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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Teaching culture'
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Pardo, Dona. "The culture of clinical teaching." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185472.
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The purpose of this exploratory case study was to describe the culture of clinical teaching through a symbolic interactionist framework, by identifying the rituals, faculty behaviors, and student behaviors and characteristics valued by faculty instructing in clinical settings, using content analysis, interviews and observation. Five faculty, one from each clinical specialty, were chosen using specific criteria. College of Nursing archives were content analyzed to ascertain written valued student behaviors and characteristics and faculty were interviewed to learn their stated beliefs. Faculty/student clinical interactions were observed to assess if faculty written and verbalized beliefs were enacted, and twelve students were interviewed for verification of transmission of the values. Peer debriefing, member checking and an audit trail ensured trustworthiness of the data. Faculty used eight rituals: Preparation, Tracking, Discourse, Closet, Repast, Selection, Maneuver, and Documentation, and three types of actions: Teaching, Role Modeling, and Caretaking to transmit their values. Teaching was utilized 55 percent of the time and involved questioning, instructing, guiding, correcting and observing. Role Modeling, used 22 percent, embodied promoting independence, helping, intervening, kidding and admitting fallibility. Caretaking was evidenced 23 percent of the instructor's time and included caring, praising, diffusing anger, allowing mistakes and sharing self. Over one hundred student behaviors and characteristics that faculty valued were identified and collapsed into six descriptors, listed in descending order: assertive, therapeutic, compliant, knowledgeable, disciplined, and skillful. Faculty placed emphasis on human, interactive skills versus knowledge and psychomotor skills, and responded to students with very caring behaviors. They utilized compassion as a way of effecting conformity, and their use of caring behaviors for the exercise of their power was evident.
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Ilieva, Roumiana. "Conceptualizations of culture, culture teaching, and culture exploration in second language education." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24163.pdf.
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Colver, Monty A. "The Development of Two Units for Basic Training and Resources for Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages: Understanding and Adapting in a New Culture and Teaching Culture." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2374.
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A team of Brigham Young University graduate students working under the supervision of Dr. Lynn Henrichsen, collaborated on the creation of a book as well as a website, Basic Training and Resources for Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (BTR-TESOL). The project, which will be developed in phases over the coming years, is intended to provide novice English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers with some introductory material on nearly fifty different topics related to the field. Each unit is not intended to be a comprehensive source and is not to be seen as a replacement for formal training. Rather the units should be used by those who would like formal training, but cannot afford the time or money it requires. With its minimalist, connectivist approach, BTR-TESOL will help them to "get their feet wet" and help them to develop the motivation and dedication needed to teach ESL until such time that they can receive formal instruction of some kind. This master's project describes the creation of two BTR-TESOL units on culture, titled "Understanding and Adapting in a New Culture" and "Teaching Culture." The first unit, "Understanding and Adapting in a New Culture," educates novice teachers about the importance of the differences that one faces when entering a new culture and guides them as they help their students (or themselves) to overcome culture shock. In the second unit, "Teaching Culture," novice teachers are educated on the importance of culture and are also given sample ideas and activities for teaching culture in a language classroom. Both units include a short introduction to the content, an opening scenario, a video segment related to the theme of each unit as well as reflection questions, objectives, explanatory text, and a section that directs readers to places they can go to learn more about the subject.
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Chan, Yuk-fai Ronald, and 陳玉輝. "Building a collaborative culture in teaching practice." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31960698.
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Chan, Yuk-fai Ronald. "Building a collaborative culture in teaching practice." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21304488.
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Nyman, Jon. "Nature and Culture: Teaching Environmental Awareness Through Literature." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för lärarutbildning (LUT), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-25701.
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Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och tolka relationen mellan koncepten natur och kultur, så som de är hanterade i Henry David Thoreau’s Walden; or. Life in the Woods (1854) och Into the Wild (1996) av Jon Krakauer, med hjälp av en ekokritisk analys. Båda dessa böcker är baserade på verkliga händelser och upplevelser, och handlar om två individer som valde att lämna samhället bakom sig för att i stället leva ett enkelt liv i naturen. Några av motiven de hade för att göra detta innefattar ett missnöje med samhällena i vilka de levde, en längtan efter extraordinära upplevelser, och en önskan att hitta medel att förbättra jaget. Jag kommer föreslå att de båda huvudkaraktärerna delar åsikter och tankar om naturen och dess relation till deras respektive kulturer. Vidare kommer jag föreslå att några av dessa åsikter och tankar kan och bör implementeras i det svenska skolväsendet i syfte att åstadkomma en mer hållbar syn på naturen och dess relation till kultur och samhälle. Jag kommer föreslå en möjlig metod för att genomföra detta, vilken är inspirerad av Greg Garrard’s lektionsplan ”Three Hours to Save the Planet!”, som finns inkluderad i The Handbook of Sustainability Literacy: skills for a changing world (ed. Arran Stibbe, 2009).
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Woo, Jung-Im. "Culture teaching in EFL through computer/critical thinking." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1677.
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The purpose of this project is to develop computer-assisted language learning (CALL) lesson plans using the Internet and to offer an example for academic senior high school teachers in South Korea of exemplary treatment of cultural topics that promote critical thinking and incorporate crosscultural understanding based on cooperative learning.
