Journal articles: 'Tea plantations Sri Lanka Management'

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Helanjanani, Shammuganathan. "Health Affliction and Medical Service of Tea Plantation Women Workers in Sri Lanka: An Anthropological Study Based on Alton Estate-2021." International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 3, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.01.05.

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This research Studies “Health affliction and medical service of tea plantation women workers in Sri Lanka: An anthropological study based on Alton – 2021” This study focused on women workers in the tea plantation. This study problem highlights general health conditions of the women workers. The plantation management provides not quality of the medical specialties for the tea estate. Thereby most of the women workers are facing challenges to get proper medical services. Women workers more contributed for the economic sector in the Sri Lanka. Therefore the government should protect them. According to this study use primary and secondary data collection method, in short time; to selected sample size 12 from tea estate of Alton in Horana plantation. Women workers and health issues research relating women workers are suffering from fever, cough, cold, stomach pain, weakness, eye pain, headache, skin diseases, chest pain, asthma, breathing trouble, Hand pain , leg pain and Pregnancy. This study argues why they cannot get in correct way of the government medical service in the tea plantation. According to this issues, what are the problem are overcome. And provide good medical service and treatment for women worker in the tea plantation. Manage the situation to develop the hill country community. This is the way to research in this area. As well as I suggested some of the idea and commons in this problem. 12 samples were selected from a simple resource among the people belonging to 660 families living in study area and numerical and characteristic data on the conditions of the study area were read. This study concern research place situation to choice to use qualitative research method and used sample random sampling method to observed and read to get many idea and knowledge relevant the research problem to done this research. This research mainly focused what are different between nation and plantation medical service system. This research should be given the important for hill country community people. They are structurally different for other Sri Lankan community people. They are not receiving Sri Lanka welfare schemes in equally. According to this study provides a critical analysis and suggestions.

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Kusuminda, Tharaka, Amani Mannakkara, Rajika Gamage, Bruce D. Patterson, and Wipula B. Yapa. "Roosting ecology of insectivorous bats in a tropical agricultural landscape." Mammalia 86, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2021-0056.

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Abstract Bats spend more than half of their life in roosts, where key life events transpire. Therefore the availability and selection of roosts are important to bats everywhere, and may limit their ability to exploit every habitat, including agricultural landscapes such as paddy fields, orchards and tea plantations. This study aimed to investigate the day roosts used by insectivorous bat species in tea plantations of Sri Lanka. We surveyed 18 tea plantations where we recorded a total of 44 roosts involving five families and nine species of bats (Hipposideros galeritus, Hipposideros lankadiva, Hipposideros speoris, Rhinolophus beddomei, Rhinolophus rouxii, Megaderma spasma, Pipistrellus ceylonicus, Pipistrellus coromandra and Miniopterus cf. fuliginosus). Most (26) of the recorded roosts were geomorphic, (11) were anthropogenic, and (7) were in vegetation. H. lankadiva and M. cf. fuliginosus are the only species known to roost exclusively in geomorphic roosts; all others were opportunistic. Although protecting bat roosts is crucial for their conservation, it is challenging in view of existing tea management practices. Therefore, natural roosts should be maintained and protected. The introduction of artificial roosts might increase the number of bats able to forage over tea plantations and maximize their consumption of agricultural pests, thereby increasing tea production.

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Wijetunga, Chandana Shrinath, and Jong Sang Sung. "Valuing the Cultural Landscapes Past and Present: Tea Plantations in Sri Lanka." Landscape Research 40, no. 6 (July 16, 2015): 668–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2015.1057803.

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Biyanwila, Janaka. "Union Strategies in the Sri Lankan Tea Plantations: Rediscovering the Movement Dimension." Economic and Labour Relations Review 14, no. 1 (June 2003): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460301400106.

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With the launch of export-oriented industrialisation policies in 1977, trade unions in Sri Lanka entered a new set of challenges. The state promotion of labour market deregulation and privatisation has directly undermined union strategies based on bureaucratic modes of organising worker solidarity. Nevertheless, among the gamut of union strategies are tendencies characterising what is described as social movement unionism (SMU). The SMU approach focuses on strategies of independent unions combining participatory democracy internally with structured alliances externally. This paper looks at the case of a union in the tea plantations and its potential towards developing a SMU strategic orientation. In particular, the discussion focuses on the deepening of democratic tendencies within the unions which may be capable of reinforcing the movement dimension of unions.

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Gamage, Anuruddha, and Widana Pathiranage Richard Wickramaratne. "Quality of Life and Quality of Work Life as Determinants of Employee Productivity: Self-reports of Tea Harvesters in Sri Lanka." EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal 11, no. 1 (September 8, 2021): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2021.217.

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Tea industry plays a prominent and strategic role in Sri Lanka due to its significant impact on national output, employment and socio-economic status. Therefore, the overall worker productivity in tea industry plays an integral role in terms of national income and foreign exchange earnings. Today, the tea industry in Sri Lanka has been facing the burning issue of declining worker productivity which is the lowest among the tea producing countries in the world. In order to increase the level of worker productivity, simply applying conventional Human Resource Management (HRM) practices is not adequate and a sustainable HRM model is a vital requirement as a strategy for dealing with this crisis and sustains the tea industry in the competitive global marketplace. This research was aimed at proposing human care practices (HCPs) and knowledge management practices (KMPs) as sustainable Human Resource Management Practices (SHRMPs) for enhancing the worker productivity through quality of work-life (QWLs) and quality of life (QLs). The study is specifically focusing on the tea industry, since tea is the key contributor for overall performances of the plantation industry. Un-structured and one-on-one interviews were used as the qualitative research technique for this study. 100 randomly selected tea harvesters who are working in well performing tea estates in Sri Lanka reported a list of HCPs and KMPs that enhance QWL and QL, which in return enhance the worker productivity. The responses of tea harvesters were grouped into pre-defined structure according to comparative importance and then were validated with the findings of previous research studies. The findings were well supported by the premises of psychological contract and social exchange theories. The study also provides some implications for policy decisions and future research directions on identified HCPs and KMPs as sustainable HR practices, which has a direct relationship on the worker productivity.

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Gamage, Anuruddha, and Widana Pathiranage Richard Wickramaratne. "Sustainable Human Resource Management (HRM) Practices for Boosting the Worker Productivity in Tea Plantations in Sri Lanka: Validation of a New HRM Model." EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal 12, no. 1 (August 17, 2022): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2022.253.

