Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tea plants

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Tea plants'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Tea plants"

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Muñoz Centeno, Luz María. "Plantas medicinales españolas: Jasonia glutinosa (L.) DC. (Asteraceae) (té de roca)." Acta Botanica Malacitana 28 (January 1, 2003): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v28i0.7288.

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Spanish medicinal plants. Jasonia glutinosa (L) DC. (Asteraceae) (Rock's tea). Palabras clave. Plantas medicinales, té de roca, Jasonia glutinosa (L.) DC.Key words. Medicinal plants, rock's tea, Jasonia glutinosa (L.) DC.
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Matsabisa, Motlalepula Gilbert, Asis Bala, Satyajit Tripathy, Michelle Mogomane Digashu, Fanie Rautenbach, Barsha Dassarma, Joseph Omorogiuwa Erhabor, et al. "Study on South African Indigenous Teas—Antioxidant Potential, Nutritional Content, and Hypoxia-Induced Cyclooxygenase Inhibition on U87 MG Cell Line." Molecules 27, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 3505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27113505.

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Background: This study comparatively assessed seven indigenous traditional tea plants on several attributes that included antioxidant, nutritional, caffeine contents, and cyclooxygenase activity. Methodology: Nutritional content of all tea plants were determined for energy, fat, carbohydrates, total sugars, dietary fiber and amino acids. Antioxidant potential and the antioxidant potentiating secondary metabolites were also measured and compared. Further, we investigated the tea plants for any role they would have on cyclooxygenase (COX) activity on cobalt chloride (CoCl2) induced human glioma cell lines (U87MG). Results: The tea plants were found non-cytotoxic at concentrations tested against the human Chang liver and HeK 293 kidney cells and were found to be naturally caffeine free. The lowest and highest extraction yield among the tea plants was 7.1% for B. saligna and 15.48% for L. scaberrimma respectively. On average, the flavonol content was 12 to 8 QE/g, ORAC 800 µmol TE/g, TEAC 150 µmol TE/g, FRAP 155 µmol AAE/g, polyphenols 40 mg GAE/g, flavanols 0.35 mg CE/g, flavonols 12 mg QE/g and total flavonoid content (TFC) 180 µg QE/mg. The COX activity has been found to be inhibited by a dose-dependent manner by L. scaberrimma, B. saligna and L. javanica. Conclusion: The results further support competitive value of tea plants and need for improved and further development.
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Chen, Yiyong, Bo Zhou, Jianlong Li, Hao Tang, Lanting Zeng, Qin Chen, Yingying Cui, Jiayu Liu, and Jinchi Tang. "Effects of Long-Term Non-Pruning on Main Quality Constituents in ‘Dancong’ Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaves Based on Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis." Foods 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 2649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10112649.

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‘Dancong’ tea is a famous traditional Oolong tea. In order to keep the original taste of “ancient tea trees”, most of the ‘Dancong’ tea plants are planted in a single plant pattern without pruning. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of long-term non-pruning on main quality constituents in ‘Dancong’ tea. The results showed that the contents of free amino acids, chlorophylls, and floral-honey aromatic substances in tea leaves of unpruned tea plants were higher than those in every year pruned tea plants, while the catechin content in leaves of pruned tea plants was higher than that in leaves of unpruned tea plants. Quantitative proteomics analysis showed that most enzymes involved in biosynthesis of catechins were downregulated in leaves of unpruned tea plants. Five proteins involved in chlorophyll metabolism and 12 proteins related to photosynthesis were upregulated, and the results suggested that higher chlorophyll content and more efficient photosynthetic energy conversion may be important for the higher accumulation of special quality components in leaves of unpruned tea plants. The findings of this study will advance our understanding of the mechanism of formation of different metabolites in leaves of unpruned and pruned tea plants.
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Yan, Fei, Dong Qu, Xiaohua Chen, Haitao Zeng, Xinsheng Li, and Ching Yuan Hu. "Metabolomics Reveals 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Improved the Ability of Tea Leaves (Camellia sinensis L.) against Cold Stress." Metabolites 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12050392.

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Tea is an important woody crop whose cultivation is severely limited by cold stress. Although 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is known to be effective in alleviating abiotic stresses in plants, knowledge of the detailed metabolic response of tea plants to exogenous ALA-induced cold resistance is still limited—a lack which restricts our ability to protect tea plants from cold stress. In the present study, we performed an in-depth metabolomics analysis to elucidate the metabolic responses of tea plants to cold stress and explore the role of ALA in improving tea plants’ cold-resistance capability. Metabolic profiles showed that cold stress altered various metabolisms in tea plants, especially galactose composition and flavonoid contents. Furthermore, exogenous ALA application altered a series of metabolisms associated with cold stress. Importantly, increases in metabolites, including catechin, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and procyanidin B2, involved in the mechanisms of ALA improved tea plants’ cold resistance. Overall, our study deciphered detailed metabolic responses of tea plants to cold stress and elucidated the mechanisms of ALA in enhancing cold resistance through rebuilding compositions of soluble carbohydrates and flavonoids. Therefore, we have provided a basis for exogenous usage of ALA to protect tea plants from cold stress.
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Saito, Kieko, and Yoriyuki Nakamura. "The Blooming Flowers of Tea Plants and Their Honey." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 29, no. 6 (May 20, 2023): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2023/v29i61753.

