Journal articles on the topic 'Teacher education models'
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Budiwati, Neti. "Development of Education and Training Models in Improving the Professionalism of Economic Teachers." International Journal Pedagogy of Social Studies 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijposs.v4i1.21496.
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The aim to develop models of education and training that are effective in improving teacher competencies. The research method uses non-experimental explanatory and R & D method. The research sample is a high school economic teacher in the Greater Bandung area. Data collection using a questionnaire. Based on the education and training model that was once followed by economic teachers, the results of the research showed that teachers of professional education and training are very helpful in improving teacher professionalism, the form of online learning is very difficult for teachers, especially those in remote areas. Therefore teachers strongly agree to use face-to-face patterns and material support in improving teacher professionalism. Besides that the teacher strongly agrees that the Teacher Professional Education and Training and the teacher learning program with online mentoring can improve literacy and teachers who support professionalism. Teachers state patterns of teacher certification through Professional Education and Training Teachers should focus on professional competence. This study can determine the alternative development of the Teacher's Professional Education and Training model in positions and models, namely Teacher Professional Education and Training using blended learning and Teacher Education and Training Model Based on needs.
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Newton, Xiaoxia A., Linda Darling-Hammond, Edward Haertel, and Ewart Thomas. "Value-Added Modeling of Teacher Effectiveness: An Exploration of Stability across Models and Contexts." education policy analysis archives 18 (September 30, 2010): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v18n23.2010.
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Recent policy interest in tying student learning to teacher evaluation has led to growing use of value-added methods for assessing student learning gains linked to individual teachers. VAM analyses rely on complex assumptions about the roles of schools, multiple teachers, student aptitudes and efforts, homes and families in producing measured student learning gains. This article reports on analyses that examine the stability of high school teacher effectiveness rankings across differing conditions. We find that judgments of teacher effectiveness for a given teacher can vary substantially across statistical models, classes taught, and years. Furthermore, student characteristics can impact teacher rankings, sometimes dramatically, even when such characteristics have been previously controlled statistically in the value-added model. A teacher who teaches less advantaged students in a given course or year typically receives lower effectiveness ratings than the same teacher teaching more advantaged students in a different course or year. Models that fail to take student demographics into account further disadvantage teachers serving large numbers of low-income, limited English proficient, or lower-tracked students. We examine a number of potential reasons for these findings, and we conclude that caution should be exercised in using student achievement gains and value-added methods to assess teachers’ effectiveness, especially when the stakes are high.
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Močinić, Snježana, and Elvi Piršl. "Initial Teacher Education: Appropriate Models for a Knowledge Society?" European Journal of Education 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejed-2019.v2i1-48.
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: Teacher education and professional development of teachers are a crucial issue for any country, since the quality of the teaching staff is one of the main factors influencing the level of students' academic achievements. The conditions in which teachers work today are drastically different from the ones of the early 20th century, whereas the structure and organization of initial teacher education has not changed significantly. Although the course content, the duration of study, and learning and teaching strategies have changed, the main teacher training models, regardless of the differences between them, still include course content related to individual professions, course content from pedagogy and psychology, didactic and methodology training, and in-service teacher training. This paper analyses initial teacher education models with regard to the presence of the said elements and the manner in which they are distributed in the structure and organization of the study programme. On the basis of a conducted analysis, the authors conclude that there is not a single initial teacher education model which proposes a paradigm shift that would yield more successful results in comparison with other models in the preparation of teachers for work in a postmodern era. To navigate the complex social requirements, the most suitable initial teacher education model is the one which integrates different types of knowledge and skills, and produces teachers who are capable of research and reflection – a model which would allow teachers to become critical intellectuals capable of acting autonomously and competently.
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Lasauskiene, Jolanta, and Yuqing Yang. "Educating music teachers in the new millennium: Current models and new developments." Contemporary Educational Researches Journal 8, no. 3 (August 24, 2018): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/cerj.v8i3.3009.
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The main aim of every teacher education programme is to educate competent teachers and to develop necessary professional qualities to ensure lifelong teaching careers for teachers. In various countries different traditions of educating teachers of music have been established following the traditions and needs of each country. The aim of this study is to present and generalise an overview of the most common models of music teacher education in Lithuania (with a focus on Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences) and other countries, so as to highlight the main features that might initiate discussion of critical issues in the context of music teacher education nationally and internationally. The article focuses on pedagogical study programmes of Music Education as well as on similarities and differences in their curricular. The research on models for teacher education in the best foreign higher education institutions creates conditions for adoption of the most successful international teacher education practices.
Keywords: Initial music teacher education, teacher education curriculum, teacher education models, study programmes;
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Konstantopoulos, Spyros. "Teacher Effects, Value-Added Models, and Accountability." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 116, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811411600109.
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Background In the last decade, the effects of teachers on student performance (typically manifested as state-wide standardized tests) have been re-examined using statistical models that are known as value-added models. These statistical models aim to compute the unique contribution of the teachers in promoting student achievement gains from grade to grade, net of student background and prior ability. Value-added models are widely used nowadays and they are used by some states to rank teachers. These models are used to measure teacher performance or effectiveness (via student achievement gains), with the ultimate objective of rewarding or penalizing teachers. Such practices have resulted in a large amount of controversy in the education community about the role of value-added models in the process of making important decisions about teachers such as salary increases, promotion, or termination of employment. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the effects teachers have on student achievement, with an emphasis on value-added models. The paper also discusses whether value-added models are appropriately used as a sole indicator in evaluating teachers’ performance and making critical decisions about teachers’ futures in the profession. Research Design This is a narrative review of the literature on teacher effects that includes evidence about the stability of teacher effects using value-added models. Conclusions More comprehensive systems for teacher evaluation are needed. We need more research on value-added models and more work on evaluating value-added models. The strengths and weaknesses of these models should be clearly described. We also need much more empirical evidence with respect to the reliability and the stability of value-added measures across different states. The findings thus far do not seem robust and conclusive enough to warrant decisions about raises, tenure, or termination of employment. In other words, it is unclear that the value-added measures that inform the accountability system are adequate. It is not obvious that we are better equipped now to make such important decisions about teachers than we were 35 years ago. Good et al. have argued that we need well-thought-out and well-developed criteria that guide accountability decisions. Perhaps such criteria should be standardized across school districts and states. That would ensure that empirical evidence across different states is comparable and would help determine whether findings converge or diverge.
