Academic literature on the topic 'Teacher led discussion'

In this self-study of a secondary teacher education course, the authors investigated whether there was evidence of critically reflective problem solving on the part of prospective teachers who participated in a peer-led online discussion of a teaching case about English-language learners. They also examined what approaches to multicultural education the peer-led dialogues suggested. Using the tools of discourse analysis to analyze the dialogue, they found some evidence of reflective problem solving. However, few students engaged in critical reflection, which entails examining the sociopolitical consequences of solutions and promoting social change through community action projects. Furthermore, many responses reflected deficit theories, stereotypical thinking, and technical-rational problem solving. Interwoven with the analysis of the students’ discussion is a self-study dialogue reflecting on the instructor’s curriculum and pedagogy. The self-study addresses what the authors have learned about how teacher educators foster critically reflective problem solving regarding issues of language, culture, and race.

Purpose After interviewing teachers about their beliefs on discussion, the author observed four English teachers as they led class discussions. The purpose of this study is to see what kinds of discussion were happening, and what teachers were doing to facilitate those discussions. Design/methodology/approach The author observed six English class sessions with discussion as a technique and transcribed each. To analyze the discussion events (DEs), the author focused on the addressivity of the teachers’ comments, and plotted the DEs on a four-quadrant system of analysis. The quadrants helped to move beyond the value-laden dichotomy between monologic and dialogic discussion, and to better understand what teachers are doing. Findings The majority of class sessions were classified as convergent-active but teachers used a variety of discussions. In particular, teachers were concerned about control, so they used three techniques to keep procedural control as follows: taking over the discussion, creating specific procedures and using the Initiation-Response-Evaluation format in different ways. Originality/value Instead of focusing on a dichotomy this method of analysis opens up the possibility for labeling different kinds of dialogic instruction, like the teacher-as-conductor form of convergent-active discussions. This can help teachers understand that addressivity and purpose matter as they create their discussions but also that various forms of discussion are necessary in the classroom. Incorporating dialogic instruction has been difficult for teachers; this method can help describe what they are doing while not devaluing the kinds of discussion that are taking place.

In education the various problems faced by teachers is still often the case, came successive as the development of the times. Ranging from lack of mastery of the material in the learning process, a lack of understanding on curriculum applied, stuttering in operating technology, often active on social media with things which are not educating which led to the loss of authority as a teacher and others. This paper uses qualitative research methods. Reasons to use qualitative research methods because the author wanted to describe the naturally muswarah on the role of teachers of subjects in improving teacher competence. Conclusion in this paper, the role MGMP in improving teacher competence Education of Islam among them as a forum, a. teacher competency through increased competence of pedagogic, social competence, personality, competencies, competency and professional, b. intellectual capacity building of teachers, c. as a discussion forum to find solutions in the face of challenges in the process of learning, d. increased sustainable profession forum.

Adoption of the edTPA as part of new teacher licensing and/or program approval requirements has created heated discussions among teacher educators. Among the discussion topics is the supposition that state-level bureaucrats have been the sole source of the decision to require the edTPA, with little input from the preparation programs. This article describes how a university–state agency workgroup, in response to administrative code requirements, investigated various performance measures, identified and discussed many of the controversies, and then recommended adoption of the Teacher Performance Assessment (TPA/edTPA) to fulfill two assessment roles: (a) candidate licensing and (b) teacher education program evaluation. Also included is a discussion of the factors that led to the associated decisions.

This study sought to identify and describe how negative evidence was made available and accessible in responses to learners during two classroom activities: a teacher-led discussion, which emphasized communication of subject matter content, and a teacher-led sentence construction exercise, which focused on application of grammatical rules. Data came from adult, pre-academic English language learners during six discussions of American film and literature, and six sets of sentence construction exercises. Findings revealed little availability of negative evidence in the discussions, as students' fluent, multi-error contributions drew responses that were primarily back-channels and continuation moves. Greater availability and accessibility of negative evidence were found in the sentence construction exercises, as students were given feedback following their completion of individual sentences. Results from the study suggested several pedagogical implications and applications.