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Gustafsson, Malin, and Linn Rix. "Contemporary Popular Culture for Educational Purposes – Teaching English." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-34842.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to examine four teachers’ of English perceptions of the use of CPCE in their teaching. When reading the control documents of the Swedish school, indications pointing towards the use of CPCE texts in teaching were found. Therefore we took an interest in finding out how teachers choose to implement CPCE in their teaching. We have combined the methods of semi structured qualitative interviews and the use of a focus group to gather the data needed. Our main findings consist of how the concept of popular culture is understood by our informants. They find the concept vast as it entails such a broad variety of texts such as TV shows, film, the Internet, magazines and literature. Teachers select appropriate CPCE materials with regards to their pupils’ preferences. However, our findings of how these materials are implemented in their teaching of English vary and are to be considered limited.
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Hickman, Torey. "Culture Change: Defining and Measuring Student-centered Teaching." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1279204212.
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Wilson, Hope Marshall. "Teaching Language and Culture Through Online Ethnographic Explorations." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1573901116368513.
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Littlebear, Janice DeVore. "Teaching Through Culture in the K-12 Classroom." Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10784147.
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This study explores how quality experienced teachers use culture to successfully deliver K-12 classroom instruction. Additionally, it develops and tests the effectiveness of a resource designed to instruct early career teachers on the use of culture to deliver classroom instruction.
Research was conducted in two phases over a four-year time frame (2014-2017). The study followed a mixed methods exploratory sequential design, using a participatory action research approach. Phase 1 gathered qualitative data from 20 experienced teachers located in two states, which were analyzed using constructed grounded theory. The results of this analysis, accompanied by a literature review, resulted in the development of a Chapter about Culture (CAC), an instructional resource on teaching through culture for early career teachers.
Phase 2 gathered quantitative data using a Checklist of Classroom Inventory (CCI) from eight Alaska early career teachers and one Montana experienced teacher, and were analyzed by averaging the pre/post CAC scores and comparing the differences. In addition, one open-ended question after use of CAC provided additional qualitative data about the resourcefulness of CAC, as well as the process for implementing the lessons.
Phase 1 results revealed five common themes when teaching through culture: Relationships, Communication, Connections, Respect, and Multicultural Resources. These themes contributed to the construction of a value-added theory of practice for teaching through culture, and served as the basis of the CAC. Phase 2 results demonstrated growth by early career teachers after using the newly created CAC in all five themes of teaching through culture.
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Mossop, Liz. "Defining and teaching veterinary professionalism." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12694/.
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Despite extensive research and discussion around the notion of medical professionalism, veterinary professionalism is an understudied area. The aim of this study was to define the concept of veterinary professionalism and analyse the hidden curriculum of a new veterinary school, in order to produce a new curriculum of professionalism. This study used a constructivist grounded theory method to develop the definition. An iterative approach, using interviews and focus groups, collected information from a range of stakeholders including veterinary surgeons, professional bodies, veterinary nurses and clients. Sampling was theoretical and concluded when theoretical saturation had been reached. An analysis of the hidden curriculum of a new veterinary school was also undertaken using a cultural web model to perform a thematic analysis of focus group narratives from staff and students. The outcomes from both studies were combined to develop a curriculum of veterinary professionalism. The normative definition of veterinary professionalism produced places the attribute of balance as the central component. Veterinary surgeons are constantly managing the requirements and expectations of their clients, the animals under their care, society and the veterinary practice that provides their employment. The ability to balance these demands and therefore demonstrate professionalism is helped by attributes which are: efficiency, technical competence, honesty, altruism, communication skills, personal values, autonomy, decision making, manners, empathy, confidence and acknowledgement of limitations. The components of the veterinary school’s hidden curriculum emerged within the framework of the cultural web and the development of professional identity was a consistent theme. The school’s central paradigm was found to be a community that is hard working and friendly. Routines and rituals were readily identified, as were both positive and negative role models. The curriculum of veterinary professionalism produced is an integrated, spiral curriculum involving strategies such as early clinical experience and critical event analysis to guide student reflections and shape their development as professionals. Four core professional skills of communication, ethical reasoning, reflective practice and learning skills are central to the curriculum. These are used to reinforce the values and behaviours included in the definition of professionalism. The definition of veterinary professionalism should also contribute to discussions around the position of the profession in society. The central behaviour of balancing responsibilities between clients, animals, the practice and society appears to be uniquely positioned, and may have application in other professionalism contexts. The presented curriculum is a good starting point for any veterinary school wishing to teach veterinary professionalism, alongside consideration of their hidden curriculum.
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Kuzuli, Kosse. "Teaching theology in the Ubangi." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1990. http://www.tren.com.
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Manjarrez, Mahonri. "Effects of Culture Awareness Lessons on Attitudes of University Students of French." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6019.
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In response to the dearth of research on culture awareness instruction prior to foreign language instruction, the objective of this study was to explore the effects of culture awareness lessons on learner attitudes and beliefs in second-semester university students of French. As a treatment, the experimental group received lessons on culture awareness prior to traditional French classroom instruction; the control group did not. Culture awareness lessons addressed terms such as perspective, culture, interpretation, and stereotypes. Lessons also included worksheets consisting of open-ended questions designed to capture students' responses to the aforementioned topics of discussion. Data collection methods consisted of pre- and post-surveys that included Likert-scale questions and reflections that incorporated open-ended questions designed to capture student attitudes and beliefs. Reflections included general questions on attitudes toward the French as well as cultural practice-specific questions. Qualitative analysis revealed that students from the experimental group showed greater appreciation for culture as an important component of foreign language instruction as well as higher response rates vis-à -vis intercultural understanding. Statistical analysis of the Likert-scale questions also showed significance among questions addressing greater understanding of cultural differences and increased perceived similarity between American and French cultures among the experimental group. However, the experimental group also showed a decrease in student predilection for studying and talking about culture. In general, the study reveals that the explicit teaching of culture awareness prior to traditional foreign language instruction, in conjunction with the opportunity students had to reflect and express their thoughts, has a positive effect on student attitudes.