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Graham, Jim, and Ronald Barnett. "Models of Quality in Teacher Education." Oxford Review of Education 22, no. 2 (June 1996): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305498960220205.
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Kent, Ashley. "Forum: Emerging Models of Teacher Education." International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 13, no. 2 (May 30, 2004): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669580408668506.
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Yusuf, Hamdallat Taiwo. "Teachers Evaluation of Concurrent and Consecutive Teacher Education Models in South-west, Nigeria." Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE) 4, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/ijolae.v4i2.17599.
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The provision of quality teachers is central to a nation’s education system. This study evaluated two universities, based on teacher education curriculum models (concurrent and consecutive) using Stake’s Antece-dents-Transactions-Outcomes (ATO) evaluation model, on the subject content and education components. The study was a descriptive type using a survey method. The sample comprised 514 teachers from selected secondary schools (188 consecutive and 326 concurrent), Research instrument was the Teachers Questionnai-re on Evaluation of Models of Teacher Education Curricula (TQEMTEC). The results indicated that teachers rated the consecutive teacher education curriculum model to be better. On the improvements needed, teacher educators suggested the inclusion of special education and more subject contents area for students enrolled in the concurrent, and an increase in the number of years for the pedagogical and practical aspects of the consecutive models. Results of the hypotheses indicated a significant difference between the views of tea-chers exposed to the concurrent and those exposed to consecutive teacher education models on subject con-tent, (t =2.47; df=512; Sig= 0.014 p 0.05). Based on the findings, a recommendation was made that the two models of teacher education should be further strengthened through improved subject content, particu-larly for the concurrent teacher education program.
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Bartlett, Lora. "Specifying Hybrid Models of Teachers’ Work During COVID-19." Educational Researcher 51, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x211069399.
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The term “hybrid” emerged as a common descriptor of pandemic-modified schooling configurations. Yet this umbrella term insufficiently captures the variations among hybrid models, particularly as it pertains to the structure of teacher workdays and related workload demands. Drawing on qualitative research documenting K–12 U.S. teachers’ experience teaching during COVID-19, this brief introduces and explicates three terms specifying structural hybrid models—parallel, alternating, and blended—and their implications for teachers’ work. Differentiating among the models facilitates future analysis of the implications of hybrid schooling for teacher and student experience. Initial analysis indicates teachers experienced one model, blended hybrid, as more challenging than others. This teacher perception highlights the need to discern among the three hybrid models more closely when analyzing schools’ responses to the pandemic. Differentiating among hybrid models may prompt future analysis of hybrid schooling for teacher workload and student learning.
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Larsson, Johanna, John Airey, Anna T. Danielsson, and Eva Lundqvist. "A Fragmented Training Environment: Discourse Models in the Talk of Physics Teacher Educators." Research in Science Education 50, no. 6 (November 14, 2018): 2559–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11165-018-9793-9.
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AbstractThis article reports the results of an empirical study exploring the discourses of physics teacher educators. We ask how the expressed understandings of a physics teacher education programme in the talk of teacher educators potentially support the identity construction of new teachers. Nine teacher educators from different sections of a physics teacher programme in Sweden were interviewed. The concept of discourse models was used to operationalise how the discourses of the teacher education programme potentially enable the performance of different physics teacher identities. The analysis resulted in the construction of four discourse models that could be seen to be both enabling and limiting the kinds of identity performances trainee physics teachers can enact. Knowledge of the models thus potentially empowers trainee physics teachers to understand the different goals of their educational programme and from there make informed choices about their own particular approach to becoming a professional physics teacher. We also suggest that for teacher educators, knowledge of the discourse models could facilitate making conscious, informed decisions about their own teaching practice.
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Efimkina, A. "CONTINUING EDUCATION OF TEACHERS THROUGH INTER-SCHOOL MODELS OF SELF-EDUCATION." East European Scientific Journal 4, no. 12(76) (January 28, 2022): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/essa.2782-1994.2021.4.76.224.
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Thanks to various federal projects and initiatives, innovative approaches to the design and implementation of continuing education programmes for teachers have emerged. Lifelong learning models are innovative. The proposed inter-school model of teacher self-study is individual-networked, it corresponds to the trends of modern education, contributes to the formation and development of professional competence of teachers in accordance with modern requirements.
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Louber, Ismael. "A Critical Review of EFL Teacher Supervision Models." International Journal of Teacher Education and Professional Development 2, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijtepd.2019010101.
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Teacher supervision plays a significant role in teacher education in general and in professional development in particular. Whilst supervision occurs at several levels and in different contexts, it plays a particularly important role in pre-service teacher training. Nonetheless, it still retains an important place in in-service teacher education. This article critically reviews the main supervisory models and approaches with particular respect to language teacher education. For many English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers, the notion of supervision can be a source of concern; therefore, this paper attempts to shed light on the various approaches and theories that have shaped the field of teacher supervision in general education and in EFL in particular. Finally, the article offers additional insights to practitioners into a different perspective on supervision from a post-method outlook with the idea of epistemology of practice as a central notion.
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Gipps, Caroline, Bet McCallum, and Margaret Brown. "Models of teacher assessment among primary school teachers in England." Curriculum Journal 7, no. 2 (June 1996): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958517960070204.
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Özek, Umut, and Zeyu Xu. "Misattribution of Teacher Value Added." Education Finance and Policy 14, no. 1 (January 2019): 115–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00238.
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The federal Race to the Top competition provided significant impetus for states to adopt value-added models as a part of their teacher evaluation systems. Such models typically link students to their teachers in the spring semester when statewide tests are administered and estimate a teacher's performance based on his or her students’ learning between the test date in the previous school year and the test date in the current year. Because of data limitations in many states, however, the effect of most student learning experiences between two consecutive tests cannot be distinguished from, and hence is often attributed to, the value added of teachers in the spring classrooms. This study examines how teacher evaluations are affected by such misattribution and explores methods that can provide the best approximation in the absence of more detailed data. We find that ignoring previous school-year teachers’ contributions on student learning has a sizeable impact on estimated value-added scores for teachers in the current school year. We also present an alternative approach that can be implemented in the absence of more detailed data on student learning experiences and closely approximates teacher value-added scores that are estimated based on complete student enrollment and roster information.