The first part of the article reports a few daily reflections from my last years of work focusing the teacher role, the researcher role, the administrator role and the role of the teacher/researcher in third stream activities. The progress can be summarized quite negatively - less time dedicated to heterogeneous student groups, changing opportunities to achieve analytical and critical skills, increased governance in scientific achievements, reduced collegial "power" and reduced interest to be engaged in third stream activities. The second part of the article is about the relationship between education/pedagogy, didactics/curriculum studies and educational science. Didactics was discussed as part of improving research basis for prospective and active teachers. One conclusion is that more than fifteen years of discussion hardly favored the subject of education, but highlighted the importance of subject didactics. Another conclusion is that neither the introduction of educational science became the solution to research appeals for teachers and teacher education as originally thought. Accordingly, more than thirty years of discussion first about finding the relationship between pedagogy and didactics and then to clarify the relationship to educational science has hardly led to any illumination regarding the boundaries of the subject of education.

Children develop language and communication skills through interaction with adults and other children. This study therefore focuses on two interdependent issues: the effect of philosophizing with children on children’s language development and the speech acts of teachers and children in philosophical enquiries. As part of a before-after test with the “Hamburger Verfahren zur Analyse des Sprachstandes Fünfjähriger” (Reich & Roth, 2004, Hamburg Procedure for Analysing the Language Level of Five Year-olds), weekly philosophical discussions were undertaken with a test class over a period of six months. The central findings are that the philosophising children developed significantly higher language ability compared with a non-philosophising control class in two areas, namely general performance in discussion and the use of more sophisticated connectors. A further part of the study compared the speech acts of the children and their pre-school teacher in the context of philosophical discussion with their speech acts in a different dialogic situation (dialogic discussion of picture books). This showed that philosophical questions from the pre-school teacher led to the production of particularly complex language by the children. Complex speech acts involve the use of higher-level verb structures and connectors. These are necessary in order to reason and act as a citizen agent and are supported by philosophising with children, as this study shows.

This study is an examination of first grade students’ participation in Book Club at a high achieving, high poverty urban primary school in Detroit. In spite of the school’s high performing record, teachers are constrained by having to adhere closely to the pacing guide and the exclusive use of curriculum literature to preserve the school’s high achieving status. Irrelevant curriculum materials surrounding the themes “Keep Trying” and “Being Afraid” led to a teacher and researcher collaboration to use relatable supplemental texts. An examination of peer-led discussion groups demonstrated deep comprehension and students’ ability to mediate personal connections and multiple perspectives.

碩士
國立台北師範學院
課程與教學研究所
93
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between teacher-led discussion and peer-led discussion during the planning phase of writing, and their relationship with the actual writing performance in the lower grades. The subjects were 32 second graders divided into six discussion groups for six writing events. In the first phase of the study, students wrote three short essays. First, the teacher led a class discussion, then two of the groups (discussion groups) had peed-led discussions before writing, while the other four groups (control groups) started to write immediately, and shared their writing afterwards. Chi square tests showed that the discussion groups differed from the controls groups – fewer essays from the discussion group contained content from the teacher-led discussions. Further analysis showed that the difference came from one essay alone. In the second phases of the study, after the teacher-led discussions, all groups had peer-led discussions before they started to write. All discussions were transcribed, and their contents were categorized into whether they were related to “form”, “details”, follow up questions or directions”, and “unrelated discourse.” The categories were matched up with the students’ essays to obtain the percentage of matching content between teacher-led discussion, peer-led discussion, and the essays. The results indicated that the way the teacher led the class discussions greatly affected the content of the peer discussions, and the ways the students interacted in the peer-led discussions. When the teacher focused on stimulating imagination and talked about “what to write”, peer-led discussions focused on details of the writing, and the students’ essays had more individual content different from both discussions. In contrast, when the teacher focused on “how to write”, the peer-led discussions had higher levels of unrelated discourse, and most discourse, as well as the subsequent essays, were merely filling in details of the categories of content indicated by the teacher. The theme of the essay influenced how the teacher led the discussion, which led to differences in peer-led discussion, and therefore, the essays themselves. When the theme was narrow, the teacher focused on “what to write,” but when the theme was broad, the teacher focused more on showing students how to organize the contents, and “how to write.” The results of this study suggests that teachers consider how discussions should be led prior to writing practice, and to balance the teaching of “form” and “content.” Teachers should also consider helping students engage in more fruitful discussions by changing the way teacher-led discussions are conducted. It is also suggested that further research on discussions in the planning stages of writing should analyze the rich data from the discourse during discussions. Keywords: lower elementary students, teacher-led discussion, peer-led discussion, teaching of writing, writing performance

Chapter 3 discusses the beginning phase of acculturation, from the time of Dōgen’s awakening in China in 1225 to the middle of the thirteenth century by stressing the direct personal transmission that eventually led to the support Zen teachers gained from both the shogunal and imperial authorities in Japan. After discussing various factors that gave rise to the strength of the Chan tradition in China but also gradually led to its weakening, the chapter covers the struggles and mixed results faced by the early Japanese pilgrims, particularly Dōgen, Eisai, and Enni, on returning from sojourns on the mainland, in addition to the meditative and literary methods these figures employed in order to propagate the transplantation process.