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Wenzel, Alicia B. "Learning the culture of teaching a middle school perspective /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3386745.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, School of Education, 2009.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 19, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-12, Section: A, page: 4643. Adviser: David J. Flinders.
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Meinhof, U. H. "Culture, discourse and foreign language teaching : A sociosemiotic perspective." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379349.
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Moran, Renee Rice. "Impact of Standardized Testing on the Culture of Teaching." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3606.
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NEVES, FAGNER HENRIQUE GUEDES. "KNOWLEDGE, SCHOOL AND CULTURE: SOCIOLOGY TEACHING AND INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24416@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROEste trabalho situa-se na confluência entre conhecimento, educação escolar, ensino de Sociologia e interculturalidade, um diálogo pouco explorado pela pesquisa educacional brasileira. Tendo como referenciais os estudos interculturais de Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Vera Maria Candau e Antônio Flávio Moreira, busca-se discutir como os professores de Sociologia lotados na escola básica compreendem as possibilidades de debates entre o saber sociológico escolar e a educação intercultural. Neste empreendimento, dois objetivos são visados: (1) identificar as representações de professores de Sociologia de escolas públicas de Niterói sobre as relações entre o conhecimento sociológico escolar vigente na escola básica brasileira e a proposta da educação intercultural e a (2) problematizar possibilidades de construção de currículos escolares sociológicos interculturalmente orientados no contexto de escolas da rede pública. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidas entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com onze sujeitos licenciados em Ciências Sociais e atuantes no magistério estadual de Sociologia há pelo menos dois anos. Foram também analisados documentos curriculares oficiais voltados ao ensino médio e à disciplina de Sociologia. Mediante a articulação entre os dados obtidos através desses procedimentos e os referenciais teórico-conceituais enunciados, foi possível obter significativos achados. A despeito de diversas proposições favoráveis à educação intercultural nos documentos curriculares analisados, esta ainda é escassamente promovida na seleção de conteúdos e no desenvolvimento de práticas pedagógicas no ensino básico de Sociologia, conforme relatam os sujeitos da pesquisa. Nesse cenário, a construção intercultural do conhecimento sociológico escolar é uma meta a se cumprir, repleta de desafios a serem enfrentados pelo sistema escolar e os educadores.
This work approaches an unusual discussion in the Brazilian educational research, involving knowledge, school education, Sociology teaching, and interculturalism. Specifically, the work focuses the public high-school Sociology teachers opinions about the dialogues between the Sociology knowledge and the project of the intercultural education, considering the conceptions from Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Vera Maria Candau, and Antônio Flávio Moreira. There are two research goals: (1) to identify the high-school Sociology-teachers representations about the Sociology knowledge which is normally taught at the Brazilian Schools and its relationships with the intercultural education; (2) to propose some possibilities of creating Sociology public high-schools curricula under the intercultural concepts. Semi-structured interviews with eleven Social Sciences licensed-teachers who have been working at public high-schools in Niterói City (State of Rio de Janeiro) for at least two years were made. In addition, the official curricula documents concerning Sociology teaching and high-school education were analyzed. Linking the achieved data with the theoretical references, some important results were found. Although the analyzed documents point many propositions around the intercultural constitution of the Sociology teaching, content choices and the pedagogical practices are not usually affected by the intercultural education. At this scenery, building a high-school Sociology teaching under intercultural ideas remains as a non-reached goal, which is plenty of challenges to be faced by the educators.
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Culpepper, Marlene Cabrera. "Teaching Culture in Foreign Language Classrooms of International Baccalaureate." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2117.
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There is an increasing number of International Baccalaureate programs in the United States that require instruction in an additional language to prepare culturally responsive global citizens, but there is little research on how the teaching of culture is addressed in elementary additional language programs. This study was guided by Vygotsky's and Dewey's social constructivism and investigated how the teaching of culture is integrated in additional foreign language classrooms in the State of Georgia's International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programs (IB PYP). It also investigated how personal, professional, or organizational factors such as values, beliefs, teacher training, or time constraints impact the integration of culture and language. This qualitative multiple-case comparative study examined the experiences of 3 teachers in Georgia who taught in K-5 additional language classrooms, using curriculum maps, student work samples, lesson plans, and semi-structured interviews as the data sources. Data were analyzed using Atlas.ti software and coded using constant comparative methods; the inductive qualitative content analysis included open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The study findings showed that a variety of factors impacted program goals including the attitudes of school community, teacher isolation, philosophy, Georgia Standards, and practices of the IB PYP. Findings are applicable to additional language teachers for further discussion on the current state of elementary language programs in Georgia's IB PYP and for informing choices on program design. This study contributes to social change by expanding the body of professional literature in the field of foreign language education and on the issues that affect teachers in additional language classrooms in the IB PYP.
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Golubich, James P. "Toward a reflective culture of teaching : a landscape for praxis /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7876.
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Hart, Michael Richard. "Platonic education : teaching virtue in a constantly changing moral culture." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/50299/.