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Maba, Wayan, Ida Bagus Ketut Perdata, and I. Nengah Astawa. "Constructing Assessment Instrument Models for Teacher’s Performance, Welfare and Education Quality." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (IJSSH) 1, no. 3 (December 14, 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijssh.v1i3.59.
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The prime objective of this research is to design teacher performance assessment instrument model, teacher welfare instrument model, and instrument model of education quality improvement. To achieve these objectives needs analysis, potential field analysis, and other supporting analyzes were performed. The final product or outcome of this research is a set of assessment instrument models for teachers’ performance, teachers’ welfare, and educational quality improvement. The study was designed for two years adopting the Research and Development theory employing 4D model consisting of Define, Design, Develop and Disseminate. The first year designated as a phase of Define and Design, aims to design a draft of the assessment instrument models. The second year, the activity was focused on the refinement of the final draft of the assessment instrument models for teacher performance, teachers’ welfare, and quality of education outcomes through focus group discussion (FGD) with the selected teachers, principals and school supervisors. The final research result is a set of valid assessment models of teachers’ performance, teachers’ welfare and quality improvement of education.
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Maba, Wayan, Ida Bagus Ketut Perdata, and I. Nengah Astawa. "Constructing assessment instrument models for teacher’s performance, welfare and education quality." International journal of social sciences and humanities 1, no. 3 (December 14, 2017): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v1n3.59.
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The prime objective of this research is to design teacher performance assessment instrument model, teacher welfare instrument model, and instrument model of education quality improvement. To achieve these objectives needs analysis, potential field analysis, and other supporting analyzes were performed. The final product or outcome of this research is a set of assessment instrument models for teachers’ performance, teachers’ welfare, and educational quality improvement. The study was designed for two years adopting the Research and Development theory employing 4D model consisting of Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. The first year designated as a phase of Define and Design, aims to design a draft of the assessment instrument models. The second year, the activity was focused on the refinement of the final draft of the assessment instrument models for teacher performance, teachers’ welfare, and quality of education outcomes through focus group discussion (FGD) with the selected teachers, principals and school supervisors. The final research result is a set of valid assessment models of teachers’ performance, teachers’ welfare, and quality improvement of education.
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Minchanovska, Oleksandra. "Subjectivity in education – reflections upon teacher-learner relations." Osvitolohiya, no. 6 (2017): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2226-3012.2017.6.5964.
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In the presented study, the educational dialogue is understood as a model of subject-oriented interaction, as a kind of idea which specifies the way of thinking about education. By creating the possibilities of self-expression for its participants, this process shapes the orientation towards the subject of all the participants. However, this can take place only if appropriate conditions are provided for the participants and the teachers are aware of their being role models for their learners. The article deals with the basic models of educational cooperation, namely the model of spontaneous actions of students and their adaptation activity – quasi-objective model; the model of teacher planned events and actions – the object model; the model of coordinated activities of teacher and students – the subjective model.The main criteria for defining those models are: the type of student / teacher activity – from natural, due to their own internal reasons, and inspired to the actions that are directed by the teacher only; correlation between the level of activity of students and teacher – there is a close relationship among them, i.e. the more active teacher is, the less space is left for student activities and vice versa; the nature of relationship between teacher and students as between the two partners.It should also be noticed that due to the nature of the subjective educational communication – direct (student-teacher interaction) or indirect (teacher directs student relationship in class) – there is a possibility of effectively influence on the development of the subjective orientation of every student. This is a teacher's personal example given in personal relations that has an impact on the extent to which children develop consciousness.
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Goncalves Vidal, Diana. "Teachers’ Practices and Teacher Models: Anísio Teixeira and Initial Teacher Training (Rio de Janeiro, 1932–1935)." Encounters in Theory and History of Education 23 (December 19, 2022): 24–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/encounters.v23i0.15662.
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To investigate the relationship between teachers’ practices and teacher models, this article takes as its main thread the work of Anísio Teixeira at the Teachers School of the Institute of Education, in Rio de Janeiro, between 1932 and 1935. In doing that, it resorts to oral and written sources and dares to outline a research methodology. The narrative is organized into four parts, and an introduction. The first part offers a general description of the place where Teixeira’s professional work is developed. Only those aspects of the history of the creation of the Institute of Education deemed as necessary to the study are described. In the second part, we explore the broad features of that teacher practice, interweaving written and oral documentation. In the third part, we focus on the issue of the sources. As our final comments, we consider the importance of historical investigations on teachers’ practice and models. Keywords: history of education, teacher training; oral history; teachers’ lives; teacher models
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Everson, Kimberlee Callister, Erika Feinauer, and Richard Sudweeks. "Rethinking Teacher Evaluation: A Conversation about Statistical Inferences and Value-Added Models." Harvard Educational Review 83, no. 2 (June 14, 2013): 349–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.83.2.m32hk8q851u752h0.
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In this article, the authors provide a methodological critique of the current standard of value-added modeling forwarded in educational policy contexts as a means of measuring teacher effectiveness. Conventional value-added estimates of teacher quality are attempts to determine to what degree a teacher would theoretically contribute, on average, to the test score gains of any student in the accountability population (i.e., district or state). Everson, Feinauer, and Sudweeks suggest an alternative statistical methodology, propensity score matching, which allows estimation of how well a teacher performs relative to teachers assigned comparable classes of students. This approach more closely fits the appropriate role of an accountability system: to estimate how well employees perform in the job to which they are actually assigned. It also has the benefit of requiring fewer statistical assumptions—assumptions that are frequently violated in value-added modeling. The authors conclude that this alternative method allows for more appropriate and policy-relevant inferences about the performance of teachers.
