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1
Lukman, Agung, Atang Sutandi, and Khursatul Munibah. "Arahan Pengembangan Perkebunan Teh (Camellia Sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Rakyat di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya." Journal of Regional and Rural Development Planning 1, no. 2 (August 5, 2017): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jp2wd.2017.1.2.158-173.
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Tea is a common plantation commodity cultivated by the community and developed by Tasikmalaya government.According to Tasikmalaya regency regional planning, tea has been established as one of commodities at but it doesn’t have further policy dvelopment. The aims of this study are (1) to identify smallholdertea plantation; (2) to analyze land suitability and to identify potential development areas for tea crop; (3) to analyze the feasibility of tea farming; (4) to determine policy development of smallholdertea plantation. Satellite image interpretation was used toidentify smallholdertea plantation. A method of matching criteria was used to analyze land suitability for tea crop and the potential development areas weredetermined by using descriptive analytic. SWOT analysis was used to determine the policy development of smallholdertea plantation. The results showed that tea smallholder plantation was about 6,956hectares. The suitable land for tea crop was about 55,310 hectares and its potential development area was about 14,979 hectares. Smallholdertea plantations was feasible to be developed with R/C ratio 1.73. In order to support the development of smallholdertea plantation some recommendations aresuggested consisting of (1) the government should encourage the development of tea processing industry to increase farmers income; 2) smallholdertea plantation should be extended considering land availability and suitability; 3) the role of tea smallholder farmer groups and privates plantation should be enhanced to develop tea plantation as a strategic commodity in Tasikmalaya Regency.
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Basu, Uttiya, and Kaushik Banerjee. "Scope of Collective Bargaining Process in the Small Tea Garden – A Study with Special Reference to Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal." Asia Pacific Journal of Management and Technology 02, no. 04 (2022): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46977/apjmt.2022v02i04.003.
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The Tea Board of India (TBI) has defined a Small Tea Growers (STGs) as an entity having tea plantation areas of up to 10.12 hectares (or 25 acres) without any processing facility since the early 1990s. The mode of production in tea plantations has undergone a major structural shift from a centralized estate sector system to the emerging small tea growers (STG) bought leaf factory (BLF) system, which broadly represents a flexible and decentralized production system. The labour relations in tea gardens are well defined in the organized sector and covered under the Plantation Labour Act 1951. However, the small tea growers (STG) and Bought-Leaf Factories (BLF) specializing solely in tea manufacturing do not have the distinct industrial identity categorized under the unorganized sector in the tea plantation industry. STGs are no longer a small or marginalized group, as they produce more than half of India's green-leaf output while depriving organized-sector workers of the benefits they should get. The moment has come for small tea garden owners to think about their employees' occupational safety, health, and working circumstances. Given the substantial changes in tea plantation methods, the authors sought to determine the scope of collective bargaining for workers in tiny tea gardens in West Bengal's Jalpaiguri region.
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Kim, Hyoun-a. "A Study on the Management of Tea Plantations by Japanese Residents during the Japanese Colonial Period: Focused on Comparison between Ogawa Tea Plantations and Ozaki Tea Plantations." Association for International Tea Culture 56 (June 30, 2022): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21483/qwoaud.56..202206.33.
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The purpose of this thesis is to organize and analyze the records of Japanese tea plantation management in Korea during the Japanese colonial period, and to reveal the hidden goals of Japan and the Japanese Government-General of Korea. This study reveals the intention of the Japanese government and the Japanese government-general to manage tea and tea culture through the management of tea gardens by Japanese living in Korea during the Japanese colonial period. It was confirmed as follows that the intentions of the Japanese and the Japanese Government-General of Korea had an impact on the Japanese tea plantation management. We collected data on Ogawa tea fields in Jeongeup and Ozaki tea fields in Gwangju to review tea field operations and compare the two tea fields. The tea fields in Ogawa are tea fields grown from Japanese tea seeds, and the tea fields in Ozaki are wild tea fields native to Korea. This was revealed in the newspapers promoting the Ogawa tea plantations in Jeongeup and the Ozaki tea plantations receiving warnings not to interfere with the tea business in mainland Japan. Japan and the Japanese Government-General of Korea revealed that there was an intention and purpose to manage Korean tea culture by spreading the lie that Japan started tea culture and tea industry in Korea during the Japanese colonial period.
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S, Marenda Ishak, Sudarsono Sudarsono, Widiatmaka Widiatmaka, and Sudirman Yahya. "Tea Plantation Dynamic in West Java Based on Productivity and Institutional Research." MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial dan Pembangunan 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v33i1.2315.
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The growth of Indonesian tea industry requires a serious attention. Land conversion due to weather changes is considered as one of the reasons why the tea industry decreased. This is proved by the declining of Indonesian position as tea exporting country to rank 7. The potential of Indonesian tea plantations is considered to be high due to both quality and quantity. This research is aimed to explore the relationship between production and weather conditions (rainfall, temperature, and humidity) that cause land conversion. Another aim is assessing the dynamic change of the institutional role within tea plantation in West Java. The first research was initiated by literature review and sampling of primary field, meanwhile the second research was conducted by interview and questionnaire in Bandung Regency and Cianjur Regency. The results showed that humidity factor determines the tea production in West Java. The institutional role as a weakened agent in all sector is a second finding.
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Qian, Lian-Wen, Rui-Xue Hu, Xu-Jun Liang, and Yi-Xiang Wang. "Effect of biochar on soil acidity and aluminum morphology in tea plantations." E3S Web of Conferences 393 (2023): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339302021.