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In this thesis I shall argue (1) that for Plato ‘moral’ education, rightly understood (or ‘Platonic education’ as I shall call it), can be an effective method for cultivating virtue in non-ideal societies; (2) that Platonic education is a process that occurs (or Plato hopes might occur) through an engagement with some of the dialogues; (3) that Platonic education strongly mirrors Sokratic discourse in its aims; (4) that Plato’s whole approach to education should be understood mainly from the context of the problem of teaching virtue in imperfect societies; (5) that Plato intends some of the dialogues to serve as a propaedeutic for a possible education in virtue and not as a method for creating fully virtuous people. Lastly, (6) Platonic education is primarily concerned with human virtue, and insofar as it can support a notion or notions of civic virtue, it cannot do so unequivocally. The evidence for these claims is found not chiefly in the educational programmes and theories of the Republic and the Laws but in a number of techniques, such as protreptic rhetoric, life-models, argumentation, and myth, which Plato employs in some of the dialogues. Platonic education is specifically designed to function in imperfect societies. With this in mind therefore, an additional concern of this thesis is with whether we could imagine any of Plato’s educational principles or techniques being used to improve moral education today.
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CASTRO, LUCAS BARROS DE. "TEACHING HISTORY IN HIGH BRIDGE FARM: HISTORY, CULTURE AND EDUCATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=23928@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
O trabalho entrelaça historiografia, espaços não formais, cultura e ensino de história. A pesquisa busca compreender as práticas educativas desenvolvidas no roteiro guiado da Pousada Fazenda Ponte Alta (PFPA) e suas relações com o ensino de história nas escolas cariocas. Está estruturado em três capítulos, além da introdução e considerações finas. Após a introdução, o capítulo II aborda as diversas reescritas historiográficas desenvolvidas pela Escola dos Annales e pela Nova História Cultural, assim como aprofunda no sentido e relevância da chamada educação não formal. Termina com reflexões direcionadas as propostas didáticas observadas hoje no ensino de história. O terceiro capítulo realiza uma descrição da PFPA: história, arquitetura, características centrais, os atuais serviços e, principalmente, analisa as atividades e dinâmicas educativas realizadas no local. O quarto e último capítulo está centrado na análise dos dados construídos através da pesquisa, cujas estratégias metodológicas foram revisão bibliográfica, análise documental, observações e entrevistas. Nas considerações finais destaca-se que o espaço tem consolidado seu roteiro histórico como importante ferramenta e prática educativa. Acreditamos que a PFPA possibilita avanços no ensino de história ao promover a ampliação das fontes de pesquisa, de experiências e dinâmicas pedagógicas e, assim, contribui para o enriquecimento do ensino de história nas escolas do Rio de Janeiro, particularmente no Ensino Fundamental.
The work weaves together non-formal spaces, historiography, culture and history teaching. The research tries to understand the educational practices developed in the screenplay of Pousada Fazenda Ponte Alta guided (PFPA) and their relationships with the teaching of history in schools in Rio. It is structured in three chapters, besides the introduction and considerations. After the introduction, chapter II discusses the various historiographical rewritten developed by the Annales school and New Cultural history, as well as deepens in meaning and relevance of the so-called non-formal education. It ends with reflections directed to didactic proposals observed today in history teaching. The third chapter is a description of the PFPA: its history, architecture, key features, the current services offered and, above all, educational activities and dynamic analyses carried out on site. The fourth and final chapter is focused on the analysis of data built through research, whose methodological strategies were bibliographical revision, document analysis, observation and interviews. In the final considerations it stands out that the space has consolidated its historic route as an important tool and educational practice. We believe that the PFPA provides updates in teaching history to promote the expansion of research sources, experiences and pedagogical dynamics and thus contributes to the enrichment of history teaching in schools of Rio de Janeiro, particularly in elementary school.
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Ethabti, Mohamed. "Inclusive education? : disability, culture, teaching and classroom management in Libya." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/27177/.
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Inclusive education is a recent phenomenon in the education system in Libya. It is about giving equal educational opportunities to all students, whether with disabilities or, not in the mainstream school or classroom. Schools are considered as social institutions that should endeavour to enhance all children’s lives through appropriate teaching and learning practices. However, the school culture, which is generally defined as ‘how things are done here’ is vital for the promotion of inclusive education. The aim of this study were to explore teachers’ perceptions and attitudes towards inclusive education practice in supporting children with disabilities in Libya taking into account the findings of the General People’s Committee of Education report (GPCE,2008). Teachers appeared to play a vital role in enhancing inclusive education through their practices. In order to achieve this aim, the study includes a focused literature review of areas including inclusive education, disability and school culture. Given the nature of this research an interpretive epistemological position was adopted. This study adopts qualitative analysis to collect and analyse the data and present the findings. Content analysis was used for analysing qualitative data gathered via semi-structured interviews. A total of 36 interviews were conducted, with 12 teachers from special schools, 12 teachers from primary schools and 12 teachers from secondary schools. Results from the qualitative data indicated that teachers support inclusive education, however, they had reservations on the inclusion of students with severe disabilities. Several factors were identified to influence teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion. The most common factors were the severity of disability that the students had, inadequate training of teachers on teaching students with disabilities, inadequate government funding, lack of specialised resource personnel, lack of appropriate equipment and resources to support students and teachers in the teaching and learning process. Limited commitment from the Ministry of Education and limited participation and consultation of teachers on policy and curriculum design were also identified as contributing factors for non-inclusion of students with disabilities in mainstream schools.
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Glenn, Jared R. "The Ideal Educator: Investigating Teaching Culture and Teaching Styles through Teacher Self-Efficacy and Social Acceptance." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5170.