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Reynolds, Margaret, and Matthew Salters. "Models of Competence and Teacher Training." Cambridge Journal of Education 25, no. 3 (November 1995): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305764950250306.
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Ni, Yongmei. "Teacher Working Conditions, Teacher Commitment, and Charter Schools." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 119, no. 6 (June 2017): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811711900606.
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Background The charter school movement relies on teachers as critical components. Teacher commitment is an important aspect of teachers’ lives, because it is an internal force for teachers to grow as professionals. It is also considered one of the crucial factors in influencing various educational outcomes, including teacher effectiveness, teacher retention, and student learning. However, no empirical studies have examined teacher commitment in charter schools. Purpose To address this knowledge gap, this study compares organizational and professional commitment of teachers in charter schools and traditional public schools (TPSs) and explores how these differences are associated with teachers’ characteristics, school contextual factors, and working conditions in the two types of schools. Research Design This study utilizes quantitative analyses of national data from the 2007– 2008 School and Staffing Survey. Hierarchical linear models were developed to examine whether teacher commitment differs between charter schools and TPSs; how teacher characteristics, school contextual factors, and teachers’ perceptions of working conditions contribute to the difference; and finally, whether these variables differentially influence teacher commitment in charter schools and TPSs. Conclusions On average, teachers in charter schools experienced lower levels of organizational commitment than teachers in TPSs, but similar levels of professional commitment. Teacher working conditions explained a large amount of the variance in between-school teacher commitment, suggesting that improving principal leadership, increasing opportunities for professional development, and alleviating teachers’ workload would be effective ways to promote teacher commitment in charter schools.
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Fyall, Glenn, and Michael W. Metzler. "Aligning Critical Physical Education Teacher Education and Models-Based Practice." Physical Educator 76, no. 1 (2019): 24–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/tpe-2019-v76-i1-8370.
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Fien, John. "Ideology, political education and teacher education: matching paradigms and models." Journal of Curriculum Studies 23, no. 3 (May 1991): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022027910230303.
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McCaffrey, Daniel F., J. R. Lockwood, Daniel Koretz, Thomas A. Louis, and Laura Hamilton. "Models for Value-Added Modeling of Teacher Effects." Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 29, no. 1 (March 2004): 67–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986029001067.
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The use of complex value-added models that attempt to isolate the contributions of teachers or schools to student development is increasing. Several variations on these models are being applied in the research literature, and policy makers have expressed interest in using these models for evaluating teachers and schools. In this article, we present a general multivariate, longitudinal mixed-model that incorporates the complex grouping structures inherent to longitudinal student data linked to teachers. We summarize the principal existing modeling approaches, show how these approaches are special cases of the proposed model, and discuss possible extensions to model more complex data structures. We present simulation and analytical results that clarify the interplay between estimated teacher effects and repeated outcomes on students over time. We also explore the potential impact of model misspecifications, including missing student covariates and assumptions about the accumulation of teacher effects over time, on key inferences made from the models. We conclude that mixed models that account for student correlation over time are reasonably robust to such misspecifications when all the schools in the sample serve similar student populations. However, student characteristics are likely to confound estimated teacher effects when schools serve distinctly different populations.
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Welsh, Megan E. "Measuring Teacher Effectiveness in Gifted Education." Journal of Advanced Academics 22, no. 5 (October 20, 2011): 750–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932202x11424882.
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States and districts are under increasing pressure to evaluate the effectiveness of their teachers and to ensure that all students receive high-quality instruction. This article describes some of the challenges associated with current effectiveness approaches, including paper-and-pencil tests of pedagogical content knowledge, classroom observation systems, and value-added models. It proposes development of a new teacher evaluation system using a virtual reality environment and describes how innovations in educational measurement and technology can be used to develop an improved teacher effectiveness measure.
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Karatsiori, Marianthi, Trisevgeni Liontou, and Makrina Zafiri. "Rethinking Teacher Education via Collaborative Learning." International Journal of Teacher Education and Professional Development 4, no. 2 (July 2021): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijtepd.2021070103.
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This article focuses on peer online professional development methods for in-service English language teachers. In the digital era, teacher education is in constant change, and online collaborative professional development methods using social media, digital platforms, and tools can be an interesting way in which to create a community of practice where English teachers can engage in generating and jointly developing digital learning content, new conceptions, and models of teaching within an environment of trust. The selected examples will demonstrate how English language teachers can take the role of a teacher-coach and actively engage other English language teachers in tech integration that is deeply embedded in subject matter, as opposed to offering stand-alone lessons on how to use technology. The flipped classroom approach will be liaised with concrete techniques of developing ICT skills and enriching teachers' practices. The methods presented can be used to deliver refresher training, as well as to provide ongoing support and mentorship to hone and build English language skills.
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Ortega, Lorena, Lars-Erik Malmberg, and Pam Sammons. "Teacher Effects on Chilean Children’s Achievement Growth: A Cross-Classified Multiple Membership Accelerated Growth Curve Model." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 40, no. 3 (June 22, 2018): 473–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0162373718781960.
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We investigated teacher effects (magnitude, predictors, and cumulativeness) on primary students’ achievement trajectories in Chile, using multilevel cross-classified (accelerated) growth models (four overlapping cohorts, spanning Grades 3 to 8; n = 19,704 students, and 851 language and 812 mathematics teachers, in 156 schools). It was found that teacher effects on achievement growth are large, exceeding school effects. Also, the contribution of teachers to student achievement growth was found to accumulate over time. The study advances the field by exploring teacher effects in the context of an emerging economy, contributing further evidence on the properties of teacher effects on student achievement growth and demonstrating the combined use of accelerated longitudinal designs, growth curve approaches, and cross-classified and multiple membership models.
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Cooley, Nancy, and Elizabeth Hitch. "The Role of Dynamic Models in Teacher Education." Action in Teacher Education 15, no. 1 (April 1993): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01626620.1993.10463149.
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Athanases, Steven Z., and Betty Achinstein. "Focusing New Teachers on Individual and Low Performing Students: The Centrality of Formative Assessment in the Mentor's Repertoire of Practice." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 105, no. 8 (October 2003): 1486–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810310500803.