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The purpose of this research was to identify Sustainable Human Resource Management Practices (SHRMPs) which enhance worker productivity and to validate a Human Resource Management (HRM) model, derived by the authors in previous qualitative studies. The study surveyed 850 randomly selected employees from sixty tea estates in Sri Lanka. Data analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling derived a sustainable HRM model which includes knowledge management and human care practices as the determinants of worker productivity, while Quality of life and Work-life practices mediated the relationship. As a unique finding, knowledge sustainability (KS) identified as a new construct impacted positively on worker productivity. Theoretical and policy implications are also discussed.

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Pethiyagoda Jr, Rohan S., and Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi. "Endangered anurans in a novel forest in the highlands of Sri Lanka." Wildlife Research 39, no. 7 (2012): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12079.

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Context Lands without agricultural or urban use embedded within agricultural and urban regions now account for ~35% of Earth’s terrestrial extent. Although created by human disturbances, these ‘novel ecosystems’, usually poor in native flora and often dominated by alien species, do not require human intervention for their maintenance. Given their large and increasing area, however, their ability to support native – and especially threatened – faunas warrants investigation. With 20 species already extinct and 47 of its 91 extant species assessed as Endangered or Critically Endangered, Sri Lanka’s amphibian fauna is in trouble. The 18 anurans (12 of these Endangered) occurring above 1500 m in the island’s central mountains are at particular risk from drastic declines in the extent and quality of habitat. Habitat restoration, however, is retarded by successional vegetation being arrested at least in the decadal time-frame by alien invasive species, creating a ‘novel ecosystem’. Aim To investigate whether such an ecosystem is able to support native anurans with a species richness and abundance comparable to that of neighbouring tropical montane cloud forest. Methods We surveyed 110 transects (each 20 m × 2 m) across three neighbouring locations covering three microhabitat-types, and recorded 552 specimens. One-way analyses of variance and post hoc, pair-wise Tukey’s tests were performed to test for differences in species richness and abundance among the three microhabitat types. Key result Of the 15 anuran species occurring in the neighbouring primary forest, 12 (eight of them Endangered) had established populations in the novel ecosystem (a former tea plantation), with abundances comparable to (or in some cases exceeding) those in primary forest. Conclusion Even young secondary forest dominated by alien plant species, in which native vegetation is almost wholly absent, can provide adequate habitat for most threatened highland anurans in Sri Lanka. Implications (1) Even if florally poor and dominated by alien species, novel ecosystems may present potential conservation opportunities for previously threatened faunas. (2) Threatened anurans exclusively dependent on primary forest and unable to utilise secondary-growth forest should receive greater conservation attention and be prioritised for in situ conservation measures. (3) Given their large and increasing extent globally, novel ecosystems should be considered as part of the area of occupancy of species able to complete their life cycles in them when assessed for conservation purposes, rather than being arbitrarily discarded as ‘degraded’.

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Dhanapala, Kiran, and Priyantha Wijayatunga. "Economic and environmental impact of micro-hydro- and biomass-based electricity generation in the Sri Lanka tea plantation sector." Energy for Sustainable Development 6, no. 1 (March 2002): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60298-7.

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Gamage, A. T., and W. P. R. Wickramaratne. "Do Human Care and Knowledge Management Practices Really Matter in Determining Worker Productivity? Perceptions of Supervisory Level Employees in Tea Plantation Sector in Sri Lanka." Kelaniya Journal of Human Resource Management 15, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/kjhrm.v15i1.71.

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J, Sudarvizhi. "The Life of the Dalit People Reflected in Pudhumaipithan's "Thunpakkeni"." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-10 (August 12, 2022): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s1025.

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At the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, the farmers of Tamil Nadu, affected by the wrong agricultural policies of the British, migrated to different places for their livelihood. The tea plantations of Sri Lanka, the rubber plantations of Burma, and the sugarcane plantations of Fiji, created by the British, lured them in like the gates of heaven. Various pieces of literature have recorded the sufferings and hardships of the people who went to live in these areas. Among the records, the work that received the most attention was the writer's "Thunpakkeni." In this short story, the writer documents the painful life faced by economically and caste-oppressed people who travel to the tea plantations of upland Sri Lanka. This article seeks to learn about the lives of Dalits at the time through a story written by the innovator and published in Manikodi magazine from March 1935 to April 1935.

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Daniel, E. Valentine. "Tea Talk: Violent Measures in the Discursive Practices of Sri Lanka's Estate Tamils." Comparative Studies in Society and History 35, no. 3 (July 1993): 568–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500018594.

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At the most manifest level, this paper is about agricultural and agronomic terminology as found in the discourse of Tamil-speaking workers on Sri Lanka's tea plantations or tea estates, as they are called there. My use of the terms agricultural and agronomic in this context is admittedly idiosyncratic. In the tea estates of Sri Lanka, two kinds of agricultural (in the unmarked sense) terminology are in use, one belonging to managerial agriculture and the other to folk agriculture. But by and large, the tea estate is the regime of managerial agriculture. Whereas in village India, folk agriculture prevails. I call the class of terms belonging to managerial agriculture, agronomic terminology, and reserve the term “agricultural terminology” for the domain of folk agriculture. By analyzing four communicative events that I observed and recorded on tea estates in Sri Lanka, I attempt to show how these two terminological worlds interact. The nature of that interaction is such that the dominant terminology of agronomy may be seen to be deconstructed by the subdominant terminology of village agriculture.

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Bozionelos, Nikos, and Geetha Karunanayake. "High Performance Work Practices: The Case of Tea Plantations in Sri Lanka." Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1 (January 2016): 16589. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.16589abstract.

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Ananthacumaraswamy, S., L. S. K. Hettiarachchi, and S. M. Dissanayake. "Soil and Foliar Sulfur Status in Some Tea Plantations of Sri Lanka." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 34, no. 11-12 (May 2003): 1481–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/css-120021291.

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Senarathne, S. H. S., and H. A. J. Gunathilake. "Weed Management in Mature Coconut Plantations in Sri Lanka." COCOS 19, no. 2 (October 16, 2012): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cocos.v19i2.4755.

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M, Christopher. "Life Problems of Tamils of Highlands in the Fictions of Maatthalai Somu." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-9 (July 27, 2022): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s95.

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Immigrant Tamil literature has an important place in Highland literature. Highland Tamil literature can be considered a part of immigrant literature. It is a rich literary field with many literary genres like folk literature, poetry, short stories, novels, dramas, and essays. Highland writers have contributed to and enriched the field of literature. Their field of literature is expanding beyond the Sri Lankan highlands to include Tamil Nadu, European countries, and other countries in the world. In this way, Maatthalai Somu is an international Tamil writer who records Sri Lanka (Highland), India (Tamil Nadu), Australia and the lives of Tamils living in them. Highland literature is two hundred years old. European countries that conquered large parts of the world to accumulate capital, exploited the resources of their colonies and the labour of indigenous peoples. In this way, the British, who took control of Sri Lanka in 1815, ended the Kandy monarchy. In 1820, coffee plantations were started. After that, they also cultivated cash crops like sugarcane, tea, and rubber. The South Indian Tamils migrated and settled in the highlands for the manpower to work on these large plantations. These Tamils are called Highland Tamils. Famine and oppression in India in the nineteenth century also caused Tamils to immigrate to Sri Lanka. The hard labour of Tamils was used in creating and cultivating these plantations. The history and life problems of such highland Tamils have been recorded by the highland Tamil writer Maatthalai Somu in his fiction.