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Teaching styles used by educators throughout the world are diverse and complex, resisting simple comparisons between large groups, such as countries. To allow easier comparisons, data from the Teaching and Learning International Study (TALIS 2013) were applied to construct a picture of an “ideal educator” in each of eight countries: Australia, The Czech Republic, France, Japan, Latvia, Mexico, Singapore, and The United States. Principles of social acceptance and teacher self-efficacy were applied to teachers in each country in order to construct this ideal educator paradigm: first testing for (and finding) correlation between social acceptance and teacher self-efficacy, and then finding educators who were above average in both social acceptance scores and teacher self-efficacy scores in order to separate out a group of elite teachers from the general sample. Both linear regression and comparisons of median scores were employed to examine differences between countries. Scores revealed that each country displayed a distinct mix of Grasha’s Teaching Styles allowing for a simple comparison of teaching styles between countries.
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Landström, Johanna, and Lecille Persson. "Four Shades of Culture - A study of four teachers' perception of culture." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-27805.
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This study focuses on four English teachers’ perception of the concept of culture linked to teaching language. Semi-structured interviews were carried out in order to investigate how they perceive culture in relation to both their personal views and the steering documents for the educational system. To gain a more in–depth understanding of their perception we asked them about their own perception of their teaching methods and how they in turn perceive the students’ development with regards to intercultural understanding. We applied Eva Gagnestam’s four descriptions of culture to be able to explore the different ways in which the teachers worked with the concept of culture in the English classroom.
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Magill, Clare Alexandra. "Teaching the conflict, teaching the transition : history education and historical memory in contemporary Spain." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=206599.
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Despite the enormous interest in recent years in the movement to recover the ‘historical memory' of the Spanish Civil War and the Franco dictatorship, the teaching of these contentious and bloody periods of Spanish history has received relatively little attention. This qualitative study, which explores the experiences and perspectives of secondary school teachers of history, aims to address this gap in the literature. To select the participants for this research, I adopted a stratified, multi-stage, purposive approach, sampling by region, city, school and teacher. The sample comprised 24 history teachers from 17 separate secondary schools in the cities of Madrid (Torrejón de Ardoz), Barcelona, Seville and Oviedo. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five history education experts. All interview transcripts were imported into QSR NVivo 9, a computer-assisted qualitative data analysis package. The data was then analysed using Framework, a systematic, matrixbased approach to data management and analysis. The research findings build on Kitson and McCully's (2005) work by developing their ‘continuum of risk-taking', which relates to the teaching of controversial issues associated with history in Northern Ireland. An adapted model of risktaking is presented. It helps to explain the challenges and pressures teachers face in the Spanish context by identifying and exploring five distinct approaches to the teaching of the history of the Civil War and the Franco dictatorship: avoiding (‘natural' and ‘reluctant'), containing, risk-taking and activist. The research also highlights teachers' frustration with the dominant narrative presented in textbooks of Spain's ‘exemplary' transition to democracy. In so doing, it points to the danger of retrospective inevitability if the history of the transition is not presented in a nuanced fashion and if the alternatives are not explored. As such, the research constitutes an original contribution to the literature, opening up space for new conversations about the teaching of the history not only of conflict but also of the difficult and often controversial compromises that help to bring about cessations of violence. The study also considers the role of history education in the recovery of historical memory and, more broadly, in contributing to the wider reconciliation of Spanish society. Finally, the thesis highlights implications for curriculum and teacher education policy in Spain and beyond.
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Lin, Dai. "Culture teaching in ELT : a study of a culture-based course in undergraduate English programmes in China." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50658/.
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This research is designed to investigate the treatment of culture in education policies, teachers’ beliefs and the current practices of culture teaching in undergraduate English programmes in China, with a particular focus on the teaching of the culture-based course A General Survey of English-speaking Countries. This qualitative research involves documentation, interview and classroom observation as the main methodological tools for data collection. The National Curriculum for English Majors is analysed to find out how culture is treated in ELT education policies. 10 teachers from 10 higher institutions in Shanghai, China were interviewed and two individual case studies were carried out using interview and classroom observation data and other supplementary data. A model of multi-layered analysis is adopted. Through the triangulation of various methods and data sources, policy-making at the macro-level is linked to teachers’ perceptions of culture-teaching, then to their classroom practices at the micro-level. In this way analysis, description and explanation of how culture is being taught in English language programmes in China are provided. The findings of the current study suggest that: 1) the national guidelines for undergraduate English programmes have a clear intention for a strong commitment to promote students’ cultural understanding and intercultural communicative skills, but the impractical curricular policies can become potential constraints to the teaching of culture. In the process of interpretation, institutions and departments are not playing a sufficient part in curriculum and syllabus design and development, and teaching in the classroom is often without clear guidelines; 2) Teachers are increasingly aware of the dynamic and variable nature of culture, which academia strongly suggest should be incorporated into its teaching. However, concerning target cultures in ELT, teachers are predisposed to British and American cultures. They have encountered a series of challenges such as an overloaded syllabus, the overwhelming task of preparation, fear of lacking overseas experience and knowledge, lack of institutional support and relevant training, students’ lack of motivation and large classes. These challenges can be attributed to two major factors: the complex nature of culture teaching and the low status of culture-based courses in language programmes; 3) Teachers’ attitudes, beliefs and their cultural experiences have impact on their pedagogical choices. There are shared patterns as well as variations in teachers’ pedagogical approaches. The actual classroom practices are mostly teacher-centred and involve merely transfer of knowledge centred on the surface level of cultural knowledge. The cultures of the UK and the US are considered to be representative of the target cultures and dominate the content in teaching. In addition, the integration of culture and language in the classroom practices manifests itself in different ways. In one approach, language instruction is frequently inserted into teaching as it is considered to be one aspect of culture teaching. In another, and more common approach when culture teaching is equated with imparting cultural knowledge, teachers often give up English as the sole medium of instruction and make use of Chinese as a support for culture teaching. Furthermore, Chinese culture is also integrated to enhance cross-cultural comparisons and make culture teaching more efficient. The research findings have a number of implications for further study, as well as tentative suggestions for curriculum design and implementation, teacher education and teaching practices. It is hoped that they will provide a new perspective on the complexity and intricacy of the matter of culture teaching.