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Mentoring novice teachers often features buddy support, technical advice, and classroom management tips to meet teacher-centered concerns of survival. Such mentoring aligns with conventional models of teacher development that describe the novice concerned with self-image, materials and procedures, and management, and only after the initial years, able to focus on individual student learning. Drawing on the wisdom of practice of 37 experienced teacher induction leaders and case studies of mentor/new teacher pairs, this study found that mentors can interrupt that tendency among new teachers, focusing them on the learning of individual students, especially those underperforming. For this work, mentors tap knowledge of student and teacher learners, pedagogy for classrooms and for tutoring teachers, and especially multi-layered knowledge and abilities in several domains of assessment. These include assessment of students, alignment of curriculum with standards, and formative assessment of the new teacher. Skillful use of this knowledge can bring individual student learning into focus and help new teachers generate methods for shaping instruction to meet students’ varied learning needs. These results challenge developmental models of teaching and conservative mentoring practices, calling for articulation of a knowledge base and relevant mentor development to focus new teachers early on individual student learning.
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Murley, Lisa D., Rebecca R. Stobaugh, and Charles S. Evans. "Introducing the Co-teaching Model in Teacher Education Clinical Practice." Educational Renaissance 3, no. 1 (December 29, 2014): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33499/edren.v3i1.77.
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With national and state regulatory changes related to clinical practice within teacher education programs a reality, one university examined the outcomes of co-teaching model trainings required for stakeholders, both higher education faculty and P-12 educators. The training participants indicated the co-teaching model could increase student teacher preparedness while also positively impacting P-12 student learning. Nearly a year after the co-teaching training, one university surveyed student teachers on their co-teaching experience prior to and during student teaching. While there were increase mean scores of all the co-teaching models, results pointed to questions of whether teacher candidates were engaged in lower-level impact co-teaching models, which involved teacher candidates observing and assisting.
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Mandrikov, V. B., L. G. Vakalova, Y. A. Zubarev, and V. V. Gorbacheva. "THE DISTANCE EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES IMPLEMENTATION IN THE HIGHER SCHOOLS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS." Bioethics 27, no. 1 (May 19, 2021): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/2070-1586-2021-1(27)-52-55.
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The models used for the application of distance learning technologies assume different degrees of direct control of the educational process by the teacher, as well as the degrees of interaction and the presence of direct contact between the teacher and the student. Not all models, unlike the traditional training system, allow teachers and educational institutions to retain the functions of full management of the educational process. The factor of personal communication is disappearing which means we can’t talk about the education of a moral attitude to a healthy lifestyle. The search for new educational teaching methods in a mixed format is carried out, the role of the teacher's personality in such a model is discussed.
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Ginsberg, Alice, Marybeth Gasman, and Andrés Castro Samayoa. "“When Things Get Messy”: New Models for Clinically Rich and Culturally Responsive Teacher Education." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 123, no. 4 (April 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146812112300407.
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Background/Context Many teacher education programs are trying to build partnerships with local schools to create ongoing opportunities for their candidates to observe and practice in authentic settings. Prior research on university–school partnerships, however, has found that the structure and design of these partnerships have a huge impact on whether they turn out to be mutually beneficial, meaningful, and sustainable. One of the most commonly cited challenges is the lack of regular communication, respect, and trust between university professors and PK–12 classroom teachers and administrators. Purpose/Objective/Research Question This article focuses on Blocks, an initiative in the teacher education program at New Mexico State University (NMSU). Candidates spend their entire day at a single elementary school site, alternating between coursework and clinical practice. Research Design We conducted qualitative interviews and focus groups with teacher education professors, teacher candidates, and classroom teachers and administrators in the Blocks program to understand the core components and strategies that buoyed its success, as well as the major challenges and opportunities inherent in such a transformative model. Findings Given that NMSU is a Hispanic-serving institution that already prioritized university–school–community relationships, we were also interested in how the Blocks model might be replicated in teacher preparation programs at predominantly White institutions. Key findings include that (1) Blocks is a nonhierarchical model based on mutual respect and full collaboration, wherein professors and classroom teachers are both viewed as having equally valuable knowledge about teaching and learning, and both parties share ownership of the success of the program; (2) candidates’ coursework and clinical practice are not simply held at the same site, but are strategically sequenced and integrated to raise real-time questions of practice and provide candidates with a more cohesive and authentic preparation for becoming teachers of record; and (3) candidates do more than “observe” or “student teach”; they are given meaningful, progressive, and scaffolded opportunities to be involved in lesson planning, coteaching, student assessment, parent conferences, and extracurricular activities, all of which help them develop stronger teacher dispositions and identities. Conclusions/Recommendations Key recommendations for teacher education include the importance of intentionality and mutual respect when designing and forging university– school partnerships, including ensuring that all participants have a clearly defined role and a valued voice in the process; that clear communication and opportunities for self-reflection are strategically built into the collaborative process; and that faculty are rewarded for work that takes place in community settings.
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Simons, Mathea, Marlies Baeten, and Claudio Vanhees. "Team Teaching During Field Experiences in Teacher Education: Investigating Student Teachers’ Experiences With Parallel and Sequential Teaching." Journal of Teacher Education 71, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022487118789064.
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During field experiences in teacher education, student teachers are generally placed individually with a mentor. Teacher education institutes search for alternative field experience models, inspired by collaborative learning such as team teaching. This study explores two team teaching models, parallel and sequential teaching, by investigating the student teachers’ perspective. Quantitative (survey) and qualitative (self-report) methods were used to map their attitudes toward both models, their perception on collaboration, advantages and disadvantages, and the conditions for implementation they consider critical. Student teachers adopt positive feelings toward both models. In sequential teaching, collaboration is experienced significantly higher than in parallel teaching. Both models have their own advantages and disadvantages, but advantages clearly outweigh disadvantages. In comparison with previous research, decreased workload and better management are new advantages, interdependence and complex management new disadvantages. “Preparation for new roles” is the most important condition in order to successfully implement both models.
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Dawson, Leisa, Martha L. Venn, and Philip L. Gunter. "The Effects of Teacher versus Computer Reading Models." Behavioral Disorders 25, no. 2 (February 2000): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874290002500202.
