scale preparation for starting the edition of the academic Complete collection of the writer’s works.
8
Reiter-Palmon, Roni, and Mackenzie Harms. Team Creativity and Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222093.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
For the past two decades, creativity and innovation have been viewed by researchers as critical to organizational success and survival. Understanding the factors that facilitate or inhibit creativity and innovation at the individual level has been the focus of much of the research in the area. In recent years, research in organizational psychology and management has focused on understanding creativity and innovation in teams. However, while earlier work on teams and creativity focused on the team as a context variable, and individual creativity as the outcome, more recent research emphasizes creativity as the outcome. This chapter provides an overview of the state of research and practice as it relates to team creativity and innovation in organizations.
9
Stroeher, Vicki P., and Justin Vickers, eds. Benjamin Britten in Context. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108634878.
Full textAbstract:
Benjamin Britten, pianist, conductor, educator, composer of a wide range of music from large-scale operas and choral works to string quartets and songs, is acknowledged as a pivotal figure in mid-twentieth-century Britain. This volume explores the contexts for his multi-faceted career and his engagement with his contemporaries in music, art, literature, and film, British musical institutions, royal and governmental entities, and the church, as well as his ground-breaking projects, philosophical and ideological tenets. The book is thematically structured in five parts: Britten's relationships with Peter Pears, his close friends, mentors, and colleagues; musical life in Britain; his interactions with previous and contemporary generations of composers; his professional work with choreographers, librettists, stage designers, and directors; and his socio-cultural, religious, and political environment. The chapters shed light on the many opportunities and challenges of post-war British musical life that shaped Britten's creative output.
10
Daly, Tamara J., and Ruth Lowndes. Feminist Political Economy and Flexible Team Interviewing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862268.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores how we approached and conducted creative team interviewing during this multiyear ethnographic study of long-term care homes. We discuss interviewing from the theoretical standpoint of feminist political economy and feminist and interpretive interviewing. We outline our creative team interviewing method, as well as identify examples of what worked well and the relational, spatial, and temporal challenges we addressed. The chapter’s final section offers critical reflections on our contributions to creative team interviewing. Specifically, an explicitly feminist orientation in our research enabled us to use interviewing to pay attention to the everyday realities of the work and care in long-term care settings. Feminist political economy enabled us to see and hear experiences from nursing homes in context and in relation to others who live, work, and visit.
11
Kenealy, Daniel, John Peterson, and Richard Corbett, eds. The European Union: How does it work? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198807490.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The European Union: How Does It Work? is a perfect first introduction to the European Union, providing concise, accessible coverage of all the main actors, policies, and developments in the EU. An expert team of leading scholars and practitioners cuts through the complexity to explain clearly how the EU works in theory and practice. The book equips readers with the knowledge and skills required to master the subject. Throughout the text engaging and innovative features such as ‘How it really works’ and ‘Compared to what?’ boxes support the analysis, helping readers to think broadly and critically about the reality of EU politics and policy-making. This edition reflects the ongoing changes in the European Union in the aftermath of the Eurozone crisis, and also the changing global context in which the EU operates. In addition, it features a discussion of the topical debate about the United Kingdom’s decision to leave the EU.
12
Lever, John, and Johan Fischer. Religion, regulation, consumption. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526103642.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book explores the emergence and expansion of global kosher and halal markets with a particular focus on the UK and Denmark. Kosher is a Hebrew term meaning “fit” or “proper” while halal is an Arabic word that literally means “permissible” or “lawful”. This is the first book of its kind to explore kosher and halal comparatively at different levels of the social scale such as individual consumption, the marketplace, religious organisations and the state. Within the last two decades or so, kosher and halal markets have become global in scope and states, manufacturers, restaurants, shops, certifiers and consumers around the world are faced with ever stricter and more complex kosher and halal requirements. The book is based on extended periods of research carried out in the UK and Denmark where kosher and halal are of particular significance. The research question in this book is: What are the consequences of globalising kosher and halal markets? This book argues that the similarities and differences between kosher and halal consumption, production and regulation in different national contexts are not well understood. We further argue that to better understand global kosher and halal markets these should be explored at different levels of the social scale. The book will be appropriate for students in a variety of upper-level undergraduate courses and graduate seminars as well as academics of food (science), sociology/anthropology, religion, globalisation, politics, economics, business/management as well as companies that are or want to be kosher/halal certified. It will also be of interest to religious organisations and policy makers.
13
Brint, Steven, and Jerome Karabel. The Diverted Dream. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195048155.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
In the twentieth century, Americans have increasingly looked to the schools--and, in particular, to the nation's colleges and universities--as guardians of the cherished national ideal of equality of opportunity. With the best jobs increasingly monopolized by those with higher education, the opportunity to attend college has become an integral part of the American dream of upward mobility. The two-year college--which now enrolls more than four million students in over 900 institutions--is a central expression of this dream, and its invention at the turn of the century constituted one of the great innovations in the history of American education. By offering students of limited means the opportunity to start higher education at home and to later transfer to a four-year institution, the two-year school provided a major new pathway to a college diploma--and to the nation's growing professional and managerial classes. But in the past two decades, the community college has undergone a profound change, shifting its emphasis from liberal-arts transfer courses to terminal vocational programs. Drawing on developments nationwide as well as in the specific case of Massachusetts, Steven Brint and Jerome Karabel offer a history of community colleges in America, explaining why this shift has occurred after years of student resistance and examining its implications for upward mobility. As the authors argue in this exhaustively researched and pioneering study, the junior college has always faced the contradictory task of extending a college education to the hitherto excluded, while diverting the majority of them from the nation's four-year colleges and universities. Very early on, two-year college administrators perceived vocational training for "semi-professional" work as their and their students' most secure long-term niche in the educational hierarchy. With two thirds of all community college students enrolled in vocational programs, the authors contend that the dream of education as a route to upward mobility, as well as the ideal of equal educational opportunity for all, are seriously threatened. With the growing public debate about the state of American higher education and with more than half of all first-time degree-credit students now enrolled in community colleges, a full-scale, historically grounded examination of their place in American life is long overdue. This landmark study provides such an examination, and in so doing, casts critical light on what is distinctive not only about American education, but American society itself.