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Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves provide beneficial effects for human health, and the functions of the main components of their leaves have been widely studied. Recently several physiological functions of tea flowers have been reported, and the flowers have received attention as a natural healthy material for food and cosmetics. It is not well known that the fragrant tea flowers have sweet nectar. The tea nectar may be attractive to honeybees. However, the honey from tea flowers has not been studied, even though in autumn, many tea fields are filled with blooming flowers in almost all the tea production areas around the world. In addition, honey from tea flowers has not been seen on the market. It was unclear whether tea honey is available. The study used honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and took a small amount of honey from the blooming flowers of tea plants, which contained theanine (L-glutamic acid γ-ethylamide), a specific amino acid of tea plants. The theanine concentration of the nectar of the tea flowers exceeded that of the honey. Theanine is an extremely rare amino acid in nature, and it has psychoactive properties. This result is evidence that this honey is derived from tea flowers. Furthermore, the concentration of caffeine in the tea nectar might affect the honeybee’s brain to improve memory, suggesting that honeybees prefer to collect the nectar and produce honey. This study aims to prove that tea flower honey can be harvested and further proposes a unique tea sightseeing where visitors can taste the honey of tea flowers in the gorgeous scenery and fragrance of flower tea gardens.
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Wu, Huan, Xiaofeng Long, and Yanfei Geng. "Companion Plants of Tea: From Ancient to Terrace to Forest." Plants 12, no. 17 (August 25, 2023): 3061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12173061.

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China is one of the origins of ancient tea gardens, with a long history of tea culture and tea cultivation. Guizhou Province is an important tea production place in southwest China with rich forest tea resources. The purpose of this study is to obtain historical information on companion plants in historical tea gardens and provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of forest tea gardens in Guizhou Province. We conducted a statistical analysis and comparison of plant species among ancient tea gardens, terrace tea gardens, and forest tea gardens from a diachronic perspective, based on 21 ancient tea literature studies, 116 terrace tea garden documents, and 18 sampled plots of forest tea gardens in Guizhou. A total of 24 companion plants species belonging to 16 families and 22 genera were found in ancient tea gardens, 81 species were found in terrace tea gardens belonging to 37 families and 74 genera, and 232 species were found in sample plots of forest tea gardens belonging to 90 families and 178 genera. Companion plants can be divided into three categories. Most of the plant families recorded in the literature also appeared in the forest tea garden we surveyed. In ancient tea gardens, terrace tea gardens, and forest tea gardens, Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Rosaceae were the most dominant families, respectively. The intercropping of tea gardens has been practiced since ancient times. Companion plants in natural forest tea gardens not only provide important insights into intercropping of terrace gardens but also hold significant implications for the conservation of existing forest tea gardens and the sustainable development of tea gardens.
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Fu, Qianyuan, Hongli Cao, Lu Wang, Lei Lei, Taimei Di, Yufan Ye, Changqing Ding, et al. "Transcriptome Analysis Reveals That Ascorbic Acid Treatment Enhances the Cold Tolerance of Tea Plants through Cell Wall Remodeling." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 12 (June 13, 2023): 10059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210059.

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Cold stress is a major environmental factor that adversely affects the growth and productivity of tea plants. Upon cold stress, tea plants accumulate multiple metabolites, including ascorbic acid. However, the role of ascorbic acid in the cold stress response of tea plants is not well understood. Here, we report that exogenous ascorbic acid treatment improves the cold tolerance of tea plants. We show that ascorbic acid treatment reduces lipid peroxidation and increases the Fv/Fm of tea plants under cold stress. Transcriptome analysis indicates that ascorbic acid treatment down-regulates the expression of ascorbic acid biosynthesis genes and ROS-scavenging-related genes, while modulating the expression of cell wall remodeling-related genes. Our findings suggest that ascorbic acid treatment negatively regulates the ROS-scavenging system to maintain ROS homeostasis in the cold stress response of tea plants and that ascorbic acid’s protective role in minimizing the harmful effects of cold stress on tea plants may occur through cell wall remodeling. Ascorbic acid can be used as a potential agent to increase the cold tolerance of tea plants with no pesticide residual concerns in tea.
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Jin, Jieyang, Shangrui Zhang, Mingyue Zhao, Tingting Jing, Na Zhang, Jingming Wang, Bin Wu, and Chuankui Song. "Scenarios of Genes-to-Terpenoids Network Led to the Identification of a Novel α/β-Farnesene/β-Ocimene Synthase in Camellia sinensis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2 (January 19, 2020): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020655.

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Terpenoids play vital roles in tea aroma quality and plants defense performance determination, whereas the scenarios of genes to metabolites of terpenes pathway remain uninvestigated in tea plants. Here, we report the use of an integrated approach combining metabolites, target gene transcripts and function analyses to reveal a gene-to-terpene network in tea plants. Forty-one terpenes including 26 monoterpenes, 14 sesquiterpenes and one triterpene were detected and 82 terpenes related genes were identified from five tissues of tea plants. Pearson correlation analysis resulted in genes to metabolites network. One terpene synthases whose expression positively correlated with farnesene were selected and its function was confirmed involved in the biosynthesis of α-farnesene, β-ocimene and β-farnesene, a very important and conserved alarm pheromone in response to aphids by both in vitro enzymatic assay in planta function analysis. In summary, we provided the first reliable gene-to-terpene network for novel genes discovery.
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Tian, Yueyue, Hanyue Wang, Jian Hou, Lixia Zhang, Zhengqun Zhang, and Xiaoming Cai. "Occurrence and Distribution of Apolygus lucorum on Weed Hosts and Tea Plants in Tea Plantation Ecosystems." Insects 10, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10060167.

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The mirid bugs are one of the most important piercing–sucking insect pests in tea plantations, which severely reduce the quality and economic benefits of tea. In this study, the mirid bug species in the three tea-producing areas in Shandong Province of China were investigated. The distribution and occurrence of dominant species of mirid bugs on four weed host plants and tea plants Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (Theaceae) were also studied in the tea agro-ecosystems. The results showed that Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) was the dominant mirid bug species in the tea growing areas. Apolygus lucorum densities on Humulus scandens (Lour.) (Moraceae) and Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC. (Asteraceae) were relatively higher than those on Conyza canadensis (Linn) Cronq (Asteraceae), Artemisia annua Linn (Asteraceae), and C. sinensis. Host plant switching of A. lucorum in the tea agro-ecosystem was: A. lucorum scattered on and seriously infested tea plants in June and July; A. lucorum largely migrated to and gathered on H. scandens, A. lavandulaefolia, C. canadensis, and A. annua at the flowering stage, and population densities of A. lucorum on these flowering hosts peaked in late September; in October, A. lucorum gradually moved back to flowering tea plants. These results could provide a reference for selecting host plants, such as Artemisia plants, as trap plants for sustainable control of mirid bugs in tea plantations.
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Du, Sijia, Meiya Liu, Fang Dong, Chuan Yue, Jianyun Ruan, Hongli Cao, and Qunfeng Zhang. "Lipidomics Analysis of Tea Leaves Cultured in Hydroponics Reveals That High Nitrogen Application Decreases Tea Plant Resistance to Ultraviolet Radiation." Horticulturae 8, no. 8 (August 11, 2022): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080724.