This chapter explains how incorporating podcasts and multimedia sources (audio and TV clips, social-media messages, etc.) into a History of English course can lead not only to the greatest student engagement but also to a significantly richer learning experience. This chapter will reflect upon both what these materials are and why they should be so meaningful for students, as well as how these materials are also satisfying and engaging to the scholar/teacher. Specific examples of podcasts, YouTube videos, and Internet memes are mentioned, along with relevant class discussion prompts or out-of-class assignments.

The twentieth century was a time of trial for the Christian Churches of Europe and Russia. Their clash with a new type of state could not but affect the system of religious education. In almost all countries, it has faced state intervention, which has led to its significant transformation, and sometimes even a complete ban. At the same time, there was a search for new forms of religious education aimed at a wide variety of groups: from future priests and lay students to teenagers and preschoolers. This collection of articles provides reviews of these trends, as well as reviews of current discussions about the future of religious education. For historians, teachers and anyone interested in the history of religious education.

This chapter examines how creationists were able to work their way into the political mainstream that allowed them to carve a prominent place on the national agenda from the mid-1990s to about 2005. Although the creationists lost in Dover and Kansas, the events reflected a movement that had crept from an intellectual backwater to the center of U.S, politics. Before 2005, the teaching of evolution already was designated marginal to failing in half of the states, as various legislatures and local school boards avoided, disclaimed, and renounced evolution. This chapter first considers the creationists' participation in a May 2000 congressional briefing on intelligent design before discussing how creationism became an issue in the 1996 and 2008 presidential elections and in the Republicans' presidential candidacy in 2012. It also looks at President George W. Bush's endorsement of creationism via “teach the controversy” in 2005 and the backlash against creationism in less conventional mass media. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the institutionalization of creationism led by the Discovery Institute.

Missionary Calculus tells the story for the first time of the making of the Sunday school in Victorian India (1858–1901), focusing on American missionaries, its most active promoters. Unlike other mission histories, this book studies the means missionaries adopted in building this institution rather than on their evangelical ends. Based on extensive archival research, it addresses the question: How did the process of building institutions affect the Christian values to establish which they were built? The book provides a richly detailed account of Indian colonial educational history, discussing the Christian pedagogical encounter with a non-Christian learning environment. It tells of lavish missionary lifestyles in a land frequently stricken by famine, and of missionary solidarity with British colonial authorities, accompanied though by Christian caritative commitment for the plight of the colonized. Missionaries resolved these contradictions by telling their audiences that becoming Christian would lead them to prosperity, while telling themselves that they needed to work out a plan for civilizational correction. Sunday schools began to be seen as at once the instrument of evangelization as of reschooling India. American missionaries brought with them Sunday school curricula and organizational methods from back home, and tried to customize them to Indian conditions. But this meant having to compromise with hiring heathen teachers, allowing heathen students to wear their caste-marks, commissioning a heathen-style hymnody, and paying money to key people to fill the classrooms with heathens. Could such a hybrid institution be Christian? And whom could it serve? Here is an East Indian tale.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

AbstractThis final section of Transitions focuses on arguably the most important element of 'successful' ILEs—the teacher. Within educational research alone, and when looking at a hundred years or more of research into quality schooling, most arguments attract a counter-perspective. Interestingly, on one factor virtually everyone agrees; the teacher has the greatest positive impact on the quality of student learning. For this reason, we use the preceding sections to lead us into discussions about how teachers occupy and use the educational space.

AbstractIn this chapter we present the process of designing and developing a novel online platform for supporting cultural literacy learning, involving the elaboration and understanding of European values in collaborative dialogue between students, with teacher-led reflection on wordless texts. Wordless texts are books or videos that comprise sequences of pictures which stimulate student readers to reconstruct the attendant narratives (see Chapters 10.1007/978-3-030-71778-0_5 and 10.1007/978-3-030-71778-0_6, this volume). The narratives in question, available publicly, are designed to stimulate discussions relating to European values, notably tolerance, empathy and inclusion (Lähdesmäki et al. in Intercultural dialogue in European education policies: A conceptual approach. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2020). The main questions for platform design were therefore how to facilitate productive discussions involving European values, on or around such wordless texts, and to structure such discussions in a way that is closely anchored in the texts.