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Ho, Meng-Ching. "English language teaching in Taiwan : a study of the effects of teaching culture on motivation and identity." Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1711/.
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Golubieski, Mary R. "Teaching for Visual Literacy: Critically Deconstructing the Visual Within a Democratic Education." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?miami1050012957.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Educational Leadership, 2003.Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 316 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-280).
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Nárez, Enrique Fernández. "Culture and ethnic identity in the curriculum." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/947.
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Mirza, Nosheen Asghar. "5th skill in English language learning and teaching : a Pakistani perspective." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33289.
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This dissertation explores the beliefs of students on the relevance (if at all) of addressing the Fifth skill, culture, in English education in a Pakistani context, with sub question that aims to answer what definitions of the Fifth skill (Tomalin, 2008) could be appropriate to English education in a Pakistani context? So far the research done on English language teaching in Pakistan and anything related to it is based on teachers’ beliefs alone, therefore it was important for me as an English Language teacher to find out what the students attitudes were towards the integration of 5th skill in the classroom. However, I did not limit the research to students’ beliefs alone; my research also includes the perception of the teachers. This is not only to give validity to the research, but also to realize any differences regarding the teachers’ beliefs on the issue in previous researches. To explore the role of 5th skill in teaching English languages in a Pakistani classroom, at the secondary level, this dissertation collected the responses elicited from both the students and the teacher through a semi-structured questionnaire and focus group discussion, and a thematic analysis was carried out. The results of this study highlight a number of issues regarding cultural acceptance, language acceptance and integrating of 5th skill in language teaching. Certain interesting contradictions regarding English culture(s) and English language and their status in Pakistani society also emerged. The findings suggest that students regarded the 5th skill as an essential source for better understanding the concepts and their functional use of English language, as it presents them with real life situations. However, where the 5th skill was seen as an important tool to enhance language competence, the students also supported that both the students’ culture as well as the culture associated with English Language be incorporated in the language class. The students saw integrating 5th skill in a language class as a means to express their ideas, values and experiences, and an opportunity to make others understand them and their point of view, and not restrict the use of Fifth skill to a one way cultural awareness stream only. The dissertation also questioned the current status of English as a second language as perceived by the students and its implications on the future of English Language teaching in Pakistan.
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Jansen, Richo. "The language of arts and culture." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2362.
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Thesis (MPhil (Modern Foreign Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.Arts and Culture is one of the new learning areas in the grade 8 and 9 school curriculum. To understand and then express themselves in a correct and confident manner, learners need the correct terminology for Arts and Culture. The learners need more than the day to day terminology in order to participate in conversations focussing on specialised subjects such as music, dance, drama and visual arts. It is important to note that the idea is not to develop expert academics but it is an attempt to enrich children for life and give them more self confidence. The aim of this computer project is to provide an information website to assist the grade 9 learners in the Arts and Culture domain to develop the appropriate language needed in the learning area.
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久保, 萬里子, and Mariko Kubo. "[III]TEACHING CONTENTS IN LANGUAGE EDUCATION : MODULETTE MATERIALS: LANGUAGE AND CULTURE." 名古屋大学教育学部附属中学校 : 名古屋大学教育学部附属高等学校, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/4804.
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Lethoko, Mankolo Xaverine. "Teacher professionalism and motivation in a culture of teaching and learning." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2002. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05062008-091259/.
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Cetz, Ricardo Gustavo. "Teaching Culture Using E-Portfoliosin a 4th-Semester University Spanish Classroom." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4411.
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The World-Readiness Standards for Learning Languages (ACTFL, 2014) encourage teachers to help their students use the target language to “investigate, explain, and reflect” on the relationships between cultural products, practices, and perspectives. However, while most language instructors agree that language and culture should be connected, many fail to teach culture explicitly because they are so focused on the language components of their courses. Of those who do teach culture explicitly, many either teach only about the cultural products and not the perspectives, or they teach the culture in English because of its complexity. This project explores the use of e-portfolios for explicitly teaching culture in the target language across all three communicative modes. The project was implemented in a 4th semester university Spanish course in the fall of 2013. Students were required to view and interpret culturally authentic materials such as newspapers, proverbs, documentaries, news reports, and videos about pop culture. In addition, students interacted with native speakers both within and outside the United States using technology. Students were also asked to produce business plans, commentaries, community projects, ethnographic interviews, stories, and videos in the target language. The project evaluation revealed that when culture is explicitly taught in the target language, the following changes may occur: a positive attitudinal shift towards the target culture, a desire for learning the language beyond the classroom, an increase in autonomous learning, and an improvement in linguistic skills. Pedagogical implications and principles that might be applicable in foreign language instruction include the fact that technology appears to be one promising way to provide increased access to culture. In addition, scaffolding is found to be important to both students' experiences with culture and their interaction with technology. Also students may find the exploration of current social issues and problems very motivating and engaging. This has the potential to give students increased opportunities to think critically.
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Bakhsh, Jameel. "SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS UNDERGOING CULTURE SHOCK:PERCEPTIONS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING METHOD." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent160042669071272.
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Swe, Saw Thanda. "The use of materials for the teaching of culture in ELT." Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/17589/.