14
Sobczyk, Eugeniusz Jacek. Uciążliwość eksploatacji złóż węgla kamiennego wynikająca z warunków geologicznych i górniczych. Instytut Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33223/onermin/0222.
Full textAbstract:
Hard coal mining is characterised by features that pose numerous challenges to its current operations and cause strategic and operational problems in planning its development. The most important of these include the high capital intensity of mining investment projects and the dynamically changing environment in which the sector operates, while the long-term role of the sector is dependent on factors originating at both national and international level. At the same time, the conditions for coal mining are deteriorating, the resources more readily available in active mines are being exhausted, mining depths are increasing, temperature levels in pits are rising, transport routes for staff and materials are getting longer, effective working time is decreasing, natural hazards are increasing, and seams with an increasing content of waste rock are being mined. The mining industry is currently in a very difficult situation, both in technical (mining) and economic terms. It cannot be ignored, however, that the difficult financial situation of Polish mining companies is largely exacerbated by their high operating costs. The cost of obtaining coal and its price are two key elements that determine the level of efficiency of Polish mines. This situation could be improved by streamlining the planning processes. This would involve striving for production planning that is as predictable as possible and, on the other hand, economically efficient. In this respect, it is helpful to plan the production from operating longwalls with full awareness of the complexity of geological and mining conditions and the resulting economic consequences. The constraints on increasing the efficiency of the mining process are due to the technical potential of the mining process, organisational factors and, above all, geological and mining conditions. The main objective of the monograph is to identify relations between geological and mining parameters and the level of longwall mining costs, and their daily output. In view of the above, it was assumed that it was possible to present the relationship between the costs of longwall mining and the daily coal output from a longwall as a function of onerous geological and mining factors. The monograph presents two models of onerous geological and mining conditions, including natural hazards, deposit (seam) parameters, mining (technical) parameters and environmental factors. The models were used to calculate two onerousness indicators, Wue and WUt, which synthetically define the level of impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in relation to: —— operating costs at longwall faces – indicator WUe, —— daily longwall mining output – indicator WUt. In the next research step, the analysis of direct relationships of selected geological and mining factors with longwall costs and the mining output level was conducted. For this purpose, two statistical models were built for the following dependent variables: unit operating cost (Model 1) and daily longwall mining output (Model 2). The models served two additional sub-objectives: interpretation of the influence of independent variables on dependent variables and point forecasting. The models were also used for forecasting purposes. Statistical models were built on the basis of historical production results of selected seven Polish mines. On the basis of variability of geological and mining conditions at 120 longwalls, the influence of individual parameters on longwall mining between 2010 and 2019 was determined. The identified relationships made it possible to formulate numerical forecast of unit production cost and daily longwall mining output in relation to the level of expected onerousness. The projection period was assumed to be 2020–2030. On this basis, an opinion was formulated on the forecast of the expected unit production costs and the output of the 259 longwalls planned to be mined at these mines. A procedure scheme was developed using the following methods: 1) Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) – mathematical multi-criteria decision-making method, 2) comparative multivariate analysis, 3) regression analysis, 4) Monte Carlo simulation. The utilitarian purpose of the monograph is to provide the research community with the concept of building models that can be used to solve real decision-making problems during longwall planning in hard coal mines. The layout of the monograph, consisting of an introduction, eight main sections and a conclusion, follows the objectives set out above. Section One presents the methodology used to assess the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is reviewed and basic definitions used in the following part of the paper are introduced. The section includes a description of AHP which was used in the presented analysis. Individual factors resulting from natural hazards, from the geological structure of the deposit (seam), from limitations caused by technical requirements, from the impact of mining on the environment, which affect the mining process, are described exhaustively in Section Two. Sections Three and Four present the construction of two hierarchical models of geological and mining conditions onerousness: the first in the context of extraction costs and the second in relation to daily longwall mining. The procedure for valuing the importance of their components by a group of experts (pairwise comparison of criteria and sub-criteria on the basis of Saaty’s 9-point comparison scale) is presented. The AHP method is very sensitive to even small changes in the value of the comparison matrix. In order to determine the stability of the valuation of both onerousness models, a sensitivity analysis was carried out, which is described in detail in Section Five. Section Six is devoted to the issue of constructing aggregate indices, WUe and WUt, which synthetically measure the impact of onerous geological and mining conditions on the mining process in individual longwalls and allow for a linear ordering of longwalls according to increasing levels of onerousness. Section Seven opens the research part of the work, which analyses the results of the developed models and indicators in individual mines. A detailed analysis is presented of the assessment of the impact of onerous mining conditions on mining costs in selected seams of the analysed mines, and in the case of the impact of onerous mining on daily longwall mining output, the variability of this process in individual fields (lots) of the mines is characterised. Section Eight presents the regression equations for the dependence of the costs and level of extraction on the aggregated onerousness indicators, WUe and WUt. The regression models f(KJC_N) and f(W) developed in this way are used to forecast the unit mining costs and daily output of the designed longwalls in the context of diversified geological and mining conditions. The use of regression models is of great practical importance. It makes it possible to approximate unit costs and daily output for newly designed longwall workings. The use of this knowledge may significantly improve the quality of planning processes and the effectiveness of the mining process.
