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Journal articles on the topic 'Tea plants'
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1
Muñoz Centeno, Luz María. "Plantas medicinales españolas: Jasonia glutinosa (L.) DC. (Asteraceae) (té de roca)." Acta Botanica Malacitana 28 (January 1, 2003): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v28i0.7288.
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Spanish medicinal plants. Jasonia glutinosa (L) DC. (Asteraceae) (Rock's tea). Palabras clave. Plantas medicinales, té de roca, Jasonia glutinosa (L.) DC.Key words. Medicinal plants, rock's tea, Jasonia glutinosa (L.) DC.
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Matsabisa, Motlalepula Gilbert, Asis Bala, Satyajit Tripathy, Michelle Mogomane Digashu, Fanie Rautenbach, Barsha Dassarma, Joseph Omorogiuwa Erhabor, et al. "Study on South African Indigenous Teas—Antioxidant Potential, Nutritional Content, and Hypoxia-Induced Cyclooxygenase Inhibition on U87 MG Cell Line." Molecules 27, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 3505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113505.
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Background: This study comparatively assessed seven indigenous traditional tea plants on several attributes that included antioxidant, nutritional, caffeine contents, and cyclooxygenase activity. Methodology: Nutritional content of all tea plants were determined for energy, fat, carbohydrates, total sugars, dietary fiber and amino acids. Antioxidant potential and the antioxidant potentiating secondary metabolites were also measured and compared. Further, we investigated the tea plants for any role they would have on cyclooxygenase (COX) activity on cobalt chloride (CoCl2) induced human glioma cell lines (U87MG). Results: The tea plants were found non-cytotoxic at concentrations tested against the human Chang liver and HeK 293 kidney cells and were found to be naturally caffeine free. The lowest and highest extraction yield among the tea plants was 7.1% for B. saligna and 15.48% for L. scaberrimma respectively. On average, the flavonol content was 12 to 8 QE/g, ORAC 800 µmol TE/g, TEAC 150 µmol TE/g, FRAP 155 µmol AAE/g, polyphenols 40 mg GAE/g, flavanols 0.35 mg CE/g, flavonols 12 mg QE/g and total flavonoid content (TFC) 180 µg QE/mg. The COX activity has been found to be inhibited by a dose-dependent manner by L. scaberrimma, B. saligna and L. javanica. Conclusion: The results further support competitive value of tea plants and need for improved and further development.
3
Chen, Yiyong, Bo Zhou, Jianlong Li, Hao Tang, Lanting Zeng, Qin Chen, Yingying Cui, Jiayu Liu, and Jinchi Tang. "Effects of Long-Term Non-Pruning on Main Quality Constituents in ‘Dancong’ Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaves Based on Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis." Foods 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 2649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10112649.
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‘Dancong’ tea is a famous traditional Oolong tea. In order to keep the original taste of “ancient tea trees”, most of the ‘Dancong’ tea plants are planted in a single plant pattern without pruning. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of long-term non-pruning on main quality constituents in ‘Dancong’ tea. The results showed that the contents of free amino acids, chlorophylls, and floral-honey aromatic substances in tea leaves of unpruned tea plants were higher than those in every year pruned tea plants, while the catechin content in leaves of pruned tea plants was higher than that in leaves of unpruned tea plants. Quantitative proteomics analysis showed that most enzymes involved in biosynthesis of catechins were downregulated in leaves of unpruned tea plants. Five proteins involved in chlorophyll metabolism and 12 proteins related to photosynthesis were upregulated, and the results suggested that higher chlorophyll content and more efficient photosynthetic energy conversion may be important for the higher accumulation of special quality components in leaves of unpruned tea plants. The findings of this study will advance our understanding of the mechanism of formation of different metabolites in leaves of unpruned and pruned tea plants.
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Yan, Fei, Dong Qu, Xiaohua Chen, Haitao Zeng, Xinsheng Li, and Ching Yuan Hu. "Metabolomics Reveals 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Improved the Ability of Tea Leaves (Camellia sinensis L.) against Cold Stress." Metabolites 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12050392.
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Tea is an important woody crop whose cultivation is severely limited by cold stress. Although 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is known to be effective in alleviating abiotic stresses in plants, knowledge of the detailed metabolic response of tea plants to exogenous ALA-induced cold resistance is still limited—a lack which restricts our ability to protect tea plants from cold stress. In the present study, we performed an in-depth metabolomics analysis to elucidate the metabolic responses of tea plants to cold stress and explore the role of ALA in improving tea plants’ cold-resistance capability. Metabolic profiles showed that cold stress altered various metabolisms in tea plants, especially galactose composition and flavonoid contents. Furthermore, exogenous ALA application altered a series of metabolisms associated with cold stress. Importantly, increases in metabolites, including catechin, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and procyanidin B2, involved in the mechanisms of ALA improved tea plants’ cold resistance. Overall, our study deciphered detailed metabolic responses of tea plants to cold stress and elucidated the mechanisms of ALA in enhancing cold resistance through rebuilding compositions of soluble carbohydrates and flavonoids. Therefore, we have provided a basis for exogenous usage of ALA to protect tea plants from cold stress.
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Saito, Kieko, and Yoriyuki Nakamura. "The Blooming Flowers of Tea Plants and Their Honey." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 29, no. 6 (May 20, 2023): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2023/v29i61753.
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Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves provide beneficial effects for human health, and the functions of the main components of their leaves have been widely studied. Recently several physiological functions of tea flowers have been reported, and the flowers have received attention as a natural healthy material for food and cosmetics. It is not well known that the fragrant tea flowers have sweet nectar. The tea nectar may be attractive to honeybees. However, the honey from tea flowers has not been studied, even though in autumn, many tea fields are filled with blooming flowers in almost all the tea production areas around the world. In addition, honey from tea flowers has not been seen on the market. It was unclear whether tea honey is available. The study used honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and took a small amount of honey from the blooming flowers of tea plants, which contained theanine (L-glutamic acid γ-ethylamide), a specific amino acid of tea plants. The theanine concentration of the nectar of the tea flowers exceeded that of the honey. Theanine is an extremely rare amino acid in nature, and it has psychoactive properties. This result is evidence that this honey is derived from tea flowers. Furthermore, the concentration of caffeine in the tea nectar might affect the honeybee’s brain to improve memory, suggesting that honeybees prefer to collect the nectar and produce honey. This study aims to prove that tea flower honey can be harvested and further proposes a unique tea sightseeing where visitors can taste the honey of tea flowers in the gorgeous scenery and fragrance of flower tea gardens.
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Wu, Huan, Xiaofeng Long, and Yanfei Geng. "Companion Plants of Tea: From Ancient to Terrace to Forest." Plants 12, no. 17 (August 25, 2023): 3061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12173061.
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China is one of the origins of ancient tea gardens, with a long history of tea culture and tea cultivation. Guizhou Province is an important tea production place in southwest China with rich forest tea resources. The purpose of this study is to obtain historical information on companion plants in historical tea gardens and provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of forest tea gardens in Guizhou Province. We conducted a statistical analysis and comparison of plant species among ancient tea gardens, terrace tea gardens, and forest tea gardens from a diachronic perspective, based on 21 ancient tea literature studies, 116 terrace tea garden documents, and 18 sampled plots of forest tea gardens in Guizhou. A total of 24 companion plants species belonging to 16 families and 22 genera were found in ancient tea gardens, 81 species were found in terrace tea gardens belonging to 37 families and 74 genera, and 232 species were found in sample plots of forest tea gardens belonging to 90 families and 178 genera. Companion plants can be divided into three categories. Most of the plant families recorded in the literature also appeared in the forest tea garden we surveyed. In ancient tea gardens, terrace tea gardens, and forest tea gardens, Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Rosaceae were the most dominant families, respectively. The intercropping of tea gardens has been practiced since ancient times. Companion plants in natural forest tea gardens not only provide important insights into intercropping of terrace gardens but also hold significant implications for the conservation of existing forest tea gardens and the sustainable development of tea gardens.
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Fu, Qianyuan, Hongli Cao, Lu Wang, Lei Lei, Taimei Di, Yufan Ye, Changqing Ding, et al. "Transcriptome Analysis Reveals That Ascorbic Acid Treatment Enhances the Cold Tolerance of Tea Plants through Cell Wall Remodeling." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 12 (June 13, 2023): 10059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210059.