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The aim of this study is to access the experiences of teachers of English (i.e. English as a foreign language teachers) when teaching cultural elements through coursebooks which are assigned by their schools/universities, and the materials which they use to deliver these lessons plus the activities that they normally select for their classes. Moreover, teachers’ opinions concerning the learning and teaching of cultural elements are studied in this research. Teachers, both native and non-native speakers of English, participated in this research and have EFL teaching experience from 2 years to 30 years. An open-ended questionnaire (85) followed by semi-structured interviews (28) were conducted to learn more of teachers’ experiences and to obtain further details of their opinions on teaching and learning cultures through coursebooks. All data from questionnaires were coded manually and Nvivo 9 and 10 were also utilised while processing and analysing the findings (i.e. to store interview transcripts and extracting participants’ words and coding them appropriately. The details can be found in the Data Analysis section). The study has clearly shown that EFL teachers use the internet, youtube and other kinds of websites through electrical devices such as computers and smart boards and other sorts of authentic materials (e.g. current newspapers or magazines). Youtube is used for authentic material, and the BBC and some other news channels are also accessed for listening tasks. Written materials are less applied in classrooms since teachers think that electronic media materials are more visual for students, thus helping them to understand more easily , encouraging motivation and gaining more attention in lessons. Teachers recommend that learning cultures through coursebooks would benefit students, as language and culture are interlinked, and it would make students not only become fluent speakers of English but also help them to become interculturally competent persons.
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Wilhelmson, Mika. "Representations of culture in EIL : Cultural representation in Swedish EFL textbooks." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-21120.
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The English language has become an international language and is globally used as a lingua franca. Therefore, there has been a shift in English-language education toward teaching English as an interna-tional language (EIL). Teaching from the EIL paradigm means that English is seen as an international language used in communication by people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. As the approach to English-language education changes from the traditional native-speaker, target country context, so does the role of culture within English-language teaching. The aim of this thesis is to in-vestigate and analyse cultural representations in two Swedish EFL textbooks used in upper-secondary school to see how they correspond with the EIL paradigm. This is done by focusing on the geograph-ical origin of the cultural content as well as looking at what kinds of culture are represented in the textbooks. A content analysis of the textbooks is conducted, using Kachru’s Concentric Circles of English as the model for the analysis of the geographical origin. Horibe’s model of the three different kinds of culture in EIL is the model used for coding the second part of the analysis. The results of the analysis show that culture of target countries and "Culture as social custom" dominate the cultural content of the textbook. Thus, although there are some indications that the EIL paradigm has influ-enced the textbooks, the traditional approach to culture in language teaching still prevails in the ana-lysed textbooks. Because of the relatively small sample included in the thesis, further studies need to be conducted in order to make conclusions regarding the Swedish context as a whole.
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Tu, Ching-Hsin. "Student teaching overseas: Outcomes and persistence of the student teaching abroad experience." Ashland University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ashland1366368890.
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Anosike, Cordelia Nwamaka. "Improving primary science teaching in Nigeria : a workshop approach." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10021732/.
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Earlier studies have shown that the majority of the teachers in primary schools in Nigeria are ill-equipped to teach science. It was also established that most of these primary school science teachers had rather poor background and training in science. The present study was therefore designed to establish the efficacy of practical workshops as a way of furthering teachers' professional competency in science. This was done through a field study of these teachers in their teaching environment. The investigation was carried out in three phases. The first phase involved a questionnaire survey covering 180 primary six teachers located in three of the 30 states of Nigeria (Anambra, Kaduna and Plateau). The aim of this survey was to identify the topics in the primary science core curriculum which the teachers found difficult to teach. It was found that the teachers found magnetism a difficult topic to teach. The second phase involved the mounting of a 2-day in-service training workshop on the teaching of magnetism, for fifty teachers located in Anambra state. The workshop was designed as one of the mechanism for improving the knowledge and teaching skills of the teachers in science. The third phase of the study involved post-workshop visits, follow-up interviews and the observation of the teachers in action in their own classrooms. The visits were followed by a 1-day workshop which provided an opportunity for the workshop programme to be evaluated as well as for the teachers to meet for mutual exchanges of experiences. The outcomes of the workshops indicated that the teachers, as a result of their participation in the workshops, had achieved a greater understanding of magnetism and subsequently were able to teach the topic more confidently. The implications of this study for pre-service and in-service teacher education programmes as well as classroom science teaching practice are discussed.
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Caddick, Airini Rosalind Milnes. "Dreams of woken souls, the relationship between culture and curriculum." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25026.pdf.
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Staring, Scott Patrick. "Cultural studies and the challenge of past thought." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30219.
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The field of cultural studies is founded upon the belief that there are no essential (ahistorical or transhistorical) limits separating theory from practice. Thus, it rejects out of hand a central principle of the West's premodern tradition of thought, which held that political theory must always be tempered by a practical awareness of human nature. The move away from this older belief in natural limits is largely carried out in the name of diversity, a sincere wish to promote openness and tolerance toward the various ends that humans may choose to pursue. Unfortunately, this ground-clearing exercise runs into certain contradictions when it is realized that absolute tolerance can provide no consistent argument against its opposite, extreme intolerance. A more subtle effect of this tolerance, however---and one that I will argue is in evidence in much cultural studies research today---is the inability to ground important political decisions. This inability leads to what Stuart Hall has called a "formalization" of the field: unwilling to commit to a particular practical vision, theory becomes locked within a self-referential sphere, or limits itself to "low risk" practical discussions (e.g., the cultural implications of record collecting). This trend towards political ineffectuality, I argue, can only be moderated by subjecting cultural studies' deepest assumptions concerning human nature to philosophical doubt. Following the argument of Leo Strauss, I propose that the most radical challenge to the mainstream of current thought is found in premodern writings. Thus, this thesis is at once a critique of the "present-mindedness" that I have witnessed in cultural studies and a limited defense of past thought.