15
Shalley, Christina E., Robert C. Litchfield, and Lucy L. Gilson. 20 Years Later. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222093.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
We review major findings relating the organizational context to team creativity, using Amabile and colleagues’ (1996) framework for assessing the work environment for creativity as a guide. We find that research addressing the organizational context remains relatively concentrated in a few areas, particularly resources and work group support, and that other areas such as autonomy and certain organizational impediments have received only sparse attention. We offer researchers both a primer on the more and less studied areas of organizational context for team creativity and suggest some expansion of the work environment framework. Specifically, we suggest the addition of social networks, based on current trends in the organizational creativity literature.
16
Zaccaro, Stephen J., Laura S. Fletcher, and Leslie A. DeChurch. Creativity and Innovation in Multiteam Systems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222093.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
In this chapter, we explore several dynamics associated with multiteam system (MTS) creativity and innovation. To develop successful creative solutions to large-scale problems, information and ideas often need to be shared not only with other individuals in a team but also among members from other teams. Within this MTS structure, diversity can also have an important influence on the resulting innovation. It can take many forms, including interorganizational differences; differences in work interdependence, goals, and goal structures; and various characteristics of the MTS component teams such as functional diversity, geographic dispersion, and national culture. Although MTSs often have traits that can lead to high creativity and innovation, their structures can also give rise to strong team differentiation, which can inhibit team creativity and innovation.
17
Chivers, Sally, and Derek Newman-Stille. Telling Stories. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862268.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explains how a literary lens facilitates thinking about how stories reveal context, assumptions, meaning, culture, ethical engagements, and complexity. It examines how stories are central not only to the content of our research but also to the process. The authors consider how team-based ethnographic researchers watch stories play out in the care home sites they visit and how individual researchers on the team tell stories to one another as a means of understanding data, building rapport, and coping with difficult material. Stories are part of what has helped the researchers to work creatively as a team. The chapter shows that stories bring authenticity to research, make it easier to communicate the data broadly, and engage the imagination in a manner that is critical to real social change.
18
O'Brien, Patrick Karl. Industrialization. Edited by Jerry H. Bentley. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.013.0018.
Full textAbstract:
Industrialization refers to an economic transformation that is recent and different in scale and scope from the mere making of artifacts and has involved the rapid rise in the significance of manufacturing in relation to all other forms of production and work undertaken within national economies. This article discusses the many facets of industrialization: industrialization as a historical process; the present tendencies and future trends in global diffusion; inter-sectoral connections; international relations and the global context; and industrialization on a global scale over the very long run. In the twenty-first century success seems to require new and different political and social capabilities that are already shifting the concentrations of industrial activity away from Europe and North America and back to Asia.
19
Davidson, Judith. Qualitative Research and Complex Teams. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648138.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Most qualitative research methodology texts are addressed to individual researchers working alone, whereas the majority of qualitative research today is probably conducted by complex teams. Team-based researchers recognize the work they are doing is complicated, difficult, and differs significantly from the single researcher working on a single project, but they have lacked information on how standard practices of the field are translated into group practice, particularly in the realm of writing, which is central to all qualitative research work. Bucking that trend, this text addresses the unique methodological needs of researchers who are conducting qualitative research as part of a complex team. This book is anchored in the belief that writing on team-based qualitative research has strong overlap with, and at the same time, vast differences from the writing that is produced by the single researcher working alone. The text provides background on the reasons behind the rise in complex team research and the ways qualitative researchers have attended to this change in context. There is detailed discussion of team basics, including: team formation, research design and project organization, and important ethical issues. The issues of both methodological and substantive writing are taken up in separate chapters. The book concludes with consideration of future trends and recommendations. Written with the detailed explanations that experienced qualitative researchers will be seeking, this text also covers important basics for those new to qualitative research, making it useful for both expert and novice.
20
Rogers, Bonnie. Clinical Occupational and Environmental Health Practice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter addresses elements of clinical occupational and environmental health practice. The chapter emphasizes the multidisciplinary approach and discusses the role of the occupational medicine physician and members of the occupational health and safety team, including the occupational health nurse, occupational and environmental hygienist, and safety specialist. Another section describes assessing work in the work environment in the context of responsibilities for clinicians and includes a brief discussion of ethical conflicts. Various types of occupational and environmental health clinical visits are described, including preplacement evaluations, drug testing evaluations, specific work approvals and work restrictions, and fitness for duty and return to work evaluations. Case examples are provided as they relate to workplace accommodations. In addition, the importance of case management is addressed relative to not only clinical care, but also returning the worker safely to the work environment.