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Soil acidification in tea plantations has become a key factor restricting the development of the tea industry. Biochar reduces soil acidity significantly and has good short-term effects of acidic soil improvement in tea plantation trials, but the duration of the effect and the long-term environmental effects of biochar are still unclear. In this study, the acidic tea plantation soil to which biochar was applied five years ago was studied. The biochar applied to the soil was separated and analyzed for surface elements, and the aluminum form of the soil was measured. The results showed that : (1) Five years after biochar was applied to the soil, the surface aluminum elements of biochar increased significantly, indicating that biochar had a certain degree of adsorption effect on aluminum in the soil; (2) the pH of tea plantation soil increased significantly; (3) the exchangeable aluminum [Al3+] and monohydroxy and dihydroxy aluminum [Al(OH)2+, Al(OH)2+] both had the potential to convert to colloidal aluminum [Al(OH)3], and this conversion reduced the content of reactive aluminum in the soil, thus increasing the soil pH and reducing the toxicity of aluminum to plants.
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Wang, Huashu, Zhenyi Li, and H. Holly Wang. "Does Backward Integration Improve Food Safety of the Tea Industry in China in the Post-COVID-19 Era?" Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 2323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042323.
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China is the largest tea producer in the world; however, tea quality and safety issues have caught broad attention due to pesticide overuse in the growing stage. In order to control the quality and safety of their raw inputs, tea-processing firms in China are expanding their own plantations. Does this backward integration (BI) improve the food safety performance of the tea firms in China? Based on the transaction cost theory, we empirically investigate the effect of tea firms’ BI on their food safety performances, using data from 246 tea firms collected via an online survey in 2021. Controlling the basic background situation and firms’ characteristics, the empirical regression results, when controlling for the self-selection bias, support the hypothesis that BI can improve the food safety performance of the tea industry when it reaches the effective integration level, specifically, 80% or higher. Other factors include that the private brand and asset share of the plantation would also help reduce the firms’ food safety problems. Therefore, the government may consider supporting firms’ BI in the development of tea plantations through one-time subsidies and/or land and labor coordination, so as to improve the food safety situation and industry efficiency.
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Trimo, Lucyana, and Syarif Hidayat. "PELUANG DAN TANTANGAN AGROINDUSTRI TEH RAKYAT DI JAWA BARAT." Mimbar Agribisnis : Jurnal Pemikiran Masyarakat Ilmiah Berwawasan Agribisnis 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/ma.v9i1.9274.
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Tea smallholder plantations in Cianjur and Garut regencies have a very massive land function, resulting in the end of the shrinking of smallholder tea fields. The most urgent cause is the increasingly expensive wage of labor and the low price of tea tops received by farmers. This makes the farmers are no longer aroused to cultivate the plant properly. This is dependent on the provision of raw materials for the people's tea agro-industry, which eventually decreases the number of people's tea agro-industry. The research technique used is descriptive survey study. Research conducted in Garut and Cianjur regency, was chosen because included in the center of tea plantation in West Java Province. Sampling was done by simple random sampling method by 30 tea farmers in each area studied. Interviews were also conducted on: officials at government agencies, cooperatives, heads of tea agro-industry, farmer groups, selected purposively. The data and information owned are analyzed descriptively correlative and system thinking approach. Opportunities for the development of tea-tea agroindustry are still possible, in terms of: a) high demand for various processed products based on tea, b) to keep growing demand for tea in the world, c) smart, premium, and e) market support for countries with economic growth high. Challenges in the development of smallholder tea agroindustry can come from: a) human interests and capabilities, b) capital capital, c) land conversion, and d) innovation and creativity of processed products.
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Chen, Panpan, Cunjun Li, Shilin Chen, Ziyang Li, Hanyue Zhang, and Chunjiang Zhao. "Tea Cultivation Suitability Evaluation and Driving Force Analysis Based on AHP and Geodetector Results: A Case Study of Yingde in Guangdong, China." Remote Sensing 14, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 2412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14102412.
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Tea is an economically important crop. Evaluating the suitability of tea can better optimize the regional layout of the tea industry and provide a scientific basis for tea planting plans, which is also conducive to the sustainable development of the tea industry in the long run. Driving force analysis can be carried out to better understand the main influencing factors of tea growth. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability of tea planting in the study area, determine the prioritization of tea industry development in this area, and provide support for the government’s planning and decision making. This study used Sentinel image data to obtain the current land use data of the study area. The results show that the accuracy of tea plantation classification based on Sentinel images reached 86%, and the total accuracy reached 92%. Then, we selected 14 factors, including climate, soil, terrain, and human-related factors, using the analytic hierarchy process and spatial analysis technology to evaluate the suitability of tea cultivation in the study area and obtain a comprehensive potential distribution map of tea cultivation. The results show that the moderately suitable area (36.81%) accounted for the largest proportion of the tea plantation suitability evaluation, followed by the generally suitable area (31.40%), the highly suitable area (16.91%), and the unsuitable area (16.23%). Among these areas, the highly suitable area is in line with the distribution of tea cultivation at the Yingde municipal level. Finally, to better analyze the contribution of each factor to the suitability of tea, the factors were quantitatively evaluated by the Geodetector model. The most important factors affecting the tea cultivation suitability evaluation were temperature (0.492), precipitation (0.367), slope (0.302), and elevation (0.255). Natural factors influence the evaluation of the suitability of tea cultivation, and the influence of human factors is relatively minor. This study provides an important scientific basis for tea yield policy formulation, tea plantation site selection, and adaptation measures.
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Aleksakhina, Svetlana. "The Revival of China's Tea Industry in the Years of Reform." Problemy dalnego vostoka, no. 5 (2023): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120028030-4.