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Jolliffe, Lee, and Mohamed S. M. Aslam. "Tea heritage tourism: evidence from Sri Lanka." Journal of Heritage Tourism 4, no. 4 (November 2009): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17438730903186607.

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Palihakkara, I. R., and Makoto Inoue. "Fuel wood trees in marginal small holder tea plantations in Sri Lanka: Stakeholder’s perception." Procedia Engineering 212 (2018): 1211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.156.

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Galgamuwa, Lahiru S., Devika Iddawela, and Samath D. Dharmaratne. "Knowledge and practices of food hygiene among food handlers in plantation sector, Sri Lanka." International Journal of Scientific Reports 2, no. 12 (November 24, 2016): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20164307.

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Background: Diseases related with consumption of contaminated foods are a common problem in worldwide. Food handlers play a major role in ensuring food safety and hygiene. Information about food hygiene in plantation sector of Sri Lanka is insufficient. This study was designed to assess the knowledge and practice of food hygiene among food handlers in tea plantation sector of Kandy, Sri Lanka.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among food handlers in tea plantations in three tea plantations from July to September 2013. Information regarding food handling practices, knowledge and attitude of food hygiene and safety and medical treatments was obtained from food handlers using a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical software. Results: 375 food handlers from 18 to 63 years (mean 33.4 ± 7.2) were enrolled of which 88% of them were females. Out of total participants, 59.6% of the respondent had good knowledge of food practice and hygiene. Gender (p = 0.044), education level of food handlers (p = 0.019), and good medical practices (p < 0.05) were statistically significant with practice of food safety and hygiene.Conclusions: Community - health education programs, promoting food hygiene and safety training should be implemented to improve the level of knowledge and practice of food hygiene.

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H.M.G.S.B., Hitinayake, Ubayapala K.G.K.C., Samaranayake J.K.S., and Weerasekera W.A.T.H. "Evaluation of Earthworm Species and Bedding Material Collected from Tea Plantations for Vermicomposting in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology 3, no. 5 (2018): 1935–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.5.47.

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Dharmasena, Prasad, and MS Bhat. "Assessment of replacement cost of soil erosion in Uva high lands tea plantations of Sri Lanka." Current World Environment 6, no. 2 (December 25, 2006): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.6.2.05.

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Wijeratne, M. A., A. Anandacoomaraswamy, M. K. S. L. D. Amarathunga, Janaka Ratnasiri, B. R. S. B. Basnayake, and N. Kalra. "Assessment of impact of climate change on productivity of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plantations in Sri Lanka." Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka 35, no. 2 (June 26, 2007): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v35i2.3676.

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Meyer, Eric. "From Landgrabbing to Landhunger: High Land Appropriation in the Plantation Areas of Sri Lanka during the British Period." Modern Asian Studies 26, no. 2 (May 1992): 321–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0000980x.

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In this contribution I propose to examine an aspect of Sri Lankan agrarian history which is often alluded to but rarely studied in depth: the process of high land appropriation for the development of coffee, tea, rubber and coconut plantations. The development of a land market in the Indian subcontinent is becoming a promising field of research for the study of imperial impact as a process at work in specific contexts.The Sri Lankan case differs from the Indian one in that land appropriation was originally meant for and followed by large scale land alienation to outsiders–the planters. This process has attracted the interest of most historians writing on the history of the Raj in Ceylon, but usually the only aspect stressed has been the appropriation by the Colonial State of forest and chena(land devoted to slash-and-burn cultivation) for sale to British planters.

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De Zoysa, Mangala. "Public-Private Partnerships in Forestry Management in Sri Lanka: Emergence, Influence and Legitimacy." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (April 25, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v9i2.16752.

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Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are considered as “win-win” solutions to both government and market failures in sustainable forest management. PPPs in Sri Lanka are filling a regulatory gap resulting from withdrawal of government from the management of forest resources. The national forest policy has emphasized afforestation, conservation and protection as the main components of emerged government-community, donor–recipient and public–private partnerships with local people, rural communities and other stakeholders. Timber and fuel-wood plantations, and agro-forestry woodlots have been established through partnerships. Eco-tourism has been given special emphasis through partnerships between the government agencies, private sector and communities. Private sector involves in forestry as a business through sustainable agro-forestry, imparting financial gain. The government has identified risk mitigation as an integral part of the government–community partnership planning process. Investments of private sector in forest management are committed to enhance inflow of foreign exchange earnings through the export of value added forest products. The Forest Ordinance has empowered Forest Department for the management, protection and development of forest resources. PPPs are far less frequent in rule-setting and implementation of timber and fuel-wood plantations and agro-forestry woodlots. Work undertaken by community based organizations in PPPs occurs on a minor scale. Private-sector involvement in forest resources management has raised serious concerns by public perception about conflict of interest. The Government needs serious efforts and amendment of forest policies to promote public-private partnerships for the sustainable development of forest resources.

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Senanayake, Harsha. "Fear of Small Numbers and Political Behaviour of Ethnocentric Majority of Sri Lanka: Undeclared War against Upcountry Tamil Females." Open Political Science 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2021-0012.

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Abstract The United Nations Human Development Report (UNHDR) mentions that the rights of women and female children are inalienable, integral and indivisible. It further highlights the full and equal participation of women in every segment of the social process without any discrimination or without considering sex - gender hierarchies.1 The legal frameworks of the international system and local political space is accepting of the normative values of gender equality and the eradication of gender-based discrimination. But most of the majoritarian societies challenge these legal frameworks to address their political, social and market-oriented interests. These actions are driven by political, social and structural frameworks which have been accepted by the majoritarian societies in the liberal democratic world. Tamil women in upcountry tea plantations in Sri Lanka were subjected to systemic and structural violence because of Sinhala majoritarian statecrafts in post-independence Sri Lanka. The ethnocentric violence directly problematises human security, survival and the personal rights of the upcountry Tamil female labour force. This paper discusses the survival of Tamil female plantation labour forces, focusing mainly on the security crisis of female reproductive rights under the ethnocentric Sinhala Majoritarian Society.