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Lipid composition in tea leaves is significantly affected by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and nitrogen levels. Here, to reveal the response of lipids in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) to the interaction between nitrogen and UV radiation, we treated tea plants with three gradients of UV radiation under two nitrogen levels by the hydroponic method. Lipidomics results show that ultraviolet radiation can decrease neutral lipid (TAG) and increase membrane lipids (including PC, PE, and PG) under hydroponic conditions, indicating that tea plants could survive UV radiation by decomposing TAG to avoid damaging cells. In addition, the accumulation of phospholipids and galactolipids may be related to avoiding UV damage and enhancing photosynthesis in tea plants under UV radiation. Furthermore, the response of lipid components to UV radiation in tea plants under low nitrogen conditions is significantly lower than that under high nitrogen conditions, which suggests that excessive nitrogen application may reduce the resistance of tea plants to UV radiation. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing cultivation measures based on tea UV resistance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tea plants"

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Das, Lopamudra. "Studies on tea seed mycoflora and resistance of young tea plants against Rhizoctonia solani, a soil born root pathogen of germinating tea seedlings." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1539.

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Mudau, Fhatuwani N. "Growth, development and chemical composition of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides L.) as affected by seasonal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrition." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08242006-133149.

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Dutta, Sampa. "Abiotic and biotic stress response of tea plants and their biochemical characterization." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/878.

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Joe, Valerisa, Channah Rock, and Jean McLain. "Compost Tea 101: What Every Organic Gardener Should Know." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625441.

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5 p.
Growers of organic produce in the Southwestern United States face many challenges, including variation in water and temperature, and exposure to insects and disease. As a result, smallholder organic farmers are increasingly relying on soil additives such as compost tea that improve product quality, use less water, deter pests, and reduce reliance on chemical additives (Diver, 2002). But what exactly is compost tea? Do the benefits of using compost tea outweigh any concerns? For example, can it contain pathogens, and if so, do applicators have to worry about coming into contact with pathogens? This publication provides facts about making compost tea, and reviews both the benefits and potential disadvantages to help smallholder farmers to make educated decisions regarding the use of compost tea.
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Mudau, Fhatuwani Nixwell. "Growth, development and chemical composition of bush tea (Athrixia Phylicoides L.) as affected by seasonal nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrition." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27502.

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Jasson, Timothy Ivan. "Effects of compost tea extract on growth, nutritional value, soil quality of Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Siphonochilus aethiopicus." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2791.

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Thesis (MTech (Horticulture))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
The exact responses to the concentration of compost tea extract and methods of irrigation application were not previously measured on Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Siphonochilus aethiopicus. Commercial exploitation, habitat loss and degradation, overharvesting, and enhancement of their medicinal properties, have led to this investigation and the need to replenish both these valuable plant species. This is crucial for plant survival, especially in the wild and for use of the traditional medicinal plants. Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Siphonochilus aethiopicus, known as star flower and wild ginger respectively continue to decline, due to overharvesting from their natural habitat. Both these species have tremendous traditional medicinal value among localized African people. To enhance their commercial cultivation, compost tea extracts, in the following ratios (no catalyst added (control1); T 1000:1, T750:1, T500:1, and T250:1L) were applied in equal dosages to determine an optimal compost tea extract ratio. The experiment was conducted in a temperature controlled greenhouse. Mushroom compost (500 g, per brew) was used for all extracts. Brewing was done with no catalyst added (Control 1), and 24 hours later another brew was done with catalyst added, weekly for 20 weeks. The Control treatment received water only. Both species were slow growing and comparatively, the Hypoxis plants responded faster than the Siphonochilus plants. In this investigation, plant growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length and leaf colour, were measured and evaluated. Despite the plants positive response to the mushroom compost tea extracts, across all the above plant growth parameters, no significant differences were noted between the treatments during the twenty-week application period. Leaf chlorophyll content peaked in week 11 of the hypoxis plants and was the highest in week 14 of the Siphonochilus plants with no significant interaction between weeks vs. treatment over the twenty-week experiment. The chlorophyll readings indicate that both species increased their chlorophyll production over time. Although the total wet leaf length, root length, corm diameter, leaf weight, corm weight and root weight of Hypoxis were non-significant between treatments, T500:1 total wet weight was significantly higher when compared to the rest of the treatments. The total dry weight analysis of hypoxis was non-significant. Control Calcium level was significantly lower between the control and the treatments of the Hypoxis total dry leaf nutrient analysis. The Hypoxis dried roots nutrient analysis was non-significant across treatments.
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Nchabeleng, Lehlohonolo. "Effects of different climatic and soil factors at different locations on chemical composition of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.)." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/740.

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Fung, Ka Fai. "Effects of agronomic practices on aluminium and fluoride concentrations in soil and tea plants." HKBU Institutional Repository, 1999. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/244.

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Das, Gupta Sourish. "Studies on some foliar fungal diseases of young, tea (Camellia sinensis L O Ktze) plants." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1075.

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Mizambwa, Firmin Cyprian. "Responses of composite tea plants to drought and irrigation in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392988.

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Books on the topic "Tea plants"

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Yong-su, Zhen, ed. Tea: Bioactivity and therapeutic potential. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002.

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Nae mom e mannŭn yakch'a 108-kaji. Sŏul-si: Innŏbuk, 2010.