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The article is devoted to the main problems of the revival of tea production in China in the XXI century. Tea in China is more than a drink. This is the most important element of history and culture, an important article of foreign trade since the time of the Great Silk Road, when there was the so-called Great Tea Road (茶道) — a caravan route that ran in the XVI-XIX centuries between Asia and Europe. In terms of trade turnover, it was the second after the Great Silk Road. Since the beginning of the 80s of the XX century, the promotion of tea culture in the country has been based on traditional foundations. The awakening of interest in tea culture was accompanied by an appeal to some traditional values of Chinese society and their rethinking in the new conditions, which is of great interest to the scientific community both in China and abroad. Currently, China ranks first in the world in terms of tea plantation area and total production, accounting for a fifth of the world's exports. Among the necessary measures for the development of the tea industry, it is necessary to create a modern infrastructure that ensures the optimal operation of tea plantations, the improvement of the technological process for processing tea collection, the creation of new factories for processing and packaging finished products, as well as new domestic tea brands.
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Hu, Zhenmin, Lingfei Ji, Qing Wan, Huan Li, Ronglin Li, and Yiyang Yang. "Short-Term Effects of Bio-Organic Fertilizer on Soil Fertility and Bacterial Community Composition in Tea Plantation Soils." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 2168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092168.
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Overuse of chemical fertilizers to maintain tea production has caused many adverse effects in tea plantations and largely hampers the sustainable development of the tea industry. Applying bio-organic fertilizer (BOF) to achieve the goal of sustainable agriculture has become popular because of its advantages, such as its pollution-free nature, considerable amount of beneficial microbes and soil-friendly organic materials. However, the effects of BOF application on tea plantation soil remain an open question. Herein, we carried out a 3-year pot experiment with four treatments, including control without fertilization (CK), 100% chemical fertilizer (CF), 50% chemical fertilizer +50% BOF (CFOF) and 100% BOF (OF), to explore the effects of BOF application on soil fertility and bacterial community in tea plantations. The results showed that BOF application could increase soil fertility in both bulk and rhizosphere soils and improve the biomass of tea leaves. In addition, the nutrient level change caused by BOF application significantly changed bacterial community diversity and composition and accounted for 74.91% of the community variation. CFOF and OF treatments significantly increased the bacterial Chao1 and Shannon indices compared to CF treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, bacterial community composition was dominated by Betaproteobacteria (46.88%), Acidobacteria (11.29%), Alphaproteobacteria (9.69%) and Gammaproteobacteria (9.59%). BOF application increased the relative abundance of Alphaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria and planctomycetes and decreased the relative abundance of Betaproteobacteria (p < 0.05). Furthermore, bacterial function prediction revealed that BOF application improved the N and C cycling processes and enhanced the co-occurrence network complexity in the bulk soils. Bacterial community functions and co-occurrence networks in the rhizosphere did not show similar results, indicating that rhizosphere bacterial communities were more affected by the rhizosphere effect than BOF application. All these findings verified our hypothesis that applying BOF in tea plantations could increase the biomass of tea plants by improving soil fertility and influencing the soil bacterial function groups. In summary, we suggested that BOF application could be a promising way to achieve the sustainable development of the tea industry.
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SHARMA, JAYEETA. "‘Lazy’ Natives, Coolie Labour, and the Assam Tea Industry." Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 6 (December 23, 2008): 1287–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x08003831.
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AbstractThis paper considers the creation of a ‘coolie’ work-force for the Assam tea industry and the local dimensions of tea plantation enterprise. While the industry has flourished through its use of migrant labour and export markets for tea, it has retained important connections with the locality. The Assam tea industry was a predominantly colonial enterprise manned by white British planters. It allowed participation, albeit in subordinate and dependent roles, by local peasants and gentry, though mainly based on the labour of migrant ‘coolies’ recruited on indentured contracts. The prominence of ‘imported’ coolie workers has obscured the significance of various local groups as well as the tea industry's importance in the local ‘imagination’. Despite the gradual development of nationalist antagonism towards the white ‘Planters' Raj’, tea enterprise retained a hallowed place for the Assamese middle classes, as tea workers continued as a racialized labouring class.
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Magar, Chandra Kala, and Bimal Kumar Kar. "Tea Plantations and Socio-Cultural Transformation: The Case of Assam (India)." Space and Culture, India 4, no. 1 (June 19, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v4i1.188.
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The tea plantations of Assam, which constitute the country’s 53.97 per cent tea area, 49 per cent tea worker population, and 52.04 per cent tea production, occupy an important place in the economy, culture and polity of the state. The onset of tea plantations during British colonial rule has not only changed the landscape of the upper Brahmaputra valley through green tea bushes being nourished by tea tribes from east-central India, but also evolved a distinct tea culture. Although formation of small tea growers has added a new dimension to the growth of tea industry of Assam in recent times, the culture that emerged due to the long continued interaction of British planters, tea worker tribes and indigenous Assamese is well reflected in the language, way of life, work culture, food habits and many other socio-cultural practices in most of the large tea estates in the state. In fact, the impact of tea culture is so penetrative that it has been able to bring about development in the form of tea festival, tea tourism, tea folk songs and dances, etc. in the state. An attempt is made in this paper to explore the role of tea plantation and the people associated with it to the socio-cultural transformation of Assam based on both secondary data and primary data through field study. The primary data have been collected from selected tea estates, tea garden worker colonies, tea-tribe villages and urban dwellers.