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Cold stress is a major environmental factor that adversely affects the growth and productivity of tea plants. Upon cold stress, tea plants accumulate multiple metabolites, including ascorbic acid. However, the role of ascorbic acid in the cold stress response of tea plants is not well understood. Here, we report that exogenous ascorbic acid treatment improves the cold tolerance of tea plants. We show that ascorbic acid treatment reduces lipid peroxidation and increases the Fv/Fm of tea plants under cold stress. Transcriptome analysis indicates that ascorbic acid treatment down-regulates the expression of ascorbic acid biosynthesis genes and ROS-scavenging-related genes, while modulating the expression of cell wall remodeling-related genes. Our findings suggest that ascorbic acid treatment negatively regulates the ROS-scavenging system to maintain ROS homeostasis in the cold stress response of tea plants and that ascorbic acid’s protective role in minimizing the harmful effects of cold stress on tea plants may occur through cell wall remodeling. Ascorbic acid can be used as a potential agent to increase the cold tolerance of tea plants with no pesticide residual concerns in tea.
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Jin, Jieyang, Shangrui Zhang, Mingyue Zhao, Tingting Jing, Na Zhang, Jingming Wang, Bin Wu, and Chuankui Song. "Scenarios of Genes-to-Terpenoids Network Led to the Identification of a Novel α/β-Farnesene/β-Ocimene Synthase in Camellia sinensis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2 (January 19, 2020): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020655.
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Terpenoids play vital roles in tea aroma quality and plants defense performance determination, whereas the scenarios of genes to metabolites of terpenes pathway remain uninvestigated in tea plants. Here, we report the use of an integrated approach combining metabolites, target gene transcripts and function analyses to reveal a gene-to-terpene network in tea plants. Forty-one terpenes including 26 monoterpenes, 14 sesquiterpenes and one triterpene were detected and 82 terpenes related genes were identified from five tissues of tea plants. Pearson correlation analysis resulted in genes to metabolites network. One terpene synthases whose expression positively correlated with farnesene were selected and its function was confirmed involved in the biosynthesis of α-farnesene, β-ocimene and β-farnesene, a very important and conserved alarm pheromone in response to aphids by both in vitro enzymatic assay in planta function analysis. In summary, we provided the first reliable gene-to-terpene network for novel genes discovery.
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Tian, Yueyue, Hanyue Wang, Jian Hou, Lixia Zhang, Zhengqun Zhang, and Xiaoming Cai. "Occurrence and Distribution of Apolygus lucorum on Weed Hosts and Tea Plants in Tea Plantation Ecosystems." Insects 10, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10060167.
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The mirid bugs are one of the most important piercing–sucking insect pests in tea plantations, which severely reduce the quality and economic benefits of tea. In this study, the mirid bug species in the three tea-producing areas in Shandong Province of China were investigated. The distribution and occurrence of dominant species of mirid bugs on four weed host plants and tea plants Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (Theaceae) were also studied in the tea agro-ecosystems. The results showed that Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) was the dominant mirid bug species in the tea growing areas. Apolygus lucorum densities on Humulus scandens (Lour.) (Moraceae) and Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC. (Asteraceae) were relatively higher than those on Conyza canadensis (Linn) Cronq (Asteraceae), Artemisia annua Linn (Asteraceae), and C. sinensis. Host plant switching of A. lucorum in the tea agro-ecosystem was: A. lucorum scattered on and seriously infested tea plants in June and July; A. lucorum largely migrated to and gathered on H. scandens, A. lavandulaefolia, C. canadensis, and A. annua at the flowering stage, and population densities of A. lucorum on these flowering hosts peaked in late September; in October, A. lucorum gradually moved back to flowering tea plants. These results could provide a reference for selecting host plants, such as Artemisia plants, as trap plants for sustainable control of mirid bugs in tea plantations.
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Du, Sijia, Meiya Liu, Fang Dong, Chuan Yue, Jianyun Ruan, Hongli Cao, and Qunfeng Zhang. "Lipidomics Analysis of Tea Leaves Cultured in Hydroponics Reveals That High Nitrogen Application Decreases Tea Plant Resistance to Ultraviolet Radiation." Horticulturae 8, no. 8 (August 11, 2022): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080724.
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Lipid composition in tea leaves is significantly affected by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and nitrogen levels. Here, to reveal the response of lipids in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) to the interaction between nitrogen and UV radiation, we treated tea plants with three gradients of UV radiation under two nitrogen levels by the hydroponic method. Lipidomics results show that ultraviolet radiation can decrease neutral lipid (TAG) and increase membrane lipids (including PC, PE, and PG) under hydroponic conditions, indicating that tea plants could survive UV radiation by decomposing TAG to avoid damaging cells. In addition, the accumulation of phospholipids and galactolipids may be related to avoiding UV damage and enhancing photosynthesis in tea plants under UV radiation. Furthermore, the response of lipid components to UV radiation in tea plants under low nitrogen conditions is significantly lower than that under high nitrogen conditions, which suggests that excessive nitrogen application may reduce the resistance of tea plants to UV radiation. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing cultivation measures based on tea UV resistance.
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Jiang, Dong, Guoqun Yang, Kebin Chen, Peiyao Yu, Jiali Chen, Yong Luo, Ning Li, and Li-Jun Huang. "Identification and Functional Characterization of the Nonexpressor of Pathogenesis-Related Genes 1 (NPR1) Gene in the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis)." Forests 14, no. 8 (August 2, 2023): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14081578.
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Tea is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages globally. The leaves of the tea plants serve as the raw materials for tea production, making tea tree cultivation widespread as an economically significant tree species. Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) is a key regulator of the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway, playing a significant role in the plant’s response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the NPR1-like gene family in tea plants remains elusive. This study aims to systematically analyze the NPR1-like gene family in tea plants. Four CsNPR1-like genes were identified and categorized into three branches based on phylogenetic analysis. Collinearity analysis demonstrated conservation of the NPR1-like gene across different species. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements suggested that CsNPR1-like genes may be involved in various hormonal and stress responses. Protein structure analysis revealed that the CsNPR1-likes exhibited typical ANK and BTB/POZ structural domains. The protein interaction network identified various known and novel NPR1-interacting proteins, including the TGA transcription factor, which was further confirmed in planta. Meta-analysis of transcriptome data indicated that CsNPR1-like genes had spatiotemporal expression patterns and were induced by drought and cold stresses. Additionally, CsNPR1a activates the accumulation of the acidic SA-dependent pathogenic-associated protein PR1 but not the basic chitinase (PR3) in a transient expression assay. This study provides comprehensive information for investigating the NPR1-like gene family in tea plants.
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Zhang, Qiqi, Nini Guo, Yongheng Zhang, Youben Yu, and Shuyuan Liu. "Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Analysis of Pathogenesis-Related 1 (PR-1) Gene Family in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) in Response to Blister-Blight Disease Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031292.
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Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR-1) proteins, which are defense proteins in plant–pathogen interactions, play an important role in the resistance and defense of plants against diseases. Blister blight disease is caused by Exobasidium vexans Massee and a major leaf disease of tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). However, the systematic characterization and analysis of the PR-1 gene family in tea plants is still lacking, and the defense mechanism of this family remains unknown. In this study, 17 CsPR-1 genes were identified from the tea plant genome and classified into five groups based on their signal peptide, isoelectric point, and C-terminus extension. Most of the CsPR-1 proteins contained an N-terminal signal peptide and a conserved PR-1 like domain. CsPR-1 genes comprised multiple cis-acting elements and were closely related to the signal-transduction pathways involving TCA, NPR1, EDS16, BGL2, PR4, and HCHIB. These characteristics imply an important role of the genes in the defense of the tea plant. In addition, the RNA-seq data and real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the CsPR-1-2, -4, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -14, -15, and -17 genes were significantly upregulated under tea blister-blight stress. This study could help to increase understanding of CsPR-1 genes and their defense mechanism in response to tea blister blight.
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Li, Haozhen, Kangkang Song, Xiaohua Zhang, Di Wang, Shaolin Dong, Ying Liu, and Long Yang. "Application of Multi-Perspectives in Tea Breeding and the Main Directions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 16 (August 10, 2023): 12643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612643.
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Tea plants are an economically important crop and conducting research on tea breeding contributes to enhancing the yield and quality of tea leaves as well as breeding traits that satisfy the requirements of the public. This study reviews the current status of tea plants germplasm resources and their utilization, which has provided genetic material for the application of multi-omics, including genomics and transcriptomics in breeding. Various molecular markers for breeding were designed based on multi-omics, and available approaches in the direction of high yield, quality and resistance in tea plants breeding are proposed. Additionally, future breeding of tea plants based on single-cellomics, pangenomics, plant–microbe interactions and epigenetics are proposed and provided as references. This study aims to provide inspiration and guidance for advancing the development of genetic breeding in tea plants, as well as providing implications for breeding research in other crops.