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Peiris, H. M. P., and S. P. Nissanka. "Affectivity of Chemical Weed Control in Commercial Tea Plantations: A Case Study in Hapugastenne Estate, Maskeliya, Sri Lanka." Procedia Food Science 6 (2016): 318–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.profoo.2016.02.063.

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Ryu, Eun-sung. "A Study on the Improvement of Korean Tea Distribution Structure through Sri Lanka Tea Auction System." Association for International Tea Culture 57 (September 30, 2022): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21483/qwoaud.57..202209.59.

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This study analyzed Korean tea distribution structure and Sri Lankan tea auction system, which is the main sales method, to find a way to build a tea auction center suitable for domestic reality. For the analysis, the literature on the current status and problems of the Korean tea distribution market, the advantages of the Sri Lankan auction system, and the role of the broker as the subject of the auction were reviewed. As a result of the analysis, the distribution structure of Korean tea is an integrated management method that growers manufacture and sell directly, and consumer prices are determined by producers, not market principles. The price of tea formed in this way was generally high compared to the quality, and it caused the consumer's disregard, which became an obstacle to the expansion of tea consumption. In particular, the fact that no standardization of made tea specifications and sensory evaluation made the tea valuation results ambiguous. As a solution to these problems, legislation for the installation of domestic tea auction center, standardization of Korean made tea and sensory evaluation, and a plan for fostering auctioneers who can play the role of auction brokers were presented.

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Plaihakkara, Indika Rohan, Abrar J. Mohammed, Ganesh P. Shivakoti, and Makoto Inoue. "Prospect of Fuelwood Plantations for Marginal Small Tea Farmers: A Case Study in Matara and Badulla Districts, Sri Lanka." Natural Resources 06, no. 12 (2015): 566–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/nr.2015.612054.

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Layomi Jayasinghe, Sadeeka, Lalit Kumar, and Janaki Sandamali. "Assessment of Potential Land Suitability for Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) in Sri Lanka Using a GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Approach." Agriculture 9, no. 7 (July 8, 2019): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9070148.

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The potential land suitability assessment for tea is a crucial step in determining the environmental limits of sustainable tea production. The aim of this study was to assess land suitability to determine suitable agricultural land for tea crops in Sri Lanka. Climatic, topographical and soil factors assumed to influence land use were assembled and the weights of their respective contributions to land suitability for tea were assessed using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) and the Decision-Making Trail and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) model. Subsequently, all the factors were integrated to generate the potential land suitability map. The results showed that the largest part of the land in Sri Lanka was occupied by low suitability class (42.1%) and 28.5% registered an unsuitable land cover. Furthermore, 12.4% was moderately suitable, 13.9% was highly suitable and 2.5% was very highly suitable for tea cultivation. The highest proportion of “very highly suitable” areas were recorded in the Nuwara Eliya District, which accounted for 29.50% of the highest category. The model validation results showed that 92.46% of the combined “highly suitable” and “very highly suitable” modelled classes are actual current tea-growing areas, showing the overall robustness of this model and the weightings applied. This result is significant in that it provides effective approaches to enhance land-use efficiency and better management of tea production.

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Atapattu, A. M. I. H., and U. K. Jayasinghe-Mudalige. "Assessing the Factors Affecting Labour Productivity of Tea Harvesters in Up Country Tea Plantations in Sri Lanka: A Case Study in Nuwara- Eliya District." Applied Economics & Business 3, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/aeb.v3i2.49.

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Karunaratne, Asha S., Eranga M. Wimalasiri, Udara Piyathilake, Sunethra Kanthi Gunatilake, Nitin Muttil, and Upaka Rathnayake. "Modelling Potential Soil Erosion and Sediment Delivery Risk in Plantations of Sri Lanka." Soil Systems 6, no. 4 (December 14, 2022): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6040097.

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The current trend in agricultural practices is expected to have a detrimental impact in terms of accelerating soil erosion. Assessment of the cumulative impact of various management strategies in a major plantation is a measure of the sustainably of soil resources. Thus, the current study aimed to develop the potential soil erosion map for a selected plantation (8734 ha in size) in tropical Sri Lanka using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) model. The estimated mean annual soil loss rate of the selected plantation was 124.2 t ha−1 ranging from 0.1 to 6903.3 t ha−1. Out of the total extent, ~ 49.5% of the area belongs to the low soil erosion hazard category (0–5 t ha−1 year−1) while ~ 7.8% falls into very high (25–60 t ha−1 year−1) and ~1.3% into extremely high (60 < t ha−1 year−1) soil erosion hazard classes. The rainfall erosivity factor (R) for the entire study area is 364.5 ± 98.3 MJ mm ha−1 hr−1. Moreover, a relatively higher correlation was recorded between total soil loss and R factor (0.3) followed by C factor (0.2), P factor (0.2), LS factor (0.1), and K factor (<0.1). It is evident that rainfall plays a significant role in soil erosion in the study area. The findings of this study would help in formulating soil conservation measures in the plantation sector in Sri Lanka, which will contribute to the country’s meeting of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

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Lim, Noh-hyun, Yongjin Lee, Jieon Lee, and Jongsek Kim. "Carbon Footprint Study of Korean Green Tea Industry Using the Methods of the Life Cycle Assessment and Calculating Carbon Absorption in Agricultural Land." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 03, no. 04 (December 2, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2204047.

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Due to recent global warming and climate change events, about 127 countries have declared themselves carbon neutral since the Paris Agreement was signed. Furthermore, agriculture is directly or indirectly affected by climate change. In particular, the importance of carbon neutrality is very high due to the high carbon absorption potential of forestry biomass. In the global beverage market, green tea is the second most consumed beverage after water, and the potential of tea tree biomass to absorb carbon during cultivation is quite high. Accordingly, major tea-producing countries such as China, Taiwan, India, and Sri Lanka are conducting life cycle assessment studies of tea which can be used to reference carbon neutrality in agriculture. In this study, net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the entire life cycle of the Korean green tea industry were calculated by considering the changes in biomass carbon accumulation in green tea plantations according to the life cycle evaluation method and IPCC’s Gain-loss method. The net GHG emission of green tea in Korea varies widely, with biomass carbon absorption as high as 59% and as low as 3% per year due to agricultural land maintenance, which significantly impacts the net GHG emission result. In other words, it is important to maintain the cultivation area for carbon neutrality in the future because the changes in the green tea cultivation area have a significant effect on biomass carbon stock, affecting the whole net GHG emission process.

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Dissanayake, Duminda S. B., Lasanthika D. Thewarage, and Mane Akshaya Mohan. "Nesting behaviour and ecology of the White-browed Fantail Flycatcher (Rhipidura aureola) in Sri Lanka." Zoology and Ecology 29, no. 1 (July 13, 2019): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2019.1.1.