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The effects of three conditions on the reading rate and accuracy of four students identified with emotional or behavioral disorders were compared using an alternating treatments design. The conditions were (a) no model, (b) a reading model presented by the teacher, and (c) a reading model presented by a digital-electronic computer voice. Analyses indicated that the teacher model resulted in the greatest number of words read correctly per minute and the greatest percentage of words read correctly. The computer reading model resulted in a greater number of words read correctly per minute and a greater percentage of words read correctly than the no model condition. The results are discussed in terms of strategies teachers can use to enhance academic achievement of students with emotional or behavioral disorders.
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Botes, Wiets. "The Development and Use of Improvised Science-Teaching Models: A Case of Natural Science Pre-Service Teachers." International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 20, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.5.2.
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The study aimed to describe how a team of final-year pre-service teachers followed the process of improvisation to develop and utilise improvised science-teaching models during a teaching practicum experience. Guided by a conceptual understanding of the process of improvisation, this purposeful qualitative case study sought to respond to a series of research questions. These research questions are: “What are the issues that necessitate the need to develop science-teaching models for a teaching practicum experience?”, “How could the process of improvisation enable Natural Science pre-service teachers to develop improvised science-teaching models for a teaching practicum experience?” and “To what extent do the Natural Science pre-service teachers utilise the improvised science-teaching models in their teaching practicum?” Data collection methods such as spontaneous free-response e-mail communications, a focus-group discussion, and the use of photo-voice methodology yielded rich empirical data. The findings revealed how the Natural Science pre-service teachers ultimately engaged with the improvisation principles to develop improvised science-teaching models from low-cost and recycled materials. The paper further describes how the improvised science-teaching models were introduced in the pre-service teachers’ Natural Science lesson delivery as part of a model-based teaching approach. Findings from the study suggest that initial teacher education programs render environmental and contextual consciousness in shaping pre-service teachers for the diverse schooling contexts. The study further suggests that initial teacher education programs be intentional towards structuring module course material to make the skill of improvisation accessible to pre-service teachers as part of their teacher development.
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Morze, Nataliia, Mariia Boiko, Viktoriia Vember, and Oksana Buinytska. "BUILDING THE DIGITAL COMPETENCE TEACHER PROFILE BY INNOVATIVE TEACHING INSTRUMENTS." OPEN EDUCATIONAL E-ENVIRONMENT OF MODERN UNIVERSITY, Spesial Edittio (2020): 1–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2414-0325.2020spv4.
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This report on the MoPED project contains the results of designing the digital competence of teachers, in particular, developed models of standards of digital competence of university teachers and teachers. The report presents the results of a survey of teachers and students of higher education institutions and teachers of secondary education institutions on their attitudes to digital competence and the composition and content of digital competence of teachers, which was conducted under the project. Models of digital competence standards of a teacher of a higher education institution and a teacher of a general secondary education institution have been built. The levels of digital competence of a university lecturer are determined and certain knowledge and skills are determined for each of them. The standard of digital competence of the teacher which consists of 5 components is offered and requirements to each of them are described in detail.
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Martínez, José Felipe, Jonathan Schweig, and Pete Goldschmidt. "Approaches for Combining Multiple Measures of Teacher Performance." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 38, no. 4 (September 23, 2016): 738–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0162373716666166.
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A key question facing teacher evaluation systems is how to combine multiple measures of complex constructs into composite indicators of performance. We use data from the Measures of Effective Teaching (MET) study to investigate the measurement properties of composite indicators obtained under various conjunctive, disjunctive (or complementary), and weighted (or compensatory) models. We find that accuracy varies across models and cut-scores and that models with similar accuracy may yield different teacher classifications. Accuracy and consistency are greatest if composites are constructed to maximize reliability and lowest if they seek to optimally predict student test scores. We discuss the implications of the results for the validity of inferences about the performance of individual teachers, and more generally for the design of teacher evaluation systems.
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Hu, Bi Ying, Yuanhua Li, Chuang Wang, Barry Lee Reynolds, and Shuang Wang. "The relation between school climate and preschool teacher stress." Journal of Educational Administration 57, no. 6 (November 4, 2019): 748–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jea-08-2018-0146.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between school climate and teacher stress. Specifically, the authors construct two parsimonious models to test two main hypotheses. First, whether preschool collegial leadership predicts teachers’ job stress through the mediating role of teacher self-efficacy; second, whether teacher professionalism influences teachers’ perceptions of occupational stress through the mediating role of teacher self-efficacy. Design/methodology/approach The authors conceptualized the mediating role of teacher efficacy as an important mechanism that can help to explain the effect of school climate on teacher stress. School climate consisted of two dimensions: principal collegial leadership and professionalism. Therefore, the authors constructed and examined two mediation models by using Bootstrapping mediation modeling: first, preschool teacher self-efficacy as a mediator between preschool collegial leadership and teacher stress; second, preschool teacher self-efficacy as a mediator between preschool teacher professionalism and teacher stress. Findings Results from two mediation analyses showed that principal collegial leadership exerts a significant negative effect on preschool teachers’ stress through the mediating role of teacher self-efficacy. Moreover, professionalism was also a significant predictor of preschool teachers’ stress through the mediating role of teacher self-efficacy. Research limitations/implications This study contributes to the literature in terms of understanding the mechanism of how school climate helps to reduce teacher stress. First, the authors found that teachers’ individual well-being can be efficiently enhanced through a more collegial leadership. Second, the preschool leadership teams can create a supportive climate to reduce teachers’ stress by improving teachers’ professionalism. Originality/value This study offers a new perspective about understanding the internal and external mechanism of teacher stress. The authors discussed the results in light of the recent push by the Chinese Government to teacher quality improvement in early childhood education. The authors argued for prioritizing support for building a supportive school climate for teachers.
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Olsen, Amanda, and Francis Huang. "Teacher job satisfaction by principal support and teacher cooperation: Results from the Schools and Staffing Survey." education policy analysis archives 27 (February 11, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.4174.