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Zheng, Xin-Qiang, Shu-Ling Dong, Ze-Yu Li, Jian-Liang Lu, Jian-Hui Ye, Shi-Ke Tao, Yan-Ping Hu, and Yue-Rong Liang. "Variation of Major Chemical Composition in Seed-Propagated Population of Wild Cocoa Tea Plant Camellia ptilophylla Chang." Foods 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12010123.
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Excessive intake of high-caffeine tea will induce health-related risk. Therefore, breeding and cultivating tea cultivars with less caffeine is a feasible way to control daily caffeine intake. Cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla Chang) is a wild tea plant which grows leaves with little or no caffeine. However, the vegetative propagation of cocoa tea plants is difficult due to challenges with rooting. Whether natural seeds collected from wild cocoa tea plants can be used to produce less-caffeinated tea remains unknown, because research on the separation of traits among the seed progeny population is lacking. The present study was set to investigate the variation of caffeine and other chemical compositions in seed-propagated plant individuals using colorimetric and HPLC methods. It shows that there were great differences in chemical composition among the seed-propagated population of wild cocoa tea plants, among which some individuals possessed caffeine contents as high as those of normal cultivated tea cultivars (C. sinensis), suggesting that the naturally seed-propagated cocoa tea seedlings are not suitable for directly cultivating leaf materials to produce low-caffeine tea. Therefore, the cocoa tea plants used for harvesting seeds for growing low-caffeine tea plants should be isolated in order to prevent their hybridization with normal cultivated C. sinensis plants. Interestingly, the leaves of cocoa tea seedlings contained high levels of gallocatechin gallate (GCG) and would be a good source of leaf materials for extracting more stable antioxidant, because GCG is a more stable antioxidant than epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the dominant component of catechins in normal cultivated tea cultivars. Some plant individuals which contained low levels of caffeine along with high levels of amino acids and medium levels of catechins, are considered to be promising for further screening of less-caffeinated green tea cultivars.
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Shin, Young-Hwan, Rui Yang, Yun-Long Shi, Xu-Min Li, Qiu-Yue Fu, Jian-Liang Lu, Jian-Hui Ye, et al. "Light-sensitive Albino Tea Plants and Their Characterization." HortScience 53, no. 2 (February 2018): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12633-17.
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Albino tea plants are mutants that grow albino young leaves owing to lack of chlorophylls under certain environmental conditions. There are two types of albino tea plants grown in production, i.e., light- and temperature-sensitive albino tea cultivars. The former grows albino leaves in yellow color under intensive sunlight conditions and the later grows albino leaves with white mesophyll and greenish vein as the environmental temperature is below 20 °C. Both albino teas attract great attention because of their high levels of amino acids and the “umami” taste. There have been many studies focusing on the temperature-sensitive albino tea plants, whereas little attention has been given to the light-sensitive albino tea cultivars. The characteristics of the albino tea cultivars and the mechanism underlying them were reviewed in the present article based on the published literatures, including chemical compositions, morphological characteristics, and molecular genetic mechanism.
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Zou, Yan, Yanni Zhong, Han Yu, Sabin Saurav Pokharel, Wanping Fang, and Fajun Chen. "Impacts of Ecological Shading by Roadside Trees on Tea Foliar Nutritional and Bioactive Components, Community Diversity of Insects and Soil Microbes in Tea Plantation." Biology 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11121800.
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Roadside trees not only add aesthetic appeal to tea plantations, but also serve important ecological purposes for the shaded tea plants. In this study, we selected tea orchards with two access roads, from east to west (EW-road) and from south to north (SN-road), and the roadside trees formed three types of ecological shading of the adjoining tea plants; i.e., south shading (SS) by the roadside trees on the EW-road, and east shading and west shading (ES and WS) by the roadside trees on the SN-road. We studied the impacts of ecological shading by roadside trees on the tea plants, insects, and soil microbes in the tea plantation, by measuring the contents of soluble nutrients, bioactive compounds in the tea, and tea quality indices; and by investigating the population occurrence of key species of insects and calculating insect community indexes, while simultaneously assaying the soil microbiome. The results vividly demonstrated that the shading formed by roadside tree lines on the surrounding tea plantation (SS, ES, and WS) had adverse effects on the concentration of tea soluble sugars but enhanced the foliar contents of bioactive components and improved the overall tea quality, in contrast to the no-shading control tea plants. In addition, the roadside tree lines seemed to be beneficial for the tea plantation, as they reduced pest occurrence, and ES shading enhanced the microbial soil diversity in the rhizosphere of the tea plants.
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Xi, Zuguo, Huiyan Jia, Yifan Li, Jinqing Ma, Mengqian Lu, Zhihui Wang, Dexu Kong, and Wei-Wei Deng. "Identification and Functional Analysis of PR Genes in Leaves from Variegated Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis)." Agronomy 14, no. 1 (January 10, 2024): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010156.
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Tea is a healthy beverage made from the leaves of the tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. The tea plant is a perennial evergreen plant that is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. PR proteins (pathogenesis-related proteins, PRs) are defense-related proteins induced under pathogenesis-related conditions. Currently, there are a few studies on PRs in plants. Tea leaf color mutants have been of wide interest to scientists as special materials. A tea plant displaying variegated spontaneous albinism found in a local tea plantation in Huangshan City, Anhui Province, China, was used as the material sample in this study. An analysis of preexisting transcriptomic and proteomic data revealed the significant upregulation of three classes of PRs. In order to investigate the correlation between PRs and variegated tea plants, a series of studies were conducted on PR genes. The results revealed the identification of 17 CsPR1, 3 CsPR4 and 31 CsPR5 genes in tea plants using bioinformatics methods, and their structures and promoter sequences. The expression of three PR1, two PR4 and one PR5 genes was determined to be induced in stress treatment experiments involving mechanical damage, insect bites, low temperature treatment, and fungal infections. Additionally, the ribonuclease activity of CsPR4 was successfully verified. This is the first study to report the ribonuclease activity of CsPR4 in tea plants. The results can serve as a reference for future studies on PRs in tea plants, offering new insights into information on albinism in tea plants.
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TAKEDA, Yoshiyuki. "Genetic Analysis of Tea Gray Blight Resistance in Tea Plants." Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ 36, no. 3 (2002): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.6090/jarq.36.143.
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Yokota, Hiromi, Akio Morita, and Faezeh Ghanati. "Growth Characteristics of Tea Plants and Tea Fields in Japan." Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 51, no. 5 (September 2005): 625–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2005.tb00078.x.
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Moin, Sumeira, Rafia Azmat, Waseem Ahmed, Abdul Qayyum, Hamed A. El-Serehy, and Daniel Ingo Hefft. "The Remediation in Enzyme’s Activities in Plants: Tea Waste as a Modifier to Improve the Efficiency of Growth of Helianthus annuus in Contaminated Soil." Molecules 27, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 6362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196362.
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The remediation in plant enzymatic activities in Cd-contaminated soil was monitored through tea waste. Tea is an extensively used beverage worldwide with the release of a high quantity of tea waste utilized in the growing condition of Helianthus annuus on Cd metal contaminated soil. The study was a plan for the natural environmental condition in the greenhouse. For this purpose, four sets of plants were cultivated in triplicate and marked as (i) control, (ii) Cd stress plants, (iii) dry tea waste and Cd stress, and (iv) fresh tea waste and Cd stress. The improved efficiency of biochemical reactions in plants under Cd stress with tea waste treatment was the consequence of blocking Cd movement in the soil through adsorption on tea waste, showing that the tea waste effectively controls the mobility of Cd from the soil to the roots of the plants. Scan electron microscopy (SEM) validates the recovery of the leaves of the plants. The remediation of plant growth and enzyme activities such as amylase, peroxidase, nitrate reductase (NR), and nitrite reductase (NiR) under Cd metal-contaminated soil through tea waste was investigated. The source of tea waste in contaminated soil resulted in the recovery of the photosynthetic process and an improvement in amylase, NR, NiR, and peroxidase activities, thereby resulting in the recovery of pigments coupled with an increase in the biomass of the plants. It was suggested that tea waste acts as a good biosorbent of Cd and energy provider to the plants for normal enzyme activity under Cd stress and may be used by farmers in the future for safe and healthy crops as a cost-effective technology.
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Lv, Ya Min, Jing Ping Yang, Jun Yu He, Xing Zhao, and Xin Yi Ye. "Effects of Phosphate Fertilizers on Bioavailable Lead in Tea Garden Soil and Lead Absorption and Accumulation by Tea Plants." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.231.