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Trimo, Lucyana, and Syarif Hidayat. "Determinant Factors of Sustainability of Tea Smallholder Agroindustry (Case Study in Barokah Farmers Group at Ciwidey Sub District Bandung Regency) [Beberapa Faktor Penentu Keberlanjutan Usaha Agroindustri Teh Rakyat (Studi Kasus di Kelompok Tani Barokah Kecamatan CiwideyKabupaten Bandung)]." Proceeding of Community Development 2 (February 21, 2019): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.30874/comdev.2018.418.
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At present the number of agro-industry of tea smallholder actors in West Java is decreasing, for example, in Cianjur District, at Sub-districts: Sukanagara only has six out of 11 units, Takokak there are only 11 of 38 units, and The Campaka has no more agroindustry of tea smallholder that was established even though a few years ago there were three units (Plantation Office of Cianjur Regency, 2015). These conditions also occur in Bandung's Ciwidey District, even now only the Barokah Farmers Group's agroindustry still survives (from the four agro-industries). Some determinants of the persistence of the agro-industry of tea smallholder can come from internal and external factors concerned. The research technique used is a case study. Determination of informants was done purposively, namely: Plantation Service staff, chairman and deputy chairman of the farmer group, General Manager of the tea agro-industry of the people, supplier farmers, and Village apparatus. Secondary data is collected from existing documents in relevant agencies and journals. Data and information obtained were analyzed descriptively. The research results showed that the sustainability of the existence of the agro-industry of tea smallholder was determined by several factors, namely: the ability of the people's tea agro-industry actors in 1) fulfilling the supply of raw materials (tea tops), 2) managing the finances owned, 3) managing the organization, 4) doing product diversification, 5) expanding information networks and connectivity with relevant agencies, 6) continuity in market demand, and 7) continuity in maintaining product quality.
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Nugraha, Idzhar Jaya, Akhmad Riyadi Wastra, and Lilis Imamah Ichdayati. "STRATEGI PENANGANAN RISIKO OPERASIONAL PEMASARAN PRODUK TEH CELUP HIJAU WALINI PADA INDUSTRI HILIR TEH PT PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA VIII, BANDUNG, JAWA BARAT." AGRIBUSINESS JOURNAL 11, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/aj.v11i2.11838.
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Tea is an Indonesian excellent product that has been recognized worldwide. Indonesia is the seventh best tea producer which have international market potential.Therefore Tea Indonesia is expected to take advantage on existing opportunities from downstream industry of tea. The one of stated-owned plantation company who have downstream industry of tea is PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII. Walini’s tea is a one famous brand product for this company. The development downstream industry of tea PTPN VIII is faced with yet achieved the expected sales. Amount of cost operational marketing and sales are indicated of operational risk. The objective of this study is strategy handling of marketing operational risk Walini Green tea bag product in downstream industry of tea PTPN VIII. Identification risk is first step to know the problem of marketing operational in downstream industry of tea PTPN VIII. By using Z-Score and Value at Risk (VAR) metode, it be showed the result of probability and impact of marketing operational risk. Preventif and mitigation strategy can be handling this company to growth up the expected sales.
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Nugraha, Idzhar Jaya, Akhmad Riyadi Wastra, and Lilis Imamah Ichdayati. "STRATEGI PENANGANAN RISIKO OPERASIONAL PEMASARAN PRODUK TEH CELUP HIJAU WALINI PADA INDUSTRI HILIR TEH PT PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA VIII, BANDUNG, JAWA BARAT." AGRIBUSINESS JOURNAL 12, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/aj.v12i1.11847.
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Tea is an Indonesian excellent product that has been recognized worldwide. Indonesia is the seventh best tea producer which have international market potential.Therefore Tea Indonesia is expected to take advantage on existing opportunities from downstream industry of tea. The one of stated-owned plantation company who have downstream industry of tea is PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII. Walini’s tea is a one famous brand product for this company. The development downstream industry of tea PTPN VIII is faced with yet achieved the expected sales. Amount of cost operational marketing and sales are indicated of operational risk. The objective of this study is strategy handling of marketing operational risk Walini Green tea bag product in downstream industry of tea PTPN VIII. Identification risk is first step to know the problem of marketing operational in downstream industry of tea PTPN VIII. By using Z-Score and Value at Risk (VAR) metode, it be showed the result of probability and impact of marketing operational risk. Preventif and mitigation strategy can be handling this company to growth up the expected sales.
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Besky, Sarah. "Empire and indigestion: Materializing tannins in the Indian tea industry." Social Studies of Science 50, no. 3 (April 15, 2020): 398–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312720915780.
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In the mid-1800s, plantation-produced tea from India came onto the British market. Tea retailers blended this more malty and black tea with the lighter Chinese-grown tea to which consumers had become accustomed. By the turn of the 20th century, blending helped Empire-grown tea supplant Chinese-grown tea on the market. Scholars of tea have shown how British tea companies working in South Asia stoked racialized fears that Chinese tea arrived in Britain in an adulterated state, laden with impurities that included dyes, perfumes and even human sweat. This article describes how concerns about protecting tea leaves from outside adulteration gave way to concerns about the potential digestive threat that lay inside tea leaves themselves. Medical journals linked the increased consumption of Indian teas to a population-wide ‘epidemic’ of indigestion. The most cited culprits in this epidemic were tannins, chemical compounds that were also thought to give black tea its characteristic bitterness and color. The normalization of black tea consumption among the British public was not just a work of marketing or branding but a work of resolving uncertainty about what tannins were at a material, biophysical level. As this uncertainty was resolved scientifically, tea was materialized not as a singular, unified product but as an active chemical assemblage.
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Banerjee, Supurna. "Laboring Femininities: Skill, Body, and Class-making Among Beauty Workers in India." International Labor and Working-Class History 104 (2023): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547923000236.