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Although turnover rates are alarmingly high for early career and veteran teachers, turnover rates are even higher for those who identify as a teacher of color. To increase the retention of teachers, job satisfaction has become an important construct to analyze. Teacher cooperation and principal support within the school are two influential factors that directly relate to job satisfaction. Using the restricted 2011-2012 Schools and Staffing Survey, a nationally representative dataset, principal support, teacher cooperation, and their moderation effects were analyzed in relation to teacher job satisfaction using a series of multilevel models. After controlling for teacher- and school-level characteristics, principal support and teacher cooperation were statistically significant predictors of job satisfaction for all teachers. The moderation effect between the two variables of interest and race were also statistically significant. These findings emphasize the need to maintain professional communities where teachers can interact and collaborate with the support of their school leaders.
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Tunjera, Nyarai, and Agnes Chigona. "Teacher Educators' Appropriation of TPACK-SAMR Models for 21st Century Pre-Service Teacher Preparation." International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education 16, no. 3 (July 2020): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijicte.2020070110.
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The study examined how teacher educators are appropriating technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) and substitution, augmentation, modification, redefinition (SAMR) frameworks in their pre-service teacher preparation programmes. To ensure rigor, quality, and preparedness of pre-service teachers, there is a need to articulate expectations around effective use of these frameworks together with contemporary teaching and learning theories at the pre-service teacher preparation level. One-on-one in-depth interviews and participant observations were conducted with eight (8) teacher educators. The findings revealed that teacher educators are appropriating technology in ways harmonious with their prevalent traditional teacher-centred teaching strategies at enhancement levels. The researchers recommend the adoption of technology integration frameworks and teaching and learning theory at policy making levels in pre-service teacher training institutions.
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Murnane, Richard, Judith Singer, and John Willett. "The Influences of Salaries and "Opportunity Costs" on Teachers' Career Choices: Evidence from North Carolina." Harvard Educational Review 59, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 325–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.59.3.040r1583036775um.
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Richard Murnane, Judith Singer, and John Willett analyze data from a larger study on the factors influencing career paths of teachers, focusing specifically on the career paths of White teachers in North Carolina who were first hired between 1976 and 1978. Using methodology known as "hazards modeling," the authors explore the relationship between the risk of leaving teaching, on the one hand, and teacher salary and opportunity cost, on the other hand. By employing hazards models, they are able to examine simultaneously various predictors of risk of leaving teaching — gender, National Teacher Examination (NTE)score, subject specialty, and the level of teaching (elementary or secondary) — and to determine whether the effects of these predictors remain constant or vary across teachers' careers. The authors conclude by discussing implications for policy and for teacher supply and demand models.
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Wind, Stefanie A., and Eli Jones. "Not Just Generalizability: A Case for Multifaceted Latent Trait Models in Teacher Observation Systems." Educational Researcher 48, no. 8 (September 12, 2019): 521–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189x19874084.
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Teacher evaluation systems often include classroom observations in which raters use rating scales to evaluate teachers’ effectiveness. Recently, researchers have promoted the use of multifaceted approaches to investigating reliability using Generalizability theory, instead of rater reliability statistics. Generalizability theory allows analysts to quantify the contribution of multiple sources of variance (e.g., raters and tasks) to measurement error. We used data from a teacher evaluation system to illustrate another multifaceted approach that provides additional indicators of the quality of observational systems. We show how analysts can use Many-Facet Rasch models to identify and control for differences in rater severity, identify idiosyncratic ratings associated with various facets, and evaluate rating scale functioning. We discuss implications for research and practice in teacher evaluation.
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Koedel, Cory, and Julian R. Betts. "Does Student Sorting Invalidate Value-Added Models of Teacher Effectiveness? An Extended Analysis of the Rothstein Critique." Education Finance and Policy 6, no. 1 (January 2011): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00027.
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Value-added modeling continues to gain traction as a tool for measuring teacher performance. However, recent research questions the validity of the value-added approach by showing that it does not mitigate student-teacher sorting bias (its presumed primary benefit). Our study explores this critique in more detail. Although we find that estimated teacher effects from some value-added models are severely biased, we also show that a sufficiently complex value-added model that evaluates teachers over multiple years reduces the sorting bias problem to statistical insignificance. One implication of our findings is that data from the first year or two of classroom teaching for novice teachers may be insufficient to make reliable judgments about quality. Overall, our results suggest that in some cases value-added modeling will continue to provide useful information about the effectiveness of educational inputs.
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Kayaalp, Dilek. "Towards Culturally Responsive Education: A Qualitative Approach." European Journal of Education 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejed-2019.v2i2-65.
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By the year 2050, students of color will constitute 57 percent of students in the US (Karanja and Austin, 2014). However, research indicates that most pre-service teachers and even in-service teachers are not ready to teach in cross-cultural classrooms (Marx, 2006). As a result of de facto segregation, teacher candidates have very limited interaction with minority groups. Consequently, understanding the culture of students, using pertinent information in classrooms, and building rapport with the students become challenging issues in their teaching practices. As a response to these concerns, the proposed study aims to create educational models to help teacher candidates become more culturally competent throughout their teaching experiences. My information was gathered from interviews with people who work in public schools, nonprofit organizations, and universities in Florida, US. The findings of this study indicate that social (poverty, racism) and ontological (i.e., teachers’ and students’ dispositions) issues influence teachers’ and students’ experiences in classrooms. How teacher candidates perceive educational disparities, racism, and equity traps and respond to them affect the teacher/student relationships and underprivileged students’ educational attainment. The findings suggest that teacher education programs need teacher candidates who are knowledgeable about historical and cultural forms of oppression and their effect on students’ educational attainment. Discussing the achievement gap without analyzing its reasons from critical lenses only increases this gap and makes students of color internalize this deficit thinking. Finally, it is vital to find ways to attract teacher candidates from underrepresented groups as teachers of color provide more culturally competent discussions in classrooms.
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Vorotnykova, Iryna. "Models of professional development of teachers in the conditions of the reform of the postal pedagogical education." Continuing Professional Education: Theory and Practice, no. 3-4 (2018): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/1609-8595.2018.3-4.2127.