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Tea is a widely consumed beverage in the world and an important economic crop in China. However in recent years tea gardens were increasingly contaminated by heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Root uptake of Pb could contribute significantly to Pb accumulation in tea leaves due to the strong acidity of tea garden soils. To reduce the Pb bioavailability and absorption by tea plants, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of 3 phosphate fertilizers separately with a normal application rate in the field of 0.2 g (P2O5) ·kg-1soil and a high application rate of 0.5 g (P2O5) ·kg-1soil on bioavailable Pb in tea garden soil and Pb absorption and accumulation by tea plants. Results showed that application of calcium magnesium phosphate significantly increased soil pH by up to 0.6 units from 3.50 to 4.13. Phosphate fertilizers resulted in an increase of bioavailable Pb concentration in tea garden soil under our experimental conditions. Pb concentration in tissues of the tea plants under different phosphate fertilizer treatments followed the order of root>stem>leaf. Calcium magnesium phosphate with a high application rate of 0.5 g P2O5·kg-1soil decreased Pb concentrations of roots, stems and leaves of tea plants significantly. For one phosphate fertilizer, Pb absorption in tea plants under high application rate was much lower than it under normal application.
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TAKEDA, NAOKI, RYUTARO MURAKAMI, MASANOBU YAMAMOTO, and TAKESHI SUZUKI. "Adaptation mechanism of a spider mite population to tea plants." Zoosymposia 22 (November 30, 2022): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.22.1.189.
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In herbivores, adaptation to different plants often occurs during their ecological speciation. Plants have a variety of defensive systems, especially toxic and repellent secondary metabolites, to cope with herbivore attacks, while herbivores often enhance their xenobiotic metabolism for detoxifying the defensive compounds. Once a population acquires the adaptation ability to plant defense, it will occupy the plant as a host. This reduces interaction with other populations even within the same species, causing the population to diverge, and consequently, reproductive isolation occurs. The Kanzawa spider mite (KSM), Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae), is a polyphagous arthropod that causes serious economic damage to agricultural and horticultural crops. KSM is an important pest of tea plants, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. There are adapted and non-adapted KSM populations to tea plants (adapted and non-adapted KSM). Both populations may have undergone ecological speciation through the interaction with tea plants. However, the mechanism underlying the differences between two KSM populations remains unclarified. The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae), is closely related to KSM. Based on the highly-annotated TSSM genome sequence, we conducted comparative transcriptome and proteome analyses among adapted and non-adapted KSM, and TSSM on tea plants and the preferable host bean plants. Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes containing catechol dioxygenase, carboxylesterase, ABC transporter, Cathepsin L, and UDP-glycosyltransferase were upregulated in adapted KSM on tea plants. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that pathways related to oxidoreductase activity were particularly enriched in adapted KSM on tea plants. These enzymes should be dealing with catechins which are known as secondary metabolites of tea plants and to be toxic to spider mites. The survival rate in adapted KSM on tea plants was significantly reduced by RNAi targeting the gene encoding a catechol dioxygenase (TkCTD). These results suggest that TkCTD-mediated detoxification is involved in the adaptation of KSM to tea plants.
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Li, Jianlong, Yangyang Xiao, Qian Fan, Yinyin Liao, Xuewen Wang, Xiumin Fu, Dachuan Gu, et al. "Transformation of Salicylic Acid and Its Distribution in Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis) at the Tissue and Subcellular Levels." Plants 10, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020282.
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Salicylic acid (SA) is a well-known immune-related hormone that has been well studied in model plants. However, less attention has been paid to the presence of SA and its derivatives in economic plants, such as tea plants (Camellia sinensis). This study showed that tea plants were rich in SA and responded differently to different pathogens. Feeding experiments in tea tissues further confirmed the transformation of SA into salicylic acid 2-O-β-glucoside (SAG) and methyl salicylate. Nonaqueous fractionation techniques confirmed that SA and SAG were mostly distributed in the cytosol of tea leaves, consistent with distributions in other plant species. Furthermore, the stem epidermis contained more SA than the stem core both in C. sinensis cv. “Jinxuan” (small-leaf species) and “Yinghong No. 9” (large-leaf species). Compared with cv. “Yinghong No. 9”, cv. “Jinxuan” contained more SAG in the stem epidermis, which might explain its lower incidence rate of wilt disease. This information will improve understanding of SA occurrence in tea plants and provide a basis for investigating the relationship between SA and disease resistance in tea plants.
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Peng, Anqi, Keke Yu, Shuwei Yu, Yingying Li, Hao Zuo, Ping Li, Juan Li, Jianan Huang, Zhonghua Liu, and Jian Zhao. "Aluminum and Fluoride Stresses Altered Organic Acid and Secondary Metabolism in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plants: Influences on Plant Tolerance, Tea Quality and Safety." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 4640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054640.
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Tea plants have adapted to grow in tropical acidic soils containing high concentrations of aluminum (Al) and fluoride (F) (as Al/F hyperaccumulators) and use secret organic acids (OAs) to acidify the rhizosphere for acquiring phosphorous and element nutrients. The self-enhanced rhizosphere acidification under Al/F stress and acid rain also render tea plants prone to accumulate more heavy metals and F, which raises significant food safety and health concerns. However, the mechanism behind this is not fully understood. Here, we report that tea plants responded to Al and F stresses by synthesizing and secreting OAs and altering profiles of amino acids, catechins, and caffeine in their roots. These organic compounds could form tea-plant mechanisms to tolerate lower pH and higher Al and F concentrations. Furthermore, high concentrations of Al and F stresses negatively affected the accumulation of tea secondary metabolites in young leaves, and thereby tea nutrient value. The young leaves of tea seedlings under Al and F stresses also tended to increase Al and F accumulation in young leaves but lower essential tea secondary metabolites, which challenged tea quality and safety. Comparisons of transcriptome data combined with metabolite profiling revealed that the corresponding metabolic gene expression supported and explained the metabolism changes in tea roots and young leaves via stresses from high concentrations of Al and F. The study provides new insight into Al- and F-stressed tea plants with regard to responsive metabolism changes and tolerance strategy establishment in tea plants and the impacts of Al/F stresses on metabolite compositions in young leaves used for making teas, which could influence tea nutritional value and food safety.
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Hajiboland, Roghieh, and Seyed Yahia Salehi. "Remobilization of Phosphorus in Tea Plants." Journal of Plant Nutrition 37, no. 9 (June 2, 2014): 1522–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2014.888743.
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Zhang, Xianchen, Honghong Wu, Jingguang Chen, Linmu Chen, and Xiaochun Wan. "Chloride and amino acids are associated with K+-alleviated drought stress in tea (Camellia sinesis)." Functional Plant Biology 47, no. 5 (2020): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp19221.
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Drought is one of the main limiting factors affecting tea plant yield and quality. Previous studies have reported that K+ (potassium) application significantly alleviated drought-induced damage in tea plants. However, the intrinsic mechanisms underlying K+-alleviated drought stress are still obscure. In our study, two contrasting varieties, Taicha12 (drought tolerant) and Fuyun6 (drought sensitive), were used to investigate the intrinsic mechanisms behind K+-alleviated drought stress in tea plants. In the present study, we compared with the case of tea plants under drought: higher water and chlorophyll contents were found in drought-stressed tea plants with an external K+ supply, confirming the role of externally supplied K+ in mitigating drought stress. We also found that an adequate K+ supply promoted Cl– accumulation in the mesophyll of Taicha12 (drought tolerant) over that of in Fuyun6 (drought sensitive). Moreover, Gly, Cys, Lys and Arg were not detected in Fuyun6 under ‘Drought’ or ‘Drought + K+’ conditions. Results showed that an exogenous supply of Arg and Val significantly alleviated drought-induced damage in Fuyun6, suggesting their role in K+-alleviated drought stress in tea plants. Collectively, our results show that chloride and amino acids are important components associated with K+-alleviated drought stress in tea plants.
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Sano, Satoshi, Tetsuyuki Takemoto, Akira Ogihara, Kengo Suzuki, Takehiro Masumura, Shigeru Satoh, Kazufumi Takano, Yutaka Mimura, and Shigeto Morita. "Stress Responses of Shade-Treated Tea Leaves to High Light Exposure after Removal of Shading." Plants 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030302.