AbstractSmall group work offers the opportunity for students to engage in many-sided discussions. Students can learn how to argue standpoints and develop argumentative competence (i.e. learning to argue) but may also, by using argumentative structures, learn about and tease apart relevant facets of the topic at hand (i.e. arguing to learn). Although these processes can be beneficial for both arguing to learn as well as learning to argue, their success is predicated on the characteristics of the group enacting them. Discussions happen in a social, interpersonal context. Especially in small group collaborative learning, the social relationships between students should have a stronger and more direct impact on the form and content of their contributions than in more direct, teacher-led instruction. In this chapter, we will seek to specify the relations between cognitive and social aspects of collaborative argumentation and illustrate them with an example from the DIALLS lesson recordings.

A review of national trends and best practices informs this analysis of key factors for high-impact teacher education programs abroad, particularly short-term faculty-led programs. Challenges faced by such programs, as well as criticisms of short-term study abroad are addressed and strategies proposed for fostering successful faculty-led programs including discussion of concerns regarding sustainability, curriculum integration, partnerships, student engagement, career integration, and safety and security.

A review of national trends and best practices informs this analysis of key factors for high-impact teacher education programs abroad, particularly short-term faculty-led programs. Challenges faced by such programs, as well as criticisms of short-term study abroad are addressed and strategies proposed for fostering successful faculty-led programs including discussion of concerns regarding sustainability, curriculum integration, partnerships, student engagement, career integration, and safety and security.

The flipped classroom model can transform the traditional lecture-discussion approach to teaching history and give teachers and students the opportunity to explore more student-centered critical thinking activities. This chapter explores how an Advanced Placement United States History course was transformed through the flipped model. First, the teacher shares his frustrations with trying to “cover” a tremendous amount of content in a short amount of time, which often led to the course being dominated by a lecture-discussion format. Second, the teacher details the methods and tools used to flip this course and the enrichment activities that ensued. Finally, there is an exploration of student reaction to this experience followed by a comprehensive discussion of the emerging technology tools currently available to achieve success with the flipped model.

This chapter reviews literature on the use of e-learning to complement and extend preservice and inservice teacher education. It also provides an in depth example of the design and implementation of blended learning for supporting alternative teacher certification. In light of the example, research findings are summarized. The second part of the chapter provides a discussion on the following strategies that led to the successful use of blended learning in alternative teacher certification and explains how applying them can contribute to effective uses of blended learning in other settings: a) leveraging a network of partners, b) designing blended learning to address needs of multiple learners and organizational entities, c) balancing standardization and customization, and d) conducting evaluation and engaging in continuous improvement.

Educators concerned with building technology-rich preservice teacher education seek inspiration in many places. Looking to successful graduate programs might serve to inform those who seek a foundation on which to build successful programs. With years of experience experimenting and studying teacher education at the graduate, inservice level have led to a set of design strategies the authors recommend as guides to making robust decisions about technology-rich preservice teacher education. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section presents a brief discussion of preservice teacher technology education and the Integration of Technology in Schools (ITS) advanced studies graduate program. The second presents five guiding design strategies to inform the continuous process of technology-rich teacher education. The chapter concludes with a third section that discusses the implications of those design strategies for preservice teacher education.

This chapter describes how case methods, namely discussion and reflection on published case studies, were used in online courses to promote the development of linguistically responsive and culturally sustaining practices. Participants included pre- and inservice teachers enrolled in courses for add-on licensure preparing them to work with English learners (ELs) as literacy and language teachers in Pre-K through 12 settings. Content analysis showed that cases (1) served as a catalyst for recognizing educational inequality preventing ELs from succeeding academically, (2) led participants to reflect on their beliefs and practices and make personal connections, and (3) prompted participants to offer practical classroom-level and broader structural solutions to address inequities in education of ELs. Reflections on what worked and considerations for using case methods in online literacy and language teacher preparation are described.