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AbstractTea plantation workers in India have historically been a part of the feminized workforce, constituting somewhat exceptionally formal labor in a country with high informalization of women's employment. In the past decade, however, a combined fallout of neo-liberalization and globalization contextualized within the local history of varying phases of incorporation, accumulation/dispossession and shifting relations of production brought about a crisis in the tea plantations leading to closures, retrenchment, and casualization. The women workers from tea plantations joined the burgeoning casualized urban labor force. Through ethnography and interviews I traced women workers from tea plantations in West Bengal, India, who migrated to the beauty industry in Hyderabad and Delhi-NCR. The paper focuses on the construction of women's labor in the beauty industry with continuities and contrasts from the tea plantations to understand the makings of gendered labor and skill. The women's frequent invocation of femininity as skill foregrounds the woman's body as central to woman's labor and the workplace but also provides a scope to unsettle understanding of femininity as a specific and naturalized concept. Using the lens of migration from one sector of feminized labor to another, this paper interrogates the production of the feminine worker and the workplace in different but related contexts. Their reflections on their work, skill, and workplace allows us an insight into the ways in which the body as the woman and the worker is deployed as skilled/natural and how they themselves co-construct, negotiate, and subvert the construction of femininity and feminine labor in the workplace.
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Dewi, Cahyani, and Restu Wulansari. "PENGARUH APLIKASI KOMPOS TEA FLUFF DAN Azotobacter sp. TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK TANAH DAN PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT PADA PERSEMAIAN TEH." Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2023.010.1.15.
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The tea plantation industry in West Java is experiencing problems with the degradation of organic matter, which can be seen from the decrease in organic C in the Bandung area and the large amount of factory solid waste produced every day. The provision of solid tea fluff as organic matter by composting can be a solution to improve the physical properties of the soil in tea plantations, and it is necessary to provide indigenous microbes to maximize plant growth in the form of Azotobacter sp. This study used a factorial randomized block design with two factors, namely soil media 100% topsoil + 0% tea fluff (F0), 70% topsoil + 30% tea fluff (F1), 60% topsoil + 40% tea fluff (F2). ), 50% topsoil + 50% tea fluff (F3), 40% topsoil + 60% tea fluff (F4), 30% topsoil + 70% tea fluff (F5) with an additional dose of Azotobacter sp. 0 mL (A0) and 3 mL (A1). The results for the soil unit weight parameter were significantly different (p<0.05), and there was an interaction between the soil media treatments and Azotobacter sp. all treatments experienced a decrease in bulk density, while the porosity parameter was not significantly different. However, for plant parameters, the F0A0 treatment showed better results than other treatments on the initial growth of tea seedlings.
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Raj, Jayaseelan. "Rumour and gossip in a time of crisis: Resistance and accommodation in a South Indian plantation frontier." Critique of Anthropology 39, no. 1 (August 7, 2018): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x18790803.
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This article examines rumour and gossip among the tea workers in the south Indian state of Kerala in the context of recent economic crisis in the Indian tea industry. It argues that gossip and rumour may have distinct effects with regard to resistance and accommodation in the crisis-ridden plantations. The analysis of the gossip shows that the workers are critical of the plantation management, trade unions and the Kerala state for failing to ensure their means of livelihood during the crisis period. In this context, gossip functions as a form and agent of resistance which further shows that the workers were conscious of their exploitation. On the other hand, the ethnographic data presented in this article suggest that rumour is an effective instrument for the control and disciplining of workers in the crisis context.
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BORA, POPY, and L. C. BORA. "Revisiting non-chemical modes of diseases and pests management in tea (Camellia sinensis): A review." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i1.120819.
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Tea [Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze] like any other perennial plantation crop is subjected to loss in biomass yield and functional quality, once exposed to beyond economic thresholds of diseases and pests load. A battery of diseases and pests are reported to badly affect the tea industry of India. Microbial antagonists and botanicals emerged as two most vibrant via-media of addressing tea diseases and pests amongst non-chemical modes, in a manner, closest to residue free production system. Authors revisited the use of microbial antagonists and botanicals through comprehensive updated analysis of breakthroughs recorded in the success of microbial antagonists-and botanicals mediated diseases and pests management in tea. Our efforts also portrays the futuristic viewpoints in terms of developments of commercial formulations of botanicals using their bioactive compounds, consortium of bioagents and fortification of botanicals with bioagents through area wide field response studies in the back drop of growing demand of organic tea, the most pressing developmental issue of tea industry.
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Raj, Jayaseelan. "Crisis and retirement." Focaal 2020, no. 86 (March 1, 2020): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2020.860107.
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AbstractThe recent crisis in the tea industry has devastated the livelihood of the Dalit workforce in the South Indian state of Kerala. Retired workers were worst affected, since the plantation companies—under the disguise of the crisis—deferred their service payout. This article seeks to understand the severe alienation of the retirees as they struggle to regain lost respect, kinship network, and everyday sociality in the plantations and beyond. I argue that the alienation produced through their dispossession as wage laborers and the discrimination as Tamil-speaking Dalit must be understood as an interrelated process, whereas the source of alienation cannot be reduced to production or categorical relations alone.
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Harijan, Kishan. "Role of Tea Plantation Industry in Human Resource Devlopment in Darjeeling Hills." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.02.2011.60-68.
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Kannan, Radhika, and Ramesh Naveen. "Assessment of self-perceived risk and risk rating among chemical sprayers in selected tea plantations in South India." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 14, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v14i1.46251.