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High-quality green tea is produced from buds and young leaves grown by the covering-culture method, which employs shading treatment for tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). Shading treatment improves the quality of tea, but shaded tea plants undergo sudden exposures to high light (HL) at the end of the treatment by shade removal. In this study, the stress response of shaded tea plants to HL illumination was examined in field condition. Chl a/b ratio was lower in shaded plants than nonshaded control, but it increased due to exposure to HL after 14 days. Rapid decline in Fv/Fm values and increases in carbonylated protein level were induced by HL illumination in the shaded leaves on the first day, and they recovered thereafter between a period of one and two weeks. These results revealed that shaded tea plants temporarily suffered from oxidative damages caused by HL exposure, but they could also recover from these damages in 2 weeks. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, total ascorbate level, and ascorbate/dehydroascorbate ratio were decreased and increased in response to low light and HL conditions, respectively, suggesting that the upregulation of antioxidant defense systems plays a role in the protection of the shaded tea plants from HL stress.
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Jorge, S., M. C. Pedroso, D. B. Neale, and G. Brown. "Genetic Differentiation of Portuguese Tea Plant using RAPD Markers." HortScience 38, no. 6 (October 2003): 1191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.6.1191.
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Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to estimate genetic similarities between Portuguese Camelliasinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (tea plant) accessions and those obtained from the germplasm collections from the Tea Research Foundation of Kenya and from the National Research Institute of Vegetables, Ornamental Plants, and Tea of Japan. The accessions studied are taxonomically classified as C. sinensis, var. sinensis, var. assamica, or ssp. lasiocalyx. A set of 118 ten-base arbitrary primers was tested, of which 25 produced informative, reproducible, and polymorphic banding patterns. These primers were used to amplify DNA from 71 tea plant accessions and produced a total of 282 bands, of which 195 were polymorphic. The phenotypic frequencies were calculated using Shannon's Index and employed in estimating genetic diversity within tea plant populations. Our study demonstrates that tea plant populations, including the Portuguese tea plants, show considerable genetic variability. From the UPGMA cluster analysis based on a matrix using the Jaccard coefficient, it was possible to distinguish the Portuguese tea plants from the remaining accessions. The RAPD markers discriminated the three C. sinensis varieties. Moreover, within each variety cluster, subclusters formed according to geographic distribution. The RAPD analysis also separated the commercially cultivated tea plants from the Taiwanese wild tea plants. The present results show that RAPD analysis constitutes a good method to estimate genetic diversity within C. sinensis, and to differentiate C. sinensis accessions according to taxonomic variety and geographical distribution.
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Li, Guodong, Yan Li, Xinzhuan Yao, and Litang Lu. "Establishment of a Virus-Induced Gene-Silencing (VIGS) System in Tea Plant and Its Use in the Functional Analysis of CsTCS1." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010392.
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Tea (Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze) is an important global economic crop and is considered to enhance health. However, the functions of many genes in tea plants are unknown. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) mediated by tobacco rattle virus (TRV) is an effective tool for the analysis of gene functions, although this method has rarely been reported in tea plants. In this study, we established an effective VIGS-mediated gene knockout technology to understand the functional identification of large-scale genomic sequences in tea plants. The results showed that the VIGS system was verified by detecting the virus and using a real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The reporter gene CsPOR1 (protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase) was silenced using the vacuum infiltration method, and typical photobleaching and albino symptoms were observed in newly sprouted leaves at the whole plant level of tea after infection for 12 d and 25 d. After optimization, the VIGS system was successfully used to silence the tea plant CsTCS1 (caffeine synthase) gene. The results showed that the relative caffeine content was reduced 6.26-fold compared with the control, and the level of expression of CsPOR1 decreased by approximately 3.12-fold in plants in which CsPOR1 was silenced. These results demonstrate that VIGS can be quickly and efficiently used to analyze the function of genes in tea plants. The successful establishment of VIGS could eliminate the need for tissue culture by providing an effective method to study gene function in tea plants and accelerate the process of functional genome research in tea.
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Wan, Qing, Ren-kou Xu, and Xing-hui Li. "Proton release from tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) roots induced by Al(III) under hydroponic conditions." Soil Research 50, no. 6 (2012): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr12099.
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The mechanisms for soil acidification induced by tea plant growth are not well understood. Proton release from tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) roots induced by aluminium (Al(III)) in solution-culture experiments was examined with an automatic titration system, to determine the effect of Al(III) uptake by the plants on soil acidification. Results indicated that the uptake of Al(III) by tea plants led to proton release from their roots and thus an increase in soil acidification. The uptake of Al(III) by tea plants and the amount of protons released from the roots were greater at pH 4.5 than at pH 5.0 and 4.0 and increased with increasing initial Al(III) concentration in the culture solutions. With the same initial pH, the amount of protons released from tea plant roots at a constant pH was much higher than that at non-constant pH. The presence of ammonium increased the amount of protons released from tea plant roots. Therefore, the uptake of Al by tea plants and subsequent release of protons from their roots may be an important mechanism by which they acidify soils in tea gardens.
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Wang, Cheng, Jingxue Han, Yuting Pu, and Xiaojing Wang. "Tea (Camellia sinensis): A Review of Nutritional Composition, Potential Applications, and Omics Research." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 5874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12125874.
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Tea (Camelliasinensis) is the world’s most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverage with essential economic and health benefits since it is an excellent source of polyphenols, catechins, amino acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins, and polysaccharides. The aim of this review is to summarize the main secondary metabolites in tea plants, and the content and distribution of these compounds in six different types of tea and different organs of tea plant were further investigated. The application of these secondary metabolites on food processing, cosmetics industry, and pharmaceutical industry was reviewed in this study. With the rapid advancements in biotechnology and sequencing technology, omics analyses, including genome, transcriptome, and metabolome, were widely used to detect the main secondary metabolites and their molecular regulatory mechanisms in tea plants. Numerous functional genes and regulatory factors have been discovered, studied, and applied to improve tea plants. Research advances, including secondary metabolites, applications, omics research, and functional gene mining, are comprehensively reviewed here. Further exploration and application trends are briefly described. This review provides a reference for basic and applied research on tea plants.
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Yue, Cuinan, Hua Peng, Wenjin Li, Zhongfei Tong, Zhihui Wang, and Puxiang Yang. "Untargeted Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveal the Mechanism of Metabolite Differences in Spring Tender Shoots of Tea Plants of Different Ages." Foods 11, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 2303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11152303.
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The metabolites in the tender shoots of the tea plant are the material basis for the determination of tea quality. The composition and abundance of these metabolites are affected by many key factors, and the tea plant’s age is one of them. However, the effect of plant age on the tender shoot metabolites of tea cultivars of different genotypes is poorly understood. Therefore, we used a combination of untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics to analyze the differential mechanism behind the differences in the metabolites of the spring tender shoots of 7- and 40-year-old tea plants of two tea cultivars of different genotypes. We found that plant age could significantly change the metabolites in the spring tender shoots of tea plants and that flavonoids, and amino acids and their derivatives, were predominant among the differential metabolites. The quantities of most flavonoids in the aged tea plants of different genotypes were upregulated, which was caused by the upregulated expression of differential genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. We further discovered that 11 key structural genes play key regulatory roles in the changes in the flavonoid contents of tea plants of different plant ages. However, the influence of plant age on amino acids and their derivatives might be cultivar-specific. By characterizing and evaluating the quality-related metabolites of tea cultivars of two different genotypes at different plant ages, we found that whether an old tea plant (40 years old) can produce high-quality tea is related to the genotype of the tea plant.
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Ni, Zhi-Qi, Jing Jin, Ying Ye, Wen-Wen Luo, Ya-Nan Zheng, Zheng-Kun Tong, Yi-Qing Lv, Jian-Hui Ye, and Liang-Yu Wu. "Integrative Transcriptomic and Phytohormonal Analyses Provide Insights into the Cold Injury Recovery Mechanisms of Tea Leaves." Plants 11, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 2751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11202751.
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Tea plant is susceptible to low temperature, while the cold injury recovery mechanisms of tea leaves are still unclear. Windbreak has an effective and gradient range of protecting tea plants. Tea plants with increasing cold damage degree have varying recovery status accordingly, which are the ideal objects for investigating the cold injury recovery mechanisms of tea leaves. Here, we investigated the transcriptome and phytohormone profiles of tea leaves with different cold injury degrees in recovery (adjacent to the windbreak), and the levels of chlorophylls, malondialdehyde, major phytohormones as well as the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also measured. The results showed the content of total chlorophylls and the activity of POD in mature tea leaves gradually decreased with the distance to windbreak, while SOD showed the opposite. The major phytohormones were highly accumulated in the moderately cold-injured tea leaves. The biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) was enhanced in the moderate cold damaged tea leaves, suggesting that ABA plays an important role in the cold response and resistance of tea plants. The transcriptomic result showed that the samples in different rows were well discriminated, and the pathways of plant-pathogen interaction and flavonoid biosynthesis were enriched based on KEGG analysis. WRKY, GRAS and NAC were the top classes of transcription factors differentially expressed in the different cold-injured tea leaves. Thus, windbreak is effective to protect adjacent tea plants from cold wave, and phytohormones importantly participate in the cold injury recovery of tea leaves.