This chapter focuses on one teacher educator's experience teaching an undergraduate Social Foundations of Education course in Utah. The author chronicles life experiences that led her to be a social justice educator and how she structures her course to fit her definition of social justice education. She defines the ‘Utah Bubble' phenomenon seen within the state and the effect it has on pre-service teachers' knowledge of diversity and privilege. A discussion about the course curriculum showcases the way aspects of social justice education have been carefully constructed to examine identity, socialization, and privilege. Attention is paid to new understandings students created during the semester-long course and forms of resistance students exhibited during a study conducted by the author.

In this research two different ways of students' reviewing their knowledge in chemistry about carbohydrates are described: group work and discussion with teacher. In experimental group (EG) students were working in groups on their assignments, while in control group (CG) discussion led by teacher was implemented. Results showed better EG students’ achievements on paper-and-pencil test of knowledge on the following class. Keywords: evaluation, group work, teacher-led discussion, carbohydrates.

The implementation of new technology in the gas turbine industry is accelerating at a rate which demands increasing specialisation by its engineering design staff. Simultaneously, this industry has been adopting concurrent engineering practices to reduce product lead-time. Accordingly, the industry now requires its engineers to acquire competence in a wide range of technological disciplines together with a thorough understanding of the demands of design optimisation for the whole engine. Against this background, educational providers must respond to these increasing demands with teaching programmes that enable a more rapid and deeper understanding of a very complex product. The ambition of the teacher, however, to prepare the student will continue to be limited by time constraints within lecture courses. Hitherto, this has normally resulted in class worked examples which are necessarily narrow in scope and confined to a limited range of design cases. To overcome these limitations, a portfolio of multimedia computer programs has been developed specifically for rapid and relevant learning purposes. Each is structured to facilitate in-depth understanding of the key interactions between aerodynamics, thermodynamics and mechanical integrity needed in gas turbine design and performance assessment. This paper describes an interactive teaching method for turbine design optimisation using only the multimedia turbine design and performance module. Through the example of a case study, the preliminary design of a high pressure and low pressure turbine combination is undertaken initially by hand. This first pass design leaves substantial scope for design optimisation through a series of workshops using only the software. Final design recommendations are subsequently based on comprehensive tutor led but fully interactive discussion. Particular emphasis is placed on the impact of design decisions on both the various technology issues and on the performance of other engine components.

The article addresses the issue of developing reflection skills of Polish foreign language student teachers in the context of university training. Although the importance of fostering reflection in student teachers has been widely acknowledged, the complexity of the construct and difficulties to operationalize reflection in research calls for new studies, to which the present paper aims to contribute. The paper discusses the study in progress whose main aims were to explore the potential of journal tasks as techniques stimulating trainees’ reflection and to investigate the nature of reflection demonstrated in students’ journals. The results of the analysis of students’ texts revealed different ways that the students adopted to approach the journal task. Three perspectives from which the students developed their narration were identified: teacher-focused, learner-focused and the one that focusses on external factors. Additionally, the analysis led to the identification of three types of writing, named in the study as Theorising, Describing and Discussing. The findings point to the effectiveness of journal tasks in stimulating students’ thinking about their practicum experiences. They also stress the significance of fostering novice teachers’ reflection skills as a way of socializing students into new roles they will play in their future professional communities.

Several online music courses have been developed lately by educational companies. In addition, many universities have been offering music online degree programs. Since these courses and programs are taught through distance education, many information and communication technoloties (ICTs) are used such as: recorded video, online software, social networks, and audio. Although audio is widely used in the online courses and degree programs that aim to teach applied music, only a few research reports have been published recently about this subject. This paper intends to clarify – through a literature review - some questions concerning this use and also aims to provide a discussion regarding the challenges and constraints of using audio in online applied music lessons. It is also hoped that the discussions made in this paper may lead to the development of research in the area of online music education as well as in the specific field of sound in learning.