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Nae mom e mannŭn yakch'a 108-kaji. Sŏul-si: Innŏbuk, 2010.

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Aromatic teas and herbal infusions. New York: Clarkson Potter Publishers, 1997.

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David, Austin. Shrub roses and climbing roses: With hybrid tea and floribunda roses. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Antique Collectors' Club, 1993.

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Kang, Sŏk. Kŏn'gang ŭmnyo: Yakch'a. [P'yŏngyang]: Kŭllo Tanch'e Ch'ulp'ansa, 2011.

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Ren xing cao mu jian: Guizhou Jiu'an gu cha shu li shi ren lei xue kao cha = Strolling through tea plants : the historical anthropology study of the Jiu an ancient tea plants in Guizhou. Guiyang Shi: Guizhou ren min chu ban she, 2013.

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Pokrovskii, B. I. Chainyĭ grib. Moskva: ASS-Tsentr, 2010.

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Ming shan zhao cha. Taibei Shi: Zhi qing pin dao chu ban you xian gong si, 2009.

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Ming shan zhao cha. Taibei Shi: Zhi qing pin dao chu ban you xian gong si, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tea plants"

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Cotrozzi, Lorenzo, Cristina Nali, Elisa Pellegrini, and Giacomo Lorenzini. "Tea Plants and Air Pollutants." In Stress Physiology of Tea in the Face of Climate Change, 157–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2140-5_8.

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Kaviani, Behzad. "Tea (Camellia sinensis L.)." In Step Wise Protocols for Somatic Embryogenesis of Important Woody Plants, 245–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79087-9_20.

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Bajpai, R., and R. Chaturvedi. "Haploid Embryogenesis in Tea." In Step Wise Protocols for Somatic Embryogenesis of Important Woody Plants, 349–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79087-9_26.

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Kato, M. "Camellia sinensis L. (Tea): In Vitro Regeneration." In Medicinal and Aromatic Plants II, 82–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73617-9_5.

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Qian, Wenjun, Jianhui Hu, Xinfu Zhang, Lei Zhao, Yu Wang, and ZhaoTang Ding. "Response of Tea Plants to Drought Stress." In Stress Physiology of Tea in the Face of Climate Change, 63–81. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2140-5_4.

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Ahmed, Reda Saber Ibrahim, Claire Soave, Tracey Guerin Edbauer, Kush Rohit Patel, Yasmine Elghoul, Antonio Vinicius Pazetti de Oliveira, Andrea Renzetti, Robert Foldes, Tak-Hang Chan, and Q. Ping Dou. "Discovery of Green Tea Polyphenol-Based Antitumor Drugs: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Implications." In Medicinal Plants, 313–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31269-5_14.

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Christophe, Wiart. "Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze)." In Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the World for Aging, 88–93. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003301455-38.

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Zhang, Liping, Golam Jalal Ahammed, Xin Li, Peng Yan, Lan Zhang, and Wen-Yan Han. "Plant Hormones as Mediators of Stress Response in Tea Plants." In Stress Physiology of Tea in the Face of Climate Change, 269–88. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2140-5_12.

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Akula, A., and C. Akula. "Somatic Embryogenesis in Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)." In Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants, 239–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4774-3_15.

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Orfanoudakis, Michail, Evangelia Sinapidou, and Birgit Arnholdt-Schmitt. "CanAOXgene diversity mark herbal tea quality? A proposal." In Alternative respiratory pathways in higher plants, 311–13. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118789971.ch21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tea plants"

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Belous, O. G., and N. B. Platonova. "The role of antioxidants in the formation of resistance of tea plants." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-65.

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Popescu, Sofia Georgeta, Antoanela Cozma, Lia Sanda Rotariu, Ariana Bianca Velciov, and Florina Radu. "CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME ROMANIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS BASED ON TOTAL POLYPHENOLS CONTENT." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/6.2/s25.15.

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Herbal teas are a popular beverage, that can be prepared very easily (by pouring hot water on various dried herbs). It is very important to monitor and develop a screening methodology for detecting the metal content of both tea plants and herbal tea. A variety of bioactive phytochemicals in the human diet are from f plant-based foodstuffs. Due to their minor side effects, the medicinal plants are widely used to treat many human diseases. Polyphenols, the most abundant components in tea, determine the quality and health function of tea. There are a variety of methods for the analysis of total polyphenols content from tea and medicinal plants, which range from the traditional titration method, to the widely used spectrophotometry based on the color Folin� Ciocalteu reaction. Natural products from medicinal plants, from the old foundations of traditional medicine, play today a vital role in the discovery of new active therapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to establish the total content of polyphenols of herbal of tea (medicinal plant) grown in different regions of Romania. In our work we collected herbal teas from county Gorj. These herbals are rosehip (Rose canina), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), peppermint (Mentha piperita), marigold (Calendula officinalis), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), and perforate St John's-wort (Hypericum perforatum). The content of total phenols from medicinal plants were estimated by the Folin Ciocalteu method, a spectrophotometric method. The content of phenols in medicinal herbs shows significant variations determined by the nature and type of herbal tea.
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Dan, Chen, Wang Xiu-fang, Ren Guang-wei, and Wang Xin-wei. "Evaluation of different sprayers in the tea plants." In 2011 6th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2011.5975996.

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Platonova, N. B. "The dynamics of the content of ascorbic acid in fresh leaves of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) growing in the humid subtropics of Russia." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-352.

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Li, Zhengzhi, Jianzhong Wu, Yongan Tang, and Zhiwei Tian. "Laser-induced fluorescence spectra of tea and bamboo leaves." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1993.mr.6.

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"Caffeine Level from Coffee, Tea Leaves, Carbonated Drinks and Energy Drinks." In 4th International Conference on Biological & Health Sciences (CIC-BIOHS’2022). Cihan University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/biohs2022/paper.539.