21
Paletz, Susannah B. F., Ivica Pavisic, Ella Miron-Spektor, and Chun-Chi Lin. Diversity in Creative Teams. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455675.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter synthesizes literature on multidisciplinary and multicultural creative teams. We examine the main similarities and differences between cultural and disciplinary diversity; summarize the primary, relevant theories; describe the extant literature on the relationship between team diversity and creativity, information sharing, conflict, and other factors; and point out gaps in the literature and potential future work. Diversity can benefit creativity if the underlying breadth of perspectives is harnessed, but the relationship between diversity and creativity is a complex and heavily moderated one. This chapter integrates recent advances, such as multilevel theory, the importance of shared mental models, and different aspects of creativity. In addition, this chapter highlights the importance of faultlines, or when multiple types of diversity align within the same team. Future research should take a broader systems perspective, examining factors such as type and degree of diversity, context of the team, and time/group development, among other variables.
22
Estrin, Saul, Klaus E. Meyer, and Maria Bytchkova. Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies. Edited by Anuradha Basu, Mark Casson, Nigel Wadeson, and Bernard Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546992.003.0027.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines the opportunities and constraints for entrepreneurship offered by the evolving institutional environment and the characteristics of the people who stepped up to the challenge. It places the concept of entrepreneurship in a transition context, before identifying in the third section the unique features of entrepreneurship in transition economies. The article discusses the evolving business environment, and reports the scale and nature of entrepreneurship in transition economies. The personal characteristics and the business strategies of entrepreneurs in transition economies are also discussed. The article concludes by outlining directions for future work.
23
Sueli da Rocha, Cláudia, Luiz Sérgio Silva, and Jandira Maciel da Silva. Experiences of workers at the legal medical institute of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, facing the mass disaster: Dam failure. Ludomedia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.13.2022.e730.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: The mass disaster of the B1 dam failure of the Córrego do Feijão Mine, in Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil, on January 25, 2019, resulted in environmental destruction, suffering and deaths. Objective: discuss the performance of professionals from the Legal Medical Institute of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, in the face of technical-scientific expertise in fatal victims and in the care of their families, caused by the event. Method: A qualitative-quantitative, descriptive-explanatory study was carried out, whose instruments were questionnaires, structured and semi-structured, applied to the institution's workers, which addressed sociodemographic aspects, personal and structural difficulties in carrying out the work and their perception in this specific work. Results: The research results suggest that the composition and performance of the qualified multidisciplinary team were essential for the success of the work, observing difficulties in relation to physical space, personnel and equipment. The work of the multidisciplinary team brought from the experiences: learning, overcoming, risks and suffering. It was concluded that the work of the professionals involved allowed the legal medical expertise of the fatal victims, the reception of their relatives and the identification and release of the bodies for the proper procedures and burial. In the historical context of the Legal Medical Institute of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, this case of mass disaster solution is a landmark that explains the multidisciplinary expert and technical performance of the professionals involved in one of the biggest accidents at work, with fatal victims, which took place in Brazil.
24
Masten, Ann S. Risk and Resilience in Development. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0023.
Full textAbstract:
Findings from five decades of research on risk and resilience in children and youth are highlighted in this chapter, with a focus on positive adaptation in the context of conditions that could pose a significant threat to function or development. The origins of developmental research on risk and resilience are briefly reviewed, followed by definitions of core concepts, and an overview with illustrations of central models that have guided this body of work. Findings on promotive and protective factors for resilience across diverse studies of children and youth show striking consistency, suggesting that fundamental adaptive systems support and protect human adaptation and development in the context of adversity. Exciting new technologies and scientific advances in molecular genetics, neuroscience, and the methods for studying dynamic, interdependent systems have opened new horizons for research on risk and resilience. The rising wave of future resilience science is focused on multiple levels of analysis and their integration, ranging from neurobiological processes of resilience to preparations for surviving large-scale disasters.
25
Hofer-Robinson, Joanna, and Beth Palmer, eds. Sensation Drama, 1860–1880. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439534.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Featuring previously unpublished material alongside famous plays,this pioneering edition provides access to some of the most popular plays of the nineteenth century. Characterised by exhilarating plots, large-scale special effects and often transgressive characterisation, these dramas are still exciting for modern readers. This anthology lays the foundation for further scholarly work on sensation drama and focuses public attention on to this influential and immensely popular genre.It features five plays from writers including Dion Boucicault and Mary Elizabeth Braddon. These are supported by a substantial critical apparatus, which adds further value to the anthology by providing rich details on performance history and textual variants. The critical introduction situates the genre in its cultural context and argues for the significance of sensation drama to shifting theatrical cultures and practices.
26
Clarke, Katherine. Writing an Imperial Geography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820437.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores Herodotus’ presentation of mobility as opposed to stability, such as autochthony. As with monumental projects, context and perspective help to determine whether movement should be viewed as positive or destabilizing. It then considers whether Herodotus supports the idea of a ‘natural order’, on either a small or large scale, and whether changes to the natural world are inherently disrespectful, hubristic, even sacrilegious; or whether such judgements are to be associated only with the enraged, passionate, punitive behaviour of Persia’s grand imperial scheme. The propensity of others, such as the Athenians, to step into Persian shoes encourages a reading of Herodotus’ declaration of the mutability of fortune as a more specific reflection on the ever-changing map of imperial power. Dynamis is seen to be at the heart of Herodotus’ work, no less than that of Thucydides.