Many engineering educators have become sensitive to the improved outcome of student learning in their classes. This has been true for our colleagues in the colleges of education where teachers are prepared for the teaching pedagogy. In many cultures as well as ours, the teaching profession is upheld as a noble profession. At the same time, the university faculty are held with high esteem by the general population. Faculty teaching in undergraduate programs have begun to address the pedagogy of learning in recent years. There is a national trend towards helping in this phenomenon. Besides funding initiatives by organizations such as the National, Science Foundation, engineering professional societies continue to organize forums and awards to recognize and promote teaching and learning of engineering subject matter. This paper would address an experiment in improved learning by students of a subject matter that is laboratory based. The instrumentation course is a required course for engineering technology (ET) students pursuing mechanical, manufacturing/industrial, product design, and electromechanical majors at Wayne State University (WSU). Most engineering technology students are more comfortable with experimental techniques than with derivation of equations and formulas. Setting for this course was a multi-media distance learning classroom and a set of lab experiments. The teacher had an important task of not just covering the material, but to increase student interest to optimize their learning. Although all the teaching materials were prepared for presentation in power point, after discussion with the class it was decided to make the learning process different from the traditional teaching. The class was divided in three groups and each group was given a reading assignment covering one third of the material to be covered in each session. Each team met on a regular basis going over its assignment and breaking up the tasks for each team member to lead presentation and discussion for the whole class. Learning objectives addressed in the course included team work, effective communication, system design and testing, continued student participation, effective learning for long term retention besides the contents of the subject matter. Overall, student really felt they were learning a lot and new things. This paper summarizes a very positive experience of students and faculty dealing with learning pedagogy.

The focus of this paper is assessment of the effectiveness of Traveling Engineering Activity Kits (TEAK) in engaging pre-college students in engineering-related activities. This includes a discussion of the challenges in assessing such a brief interaction with groups of middle school students with widely varying backgrounds as well as a discussion of how past assessment has led to modifications in TEAK activities. Program assessment has evolved from pre- and post-visit quizzes on technical content and interest in engineering to instructor observation of student engagement during TEAK visits relative to engagement during a typical class period. Initial results from pre- and post-visit quizzes showed that the vast majority of students self-reported an increased interest in engineering but that the percentage of students showing an increased understanding of engineering topics was highly dependent on the background of the students. Students who did well on the pre-visit quizzes would show less improvement after a TEAK visit, because their initial level of knowledge was higher. In the present model of rating levels of student engagement during TEAK visits, results seem much more promising, with teachers indicating that, during TEAK activities, their students are more engaged and ask more and better questions than during a typical class.

In 2005, the Industry Advisory Council (IAC) of the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of Colorado-Boulder (CU) began a discussion about the subject of outsourcing engineering offshore and the possibility of teaching a course to prepare mechanical engineering students for this environment. This in turn, led to the formation of a committee and a series of discussions and recommendations for the content for such a course. The ad-hoc committee comprised of a few IAC members, a few M.E. department design faculty members, and some faculty from the business school. The original course covered the following topics: engineering economics, creating product requirements and specifications, identifying the core competencies of a company, project management, developing a business plan, supply chain logistics/management, intellectual property, understanding cultural and language differences, team dynamics, communication, and creativity. This broad array of subject matter dictated that the course be taught in a non-conventional manner. A team of instructors, comprised of two mechanical engineering professors, two business school professors, three engineers and two businessmen from industry, who are intimately involved with outsourcing, and a patent attorney were assembled to teach different portions of the course. The students also participated in a hands-on outsourcing term project. The class was broken up into ten teams, with each team developing a product in conjunction with a company from India. Each team submitted a set of specifications for a unique product to the offshore company. The company designed the product and produced an approved CAD drawing. After student approval, the company manufactured a prototype of the product, and shipped it to the respective team for analysis. Each team then presented a report on their outsourcing experience, their testing results, and a financial analysis for the product. The class was comprised of mechanical engineering senior and graduate students, with a few students from other engineering disciplines and the business school. Based upon course surveys, this course was very well received by the students and provided an important introduction to business. The semester project proved to be a valuable tool for the students to obtain some direct experience with outsourcing.

Many specialists believe that more emphasis on system infrastructure is needed, including the protection of the system’s data against unauthorized use or updates. This paper proposes a way to teach future information system specialists the main concepts involved, using a powerful yet very flexible method to implement access control. Constraints, widely known as context constraints, which depend on the value of a variable or data item, are included. We discovered it was extremely difficult for students to understand, let alone adopt, a model as general as the one we use to explain the necessary ingredients of an Access Control model. However, the order in which the concepts were introduced produced a very significant increase in the degree of understanding on the part of the students. Rather than just provide another method, the paper’s objective is to promote discussion as well as further study of the subject.