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The White-browed Fantail Flycatcher (Rhipidura aureola) is a widely distributed species in tropical regions of the Indian subcontinent and in Southeast Asia. We determined the breeding biology and nest site characteristics of R. aureola in Sri Lanka during 2012 to 2017. All the nests observed were small cup-shaped and without a ‘tail’ extending below the nest base. Both male and female R. aureola built their nests within 9–13 days with an average mean external diameter, mean internal diameter, and mean depth of, respectively, 6.4 ± 0.32, 5.6 ± 0.22, and 2.9 ± 0.21 cm. The R. aureola we found used various habitats such as home gardens, forest boundaries, sanctuaries, man-made tanks/water bodies, stream banks, tea plantations and road edges to build their nests. We did not find any change in clutch size (2–3 eggs) with different elevation gradients. The eggs were oval-shaped with the ground colour of pale warm yellow-brown to pink and lots of spots or blotches in dark gray-brown. More than 60% of nests were built in a high to medium range of visibility to predators, without a specific location or tree preference, which resulted in nest failure due to predation by domestic cats or birds of prey. Also, we found nest failure due to washing away by abundant rains. Detailed studies on ecological and environmental parameters with respect to nesting or breeding success will help to better understand the species.

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Galagoda, R. K. B., K. G. M. C. P. B. Gajanayake, and A. C. S. Silva. "Planning ecotourism in up-country tea estates in Sri Lanka: Testing a ‘Tourism Potential Index’." Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development 3, no. 1 (April 2006): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14790530600727581.

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SENARATHNE, S. H. S., A. D. SAMARAJEEWA, and K. C. P. PERERA. "Comparison of different weed management systems and their effects on yield of coconut plantations in Sri Lanka." Weed Biology and Management 3, no. 3 (August 26, 2003): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1445-6664.2003.00100.x.

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S.A.C.N. Perera, G.K. Ekanayake, and H.M.N.B. Herath. "An Investigation of the Tender Nut Potential of Diverse Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Varieties/Forms in Sri Lanka." CORD 31, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v31i1.69.

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There is a rising demand in the world for coconut water as a healthy natural beverage. Different coconut varieties are used in different countries to be processed as a natural drink. The coconut form “King coconut” has long been used in Sri Lanka as the ideal coconut variety for this purpose. However, with the expansion in the local and export beverage coconut market, the supply does not meet with the demand at present. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify potential coconut varieties/forms mainly relating to the yield of beverage. The study was conducted in the main coconut triangle and Southern Sri Lanka. Eleven coconut forms, namely, King coconut and Bothal thembili in the variety Aurantiaca, Red, Yellow, Green and Brown dwarf and Murusi in the variety Nana, Bodiri, Dothalu, and Sri Lanka tall. These are included in the variety Typica along with Nipol, which is a natural hybrid being identified to be suitable as beverage coconuts. Out of them the yielding ability was high in King coconut, Red dwarf and Yellow dwarf while Bodiri, Nipol and Dothalu fared well. Many coconut forms suitable for beverage purpose were observed to be having seasonality in nut production. Ensuring adequate soil fertility and prevention of water deficit over prolonged periods were observed to help sustain yield and reduce seasonality in bunch emission. There were no large scale plantations for beverage coconuts in Sri Lanka, and the entire collection was from home gardens and very small scale holdings. It is recommended to establish medium scale holdings with coconut forms having high yield potential as identified in the current study, with proper management guidance to ensure a steady supply of beverage coconuts to the local as well as export market.

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Shibayama, Tomohiro, Mark S. Ashton, Balangoda Singhakumara, Heather P. Griscom, Sisira Ediriweera, and Bronson W. Griscom. "Effects of fire on the recruitment of rain forest vegetation beneath Pinus caribaea plantations, Sri Lanka." Forest Ecology and Management 226, no. 1-3 (May 2006): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.01.016.

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S.H.S. Senarathne. "Effect of Different Weed Management Strategies on Population Changing Pattern of Pennisetum polystachion in Coconut Plantations of Sri Lanka." CORD 35, no. 01 (April 1, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v35i01.12.

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Pennisetum polystachion is a major problematic monocotyledonous weed species and a perennial problem in intermediate zone of coconut plantations in Sri Lanka. This study was carried out to evaluate the impacts of different management systems on P. polystachion seedling emergence patterns.The tested treatments were application of glyphosate (T1), cover cropping with Pueraria phaseoloides (T2), tractor harrowing (T3), tractor slashing (T4) and tractor ploughing (T5). All the treatments were applied twice a year except T2. As T2 cover crop at the initiation of the experiment and over grown conditions were managed by harrowing once a year. Based on the reduction in weed biomass, cover cropping (T2) was the best to reduce the P. polystachion population and to reduce P. polystachion seedling emergence density in the field. Chemical weeding was the second-best method to control the P. polystachion population in the field. The effectiveness of slashing in reducing weed seedling emergence density was lower than cover cropping and chemical weeding methods. The weed seedling emergence densities were almost similar in ploughed and harrowed plots. The seed depth of emerged seedling was very high in harrowed and ploughed treatments when compared to other treatments. Results given by T3 and T5 indicates that loosening the soil creates more favorable environment for the germination of weed seeds buried in soil. Therefore, it can be argued that the elimination of weed seeds in the top 2cm or 4cm in the soil seed bank by any means is likely to reduce the level of weed infestation by about 60% to 95%. Results also indicated that burying rhizomes in ploughing and harrowing treatment plots at the depths below 30 - 40 cm is effective in controlling germination of this weed species. This experiment also suggested that keeping rhizomes on the soil surface without burying for durations of 5 – 15 days would produce weak plants with poor development.

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Vidanagama, J., and E. Lokupitiya. "Energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions associated with tea and rubber manufacturing processes in Sri Lanka." Environmental Development 26 (June 2018): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2018.03.006.

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W.G. Ruvani Subhathma. "Adoption of Recommended Plant Protection Measures for the Management of Major Coconut Pests by Coconut Growers in Kurunegala District, Sri Lanka." CORD 34, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v34i1.26.