27
Sivan, Manoj, Margaret Phillips, Ian Baguley, and Melissa Nott, eds. Oxford Handbook of Rehabilitation Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198785477.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
With brand new expert editors and authors, this third edition of the Oxford Handbook of Rehabilitation Medicine is fully updated and expanded in scope to provide concise, evidence-based information on rehabilitation aspects in long-term medical conditions affecting adults. Covering both clinical approaches to managing common symptoms and management in the context of specific conditions, it provides a comprehensive and holistic view of the specialty. Written to capture the WHO ICF biopsychosocial model for health conditions, the Handbook recognises that rehabilitation is more than merely the treatment of symptoms, but a dynamic discipline that works with mobility, cognition, sex, relationships, and work. With fourteen new chapters on specific conditions covering the spectrum of rehabilitation medicine, this Handbook has been designed as an invaluable resource for all members of the multidisciplinary rehabilitation team.
28
Mancini, Alexandra, and Paula Abramson. Communication and psychosocial issues within neonatal palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806677.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter introduces the fast-developing specialty of neonatal palliative care within the wider context of palliative care. It sets the scene for understanding the intricacies and challenges faced by families and health-care professionals alike. Good quality palliative care requires the health-care professional to not only possess specialist knowledge and skills, but enhanced attitudes and behaviours focussing on advanced and effective communication skills. The interdisciplinary team must collaborate effectively and work in partnership with the parents whilst considering the whole family’s needs when planning care for the infant. In the United Kingdom (UK), over 90,000 infants are admitted to specialist neonatal intensive care units every year as a result of being born prematurely, born with congenital conditions, or following a significant insult at the time of delivery.
29
Sarah, Paterson, and Zakrzewski Rafal, eds. McKnight, Paterson, & Zakrzewski on the Law of International Finance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198725251.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This is the second edition of the major practitioner text which analyses the legal issues surrounding international finance transactions operating under English law. As readers of the first edition will already know, the work provides a detailed transaction-led discussion of all aspects of international financing, with supporting analysis of the commercial and regulatory background and the legal principles which underpin international finance practices. A comprehensive treatment of the subject is provided, with topics including conflict of laws, cross-border insolvency, regulation of banking activities, loan facilities, jurisdiction and the resolution of disputes, legal opinions in financial transactions, syndicated lending, bond issues, derivatives and structured finance and equipment financing. Whilst the work has established itself as a major practitioner text, the problem areas are also tackled with valuable references to the relevant authorities and in a highly analytical way. As a result, the work has found a home on the bookshelves of many academics and students. It is anticipated that this new edition will continue to appeal to a broad constituency of readers. This is a fast-moving area, and readers already familiar with the first edition will not be surprised by the scale of new material covered in this second edition. A significant new development has also been that the work has moved from a single-authored to a multiple authored text. A truly expert team of contributors has been assembled, and the editors have striven to maintain the consistency and lively commentary which was a badge of the first edition, whilst drawing on the advantages of a stable of specialist authors. Thus it is anticipated that existing readers and those new to the work alike will find this an invaluable source for all aspects of their practice and research in the field.
30
Abbott, Helen. Alban Berg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794691.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
When Austrian composer Alban Berg was working on his opera Lulu, he wrote three Baudelaire songs as a Konzertaria entitled Der Wein. Premiered in 1930, Der Wein is a large-scale work for voice and orchestra. Berg uses a German translation by Stefan George, but the published score is in parallel texts, accommodating the French verse line. The chapter also considers a ‘hidden’ Baudelaire setting from Berg’s 1926 Lyric Suite for string quartet. The analysis covers: (a) the context of composition; (b) the connections established between selected poems; (c) the statistical data generated from the adhesion strength tests; and (d) how the data shape an evaluation of Berg’s settings of Baudelaire. Evidence suggests that Berg’s settings of Baudelaire are loosely entangled; the highly prescriptive score affects syntax, semantics, and prosody. Yet, because Der Wein has stood the test of time, the settings are deemed loosely accretive.
31
Jenkins, Ryan, Michael Robillard, and Bradley Jay Strawser. Editors’ Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495657.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, the military ethics community has been rent by controversy over the concept of liability to harm. Analysis and application of this concept are necessary to inform our positions about whom it is permissible to target during war. The “traditional” just war understanding holds that war is a special moral context where large-scale, impersonal, intentional killing can be justified and that all and only soldiers are equally liable to be killed. “Revisionist” scholars have scrutinized the conditions for a soldier’s liability and the relationship between it and the justice of her cause. These scholars have offered compelling arguments that some soldiers are more liable to harm than others, that some civilians could be liable to harm, and that some soldiers are not liable to harm at all. This introduction summarizes recent work on liability to harm and how it relates to the chapters in this volume.
32
Hutchinson, G. O. Rhythmic Prose in Plutarch’s Lives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821717.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
From this chapter the book goes more deeply into one productive and central author: Plutarch. The basis for the book is a scansion of all of Plutarch’s Lives, not just the end of sentences but every small phrase: 2,297 pages, almost 100,000 phrases. For the other half of Plutarch’s work, the philosophical and related writings, the end of every sentence has been scanned. There thus exists a much more abundant body of material for the consideration of Plutarch than for any other Greek author. It is possible to advance from scansion into interpretation. With many detailed examples, and with the help of ancient comments, a connection is indicated between rhythm and emphasis, or attention; thus a rhythmic close draws attention to the words that create it. This can be independently confirmed from context, word-order, etc., and is demonstrated on a large scale in the book as a whole.