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Breeze, William. "Teaching a critical culture : raising our pedagogical consciousness in the writing classroom /." View abstract, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3248454.
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Waite, Bryan Robert. "The role of communicative competence and culture in current foreign language teaching." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3239404.
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Hyde, Martin. "An investigation of professional discourse on culture in international English language teaching." Thesis, University of Kent, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250337.
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Morales, Betsy. "The teaching of culture in the Puerto Rican university English language classrooms /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Lee, Ya-Chi. "Promoting creative English teaching using Chinese culture for elementary schooling in Taiwan." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2952.
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To make English an interesting subject for elementary school students, teachers need to know what material attracts students, how to motivate students, and how to release students' creativity. Therefore, This project incorporates the concepts of multiple intelligences, motivation, culture and language, and development of creativity to provide a model for promoting creative English teaching in the elementary schools of Taiwan. In addition, the content of the unit, based on Chinese culture and the comparison of Chinese and American cultures, is an innovative curriculum designed to motivate students to learn English.
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Cromwell, Robert G. "Consuming music and teaching music : a case study in creativity." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1995. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7001.
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Simionato, Margareth Fadanelli. "A formação do professor do ensino técnico e a cultura docente." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/29942.
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Esta tese tem como ponto central a análise da cultura docente de professores do Ensino Técnico e problematiza até que ponto o reconhecimento da cultura docente e o trabalho sobre essa cultura são caminhos para que a qualificação da docência e as mudanças na Educação Profissional técnica de nível médio se concretizem no cotidiano das escolas. Este estudo se inscreve na linha de pesquisa Trabalho, Movimentos Sociais e Educação, propondo uma análise da cultura docente como caminho de modificação e melhoria das práticas docentes, na promoção de mudanças no Ensino Técnico. Analisa a influência de organismos multilaterais na formulação de políticas públicas para a educação e formação de professores, conformando modos de ser e de fazer a docência. Os avanços e as tensões das políticas de formação, o currículo por competências e as organizações metodológicas necessárias são o que se constitui como fundamento para os estudos posteriores. A análise da socialização, da cultura, das ―culturas‖ docente e do desenvolvimento profissional contribui para a compreensão do conceito de ―culturas‖ docente, a partir da análise e da categorização apresentadas por Hargreaves (1998) e Pérez Gómez (2001), paralelamente às contribuições de Marcelo (2000) e Imbernón (1998), no campo do desenvolvimento profissional docente. A coleta de dados se realizou a partir de análise documental, questionários e grupos focais, realizados com 60 sujeitos divididos entre 16 professores em exercício, em escolas técnicas privadas, e 44 candidatos a um Programa Especial de Formação Pedagógica. Utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo para organização e categorização dos dados, que foram interpretados a partir dos pressupostos do método dialético. Evidencia-se a preponderância do isolamento docente e da balcanização, favorecida pela organização física e curricular das escolas. Os dados revelam, ainda, o desenvolvimento da colegialidade artificial, havendo poucos indícios que incentivem o desenvolvimento de uma cultura de colaboração entre os docentes. O domínio da técnica e a experiência laboral sobrepõem-se aos conhecimentos pedagógicos como condição suficiente para o exercício da docência, pautados na racionalidade técnica, reforçando determinados ―modelos‖ de professor, aprovados pela cultura docente analisada. Já a ideia de competências encontrada orienta-se pelos discursos e pelas práticas no mundo do trabalho, pautado na empregabilidade, enfatizando a importância do saber tácito e do saber fazer individuais.This thesis has, as its main focus, the analysis of the cultural teaching of Technical instruction educators, and it puts in doubt whether the recognition of cultural teaching and the work on this culture are ways to help the teaching qualification and its changes in Technical Professional Education, in secondary school, and if this happens in the institutions‘ daily routines. This work belongs to the field Work, Social Actions and Education, proposing a teaching cultural analysis as a way of modifying and improving teaching practices, promoting changes in the Technical Teaching. It also analyses the influence of multilaterals studies in the creation of public policies to the teachers‘ formation and education, shaping ways of being and making instruction. The advances and tensions of formation policies, the competence curriculum and the necessary methodological organizations are the things that constitute the foundations to further studies. The analysis of socialization, culture, teaching ―cultures‖ and professional development contributes to the understanding of ―cultures‖ teaching, from the analysis and categorization presented by Hargreaves (1998) and Pérez Gómes (2001), paralleling to the contributions of Marcelo (2000) and Imbernón (1998), in the field of professional teaching development. The data selection was made from a documental analysis, questionnaires and focal groups, done with 60 people divided between 16 current teachers, from private technical schools, and 44 candidates to a Special Program of Pedagogical Formation. It was used the content analysis to the organization and categorization of data, which were interpreted from the dialectical method. It shows the preponderance of teaching isolation and balkanization, promoted by the physical and curriculum organization of institutions. The records show, as well, the development of an artificial schooling, having a few indications that increase the advance of a collaborative culture among the educators. The technical authority and labor experience overdo the pedagogical knowledge as a sufficient condition to the teaching exercise, based on the technical rationality, reinforcing some educators‘ ―models‖, approved by the teaching culture analyzed. On the other hand, the competence ideas found here were oriented by discourses and practices in the labor world, based on employment, highlighting the importance of tacit knowledge, and also the individual knowing of ―doing by yourself‖.
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Raina, Seemin. "Teaching of Islamic Religious Art as an Aid to the Understanding of Islamic Culture." Thesis, Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1156%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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