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Coconut production in Sri Lanka is threatened by pest and diseases. Therefore, different remedial measures have been introduced by Coconut Research Institute (CRI) to safeguard the plantations. This study was carried out to determine the adoption of recommended plant protection measures to manage major pests of coconut by the growers in different land categories. The growers were selected from Kurunegala district, which is the major coconut growing district in coconut triangle in Sri Lanka. Findings of the study revealed that more than 70 percent of the growers in all land categories above 2Ac had adopted technologies recommended by CRI to control black beetle. Technology adoption was around 60 percent for red weevil control, around 30 percent for coconut mite and around 65 percent for plesispa beetle. It was also noted that the decision making on the adoption of different technologies is affected by the perceptions of the growers. Growers’ perception was determined by two factors, information receiving sources and occurrence of pest attacks in their fields. Further, it was found that the growers are having limited access to latest technologies in pest control. In addition, the study revealed that unawareness of technologies and low attention for coconut farming was the two major reasons for poor adoption of the recommended technologies. It is concluded that coconut growers in Kurunegala district require more awareness regarding recommended plant protection measures to manage major coconut pests and strengthen extension programes.

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Ranasinghe, D. M. S. H. K., and G. J. Mayhead. "Dry matter content and its distribution in an age series of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehn.) plantations in Sri Lanka." Forest Ecology and Management 41, no. 1-2 (June 1991): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90124-e.

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Wijesuriya, Wasana, D. M. A. P. Dissanayake, H. M. L. K. Herath, S. B. Karunaratne, P. W. Jeewanthi, B. R. Kulasekera, and C. S. Gurusinghe. "Use of rainfall patterns for effective management of rubber plantations in Eastern, North Central and Northern provinces of Sri Lanka." Journal of the Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka 93 (December 30, 2013): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jrrisl.v93i0.1868.

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Ngoc, Hoang Thi Huyen, Tran Thi Thuy Van, Nguyen Manh Ha, Nguyen Quoc Binh, and Mai Thanh Tan. "Bioclimatic assessments for tea cultivation in Western Nghe An." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 41, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/41/1/13586.

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Bioclimatology is applied for growing tea in the West of Nghe An province, where the tea is considered as a high economic efficient plant to be priorly cultivated for reducing poverty and getting rich. Based on the bioclimatic characteristics of tea plant and regional climatic data from 1980 to 2014, the bioclimatic diagrams are built and the tea cultivability is mapped in term of annual average temperature and total precipitation, for this region with regarding its district of Con Cuong as an analytical key. The climate, including both temperature and precipitation, in Con Cuong is relatively suitable for the tea plantation. The Western Nghe An, a land of approx. 1.4 million ha, could be classified in five areas with different suitability for tea plant. The unfavorable area occupies only 1% of total region and the four favorable rests account for 99% of total, in which, the most favorable area is largest with about 746,355 ha, i.e. over 50% of whole region. The three other areas are cultivable but they are less favorable in terms of either temperature or precipitation. Growing tea in Western Nghe An, even in favorable areas, it should be taken into account of the weather disadvantages in certain moments of the year such as extreme dry, cold, hot and rainy events.ReferencesAhmed S., 2014. Tea and the taste of climate change, www.herbalgram.org, issue, 103, 44–51.Ahmed S., Stepp J.R., Orians C., Griffin T., Matyas C., 2014. Effects of extreme climate events on tea (Camellia sinensis) functional quality validate indigenous farmer knowledge and sensory preferences in tropical China. PloS one, 9(10), e109126.Bhagat R.M., Deb Baruah R., Safique S., 2010. climate and tea [camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze] Production with Special Reference to North Eastern India: A Review. Journal of Environmental Research And Development, 4(4), 1017–1028.Carr M., 1972. The Climatic Requirements of the Tea Plant: A Review. Experimental Agriculture, 8(01), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700023449.Carr M.K.V., Stephen W., 1992. Climate, weather and the yield of tea. In: Tea Cultivation to consumtpion. K.C. Wilson and M.N. Clifford (Eds). Chapman and Hall, 87–135.Daleen Lotter, David le Maitre, 2014. Modeling the distribution of Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos tea): implications of climate change for livelihoods dependent on both cultivation and harvesting from the wild. Ecology and Evolution, 4(8), 1209–1221.Ducan J.M.A., Saikia S.D., Gupta N., Biggs E.M., 2016. Observing climate impacts on tea yield in Assam, India. Applied Geogr., 77, 64–71.Institute of Geography, 2016. Department of Climatically Geography. The precipitation and temperature data at meteorological measuring stations in the West of Nghe An Province between 1984 and 2014. Data stored at Department of Climatically Geography, Institute of Geography, Ha Noi, 46p.Gaussen H., 1954. 8 ème Congrès international de Botanique. Section 7 et 3. Paris.Hadfield W., 1976. The effect of high temperature on some aspects of the physiology and cultivation of tea bush (Camellia sinensis) in North East India. In: Light as an Ecological factor. G.C. Evans, R. Bainbridge and O. Rackham (Eds.) Blackwel Sci. Publ., London, 477–495.Hoang Luu Thu Thuy, 2012. The comprehensive assessment of natural, socio-economic and environmental conditions for environmental protection planning in Nghe An Province. Doctoral Thesis. Institude of Geography, Hanoi, 150p.Huang Shoubo, 1989. Meteorology of tea plants in China: a review. Agri. Forest Meteorol., 47, 19–30.Huang Shoubo, 1991. A study on the ecological climates of some famous tea growing areas in high mountainous regions of China. Chinese Geographical Science, 1(2), 121–128.International Center for Tropical Agriculture, 2017. Identification of suitable tea growing areas in Malawi under climate change scenarios. Ciat report, Cali, Colombia, 39p.Kabir S.E., 2001. A study on Ecophysiology of Tea (Camellia sinensis) with special reference to the influence of climatic factors on physiology of a few selected Tea clones of Darjeering. International Journal of Tea Science, 1(4), 1–9.Kandiah S., Thevadasan T., 1980. Quantification of weather parameters to predict tea yields. Tea Q., Srilanka, 49(1), 25–33.Kaye L., 2014. Climate change threatens Sri Lanka’s tea industry. Triple Pundit: People, Planet, Profit. Available at: www.triplepundit.com/2014/06/climate-changethreatens-sri-lanka-tea-industry. Accessed July 25, 2014.Nakayama A., Harada S., 1962. Studies on the effect on the growth of tea plant. IV. The effect of temperature on the growth of young plants in summer. Bull. Tea Res. Station, Japan, 1, 28–40.Nguyen Bao Ve, 2005. The syllabus of industrial trees. Hanoi Argricultural Publishing House, 224p.Nguyen Dai Khanh, 2003. The assessment of agricultural climatic conditions for tea’s growth in major tea regions of Vietnam. Doctoral Thesis. Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, 149p.Nguyen Khanh Van, Nguyen Thi Hien, Phan Ke Loc, Nguyen Tien Hiep, 2000. The bioclimatic diagrams of Vietnam. Vietnam National University Publishing House, Ha Noi, 126p.Nguyen Van Hong, 2017. Analyzing, assessing landscape for agriculture, forestry development and biodiversity conservation in the southwestern border districts in Nghe An province. Doctoral thesis. Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 150p.Nguyen Van Tao (ed.), 2004. Completing the asexual propagation process of LDP1 and LDP2 cultivars by cuttings in order to transfer to production. State Project of production pilot, coded KC.06.DA.09.NN. Institute of Tea Research, Phu Tho, 50p.Nkomwa E.C., Joshua M.K., Ngongondo C., Monjerezi M., Chipungu F., 2014. Assessing indigenous knowledge systems and climate change adaptation strategies in agriculture: A case study of Chagaka Village, Chikhwawa, Southern Malawi. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 67–69, 164–172.Pham Hoang Ho, 2003. An Illustrated Flora of Vietnam, 2, 430–434. Youth Publishing House, 952p.Rebecca Boehm, Sean B. Cash, Bruce T. Anderson, Selena Ahmed, Timothy S. Grifﬁn, Albert Robbat Jr., John Richard Stepp, Wenyan Han, Matt Hazel and Colin M. Orians, 2016. Association between Empirically Estimated Monsoon Dynamics and Other Weather Factors and Historical Tea Yields in China: Results from a Yield Response Model. Climate, 4, 20; doi:10.3390/cli4020020. www.mdpi.com/journal/climate.Schepp K., 2014. Strategy to adapt to climate change for Michimikuru tea farmers in Kenya. Adap CC Report. 2008. Available at: www.adapcc.org/en/kenya.htm. Accessed July 25, 2014.Sen A.R., Biswas A.K., Sanyal D.K., 1966. The Influence of Climatic Factors on the Yield of Tea in the Assam Valley, J. App. Meteo., 5(6), 789–800.Statistics Office of Nghe An Province, 2016. The annual abstracts of statistics 2015. Nghe An Publishing House, Nghe An, 453p.Tanton T.W., 1982. Environmental factors affecting yield of tea (camellia sinensis). Effect of air temperature. Expl. Agri., 18, 47–52.The People’s Committee of Nghe An Province, 2013. The Decision No. 448/QĐ-UBND dated 31/01/2013 to approve the hi-tech agriculture planning on the production of tea in Nghe An Province.The People’s Committee of Nghe An Province, 2013. The Decision No. 6290/QĐ-UBND dated 24/12/2013 to approve the adjustments and supplements for the development of Nghe An tea Industrial zone planning in 2013–2020.Walter H, Lieth, 1967. Klimadiagram - Weltatlas. Veb Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena.Wijeratne M.A., 1996. Vulnerability of Sri Lanka tea production to global climate change. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 92(1-2), 87–94.Wijeratne M.A., Anandacoomaraswamy A., Amarathunga M., Ratnasiri J., 2007. Assessment of impact of climate change on productivity of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plantations in Sri Lanka, 119–126.http://nghean.gov.vn, 05/06/2015. Many crops are withered in Con Cuong.http://baonghean.vn, 25/03/2013. Drought threaten rice and tea in Con Cuong. http://baonghean.vn/con-cuong-han-han-de-doa-lua-che-44581.html.