33
Hooper, Daniel, and Natasha Hashimoto, eds. Teacher Narratives From the Eikaiwa Classroom: Moving Beyond "McEnglish". Candlin & Mynard ePublishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47908/13.
Full textAbstract:
This book includes 16 chapters written by current and former eikaiwa (English conversation school) teachers to illustrate a complexity within the eikaiwa profession that has been thus far largely ignored. Through teacher narratives, the authors explore the unique and often problematic world of eikaiwa to present a counter narrative to what the editors regard as blanket stereotyping of a multifaceted and evolving teaching context. Eikaiwa schools are found in virtually every city and town in Japan. They provide conversation and test-preparation classes for learners of all ages. Those attending eikaiwa may be looking to prepare for an overseas holiday or work placement, achieve a required TOEIC score for their company, or simply enjoy a new hobby and socialise with people from different cultures and backgrounds. Eikaiwa teachers often need to negotiate conflicting demands from students, parents, management, and society at large. Furthermore, opportunities for professional development are scarce and research on this context is virtually non existent. Despite the massive scale of the eikaiwa industry and the varied roles that teachers are required to fulfil within it, expatriate and ELT communities have also tended to stigmatise the work of eikaiwa teachers as being simplistic and uniform. As a result, many former eikaiwa teachers choose to “forget” their eikaiwa past and the way it shaped them as professionals. This volume provides an important opportunity for eikaiwa teachers to share their stories and for the editors to present a coherent and convincing case for the value that the experiences of working in English conversation schools has for our understanding of teaching and learning languages.
34
Brannen, Julia. Social Research Matters. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529208566.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
From the vantage point of forty years in social research and the study of families, the author of this book offers an invaluable account of how research is conducted and ‘matters’ at particular times. The book has two main themes that are interwoven throughout the text. A central theme is how social research matters in relation to historical context. A second theme focuses on the practice of social research; research is a craft that is learned with and from others as well as through reading methodological texts and training. Although the expertise of the researcher is crucial to all phases of the research process, much of the success of funded research is dependent on collaboration and the creation of conditions that are conducive to team-based research. This fascinating work covers key developments in the field that remain of vital concern to society and demonstrates how social research is an art as well as a science — a process that involves craft and creativity.
35
Harrison, Thomas, and Elizabeth Irwin, eds. Interpreting Herodotus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803614.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Charles W. Fornara’s Herodotus. An Interpretative Essay (1971) was a landmark publication in the study of Herodotus. It is well known in particular for its main thesis that the Histories should be read against the background of the Atheno-Peloponnesian Wars during which Herodotus wrote. However, it also includes penetrating discussion of other issues: the relative unity of Herodotus’ work; the relationship between Herodotus’ ethnographies and his historical narrative; and the themes and motifs that criss-cross the Histories, how ‘history became moral and Herodotus didactic’. Interpreting Herodotus brings together a team of leading Herodotean scholars to look afresh at the themes of Fornara’s Essay, in the light of the explosion of scholarship on the Histories in the intervening years. What does it mean to talk of the unity of the Histories, or Herodotus’ ‘moral’ purpose? How can we reconstruct the context in which the Histories were written and published? And in what sense might the Histories constitute a ‘warning’ for his own, or for subsequent, generations?
36
Salazar, Greg A. Calvinist Conformity in Post-Reformation England. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197536902.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This work is the first modern full-scale examination of the theology and life of the distinguished English Calvinist clergyman Daniel Featley (1582–1645). It explores Featley’s career and thought through a comprehensive treatment of his two dozen published works and manuscripts and situates these works within their original historical context. A fascinating figure, Featley was the youngest translator of the Authorized Version, a protégé of John Rainolds, a domestic chaplain for Archbishop George Abbot, and a minister of two churches. As a result of his sympathies with royalism and episcopacy, he endured two different attacks on his life. Despite these two attacks, Featley was the only royalist episcopalian figure who accepted his invitation to the Westminster Assembly. Nevertheless, three months into the assembly, Featley was charged with being a royalist spy, imprisoned by Parliament, and died shortly thereafter. While Featley is a central focus of the work, this work is more than a biography. It uses Featley’s career to trace the fortunes of Calvinist conformists—those English Calvinists who were committed to the established church and represented the church’s majority position between 1560 and the mid-1620s, before being marginalized by Laudians in the 1630s and puritans in the 1640s. It demonstrates how Featley’s convictions were representative of the ideals and career of conformist Calvinism, explores the broader priorities and political manoeuvres of English Calvinist conformists, and offers a more nuanced perspective of the priorities and political manoeuvres of these figures and the politics of religion in post-Reformation England.
37
Sozzi Nogueira, Atílio, George Hamilton S. Pinto, and Marcos Aguiar de Souza, eds. Liderança e Bem-Estar: Teoria e prática em contextos militares, organizacionais e educacionais. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-717-4.