Teaching profession continues to hold its status as a noble profession and university faculty are held with high esteem by the general population. Some faculty teaching in engineering and technical programs have begun to address the pedagogy of learning in recent years. This is supported by a number of initiatives at the national level. Besides funding of such activities by organizations such as the National Science Foundation, engineering professional societies have created forums and awards to recognize and promote teaching and learning of engineering subject matter. This paper addresses an experiment in improved learning by students of a subject matter that is very descriptive and non-traditional as compared to most engineering subjects. The applied human factors course is an elective course for engineering technology (ET) students and a required course for the (non-technical) industrial design students from the College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts (CFPCA) at Wayne State University (WSU). Technical students are more comfortable with equations and formulas where as the non-technical students have practically no exposure to such things. Setting for this course was a multi-media distance learning laboratory and the teacher had an important task of not just covering the material, but to increase student interest to optimize their learning. Although all the teaching material for the course was prepared for presentation in power point, after a discussion with the class, it was decided to make the learning process different from the traditional teaching. The class was divided in three groups and each group was given a reading assignment covering one third of the material to be covered in each class session. Each group met on a regular basis going over its assignment and breaking up the task for each team member to lead presentation and discussion for the next class. Learning objectives addressed in the course included team work, effective communication, system design and implementation, continued student participation, and effective learning for long term retention besides the contents of the subject matter. Overall, students really felt they were learning a lot and achieving unexpected new presentation skills. This paper would summarize a very positive experience of all dealing with learning pedagogy.

Amesbury High School is a small suburban district located in the northeastern portion of Massachusetts. Amesbury High School offers a traditional science curriculum (biology, chemistry, and physics) blended with many elective courses. Recently added electives include microbiology, forensics, geology, environmental science, and meteorology to name a few. All of these courses offer students a chance to explore in-depth issues connected to each of these fields with a curriculum designed to address real-life connections, strengthen their problem solving skills, and provide opportunities for application of their knowledge. Based upon review of the Next Generation Science Standards, it became evident a need to offer students a STEM course that was strongly focused on problem-based learning, which bridged math and science content, and offered students a better understanding of the engineering field. In the spring of 2012, a curriculum was written based upon experiences in Northeastern University’s Research Experience for Teachers Program and the CAPSULE Program which are both funded by NSF. Both of these programs offer rich professional development, is focused on engineering-based learning (EBL), have strong connections to University faculty, and provide teachers the opportunity to develop lessons and units that they can directly apply in their classrooms. The CAPSULE program provided extensive training in developing units based upon the engineering design process (EDP), offered intensive training in SolidWorks® (mechanical design software), and provided each of its participants with continued support through classrooms visits and online discussion forums. Based upon participation in these programs, available support through University connections, and a deeper understanding of the field of engineering and the EDP, we anticipate the curriculum developed for our students will lead to a deeper understanding of STEM topics and lead to an increase in enrollment in our science and math classes. I also feel that the potential exists to have CAPSTONE projects become a requirement in the newly developed course. This paper covers the details of the initial offering of the newly-developed course, the changes made for the upcoming school year, and the challenges faced throughout the process of implementation. It also addresses the grant writing successes and failures encountered and how the funding has been used to enhance components of the course. Included in the paper are student reactions and feedback that was considered in revising the course. Lastly, the paper summarizes my involvement in both of these professional development programs and how they are integral to developing leadership skills and confidence within the education profession.

This study responded to one key research question: What are the accountability relationships between the actors in implementing the 3Rs curriculum reform? A qualitative research approach informed the study, using key informant interviews, focus group discussion and document review. The data were analysed using thematic and content analysis. The study established that the key actors in implementing the 3Rs curriculum are the government institutions and the development partners. These actors provide teaching, learning materials and support in the provision of in-service teacher training. Yet, the pupils’ and teachers’ materials prepared by the donor programmes were never authorised by the Commissioner for Education. The study also found that the implementation of the 3Rs was very uneven across the country, with some regions receiving support from both the government and donors, and others receiving support from the government only. Consequently, schools in areas that were exposed to more than one type of support benefited from various teaching and learning materials, which led to confusion regarding when to use them. Moreover, the initiatives by several donors exclusively focus on public schools, which use Kiswahili as the medium of instruction and hence, there existed inequality across the various types of schools. Furthermore, the funds for implementing the reform were provided by both the development partners and the government. The Global Partnership for Education (GPE)—Literacy and Numeracy Education Support (LANES) Program— provided a large proportion of the funds. However, the funds remained insufficient to meet the training needs. As a result, the training was provided for only few days and to a few teachers. Consequently, the sustainability of the reform, in the absence of donor funding, remains largely questionable.