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Kassel, N. C., S. Kamalakkannan, and A. K. Kulatunga. "Environmental and social sustainability of the tea industry in the wake of global market challenges: a case study in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Sustainable Manufacturing 4, no. 2/3/4 (2020): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsm.2020.10028814.

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Kamalakkannan, S., A. K. Kulatunga, and N. C. Kassel. "Environmental and social sustainability of the tea industry in the wake of global market challenges: a case study in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Sustainable Manufacturing 4, no. 2/3/4 (2020): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsm.2020.107129.

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Guruge, Keerthi S., Sachi Taniyasu, Nobuyoshi Yamashita, Sumedha Wijeratna, Keerthi M. Mohotti, Harsha R. Seneviratne, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Noriko Yamanaka, and Shigeru Miyazaki. "Perfluorinated organic compounds in human blood serum and seminal plasma: a study of urban and rural tea worker populations in Sri Lanka." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 7, no. 4 (2005): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b412532k.

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Zoysa, A. K. N., P. Loganathan, and M. J. Hedley. "Effect of forms of nitrogen supply on mobilisation of phosphorus from a phosphate rock and acidification in the rhizosphere of tea." Soil Research 36, no. 3 (1998): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97079.

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Nitrogen (N) is the main fertiliser input to tea plantations because of the large removal of this element with regular harvests of young shoots in the field. The form of N supply is known to influence the uptake of other plant nutrients, notably phosphorus (P), through its effect on soil pH in the rhizosphere. A glasshouse study was conducted to test the effect of N form (NH +4, NO-3 , or both) on the transformation of soil P in the rhizosphere and its availability to tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants fertilised with sparingly soluble Eppawala phosphate rock (EPR). Four-month-old tea (TRI 2025) plants were grown in rhizosphere study containers containing an Ultisol from Sri Lanka (pH 4 ·5 in water) amended with EPR and KCl at 200 g P or K/g soil, and mixed with (NH4)2SO4 (100% NH+4 -N), NH4NO3 (50% NH+4 -N and 50% NO-3 -N), and Ca(NO3)2 (100% NO-3 -N) at the rate of 200 g N/g soil, with a control (no N fertiliser), as treatments. Rhizosphere pH decreased compared with the bulk soil when N was supplied as NH+4 or NH+4 +NO-3 forms, and increased when N was supplied as NO-3. The cation{anion balance estimations in the plants showed that the plants had taken up more NO-3 than NH+4 even in (NH4)2SO4 treated soil, suggesting high nitrification rates, especially in the rhizosphere, in spite of using a nitrification inhibitor. More EPR dissolved in the rhizosphere compared with that in the bulk soil, regardless of the N form applied. The (NH4)2SO4 treatment had the highest dissolution rate of EPR in the rhizosphere, whereas Ca(NO3)2 treatment had the lowest, reflecting the degree of acidification in the rhizosphere. Resin-P and NaOH-Pi (inorganic P) concentrations were lower and NaOH-Po (organic P) concentration was higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. Plant and possible microbial uptake of P is the main reason for the decrease in resin-P and NaOH-Pi. The increase in NaOH-Po concentration in the rhizosphere is believed to be due to transformation of Pi to Po by the high microbial activity in the rhizosphere. The (NH4)2SO4 treatment caused the highest depletion of resin-P but lowest depletion of NaOH-Pi, probably due to the fixation of P by the soils at the low pH in the rhizosphere. The study revealed that the use of the NH+4 form of fertiliser can increase acidification in tea rhizosphere compared with bulk soil and this can enhance the effectiveness of PR fertiliser utilisation by tea plants.