Full textAbstract:
This work is the result of persistence, motivation, enthusiasm and de-dication from a team of researchers coordinated by the Professor and Doctor Marcos Aguiar de Souza and other authors, invited to know how individual behavioral variables interact with and permeate the organiza-tional environment in diverse professional contexts. These variables make up different psychological phenomena, such as: leadership, satisfaction with work and with life in general, locus of control, self-esteem, optimism, gratitude, well-being and personality. The main questions that guided the articles were: how, in practice, such phenomena occur and can be measured, and how transversal skills – also known as attitudinal contents or soft skills – can be developed to promote people´s leadership potential and their wellbeing. The answers to these questions are inside this book and provide interesting opportunities for orientation, intervention and reinforcement of attitudes. This publication glances, connects itself with and, in many occasions, runs through the book “Measurement Instruments in Military Context”, published in 2018, which aimed to develop and validate measurement instruments for the diagnosis of behavioral phenomena specifically in military environ-ments. Thus, we may consider that the present content expands the ho-rizons of perception, metering and registration of behavioral phenomena, aiming to supply, based on evidence, better quality of life and well-being to members of organizations, maintaining high labor performance through self-knowledge, self-determination and self-regulation.
38
Seibert-Fohr, Anja. The Effect of Subsequent Practice on the European Convention on Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830009.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Under which conditions and to what extent can subsequent State practice legitimately influence the interpretation or even modify international treaties? This issue of general international law has been on the European Court of Human Rights’ agenda for quite some time and is ongoing as evidenced in Hassan v The United Kingdom. While State practice has traditionally played a role in the interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights in its dynamic interpretation, the Court’s methodology to determine under what circumstance and to what extent State practice is able to affect the scope and meaning of the Convention remains uncertain. This chapter develops a general theoretical framework, which rationalizes the normative value of subsequent practice in the context of human rights treaty interpretation and sets out its relevant standards. Drawing from the International Law Commission’s work on ‘Subsequent agreements and subsequent practice in relation to interpretation of treaties’, the author argues that the Vienna rules provide a useful point of departure without the need for additional means of interpretation. This matrix allows sufficient flexibility to accommodate the specific nature of human rights law. The author proposes a normative scale, which can guide the Court in enhancing its methodological consistency. Pursuant to this scale, exigencies for the density of subsequent practice and the degree of acceptance pursuant to Article 38(1)(b) VCLT vary depending on the nature of the rule and the claimed normative value of State practice. Once State practice meets the required standard, it can sustain the legitimacy of treaty interpretation and serve as a catalyst for the advancement of human rights.
39
Hoberman, J. Duck Soup. British Film Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781839022289.
Full textAbstract:
The Marx Brothers are universally considered to be classic Hollywood’s preeminent comedy team and Duck Soup is generally regarded as their quintessential film. A topical satire of dictatorship and government in general, the movie was a critical failure and box-office let-down on its initial release in 1933. J. Hoberman's study of the film traces its reputation history, from the initial disappointment of its release, to its rise to cult status in the 1960s when the Marx’s anarchic, anti-establishment humor seemed again timely. Hoberman places Duck Soup, alongside analogous comedies—Dr. Strangelove (1964), the Beatles films, Morgan! (1966), The President’s Analyst (1967) and The Producers (1968). It attained canonical stature as a touchstone for Woody Allen and would be recognized by the Library of Congress in the 1990s. Hoberman's analysis provides a historical and political context as well as an in-depth production history, drawing on primary sources and emphasizing director McCarey’s prior work along with the Marx Brothers as well as the situation at Paramount, a substantial synopsis, and an account of the movie’s initial reception, concluding with its subsequent elevation to comic masterpiece.
40
Sturzaker, John, and Alexander Nurse. Rescaling Urban Governance. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447350774.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
In a time of political upheaval around the world, many jurisdictions are making changes to how they govern their cities in an attempt to redistribute (or appear to redistribute) power within those cities. Such changes can occur at a range of scales, with various aims, explicit or implicit. The UK is one such place, having experienced a particularly rapid series of changes over the last 10 years, at every scale from the national to the community levels. This book provides, for the first time, comprehensive analysis of this period, looking in detail at the UK but situated within the broader international context. The book looks in turn at each tier of government/governance, from the national to the community, analysing from top-to-bottom the outcomes of a decade’s worth of reform, explicitly considering whether they can be said to be progressive in nature. The book interrogates the results of changes to governance practices as a means to explore the extent to which power is genuinely being redistributed and spatial inequalities are being addressed. It draws on recent work of the authors and others to explore these issues primarily in the UK, but using international examples to highlight commonalities, suggest ways in which the UK can learn from elsewhere, and, where they can be identified, likewise identify lessons for other places.
41
Yaniv, Bracha. The Carved Wooden Torah Arks of Eastern Europe. Liverpool University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764371.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The carved wooden Torah arks found in eastern Europe from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries were magnificent structures, unparalleled in their beauty and mystical significance. The work of Jewish artisans, they dominated the synagogues of numerous towns both large and small throughout the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, inspiring worshippers with their monumental scale and intricate motifs. Virtually none of these pieces survived the devastation of the two world wars. This book breathes new life into a lost genre, making it accessible to scholars and students of Jewish art, Jewish heritage, and religious art more generally. Making use of hundreds of pre-war photographs housed in local archives, the author develops a vivid portrait of the history and artistic development of these arks. Analysis of the historical context in which these arks emerged includes a broad survey of the traditions that characterized the local workshops of Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. The author provides a detailed analysis of the motifs carved into the Torah arks and explains their mystical significance, among them representations of Temple imagery and messianic themes — and even daring visual metaphors for God. Fourteen arks are discussed in particular detail, with full supporting documentation; appendices relating to the inscriptions on the arks and to the artisans' names will further facilitate future research. The book throws new light on long-forgotten traditions of Jewish craftsmanship and religious understanding.