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Introduction: Chemical sprayers of the tea plantation industry perceive various degrees of risk involved in their daily work. The objective of the study was to assess self-perceived risk and to rate these risks among the pesticide sprayers working in selected tea plantations in South India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 290 chemical sprayers in six selected tea plantations in South India from September to October 2018 after approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee and permission from the plantations. Data was collected by structured interview schedule with the chemical sprayers and key informant interviews were conducted with their supervisors. The risks perceived by the sprayers were rated and expressed using the Risk Rating Matrix. Results: The mean age of the participants was 45.6±8.5 years and all of them were males. The most common risks encountered were leech bites (76%), other insect bites (58%) and bruises (46%). Chemical spills, splashes, slips, falls and backaches were considered as minor hazards in risk rating. Animal attacks and falls from trees were assigned the highest risk rating scores. Conclusion: Insect bite was the most common risk perceived and animal attacks attained the highest risk score. Regular supervision and monitoring of work-related risk factors can help in the reduction of common injuries thereby ensuring safety at the workplace.
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Wirabudi, Andri Agustav, and Nurwan Reza Fachrurrozi. "Classification of tea plantation using orthomosaics stitching maps from aerial images based on CNN." JURNAL INFOTEL 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v15i1.871.
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In Indonesia, Tea is an important economic crop that is widely grown, and in many countries, accurate mapping of tea plantations is essential for the operation, management, and monitoring of the growth and development of the tea industry. We propose a classification of tea plantations using orthomosaics from aerial images based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) which identifies the condition of the tea plantations with the parameters observed, namely the condition of the tea leaves, estimated yields achieved, and monitoring of treeless areas caused by tree death. In this study, we took a sample of 20 hectares. We classify images based on maps generated by drones in previous studies. Image segmentation is performed to maintain image objects, while an enhanced CNN model is used to extract deep image features. To get complete results, this study uses UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) imagery as the basis for the map, which is then combined or stacked into one image. The results of the images that are used as maps undergo image classification, where the information contained in the map is mapped and divided according to its type. The area of the tea plantations sampled is 20 ha, and the threshold for the image captured by the UAV is 5% of the total area captured, which is around 1 ha. If the image created by the UAV has an error of more than 5%, then the image does not meet the classification requirements. We determine this margin of error based on the performance of the drone camera capture when capturing Fig. 2, and the resolution used is 4096 x 2160 for each image captured by the drone. We conclude that the proposed method for mapping tea plantations using ultra-high resolution remote sensing imagery is effective and has great potential for mapping tea plantations in areas such as the development of drone aerial photography methods for tea plantations based on image classification for forecasting. tea plantations Image stitching can be used to improve the monitoring of tea plantations and predict harvest time using a classification process. The tea garden map has 5 types of information categorized by harvest time, medium leaf tea, milled tea, tea, and old tea. The success of image recognition shows the error matrix data by testing 123 random points spread over the map, of which 113 random points were identified with an average accuracy of 91.87%, this value is of course very good and exceeds the specified threshold of 75%. When using this method, an error occurs that the colors of similar pixels cannot be distinguished, resulting in an incorrect detection. In addition, the image stitching method using the orthomosaics method has succeeded in performing image stitching and can be well applied to classification using the CNN approach.
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Gamage, Anuruddha, and Widana Pathiranage Richard Wickramaratne. "Quality of Life and Quality of Work Life as Determinants of Employee Productivity: Self-reports of Tea Harvesters in Sri Lanka." EMAJ: Emerging Markets Journal 11, no. 1 (September 8, 2021): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/emaj.2021.217.
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Tea industry plays a prominent and strategic role in Sri Lanka due to its significant impact on national output, employment and socio-economic status. Therefore, the overall worker productivity in tea industry plays an integral role in terms of national income and foreign exchange earnings. Today, the tea industry in Sri Lanka has been facing the burning issue of declining worker productivity which is the lowest among the tea producing countries in the world. In order to increase the level of worker productivity, simply applying conventional Human Resource Management (HRM) practices is not adequate and a sustainable HRM model is a vital requirement as a strategy for dealing with this crisis and sustains the tea industry in the competitive global marketplace. This research was aimed at proposing human care practices (HCPs) and knowledge management practices (KMPs) as sustainable Human Resource Management Practices (SHRMPs) for enhancing the worker productivity through quality of work-life (QWLs) and quality of life (QLs). The study is specifically focusing on the tea industry, since tea is the key contributor for overall performances of the plantation industry. Un-structured and one-on-one interviews were used as the qualitative research technique for this study. 100 randomly selected tea harvesters who are working in well performing tea estates in Sri Lanka reported a list of HCPs and KMPs that enhance QWL and QL, which in return enhance the worker productivity. The responses of tea harvesters were grouped into pre-defined structure according to comparative importance and then were validated with the findings of previous research studies. The findings were well supported by the premises of psychological contract and social exchange theories. The study also provides some implications for policy decisions and future research directions on identified HCPs and KMPs as sustainable HR practices, which has a direct relationship on the worker productivity.
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Islam, Maidul, Debarshi Mukherjee, Rajesh Chatterjee, and Sudakhina Mitra. "A Self-Reliant Tea Economy Offering Inclusive Growth: A Case of Tripureswari Tea, India." Agronomy 12, no. 12 (November 23, 2022): 2935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122935.