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Plowright, Richard, Jolly Dusabe, Daniel Coyne, and Paul Speijer. "Analysis of the pathogenic variability and genetic diversity of the plant-parasitic nematode Radopholus similis on bananas." Nematology 15, no. 1 (2013): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854112x643914.

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Radopholus similis is responsible for huge production losses of banana in Uganda, where a large proportion of the population are reliant on cooking banana as their main staple crop. Assessment of the pathogenic and genetic variability of seven populations of R. similis originating from banana plantations in Uganda demonstrated that their virulence on Musa cultivars differed, displaying pathotype-like variation. Using RAPD and AFLP techniques the populations could be grouped into two putative genomic groups, which corresponded with R. similis relative pathogenicity. Most, but not all, populations were able to reproduce and damage roots on the two widely confirmed sources of resistance, Yangambi km5 and Pisang Jari Buaya. Studies using RAPD techniques furthermore revealed putative markers for nematode virulence. Variation in virulence of R. similis populations was also demonstrated at the regional (Africa) level. Phylogenetic analysis most closely associated the Uganda populations with populations from Sri Lanka, indicating their likely source of origin. However, genetic variability between Uganda populations also indicate that R. similis was probably introduced into Uganda on separate occasions from different sources, which may help to explain the causes of variability in banana decline in Uganda. The results of this study have clear implications for the development and deployment of sustainable nematode management practices based on the use of resistance, which could help underpin ongoing management initiatives.

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Attanayake, K. J. "(P1-5) How Does Land use Pattern could Effect to Mitigate the Risk Flash Floods” a Success Story on a Model Project Implementing at the Upper Catchments Area of Badullu River in Sri Lanka." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003372.

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The watersheds are the home for our key natural resources and have been one of the basic elements in land use management systems throughout the hydraulic civilization of our country. “Badulla River” is one of the main watersheds in Sri Lanka extend about 1400sq.km consisting five sub catchments high steep lands. It mainly represents tea estates and agricultural lands with a weak land use pattern due to poor maintenance and unsuitable human involvements. This has contributed to reduce the rain water infiltration in to the soil increasing a huge amount of runoff water drainage. Situation has resulted frequent floods even in a small precipitation causing widespread damages to community. Hence, an initial project was started on surface water management, soil conservation and livelihoods development to control the frequent floods highlighting the urgent actions for an optimal land use management with support of field experts. Improved surface water drainage and soil conservation are the main options that might lead to mitigate the flash floods. Efforts were sharpened by integrating GIS Mapping for such initiation to enhance the effectiveness of the design. Results achieved could address many issues in relation to flood protection, habitat management, water protection and water quality management. Food risk generally related to the specific characters in a particular catchments and this model project proved that such issues can effectively be addressed through a joint program properly designed.

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Adikaram, Arosha S. "Giving Knowledge Workers a Voice through Joint Consultative Councils." South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management 3, no. 2 (July 24, 2016): 154–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2322093716642884.

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This case study aims to outline and explore the implementation of a Joint Consultative Council (JCC) and the related outcomes, challenges and issues faced by an information technology (IT) company in Sri Lanka. Implementation of JCC in the company as a form of employee voice was a result of a planned intervention of the new Human Resources (HR) team of the company, with the intentions of increasing employee involvement, commitment, employee relations and most importantly, communication. At the initial sessions of the council ‘tea, towels and toilets’ issues were mainly discussed and an apparent gulf between the management and the employee representatives was apparent. While the council has given some form of voice to employees, it was clearly a ‘voice without muscle’, devoid of any significant joint decision making. After recouping the process to enhance joint decision-making and communication, the proceeding JCC regained the trust and enthusiasm of employees and management. There is a possibility of continuation and subsequent institutionalization of the JCC in the company. However, the process needs more time to establish itself effectively in the company with increased trust between parties. This case study provides practical insights into the creation of a JCC as a form of Non-union Employee Representation (NER) for knowledge workers, addressing a lacuna in knowledge on the practical implementation of JCC, as well as the practice of JCCs among different categories of workers such as knowledge workers. Insights drawn from the case can be used as learning points in creating successful JCCs in organizations.

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Narmilan, Amarasingam, Felipe Gonzalez, Arachchige Surantha Ashan Salgadoe, Unupen Widanelage Lahiru Madhushanka Kumarasiri, Hettiarachchige Asiri Sampageeth Weerasinghe, and Buddhika Rasanjana Kulasekara. "Predicting Canopy Chlorophyll Content in Sugarcane Crops Using Machine Learning Algorithms and Spectral Vegetation Indices Derived from UAV Multispectral Imagery." Remote Sensing 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051140.

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The use of satellite-based Remote Sensing (RS) is a well-developed field of research. RS techniques have been successfully utilized to evaluate the chlorophyll content for the monitoring of sugarcane crops. This research provides a new framework for inferring the chlorophyll content in sugarcane crops at the canopy level using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and spectral vegetation indices processed with multiple machine learning algorithms. Studies were conducted in a sugarcane field located in Sugarcane Research Institute (SRI, Uda Walawe, Sri Lanka), with various fertilizer applications over the entire growing season from 2020 to 2021. An UAV with multispectral camera was used to collect the aerial images to generate the vegetation indices. Ground measurements of leaf chlorophyll were used as indications for fertilizer status in the sugarcane field. Different machine learning (ML) algorithms were used ground-truthing data of chlorophyll content and spectral vegetation indices to forecast sugarcane chlorophyll content. Several machine learning algorithms such as MLR, RF, DT, SVR, XGB, KNN and ANN were applied in two ways: before feature selection (BFS) by training the algorithms with all twenty-four (24) vegetation indices with five (05) spectral bands and after feature selection (AFS) by training algorithms with fifteen (15) vegetation indices. All the algorithms with both BFS and AFS methods were compared with an estimated coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). Spectral indices such as RVI and DVI were shown to be the most reliable indices for estimating chlorophyll content in sugarcane fields, with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.94 and 0.93, respectively. XGB model shows the highest validation score (R2) and lowest RMSE in both methods of BFS (0.96 and 0.14) and AFS (0.98 and 0.78), respectively. However, KNN and SVR algorithms show the lowest validation accuracy than other models. According to the results, the AFS validation score is higher than BFS in MLR, SVR, XGB and KNN. Even though, validation score of the ANN model is decreased in AFS. The findings demonstrated that the use of multispectral UAV could be utilized to estimate chlorophyll content and measure crop health status over a larger sugarcane field. This methodology will aid in real-time crop nutrition management in sugarcane plantations by reducing the need for conventional measurement of sugarcane chlorophyll content.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tea plantations Sri Lanka Management'

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