42
Louchet, Francois. Snow Avalanches. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866930.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This work is a critical update of the most recent and innovative developments of the avalanche science. It aims at re-founding it on clear scientific bases, from field observations and experiments up to strong mathematical and physical analysis and modeling. It points out snow peculiarities, regarding both static mechanical properties and flow dynamics, that may strongly differ from those of compact solids for the former, and of Newtonian fluids for the latter. It analyzes the general processes involved in avalanche release, in terms of brittle fracture and ductile plasticity, specific friction laws, flow of healable granular materials, percolation concepts, cellular automata, scale invariance, criticality, theory of dynamical systems, bifurcations, etc. As a result, slab triggering (including remote triggering) can be summarized by the “slab avalanche release in 4 steps” concept, based on weak layer local collapse and subsequent propagation driven by slab weight. The frequent abortion of many incipient avalanches is easily explained in terms of snow grain dynamical healing. Sluffs and full-depth avalanches are also analyzed. Such advances pave the way for significant progress in risk evaluation procedures. In the present context of a speeding-up climate warming, possible evolutions of snow cover extent and stability are also tentatively discussed. We show how, in mountainous areas, the present analysis can be extended to other gravitational failures (rock-falls, landslides) that are likely to take over from avalanches in such circumstances. The text is supported by on-line links to field experiments and lectures on triggering mechanisms, risk management, and decision making.
43
Hogans, Beth B., and Antje M. Barreveld, eds. Pain Care Essentials. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199768912.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Pain Care Essentials targets the needs of primary care providers and entry-level healthcare professionals to understand pain. Based on the successful approach of examining four basic questions, this textbook addresses: What is pain? How is pain assessed? How is pain managed? and How does clinical context impact pain experience and management? Weaving together advances in science and clinical practice, this text covers the full spectrum from basic pain signaling mechanisms, psychology, and epidemiology, to clinical skills, treatment choices, and impacts on children, older adults, and those with substance use disorders, at a depth attuned to the foundations of clinical practice. Based on a learner-centered teaching philosophy; we believe that a deeper understanding of patient-centered pain care, including socioemotional development, enhances the clinical experience for patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers; leading to better outcomes, higher levels of patient satisfaction, and less provider burnout. Each chapter includes learning objectives, a clinical case, multiple choice questions, and selected references. Figures, tables, and textboxes enhance reader engagement. The goal is to deliver essential pain content that can be incorporated into an integrated curriculum preparing students for formative and summative assessments of core competencies in pain, as well as meeting the needs of the more experienced general reader seeking a quick update. Prepared by an interprofessional authorship team for an audience that includes physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, pharmacists, and students of all healthcare professions, this work fills an important gap by focusing on pain as encountered by the broadest spectrum of healthcare practitioners.
44
Hukić, Mirsada, and Mirza Ponjavić. COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina: March – June 2020. Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/pi20.190.00.
Full textAbstract:
At the end of 2019 the world became aware of the existence of a new virus stemming from the Coronaviridae family and causing a specific disease – COVID-19. In less than three months, the virus and its consequences, developed from being a local public health problem in China to a daunting global problem we all had to face. On March 11, 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic of COVID-19. On the international scale, even in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the response of the professionals and scientists has been rapid, although not always consistently efficient enough. Despite the selfless cooperation of scientists and practitioners worldwide, countries with developed economies, good public health and a strong scientific system have had the advantage in the fight against the disease over developing countries. Despite the fact that by these criteria BiH is not one of the most resilient countries, so far, its response to the pandemic has seemed to be satisfactory. The Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ANUBiH) was one of the first institutions of the science system to respond to the pandemic. On the initiative and under the leadership of academician Mirsada Hukić, on March 22, 2020 the development of the project "Epidemic Location Intelligence System (ELIS)" and its Geoportal began on a voluntary basis, with the task of permanently monitoring the spread of COVID-19. Theoretical and professional parts of the project in the areas of medicine, public health and informatics were completed by April 2, 2020. Thanks to the support to the project by the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Šefik Džaferović, the expert system received additional hardware support and was filled in time with data from across the country. This enabled the system to become operational as early as on April 8, 2020. The results of all these efforts are visible in this publication. Initially, the ELIS project was important for the epidemiological and public health area. The abundance of collected data and obtained virus samples enabled the extension of the project idea to the sequencing of viruses found in BiH and their typology. The transition of research to the clinical aspects of COVID-19 is the next phase in the development of the ELIS project. ANUBiH has already started the work on examining the economic and pedagogical consequences of COVID-19 in order to look at this medical phenomenon in the broadest possible context. All the results of ANUBiH in response to the epidemic challenges of COVID-19 are achieved due to the synergistic action of numerous individuals and institutions in different fields of science and public health in cooperation with government. Therefore, I believe that the ELIS project has shown the way to go in solving the burning problems of our society which we will encounter in the future.