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The tea industry is the second most organized industry after rubber in Tripura, India and is gravid with immense potential that can offer inclusive and sustainable growth to the state’s economy directly and indirectly. The industry went through a series of troubles ranging from insurgency to ethnic clashes over the last six decades. Despite the challenges, the Tripura Tea Development Corporation (TTDC) returned to the profit path in 2018. The marketing opportunities for the tea gardens have been rudimentary, depriving the tea growers of their due recognition and better returns on investments; however, TTDC’s Tripureswari brand of tea has successfully positioned itself with a strong appeal and quick acceptance by the masses. The public distribution supply chain supported by the co-operative societies helps reduce the shipment cost and ensures the availability of tea at affordable prices for common people. The purpose of this study was to explore the nuances of the tea industry in Tripura and to consider how re-engineering can turn this industry into a profit-making public sector. To understand the turnaround strategy of this research, the authors have used a mixed method approach where secondary data were collected, discussed, and gathered from interviews with area experts. The findings of this research indicate that the state-owned Tripura Tea Development Corporation Ltd. (TTDC) transformed itself through re-engineering the supply chain. Furthermore, coupling with branding exercises has instilled confidence, even among the small tea growers, thereby offering social security and inclusion. Further, TTDC has taken the socially excluded people under its ambit through plantation activities using the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).
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Purwadi, Didik. "Development of Agroindustry Based Tourism: Tea Industry Case Study." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 3 (January 1, 2016): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i3.406.
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<p>Tourism is one of the needs of human being. Agroindustry is one of the potential sources for tourism now and the near future. The objectives of this research are: (1) identify the factors which influence to the development of agroindustry based toursm, (2) analysis internal and external factors of the system of agroindustry based tourism.Agroindustry which has plantation, harvesting and processing tends to be developed by companies in order to spread out the mission of company, and also give deep understanding to customer and it also as a corporate social responsibility. Company’s management, farmers, workers, customers, and government are the actors of agroindustry based tourism. They have their needs and their roles for agroindustry tourism. This research can contribute to the development of ecotourism as well as sustainable natural resource development.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: agroindustry, tourism, sustainable development. </p>
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Zhang, Waner, Mingyue Zhao, Youcheng Chen, Yinlong Xu, Yongqiang Ma, and Shuisheng Fan. "Low-Carbon Ecological Tea: The Key to Transforming the Tea Industry towards Sustainability." Agriculture 14, no. 5 (May 3, 2024): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050722.
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The realization of the value of ecological products has led to an economic means for reducing carbon emissions in China. Tea is one of the most important cash crops and one of the most popular beverages in the world. Due to the complex the tea industrial chain, it is considered to be an industry with high carbon emissions. Ecological tea products with low-carbon attributes can be considered a linkage of ecology, economy, and society. Based on this, this paper presents research on low-carbon ecological tea (LCT). Herein, we construct the formational logic of low-carbon ecological products, explore the connotations of LCT, and form a conceptual pathway for realizing LCT to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. This paper starts from the upstream, midstream, and downstream of the industrial chain; it establishes three value realization pathways that keep, as a priority, the promotion of ecological industrialization, focus on restoration to improve the ecology of the industrial chain, and innovate technology to expand the industrial chain. The pathways are a set of low-emission production solutions that use techniques to enhance carbon sequestration in soil, reduce the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and help shift to clean energy from low-emission sources in the stages of plantation, processing, and distribution. In the process of realizing LCT, the government plays an important role, and its support and guidance are needed. Based on stakeholder theory, this paper builds an implementation mechanism that focuses on the micro perspective (users, organizations), integrates the mesoscopic perspective (industry), and relies on the macro perspective (government).
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Duara, Mridusmita, and Sambit Mallick. "Non-Inclusive Trade Unionism in the Tea Estates in Assam." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 21, no. 2 (September 9, 2022): 152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341622.
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Abstract The state of Assam alone produces nearly 53 percent of the total tea production in India. Around one million workers are engaged in the tea industry in India. Tea – as a commercial product first cultivated and expanded by the British – is an outcome of the toil and struggle of the Adivasi workers or indigenous people of central and east India who were made to migrate to Assam under extremely brutal conditions, and they form one of the most oppressed communities in the state. This section of the population has been waging struggles to protect its rights in the state. Tea production is a labor-intensive enterprise in which trade unions should ideally play an assertive role at every stage. However, trade unions in the tea estates are gradually being questioned on their functionality in shaping industrial relations and upholding the rights of the workers. The key respondents, comprising plantation workers, trade union members, owners of the tea estates, and management staff, belong to the major tea producing districts of Assam: Dibrugarh, Sibsagar, Jorhat, Golaghat, Sonitpur, and also the lesser producing district, Kamrup. The present study ascertains the role of trade unions in dealing with the key issues faced by plantation workers, such as non-inclusion of women workers and casual workers and its failure to play an effective role in the negotiation or collective bargaining process with management and the state. It is observed that the trade unions function under the principles of the political parties and acquisition of political power is their sole motto.
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Sulistiyono, Singgih Tri, Yety Rochwulaningsih, Noor Naelil Masruroh, Salina Zainol, and Saparudin Barus. "Capitalism, Plantation Industry, and Environmental Change: East Sumatra During the Late Dutch Colonial State in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 359 (2022): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235904002.
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This paper departs from the problem of the conspiracy between capitalism and imperialism and modern colonialism which has become a powerful force to exploit the environment in order to meet the demands of industrialization and modernization of society in capitalist countries. Some research questions that will be answered in this paper are why the East Sumatra region is a frontier area that is contested by the capitalists to expand their capital in this region? How did the various colonial powers compete for control of this region? How was the expansion of the plantation industry during the late Dutch colonial period? The results of the study show that the East Sumatra region is a potential area for the plantation industry (tobacco, rubber, tea, etc.). It is not surprising that the main colonial powers in Southeast Asia tried to control this region, especially the Netherlands and England. Various approaches were taken to negotiate with local authorities to obtain the right to control this area. Finally, from the second half of the 19th century until the end of the colonial government in Indonesia, the plantation industry in this region developed remarkably.