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The article presents an analysis of models of professional development of teachers in postgraduate education. Different approaches to the improvement of the skills of teachers are highlighted and models of professional development of teachers in the conditions of reform of postgraduate pedagogical education are offered. The research methods are presented, among them analysis, systematization and comparison of scientific positions to determine the theoretical approaches to solving the problem of professional development of teachers, modeling for creation of various trajectories of professional development of teachers; empirical: observation, conversation,interviewing. The criteria for constructing models of professional development of the teacher are defined and each of them is characterized by indicators and examples of introduction in postgraduate education. The basic approaches to realization of models of professional development are determined: competent, prolonged, differentiated, personally oriented, rational, mentoring and coaching and others. Models of professional development are diverse in terms of terms, forms of training (distance, full-time, blended learning), content, forms of teacher support, institution choice, choice of forms of training (webinar, pieces of training, seminars). Teachers work at different levels of professional development (professionalization, skills, creativity, innovation). Upgrading skills should consider the level of professional development of the teacher, encourage the involvement of innovative teachers as experts and tutors. Most models are integrated with each other. For example, a prolonged, competent model. In Ukraine, diversified, prolonged, personal-oriented and inter-sectoral models of the professional development of teachers.
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Mpahla, Ntando, and Bulelwa Makena. "TEACHER EDUCATION FOR SINGLE-GRADE TEACHING DISQUALIFIES MULTI-GRADE TEACHING FOR RURAL EDUCATION." PUPIL: International Journal of Teaching, Education and Learning 6, no. 1 (April 7, 2022): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijtel.2022.61.192201.
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This paper examined the collision of teacher education for single-grade teacher classroom practices with multi-grade classroom teaching. Teachers educated for the normal situation of single-grade classroom teaching are not linked to the competencies required to practice and teach multi-grade classrooms. Of the current models of teacher education, none pays attention to the multi-grade teaching of rural education but only focuses on monograde classroom teaching. The paper used a qualitative research methodology. The researchers felt it vital to use a qualitative approach as the paper studies the life experiences of teachers in their natural and context-specific settings. Participants were selected through purposive sampling because of their common defining characteristics in the problem under study. Data collection came through semi-structured interviews and observation. When analysing data, a narrative analysis was used. The results of this paper indicated that the current crop of teachers in multi-grade schools does not possess the pedagogical knowledge required. This finding concludes that teachers have no specialised knowledge that would improve learner outcomes from the quality of teaching workforce and the quality of teaching.
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Berry, Barnett. "Teacher leadership: Prospects and promises." Phi Delta Kappan 100, no. 7 (March 25, 2019): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031721719841339.
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For many decades, most of the decision-making authority in public schools has been vested in individual principals and other administrators. However, new models of collaborative teacher leadership are beginning to emerge, thanks to four trends: 1) evidence on the positive effects of teacher leadership continues to mount, 2) districts and state policies are codifying teacher leadership roles, 3) teacher leaders are becoming more proficient at using educational technology and sharing their expertise through digital media, and 4) researchers are deepening their knowledge about how teachers learn to lead effectively.
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Zepp, Lauren, Carlyn Mueller, and Melinda Leko. "Expanding Preservice Teachers’ Conceptions about Disability Through Young Adult Literature." Journal of Special Education Preparation 2, no. 3 (December 1, 2022): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/josep.2.3.32-38.
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This article provides information and resources to help special education teacher educators improve preservice teachers’ competence for working with disabled1 students and addressing ableism in their classrooms, by incorporating young adult (YA) literature into special education teacher preparation experiences. Embedding YA literature with representations of disability can address ableism in education by helping preservice special education teachers to conceptualize disabled adolescents differently. Current approaches to teacher education may reinforce dysconscious ableism (Broderick & Lalvani, 2017) and undergird educational segregation on the basis of disability. After reviewing current literature on addressing ableism during teacher preparation and using YA literature in teacher education, this article models how special education teacher educators can critically examine YA texts by providing criteria for evaluating representations of disability and a unit plan with three lessons for use in an introductory special education course. A bibliography of young adult books featuring characters with disabilities is also provided.
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Ford, Timothy G., Mary Elizabeth Van Sickle, Lynn V. Clark, Michelle Fazio-Brunson, and Dorothy C. Schween. "Teacher Self-Efficacy, Professional Commitment, and High-Stakes Teacher Evaluation Policy in Louisiana." Educational Policy 31, no. 2 (July 26, 2016): 202–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904815586855.
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Currently, a significant number of states are in the process of implementing a high-stakes teacher evaluation (HSTE) system. In many ways, Louisiana’s teacher evaluation system, Compass, is typical of the models that many states have adopted. This article reports the experiences of 37 elementary teachers from five districts across Louisiana after their first 2 years under this system. It is through the multiple lenses of teacher support, autonomy, self-efficacy, and satisfaction that we sought to understand how Compass has shaped teachers’ motivation for improvement as well as their continued commitment to the teaching profession. Analysis of longitudinal interview data reveals a widespread lack of support for change in the form of self-efficacy building experiences—particularly vicarious experiences—for teachers. As a result, many teachers experienced, by the second year, significant negative arousal events and profound losses of satisfaction and commitment to the profession—this despite most being rated as “highly effective.”
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Friedman, Reva C., and Steven W. Lee. "Differentiating Instruction for High-Achieving/Gifted Children in Regular Classrooms: A Field Test of Three Gifted-Education Models." Journal for the Education of the Gifted 19, no. 4 (October 1996): 405–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016235329601900403.
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The movement toward inclusive schools in this country has necessitated a search for instructional models that would best meet the needs of gifted and high-achieving children in increasingly heterogeneous classrooms. In the present study, a multiple baseline design was used to evaluate three popular models of gifted education implemented by general-education teachers in their classrooms. The study focused on process-oriented dependent variables such as the cognitive level of teacher queries and student responses during classroom interactions. While none of the models showed dramatic changes in cognitive complexity of teacher-student interaction, the Cognitive-Affective Interaction Model (Williams, 1986) demonstrated the best results for increasing the cognitive complexity of classroom interactions and on-task behavior of high-achieving students. A strong relationship was found between the cognitive level of teacher queries and student responses across all models.