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Caffeine is natural substance found in more than 60 plants, the most common plants are coffee beans, tea leaves, there are also synthetic source of caffein like carbonated drink, energy drinks, and cacao pods caffeine can also be synthetic caffeine is added to foods, drinks, medicines. In this research, the concentration of caffeine in tea leaves, coffee beans, carbonated drink and energy drinks were assayed and also to see the benefit and the bad effect of caffeine on health. Five tea brands, five coffee types, carbonated drink and energy drinks were collected from the market, then each sample were tested for caffein level concentration of caffeine. Results show that the energy drinks have highest concentration of caffein among other sample in general, sequent with Beta tea brand and the Black frying seed coffee for tea brands Beta brand has highest concentration of caffeine among other tea brand and Black frying seed coffee has highest concentration of caffeine among other coffee types.
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Chisnicean, Lilia, and Elvira Gille. "Iarba de fier - specie aromatică în colecția IGFPP." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.51.

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Sideritis of the Genus Sideritis - introducers of the spicy aromatic collection. Sideritis is a genus of annual and perennial plants of the family Lamiaceae. The plant has a pleasant aroma and many medic-inal benefits. Foliage and inflorescences are sold as unusual tea in all Mediterranean countries. Reproduc-tion of the plant was carried out by seedlings, which were obtained from seeds, or vegetative using cut-tings from annual shoots. As a result of introduction studies, we managed to propagate and introduce in our collection two of its subspecies - Sideritis scardica and S.taurica, as medicinal and spicy-aromatic, drought-tolerant plants.
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Krause, Julius, Nanina Tron, Georg Maier, Andrea Krähmer, Robin Gruna, Thomas Längle, and Jürgen Beyerer. "Detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing herbs using hyperspectral imaging in the short-wave infrared." In OCM 2021 - 5th International Conference on Optical Characterization of Materials. KIT Scientific Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.58895/ksp/1000128686-5.

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Plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are unwanted contaminants in consumer products such as herbal tea due to their toxicity to humans. The detection of these plants or their components using hyperspectral imaging was investigated, with focus on application in sensor-based sorting. For this, 431 hyperspectral images of leafs from three common herbs (peppermint, lemon balm, stinging nettle) and the poisonous common groundsel were acquired. By using a convolutional neural network, a mean F1 score of 0.89 was obtained for the classification of all four plant products based on the individual spectra. To validate the neural network, significant wavelengths were determined and visualized in an attribution map.
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Belous, O. G., and N. B. Platonova. "CHANGE OF ENZYME ACTIVITY OF TEA PLANTS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS FACTORS OF THE RUSSIA HUMID SUBTROPICS." In The All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation and Schools of Young Scientists "Mechanisms of resistance of plants and microorganisms to unfavorable environmental". SIPPB SB RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31255/978-5-94797-319-8-127-129.

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Pidaparti, Sandeep R., Charles W. White, and Nathan T. Weiland. "Impact of Plant Siting on Performance and Economics of Indirect Supercritical CO2 Coal Fired Power Plants." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58867.

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Abstract Indirect-fired supercritical CO2 (sCO2) power cycles are being explored as an attractive alternative to steam Rankine cycles for a variety of heat sources including fossil, concentrated solar power (CSP), nuclear, waste heat, etc. Due to the near-ambient CO2 critical temperature of 31°C, the effects of ambient temperature on sCO2 power cycles performance are expected to be more significant than for steam Rankine cycles. This study presents the impact of plant siting on the performance and economics of coal-fired utility scale power plants based on indirect sCO2 power cycles with carbon capture and storage (CCS). Four different plant sites across the United States have been selected for investigation: Chicago, IL; Kemmerer, WY; Houston, TX; Knoxville, TN. For each plant site, local parameters such as design ambient conditions, coal type and prices, captured CO2 transportation and storage (T&S) costs are considered for the techno-economic analyses (TEA). To determine the optimum plant design for each location, two power cycle configurations (recompression cycle, partial cooling cycle with reheat) and two cooling technologies (dry and adiabatic cooling) are examined. The optimization was conducted using automated derivative-free optimization (DFO) algorithms available under NETL’s Framework for Optimization and Quantification of Uncertainty and Sensitivity (FOQUS) platform. The optimization design variables include parameters such as turbine inlet temperatures and pressure, sCO2 cooler outlet temperatures, recuperators approach temperature and pressure drop etc. The study demonstrates the variability in optimal plant design for different ambient and fuel input conditions. The results will be used in future sCO2 technology market analyses.
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Reports on the topic "Tea plants"

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Yu, Zhang, Fu Yao, Yang Xuefei, Aye Mya Mon, Pyae Phyo Hein, Li Jianwen, Yunn Mi Mi Kyaw, et al. Vegetables from local markets in Myanmar. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1011.

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This book enumerates the diversity in the prevalence and use of vegetables in parts of Myanmar. It draws on our field studies in Myanmar, where we encountered people consuming interesting plant species as vegetables. For example, we saw parts of the moorva dregea (Wattakaka volubilis), belonging to the family Apocyanaceae, and jengkol (Archidendron pauciflorum), belonging to the family Fabaceae, being consumed as vegetables. These plants are generally considered poisonous by scientists. Likewise, the roots of the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) and the seedlings of the wine palm (Borassus flabellifer), which have a pungent taste, are very popular vegetables in the dry season in Myanmar. Tea is a globally well-known and widely-consumed beverage. However, in Myanmar, Pu’er tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) is consumed as a beverage and a vegetable. The leaf that is consumed as a vegetable is fermented and preserved.
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Marinkovic, Catalina, and Adrien Vogt-Schilb. Is Energy Planning Consistent with Climate Goals? Assessing Future Emissions from Power Plants in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005183.