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ZHANG, Xiaoyang, Haozhi LONG, Da HUO, Masood I. AWAN, Jinhua SHAO, Athar MAHMOOD, Shuang LIU, et al. "Insights into the functional role of tea microbes on tea growth, quality and resistance against pests and diseases." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 50, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 12915. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha50312915.
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Tea is an economical and most widely used beverage across the globe owing to its unique fragrance and flavor. Plant microbe interaction has emerged as an important topic which got the attention of scientists to improve plant performance. Tea microbes remained a prominent research topic for scientists over the years as tea microbes helps in nutrient cycling and stress management which in turn improve the tea growth, yield and quality. The roots of tea plants are colonized by various microbes including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), bacterial communities, and endophytes increase root growth, development and nutrient uptake which in turn improve tea growth, yield and quality. These microbes also increase the concentration of nutrients, amino acids, soluble proteins, flavonoids, catechuic acid, glucose, fructose, sucrose contents caffeine, and polyphenols concentration in tea plants. Besides this, these microbes also protect the tea plants from harmful pest and diseases which in turn leads to an appreciable improvement in plant growth and development. The most important goal of any farming system is to establish a system with production of maximum food while minimizing impacts on the environment. The present review article highlights the role of various microbes in improving the growth, yield and quality of tea plants. In addition, we also discussed the research gaps to improve our understanding about the role of tea microbes in improving tea growth, yield, pest and diseases resistance. We believe that this review will provide a better insight into the existing knowledge of tea microbes in improving tea growth and yield.
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Li, Yingying, Qiuqiu Zhang, Lina Ou, Dezhong Ji, Tao Liu, Rongmeng Lan, Xiangyang Li, and Linhong Jin. "Response to the Cold Stress Signaling of the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) Elicited by Chitosan Oligosaccharide." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (June 26, 2020): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060915.
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Cold stress caused by a low temperature is a significant threat to tea production. The application of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) can alleviate the effect of low temperature stress on tea plants. However, how COS affects the cold stress signaling in tea plants is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the level of physiological indicators in tea leaves treated with COS, and then the molecular response to the cold stress of tea leaves treated with COS was analyzed by transcriptomics with RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq). The results show that the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, content of chlorophyll and soluble sugar in tea leaves in COS-treated tea plant were significantly increased and that photosynthesis and carbon metabolism were enriched. Besides, our results suggest that COS may impact to the cold stress signaling via enhancing the photosynthesis and carbon process. Our research provides valuable information for the mechanisms of COS application in tea plants under cold stress.
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Zhang, Xin, Yongchen Yu, Jin Zhang, Xiaona Qian, Xiwang Li, and Xiaoling Sun. "Recent Progress Regarding Jasmonates in Tea Plants: Biosynthesis, Signaling, and Function in Stress Responses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 2 (January 16, 2024): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021079.
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Tea plants have to adapt to frequently challenging environments due to their sessile lifestyle and perennial evergreen nature. Jasmonates regulate not only tea plants’ responses to biotic stresses, including herbivore attack and pathogen infection, but also tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as extreme weather conditions and osmotic stress. In this review, we summarize recent progress about jasmonaic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling pathways, as well as the underlying mechanisms mediated by jasmontes in tea plants in responses to biotic stresses and abiotic stresses. This review provides a reference for future research on the JA signaling pathway in terms of its regulation against various stresses of tea plants. Due to the lack of a genetic transformation system, the JA pathway of tea plants is still in the preliminary stages. It is necessary to perform further efforts to identify new components involved in the JA regulatory pathway through the combination of genetic and biochemical methods.
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Cao, Dan, Juan Li, Linlong Ma, Yanli Liu, Jianan Huang, and Xiaofang Jin. "Genome-Wide Identification of Selenium-Responsive MicroRNAs in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze)." Horticulturae 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2023): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121278.
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Anadequate selenium (Se) intake can enhance human immunity and prevent diseases development. About one billion people in the world have varying degrees of Se deficiency in the world. Organic Se from tea infusion is the most easily absorbed and utilized Se form by the human body. Therefore the production of tea plants rich in Se is an effective way to increase Se dietary intake, but there are few studies on the involvement and functions of miRNAs in the responses of tea plants after Se treatment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous (non-coding) single-stranded RNAs that play crucial roles in regulating plant nutrient element acquisition and accumulation. Physiological analysis discovered that the total Se content in tea plant roots markedly increased under 0.05 mmol·L−1 selenite treatment, with no toxicity symptoms in the leaves and roots. To screen the miRNAs responsive to Se treatment in tea plants, miRNA libraries were constructed from the tea cultivar “Echa 1”. Using high-throughput sequencing, 455 known miRNAs and 203 novel miRNAs were identified in this study. In total, 13 miRNAs were selected that were differentially expressed in tea plants’ roots under 0.05 mmol·L−1 selenite treatments. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs mainly belonged to the metabolic process, membrane, and catalytic activity ontologies. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis suggested that beta-alanine, taurine, hypotaurine, and sulfur metabolism were the most enriched pathways among the differentially expressed miRNAs, implying their involvement in Se accumulation and tolerance in tea plants. Further characterization of the data revealed that the number of novel miRNAs was comparable to that of known miRNAs, indicating that novel miRNAs significantly contributed to the regulation of Se accumulation in tea plant roots. Thisstudy lays the foundation for further research on the regulatory mechanisms underlying Se accumulation and tolerance in tea plants, providing targets to molecular breeding strategies for improving tea nutritional properties.
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Zhang, Xiaoli, Xiaona Li, Feiran Chen, Xuesong Cao, Chuanxi Wang, Liya Jiao, Le Yue, and Zhenyu Wang. "Selenium Nanomaterials Enhance the Nutrients and Functional Components of Fuding Dabai Tea." Nanomaterials 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2024): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14080681.
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Theanine, polyphenols, and caffeine not only affect the flavor of tea, but also play an important role in human health benefits. However, the specific regulatory mechanism of Se NMs on fat-reducing components is still unclear. In this study, the synthesis of fat-reducing components in Fuding Dabai (FDDB) tea was investigated. The results indicated that the 100-bud weight, theanine, EGCG, total catechin, and caffeine contents of tea buds were optimally promoted by 10 mg·L−1 Se NMs in the range of 24.3%, 36.2%, 53.9%, 67.1%, and 30.9%, respectively. Mechanically, Se NMs promoted photosynthesis in tea plants, increased the soluble sugar content in tea leaves (30.3%), and provided energy for the metabolic processes, including the TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the glutamine/glutamic acid cycle, ultimately increasing the content of amino acids and antioxidant substances (catechins) in tea buds; the relative expressions of key genes for catechin synthesis, CsPAL, CsC4H, CsCHI, CsDFR, CsANS, CsANR, CsLAR, and UGGT, were significantly upregulated by 45.1–619.1%. The expressions of theanine synthesis genes CsTs, CsGs, and CsGOGAT were upregulated by 138.8–693.7%. Moreover, Se NMs promoted more sucrose transfer to the roots, with the upregulations of CsSUT1, CsSUT2, CsSUT3, and CsSWEET1a by 125.8–560.5%. Correspondingly, Se NMs enriched the beneficial rhizosphere microbiota (Roseiarcus, Acidothermus, Acidibacter, Conexicter, and Pedosphaeraceae), enhancing the absorption and utilization of ammonium nitrogen by tea plants, contributing to the accumulation of theanine. This study provides compelling evidence supporting the application of Se NMs in promoting the lipid-reducing components of tea by enhancing its nitrogen metabolism.
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Li, Qingsheng, Junyan Zhu, Ning Ren, Da Li, Ya Jin, Wenyuan Lu, and Qinhua Lu. "Characteristics and Pathogenicity of Discula theae-sinensis Isolated from Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) and Interaction with Colletotrichum spp." Plants 12, no. 19 (September 28, 2023): 3427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12193427.
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Anthracnose is one of the primary diseases in tea plants that affect tea yield and quality. The geographical distribution, occurrence regularity, and agronomic measures of tea plants with anthracnose have been researched for decades. However, the pathogenic cause of anthracnose in tea plants is diverse in different regions of the world. Identifying the specific pathogenic fungi causing tea anthracnose is an essential control measure to mitigate this disease. In this study, 66 Discula theae-sinensis and 45 Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from three different types of diseased tea leaves. Based on multilocus phylogenetic and morphological analysis, eight known species of Colletotrichum, Colletotrichum fructicola, C. camelliae, C. aenigma, C. siamense, C. henanense, C. karstii, C. tropicicola, and C. gigasporum were identified. This study is the first to report C. tropicicola and C. gigasporum in tea plants in China. Discula theae-sinensis was the most common species in this study and caused disease lesions around wounded areas of tea leaves. The dual trials in vitro indicated Discula theae-sinensis and Colletotrichum were slightly inhibited. Co-inoculating Discula theae-sinensis and C. fructicola was superior to single inoculation at low concentrations. The main cause of anthracnose might be the concerted action of a variety of fungi.
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Zhou, Xiaochen, Lanting Zeng, Yingjuan Chen, Xuewen Wang, Yinyin Liao, Yangyang Xiao, Xiumin Fu, and Ziyin Yang. "Metabolism of Gallic Acid and Its Distributions in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Plants at the Tissue and Subcellular Levels." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 16 (August 8, 2020): 5684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165684.
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In tea (Camellia sinensis) plants, polyphenols are the representative metabolites and play important roles during their growth. Among tea polyphenols, catechins are extensively studied, while very little attention has been paid to other polyphenols such as gallic acid (GA) that occur in tea leaves with relatively high content. In this study, GA was able to be transformed into methyl gallate (MG), suggesting that GA is not only a precursor of catechins, but also can be transformed into other metabolites in tea plants. GA content in tea leaves was higher than MG content—regardless of the cultivar, plucking month or leaf position. These two metabolites occurred with higher amounts in tender leaves. Using nonaqueous fractionation techniques, it was found that GA and MG were abundantly accumulated in peroxisome. In addition, GA and MG were found to have strong antifungal activity against two main tea plant diseases, Colletotrichum camelliae and Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis. The information will advance our understanding on formation and biologic functions of polyphenols in tea plants and also provide a good reference for studying in vivo occurrence of specialized metabolites in economic plants.
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Chen, Xi, Kun Ye, Yan Xu, Yichen Zhao, and Degang Zhao. "Effect of Shading on the Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Characteristics as Well as the Transcriptome of Matcha Green Tea." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 14169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214169.
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High-quality tea leaves are required for matcha production. Shading is one of the key agronomic practices that can increase the quality of green tea. The objectives among matcha tea producers include increasing the ammonia and chlorophyll contents of tea buds, decreasing tea polyphenol contents, and enhancing tea aroma formation. In this study, Fuding white tea plants were cultivated under open-air conditions (control) as well as under 85% (S85) and 95% (S95) shade. The chlorophyll contents were highest for the S85 treatment, followed by the S95 and control treatments. Moreover, shading increased the theanine and caffeine contents, while decreasing the polyphenol (epicatechin and epigallocatechin) contents, thereby optimizing matcha tea flavors. A total of 2788 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 1151 and 1637 were respectively upregulated and downregulated in response to shading. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that most of the DEGs were associated with metabolic processes (e.g., MAPK signaling, plant-pathogen interactions, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis). Therefore, shading may modulate tea plant metabolism, signaling, biosynthetic activities, and environment-related changes to gene transcription. The expression of amino acid permeases (APP) encoding genes was downregulated in tea plants. Thus, shading influences theanine biosynthesis and the AAP-mediated distribution of theanine in tea plants.
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Huh, Sungchan, Namsook Park, Yongchul Kim, and Insoo Choi. "Occurrence of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes on Ornamental Foliage Plants, Citrus Orchards, and Tea Plantations in Korea." Research in Plant Disease 29, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2023.29.4.459.
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This study was conducted to investigate the plant-parasitic nematodes of ornamental foliage plants, citrus orchards, and tea plantations from July to December 2022. As a result of the investigation of plant-parasitic nematodes in 415 foliage plants, root-lesion nematodes were detected most frequently, followed by rootknot nematodes, pin nematodes, and other nematodes. In tea plantations, spiral nematodes, cyst nematodes, and root-knot nematodes were detected. Citrus nematodes, ring nematodes, and root-knot nematodes were discovered in citrus orchards. In foliage plants, tea plantations, and citrus orchards, the detection rate of plantparasitic nematodes was not high, but root-lesion nematodes were detected. Therefore, it is necessary to apply appropriate control methods to manage root-lesion nematodes during the cultivation of foliage, tea, and citrus plants.
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Mandal, Ashok Kumar, Anisha Pandey, Prasamsha Pant, Seema Sapkota, Parasmani Yadav, and Devi Prasad Bhandari. "Formulation of Herbal Tea from Nepalese Medicinal Plants: Phenolic Assay, Proximate Composition and In-vivo Toxicity Profiling of Medicinal Plants with Nutritive Benefits." Journal of Plant Resources 20, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdpr.v20i01.56603.
Full textAbstract:
Herbal tea, also known as tisane, is a beverage made from the infusion or decoction of plant material in hot water. True tea comes from the Camellia sinensis plant, while tisane (herbal tea) comes from a water-based infusion of herbs, spices, flowers, leaves etc. This study aimed to formulate and determine the nutraceutical value (proximate analysis), phytochemical value (total phenolic content) and in-vivo toxicity of the different medicinal plants used to prepare three different types of herbal tea formulations. Natural Product Research Laboratory (NPRL)-1 [Asparagus officinalis L., Phyllanthus emblica L., Mentha piperita L., Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze], NPRL-2 [Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Bergenia ciliate (Haw.) Sternb., Elettaria cardamom (L.) maton and Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze] and NPRL-3 [Salvia rosmarinus Spenn., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] herbal tea formulations were prepared from these selected medicinal plants. They were respectively tested for their properties. All the plants included were highly nutritional and none were found toxic. The results suggested that herbal tea made up of these potent plants’ parts can be a good choice for health-promoting benefits. These formulations could further be studied for their other beneficial activities.
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Ge, Shibei, Yameng Wang, Keyin Shen, Qianying Wang, Golam Jalal Ahammed, Wenyan Han, Zhifeng Jin, Xin Li, and Yuanzhi Shi. "Effects of Differential Shading on Summer Tea Quality and Tea Garden Microenvironment." Plants 13, no. 2 (January 11, 2024): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13020202.
Full textAbstract:
Shading is an effective agronomic technique to protect tea plants from intense sunlight. However, there are currently very few studies on more effective shading methods to improve the quality of summer tea. In this study, ‘Longjing43’ plants were grown under four different shading treatments for 14 days, with no shading as the control. Among the four shading treatments, double-layer-net shadings had the most positive impact on the tea quality, resulting in higher levels of amino acids but lower levels of tea polyphenols. Additionally, double-layer-net shadings provided more suitable microenvironments for tea plants. The tea leaves in T4 (double nets 50 cm above the plant canopy) contained 16.13 mg∙g−1 of umami and sweet amino acids, which was significantly higher than in other treatments. T4 had the lowest air temperature and the most suitable and stable soil water content. Interestingly, the ratio of red light to far-red light in T4 was only 1.65, much lower than other treatments, which warrants further study. In conclusion, the microenvironment induced by shading can greatly affect the tea quality, and double-layer-net shading is better for improving the quality of summer tea.
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Han, Xiao, Yaozong Shen, Yu Wang, Jiazhi Shen, Hui Wang, Shibo Ding, Yang Xu, et al. "Transcriptome Revealed the Effect of Shading on the Photosynthetic Pigment and Photosynthesis of Overwintering Tea Leaves." Agronomy 13, no. 7 (June 25, 2023): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071701.
Full textAbstract:
The physiological state of overwintering tea leaves is crucial for the growth and quality formation of spring tea shoots. Low temperatures in winter can easily cause damage to overwintering tea plants, leading to leaf chlorosis and abnormal physiological functions. Many pieces of research have shown that shading could promote chlorophyll (Chl) accumulation in tea leaves, but the impact on overwintering tea plants is not yet known. In this study, different shading rates (no-shading, S0%; 30% shading, S30%; 75% shading, S75%) were used to treat overwintering tea plants, which explored the effect of shading on the color and physiological functions of tea leaves. The results showed that Chl, carotenoid, and soluble sugar (SS) contents were S75% > S30% > S0%, and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) was S75% > S30% > S0%. Transcriptome analysis showed that the genes involved in chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism (such as protochlorophyllide reductase POR and zeaxanthin epoxidase ZEP) and photosynthesis (such as photosystem II P680 reaction center D2 protein PsbA and photosystem II CP47 chlorophyll apoprotein PsbB) were significantly up-regulated under shading. In addition, many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in “starch and sucrose metabolism (ko00500)” and “anthocyanin biosynthesis (ko00942)” pathways. In summary, this study provided a theoretical basis and technical support for maintaining green leaves and normal physiological functions of overwintering tea plants.