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At least ten Latin American and Caribbean countries have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality. Has electricity planning in the region evolved towards reaching these goals? We compare power generation capacity in 2023 to announced plans in 2019. We then estimate committed emissions from existing and planned power plants that is emissions that would result from the normal operations of these plants during their typical lifetime and compare them to emissions from power generation in published IPCC scenarios. We find that fossil fuel planned capacity has decreased by 47% since 2019, mainly due to the cancellation of 50% of coal and 40% of gas projects, compared to only 32% of renewable energy projects. But existing plants in the region will emit 6.7 GtCO2 during their lifespan, and if all planned plants are built, they will add 4.9 GtCO2, totaling 11.6 GtCO2, exceeding median carbon budgets for 1.5 and 2C-consistent IPCC pathways (2.3 and 4.3 GtCO2). Natural gas power plants are the largest contributor to existing (62%) and planned (75%) emissions (versus 24% and 23% for coal). We evaluate emissions reduction strategies to achieve carbon budgets. Assuming no new coal plants comes into operation, announced gas and oil projects are canceled at the same rate as in the past four years, all fossil fueled plant lifetimes are reduced by 10 years, and all new natural gas displaces existing coal, committed emissions fall by 59%, almost meeting the 2C budget, but still twice as large as the median 1.5C budget. Our results suggest that while progress is being made, energy planning in the region is not yet consistent with global climate goals as reflected by the IPCC scenario database.
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Chamovitz, Daniel A., and Albrecht G. Von Arnim. eIF3 Complexes and the eIF3e Subunit in Arabidopsis Development and Translation Initiation. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696545.bard.

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The original working hypothesis of our proposal was that The “e” subunit of eIF3 has multiple functions from both within the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. Within this model, we further hypothesized that the “e” subunit of eIF3 functions in translation as a repressor. We proposed to test these hypotheses along the following specific aims: 1) Determine the subcellular localization of the interaction between eIF3e and other eIF3 subunits, or the COP9 signalosome. 2) Elucidate the biological significance of the varied subcellular localizations of eIF3e through generating Arabidopsis eIF3e alleles with altered subcellular localization. 3.) Purify different eIF3e complexes by tandem affinity purification (TAP). 4) Study the role of eIF3e in translational repression using both in vitro and in planta assays. eIF3 is an evolutionarily ancient and essential component of the translational apparatus in both the plant and animal kingdoms. eIF3 is the largest, and in some ways the most mysterious, of the translation factors. It is a multi-subunit protein complex that has a structural/scaffolding role in translation initiation. However, despite years of study, only recently have differential roles for eIF3 in the developmental regulation of translation been experimentally grounded. Furthermore, the roles of individual eIF3 subunits are not clear, and indeed some, such as the “e” subunit may have roles independent of translation initiation. The original three goals of the proposal were technically hampered by a finding that became evident during the course of the research – Any attempt to make transgenic plants that expressed eIF3e wt or eIF3e variants resulted in seedling lethality or seed inviability. That is, it was impossible to regenerate any transgenic plants that expressed eIF3e. We did manage to generate plants that expressed an inducible form of eIF3e. This also eventually led to lethality, but was very useful in elucidating the 4th goal of the research (Yahalom et al., 2008), where we showed, for the first time in any organism, that eIF3e has a repressory role in translation. In attempt to solve the expression problems, we also tried expression from the native promoter, and as such analyzed this promoter in transgenic plants (Epel, 2008). As such, several additional avenues were pursued. 1) We investigated protein-protein interactions of eIF3e (Paz-Aviram et al., 2008). 2) The results from goal #4 led to a novel hypothesis that the interaction of eIF3e and the CSN meets at the control of protein degradation of nascent proteins. In other words, that the block in translation seen in csn and eIF3e-overexpressing plants (Yahalom et al., 2008) leads to proteasome stress. Indeed we showed that both over expression of eIF3e and the csn mutants lead to the unfolded protein response. 3) We further investigated the role of an additional eIF3 subunit, eIF3h, in transalational regulation in the apical meristem (Zhou et al., 2009). Epel, A. (2008). Characterization of eIF3e in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In Plant Sciences (Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv University). Paz-Aviram, T., Yahalom, A., and Chamovitz, D.A. (2008). Arabidopsis eIF3e interacts with subunits of the ribosome, Cop9 signalosome and proteasome. Plant Signaling and Behaviour 3, 409-411. Yahalom, A., Kim, T.H., Roy, B., Singer, R., von Arnim, A.G., and Chamovitz, D.A. (2008). Arabidopsis eIF3e is regulated by the COP9 signalosome and has an impact on development and protein translation. Plant J 53, 300-311. Zhou, F., Dunlap, J.R., and von Arnim, A.G. The translation initiation factor subunit eIF3h is .1 involved in Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem maintenance and auxin response. (submitted to Development).
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Dolja, Valerian V., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Suppression of Potyvirus Infection by a Closterovirus Protein. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580682.bard.

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The plant virus family Polyviridae is the largest and most destructive of all plant viruses. Despite the continuous effort to develop resistant plant varieties, there is a desperate need for novel approaches conferring wide-range potyvirus resistance. Based on experiments with the tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV)-derived gene expression vector, we suggested approach for screening of the candidate resistance genes. This approach relies on insertion of the genes into a virus vector and evaluation of the phenotypes of the resulting recombinant viruses. The genes which suppress infection by the recombinant virus are selected as candidates for engineering transgenic resistance. Our analysis of the TEV variants expressing proteins of the beet yellows closterovirus (BYV) revealed that one of those, the leader proteinase (L-Pro), strongly and specifically interfered with the hybrid TEV infection. Since closterovirus L-Pro is evolutionary related to potyviral helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), we suggested that the L-Pro interfered with HC-Pro function via a trans-dominant inhibitory effect. Based on these findings, we proposed to test two major hypotheses. First, we suggested that L-Pro-mediated suppression of potyvirus infection is a general phenomenon effective against a range of potyviruses. The second hypothesis stated that the suppression effect can be reproduced in transgenic plants expressing L-Pro, and can be utilized for generation of resistance to potyviruses. In accord with these hypotheses, we developed two original objectives of our proposal: A) to determine the range of the closterovirus-derived suppression of potyviral infection, and B) to try and utilize the L-Pro-mediated suppression for the development of transgenic resistance to potyviruses. In the first phase of the project, we have developed all major tools and technologies required for successful completion of the proposed research. These included TEV and ZYMV vectors engineered to express several closteroviral L-Pro variants, and generation of the large collection of transgenic plants. To our satisfaction, characterization of the infection phenotypes exhibited by chimeric TEV and ZYMV variants confirmed our first hypothesis. For instance, similar to TEV-L- Pro(BYV) chimera, ZYMV-L-Pro(LIYV) chimera was debilitated in its systemic spread. In contrast, ZYMV-GUS chimera (positive control) was competent in establishing vigorous systemic infection. These and other results with chimeric viruses indicated that several closteroviral proteinases inhibit long-distance movement of the potyviruses upon co-expression in infected plants. In order to complete the second objective, we have generated ~90 tobacco lines transformed with closteroviral L-Pro variants, as well as ~100 lines transformed with BYV Hsp70-homolog (Hsp70h; a negative control). The presence and expression of the trans gene in each line was initially confirmed using RT-PCR and RNA preparations isolated from plants. However, since detection of the trans gene-specific RNA can not guarantee production of the corresponding protein, we have also generated L-Pro- and Hsp70h-specific antisera using corresponding synthetic peptides. These antisera allowed us to confirm that the transgenic plant lines produced detectable, although highly variable levels of the closterovirus antigens. In a final phase of the project, we tested susceptibility of the transgenic lines to TEV infection. To this end, we determined that the minimal dilution of the TEV inoculum that is still capable of infecting 100% of nontransgenic plants was 1:20, and used 10 plants per line (in total, ~2,000 plants). Unfortunately, none of the lines exhibited statistically significant reduction in susceptibility. Although discouraging, this outcome prompted us to expand our experimental plan and conduct additional experiments. Our aim was to test if closteroviral proteinases are capable of functioning in trans. We have developed agroinfection protocol for BYV, and tested if co- expression of the L-Pro is capable of rescuing corresponding null-mutant. The clear-cut, negative results of these experiments demonstrated that L-Pro acts only in cis, thus explaining the lack of resistance in our transgenic plants. We have also characterized a collection of the L-Pro alanine- scanning mutants and found direct genetic evidence of the requirement for L-Pro in virus systemic spread. To conclude, our research supported by BARD confirmed one but not another of our original hypotheses. Moreover, it provided an important insight into functional specialization of the viral proteinases and generated set of tools and data with which we will be able to address the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins provide a variety of critical functions during virus life cycle.
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Wolf, Shmuel, and William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.

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The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.
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Whitecloud, Simone, Holly VerMeulen, Franz Lichtner, Nadia Podpora, Timothy Cooke, Christopher Williams, Michael Musty, Irene MacAllister, and Jason Dorvee. Understanding plant volatiles for environmental awareness : chemical composition in response to natural light cycles and wounding. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45961.

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Plants emit a bouquet of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses and, simultaneously, eavesdrop on emit-ted signals to activate direct and indirect defenses. By gaining even a slight insight into the semantics of interplant communications, a unique aware-ness of the operational environment may be obtainable (e.g., knowledge of a disturbance within). In this effort, we used five species of plants, Arabidopsis thaliana, Panicum virgatum, Festuca rubra, Tradescantia zebrina, and Achillea millefolium, to produce and query VOCs emitted in response to mechanical wounding and light cycles. These plants provide a basis for further investigation in this communication system as they span model organisms, common house plants, and Arctic plants. The VOC com-position was complex; our parameter filtering often enabled us to reduce the noise to fewer than 50 compounds emitted over minutes to hours in a day. We were able to detect and measure the plant response through two analytical methods. This report documents the methods used, the data collected, and the analyses performed on the VOCs to determine if they can be used to increase environmental awareness of the battlespace.
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Bênia, Gerson, and Guilherme Resende. Cadernos do Cade- Atos de concentração nos mercados de planos de saúde, hospitais e medicina diagnóstica - 2018. Departamento de Estudos Econômicos - Cade, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.52896/dee.cc1.018.

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O sexto número da série “Cadernos do Cade” tem como objeto os atos de concentração realizados em mercados da cadeia produtiva da saúde suplementar, mais especificamente, fusões e aquisições que envolveram a participação de empresas de três segmentos dessa cadeia: planos de saúde, serviços hospitalares e serviços de medicina diagnóstica. A saúde suplementar já foi tema do segundo volume desta série, porém com destaque para condutas anticompetitivas.
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Shamblin, Robert, Kevin Whelan, Mario Londono, and Judd Patterson. South Florida/Caribbean Network early detection protocol for exotic plants: Corridors of invasiveness. National Park Service, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293364.