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Yang, Ni, Miao-Hua Han, Rui-Min Teng, Ya-Zhuo Yang, Ya-Hui Wang, Ai-Sheng Xiong, and Jing Zhuang. "Exogenous Melatonin Enhances Photosynthetic Capacity and Related Gene Expression in A Dose-Dependent Manner in the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12 (June 15, 2022): 6694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126694.
Full textAbstract:
The enhancement of photosynthesis of tea leaves can increase tea yield. In order to explore the regulation mechanism of exogenous melatonin (MT) on the photosynthetic characteristics of tea plants, tea variety ‘Zhongcha 108’ was used as the experimental material in this study. The effects of different concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 mM) of melatonin on the chlorophyll (Chl) content, stomatal opening, photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity, and related gene expression of tea plants were detected and analyzed. The results showed that under 0.2-mM MT treatment, chlorophyll (Chl) content, photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr) improved, accompanied by a decrease in stomata density and increase in stomata area. Zero point two millimolar MT increased Chl fluorescence level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and reduced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, indicating that MT alleviated PSII inhibition and improved photochemical efficiency. At the same time, 0.2 mM MT induced the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis and chlorophyll metabolism to varying degrees. The study demonstrated that MT can effectively enhance the photosynthetic capacity of tea plants in a dose-dependent manner. These results may promote a comprehensive understanding of the potential regulatory mechanism of exogenous MT on photosynthesis in tea plants.
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Chakraborty, B. N., M. Sharma, R. Das Biswas, and A. N. Ghosh. "Pathogenesis-related proteins of tea triggered by Exobasidium vexans." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 3, no. 1 (2009): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2009.v03i01.011.
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The defense strategy of tea plants against Exobasidium vexans are multifold and include accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. A study on the association of defense enzymes with resistance in tea plants triggered by E. vexans revealed significant changes in the level of β-1.3-glucanase (PR 2) and chitinase (PR 3) exhibiting antimicrobial activity. Accumulation of defense proteins differed in time and magnitude. Time course studies points towards accumulation of PR-2 and PR-3 in the early hours, PR-9 later on and finally the antifungal metabolites that confer resistance to the plants. Treatment with salicylic acid (SA) stimulates a multicomponent defense response in tea leaves which was confirmed by immuno-localization of PR 2 and PR 3 in tea leaf tissues following induction of resistance. Induction of PR-3 in suspension-cultured tea cells following SA treatment was confirmed immunologically using antibody probes (PAb-chitnase). Subcellular localization of PR-3 and PR-2 in tea leaves were also confirmed by indirect immunogold labeling. Marked increase in frequency of gold particles following elicitation by SA treatment was evident. Cell defense responses associated with systemic acquired resistance induced by SA against E.vexans has been discussed in relation to the possible role of PR-proteins in immunizing tea plants.
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Chakraborty, B. N., M. Sharma, R. Das Biswas, and A. N. Ghosh. "Pathogenesis-related proteins of tea triggered by Exobasidium vexans." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 3, no. 1 (2009): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2009.v03i01.011.
Full textAbstract:
The defense strategy of tea plants against Exobasidium vexans are multifold and include accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. A study on the association of defense enzymes with resistance in tea plants triggered by E. vexans revealed significant changes in the level of β-1.3-glucanase (PR 2) and chitinase (PR 3) exhibiting antimicrobial activity. Accumulation of defense proteins differed in time and magnitude. Time course studies points towards accumulation of PR-2 and PR-3 in the early hours, PR-9 later on and finally the antifungal metabolites that confer resistance to the plants. Treatment with salicylic acid (SA) stimulates a multicomponent defense response in tea leaves which was confirmed by immuno-localization of PR 2 and PR 3 in tea leaf tissues following induction of resistance. Induction of PR-3 in suspension-cultured tea cells following SA treatment was confirmed immunologically using antibody probes (PAb-chitnase). Subcellular localization of PR-3 and PR-2 in tea leaves were also confirmed by indirect immunogold labeling. Marked increase in frequency of gold particles following elicitation by SA treatment was evident. Cell defense responses associated with systemic acquired resistance induced by SA against E.vexans has been discussed in relation to the possible role of PR-proteins in immunizing tea plants.
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Wang, Yuchun, Fei Xiong, Qinhua Lu, Xinyuan Hao, Mengxia Zheng, Lu Wang, Nana Li, Changqing Ding, Xinchao Wang, and Yajun Yang. "Diversity of Pestalotiopsis-Like Species Causing Gray Blight Disease of Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis) in China, Including two Novel Pestalotiopsis Species, and Analysis of Their Pathogenicity." Plant Disease 103, no. 10 (October 2019): 2548–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-19-0264-re.
Full textAbstract:
Several Pestalotiopsis-like species cause gray blight disease in tea plants, resulting in severe tea production losses. However, systematic and comprehensive research on the diversity, geographical distribution, and pathogenicity of pathogenic species associated with tea plants in China is limited. In this study, 168 Pestalotiopsis-like isolates were obtained from diseased tea plant leaves from 13 primary tea-producing provinces and cities in China. Based on a multilocus (internal transcribed spacer, translation elongation factor 1-α, and β-tubulin gene region) phylogenetic analysis coupled with an assessment of conidial characteristics, 20 Neopestalotiopsis unclassified isolates, seven Pestalotiopsis species, including two novel (Pestalotiopsis menhaiensis and Pestalotiopsis sichuanensis), four known (Pestalotiopsis camelliae, Pestalotiopsis chamaeropis, Pestalotiopsis kenyana, and Pestalotiopsis rhodomyrtus) and one indistinguishable species, and three Pseudopestalotiopsis species, including two known (Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis and Pseudopestalotiopsis chinensis) and one indistinguishable species, were identified. This study is the first to evaluate Pestalotiopsis chamaeropis on tea plants in China. The geographical distribution and pathogenicity tests showed Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis to be the dominant cause of gray blight of tea plants in China. In vitro antifungal assays demonstrated that theobromine not only derepressed mycelial growth of the 29 representative isolates but also increased their growth. Correlation analysis revealed a linear positive relationship between the mycelial growth rate and pathogenicity (P = 0.0148).
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Hinokidani, K., S. Koyama, M. Irie, and Y. Nakanishi. "Mangrove leaves with outstanding content of free amino acids especially GABA, makes them candidates for functional food." Food Research 4, no. 5 (June 12, 2020): 1663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(5).185.
Full textAbstract:
Herbal remedies by using mangrove plants have been recognized in several countries, and the plant materials are often consumed as a tea, which are infusions of dried plant parts steeped in boiling water. These infusions from mangrove plants are believed to be effective agents for treating and/or prevent infections, ailments, and diseases, and some mangrove plants have attracted attention as functional food resources in recent years. To reveal the beneficial properties of mangrove plants, clarification of the chemical ingredient and its characteristics of mangrove plants is required. This study focused on amino acids, which were functional ingredients (i.e., bioactive compounds) because amino acids are expected to function as ‘functional ingredients’ in addition to conventional ‘nutrients’ in recent years. To demonstrate the further possibilities of mangrove tea, we firstly evaluated the content of total amino acids in the leaf of several dominant mangrove species with commercial teas as references. Next, we clarified the composition of amino acids by using LC-MS analysis. As the results, free amino acid content (FAC) in leaf sample of Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguira gymnorrhiza, Kandelia obovata, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, and Lumnitzera racemosa was 747, 1056, 946, 829, 623, and 896 mg/100 g DW, respectively. The FAC in all mangrove leaf samples were higher than those in green tea of low price, black tea, oolong tea, barley tea, and mate tea. Moreover, it was found that GABA accounts for over 10% of the total amino acid in the mangrove leaf samples. Especially in mature leaves of K. obovata, the ratio was very high levels 35%. In the case of K. obovata, the contents were higher than GABA tea. Based on this, we concluded that several mangrove plants, especially K. obovata has the potential of a functional food which is GABA-rich.