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Exotic plant populations can be potentially catastrophic to the natural communities of South Florida. Aggressive exotics such as Brazillian Pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) and Melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquinervia) have displaced native habitats and formed monocultures of exotic stands (Dalrymple et al. 2003). Nearby plant nurseries, especially the ones outside the boundaries of Biscayne National Park (BISC) and Everglades National Park (EVER), are a continuous source of new exotic species that may become established within South Florida’s national parks. Early detection and rapid response to these new species of exotic plants is important to maintaining the integrity of the parks’ natural habitats and is a cost-effective approach to management. The South Florida/Caribbean Network (SFCN) developed the South Florida/Caribbean Network Early Detection Protocol for Exotic Plants to target early detection of these potential invaders. Three national parks of South Florida are monitored for invasive, exotic plants using this protocol: Big Cypress National Preserve (BICY), Biscayne National Park (BISC), and Everglades National Park (EVER). These national parks include some 2,411,000 acres (3,767.2 square miles [mi2]) that encompass a variety of habitat types. To monitor the entire area for new species would not be feasible; therefore the basic approach of this protocol is to scan major “corridors of invasiveness,” e.g., paved and unpaved roads, trails, trail heads, off road vehicle (ORV) trails, boat ramps, canals, and campgrounds, for exotic plant species new to the national parks of South Florida. Sampling is optimized using a two- to three-person crew: a trained botanist, a certified herbicide applicator, and optionally a SFCN (or IPMT [Invasive Plant Management Team]) staff member or park staff to take photographs and help with data collection. If infestations are small, they are treated immediately by the herbicide applicator. If large, they are reported to park staff and the Invasive Plant Management Team. The sampling domain is partitioned into five regions, with one region sampled per year. Regions include the terrestrial habitats of Biscayne National Park, the eastern region of Everglades National Park, the western region of Everglades National Park, the northern region of Big Cypress National Preserve, and the southern region of Big Cypress National Preserve. Monitoring of roads, trails, and canals occurs while traveling into and through the parks (i.e., travel at 2–10 mph) using motorized vehicles, airboats, and/or hiking. Campgrounds, boat launches, trailheads, and similar areas, involve complete searches. When an exotic plant is observed, a GPS location is obtained, and coordinates are taken of the plant. Photographs are not taken for every exotic plant encountered, but photographs will be taken for new and unusual species (for example a coastal exotic found in inland habitats). Information recorded at each location includes the species name, size of infestation, abundance, cover class, any treatment/control action taken, and relevant notes. During the surveys, a GPS “track” is also recorded to document the areas surveyed and a field of view is estimated. Field notes, pictures, and GPS data are compiled, entered, and analyzed in a Microsoft Access database. Resource briefs (and optional data summary reports) and associated shapefiles and data are then produced and sent to contacts within the corresponding national parks.
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Beiser, L., and J. Veligdan. Ten inch Planar Optic Display. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/226118.

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Eneroth, Hanna, Hanna Karlsson Potter, and Elin Röös. Environmental impact of coffee, tea and cocoa – data collection for a consumer guide for plant-based foods. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2n3m2d2pjl.

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In 2020, WWF launched a consumer guide on plant-based products targeting Swedish consumers. The development of the guide is described in a journal paper (Karlsson Potter & Röös, 2021) and the environmental impact of different plant based foods was published in a report (Karlsson Potter, Lundmark, & Röös, 2020). This report was prepared for WWF Sweden to provide scientific background information for complementing the consumer guide with information on coffee, tea and cocoa. This report includes quantitative estimations for several environmental categories (climate, land use, biodiversity and water use) of coffee (per L), tea (per L) and cocoa powder (per kg), building on the previously established methodology for the consumer guide. In addition, scenarios of consumption of coffee, tea and cocoa drink with milk/plant-based drinks and waste at household level, are presented. Tea, coffee and cacao beans have a lot in common. They are tropical perennial crops traditionally grown in the shade among other species, i.e. in agroforestry systems. Today, the production in intensive monocultures has negative impact on biodiversity. Re-introducing agroforestry practices may be part of the solution to improve biodiversity in these landscapes. Climate change will likely, due to changes in temperature, extreme weather events and increases in pests and disease, alter the areas where these crops can be grown in the future. A relatively high ratio of the global land used for coffee, tea and cocoa is certified according to sustainability standards, compared to other crops. Although research on the implications of voluntary standards on different outcomes is inconclusive, the literature supports that certifications have a role in incentivizing more sustainable farming. Coffee, tea and cocoa all contain caffeine and have a high content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, and they have all been associated with positive health outcomes. While there is a strong coffee culture in Sweden and coffee contributes substantially to the environmental impact of our diet, tea is a less consumed beverage. Cocoa powder is consumed as a beverage, but substantial amounts of our cocoa consumption is in the form of chocolate. Roasted ground coffee on the Swedish market had a climate impact of 4.0 kg CO2e per kg powder, while the climate impact of instant coffee powder was 11.5 kg CO2e per kg. Per litre, including the energy use for making the coffee, the total climate impact was estimated to 0.25 kg CO2e per L brewed coffee and 0.16 kg CO2e per L for instant coffee. Less green coffee beans are needed to produce the same amount of ready to drink coffee from instant coffee than from brewed coffee. Tea had a climate impact of approximately 6.3 kg CO2 e per kg dry leaves corresponding to an impact of 0.064 CO2e per L ready to drink tea. In the assessment of climate impact per cup, tea had the lowest impact with 0.013 kg CO2e, followed by black instant coffee (0.024 kg CO2e), black coffee (0.038 kg CO2e), and cocoa drink made with milk (0.33 kg CO2e). The climate impact of 1kg cocoa powder on the Swedish market was estimated to 2.8 kg CO2e. Adding milk to coffee or tea increases the climate impact substantially. The literature describes a high proportion of the total climate impact of coffee from the consumer stage due to the electricity used by the coffee machine. However, with the Nordic low-carbon energy mix, the brewing and heating of water and milk contributes to only a minor part of the climate impact of coffee. As in previous research, coffee also had a higher land use, water use and biodiversity impact than tea per L beverage. Another factor of interest at the consumer stage is the waste of prepared coffee. Waste of prepared coffee contributes to climate impact through the additional production costs and electricity for preparation, even though the latter was small in our calculations. The waste of coffee and tea at Summary household level is extensive and measures to reduce the amount of wasted coffee and tea could reduce the environmental impact of Swedish hot drink consumption. For the final evaluation of coffee and tea for the consumer guide, the boundary for the fruit and vegetable group was used. The functional unit for coffee and tea was 1 L prepared beverage without any added milk or sweetener. In the guide, the final evaluation of conventionally grown coffee is that it is ‘yellow’ (‘Consume sometimes’), and for organic produce, ‘light green’ (‘Please consume). The evaluation of conventionally grown tea is that it is ‘light green’, and for organic produce, ‘dark green’ (‘Preferably consume this’). For cocoa, the functional unit is 1 kg of cocoa powder and the boundary was taken from the protein group. The final evaluation of conventionally grown cocoa is that it is ‘orange’ (‘Be careful’), and for organically produced cocoa, ‘light green’.
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