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Dasanayaka, S. W. S. B. "Feasibility of Biomass Utilization in Sri Lanka: A Case Study Based on Regional Tea Plantation Companies." South Asian Journal of Business and Management Cases 1, no. 2 (December 2012): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277977912459441.
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The rising and unquenchable demands for energy in the developing world, together with the need to minimize the use of fossil fuels to protect our ecosystem from further deterioration in climate change, emphasizes the need to explore and exploit alternative energy sources, especially those that are indigenous to each country. Following extensive analysis, this case study identifies the problems facing the use of biomass as an alternative source of energy in Sri Lanka’s tea industry. A number of key issues have been identified; these include biomass quality, lack of funds, high cost of investment on mechanization and insufficient incentives/subsidies to promote the use of biomass as an alternative energy source. This study proposes and recommends that the most effective approach to enhancing the utilization of biomass among tea industry in Sri Lanka is to provide sufficient incentives for companies that achieve self-sufficiency in energy requirement, without burdening the already congested and costly national grid.
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Gogoi, Bijoy. "Changing Nature of Labour Movement in the Organized sector industry: A Reflection on the Tea Plantations of Assam." Think India 22, no. 2 (October 23, 2019): 410–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i2.8743.
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Purpose of the study: The purpose of the paper is to study the changing nature of Labour Movement in an Organized Sector industry of Assam i.e. Tea Plantation.
Methodology: The study is based on both the primary and secondary sources such as available archival materials, historical documents of different trade unions/ labour movements etc. Moreover, the insights gathered through consultation of such materials along with already published literature, official reports etc.
Main Findings: The labourers of tea gardens of Assam during the colonial period mobilized mainly for the economic demands and for the oppressive nature of the colonial state but after independence their movement is converted into political (identity) movement.
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Arefin, Md Riyadh, and Md Ismail Hossain. "Present Status and Future Prospects of Tea production and Research on Varietal Improvement in Bangladesh." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 12 (December 20, 2022): 2324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i12.2324-2333.5259.
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Tea is one of the most important non-alcoholic beverage in the world and has been gaining further popularity as an important ‘health drink’ in view of its inferable medicinal value. In Bangladesh, commercially tea was cultivated since 1854 by establishing first tea garden Malnicherra Tea Estate in Sylhet. From 1947 to 2020, tea growing area, production and per hectare yield were increased 127.71%, 370.53% and 137.96% respectively. The major reasons behind the increasing tea productivity are extension of tea growing areas as well as cultivation of the tea clones (BT clones) released by Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI). Till now BTRI released 23 clones and 5 biclones, having average per hectare yield of 3461.67 kg. In the world, tea production, consumption and exportation have increased significantly. Unlike world condition, there is a negative relation between tea production and export in Bangladesh. From 1980 to 2020 the quantity of tea exports was decreased by 92.99%. This situation emphasizes the need for exploring alternative means by the tea industries of increasing profits from tea cultivation and tea export. As a result, researches on tea varietal improvement is needed for rapid economic growth and development of tea industry as well as to encourage tea plantation business to go ahead with more production to meet our own demand along with quality tea to flourish tea business in Bangladesh.
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Fachreziansyah, Muhammad Ghifari, Valentina Tohang, and Hansi Joachim. "The Implementation of Accounting Standards for Coffee Plantation." E3S Web of Conferences 388 (2023): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338803016.
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Coffee is one of the most prominent agricultural products In Indonesia, besides other commodities such as palm oil, rubber, cocoa, and tea. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) regulates the agriculture business in IAS 4. which was issued in December 2000 and prospectively applied worldwide on the 1st of January 2003. The standard encourages coffee plantations to be recorded at their fair value which leads to many contradictions. In 2014, IASB amended IAS 41 specifically for bearer plants because it is used only for production, and it should be treated similarly to property, plant, and equipment (PPE). The main challenge is versatility. As the growth of the coffee plantation industry in Indonesia increases, accountability has become an important issue to deal with. As there are scarce studies regarding the adoption of accounting standards for coffee plantations in Indonesia, this research is intended to give fresh insights from the business owner’s perspective in the implementation of the related agriculture accounting standards. This research employs a qualitative method with a semi-structured interview and triangulation method. Our findings show that coffee farmers already complied with the PSAK 16 and PSAK 69, even though there are still many challenges that the company faced since the coffee plants are high in versatility and uncertainty.
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Francis, Delfin Lovelina. "Abstract 65: Oral Health Inequalities Among Tobacco Users in the Tea Plantation Workers, Nilgiri Hills, Tamilnadu, India." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 6_Supplement (June 1, 2023): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.asgcr23-abstract-65.
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Abstract Purpose: Tea is an important agro-industry of India, which contributes immensely to the countries economy. Poor socio-economic conditions, ignorance due to illiteracy, over-crowded and unhygienic living conditions in the residential colonies make tea garden population vulnerable. Hence this study was contemplated with an aim to assess the oral health status, tobacco use and cancer awareness among tea plantation workers, Nilgiri Hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to assess the prevalence of head and neck cancers among tobacco use and cancer awareness among tea plantation workers, Nilgiri Hills. Data was collected using a pretested Questionnaire, which included Demographic data, tobacco habits, its frequency and form. Oral examination for potentially malignant and cancerous lesions was done by the examiner. The data collected was analysed using SPSS version 21. Results: Results showed that among 900 study population, 57% had no formal education, 64.5% had indigenous brushing habits. Of those who had the habit of smoking, 26% smoked beedi, 10.9% smoked cigarette, 65% chewed raw tobacco, 18% chewed Hans and 28% had a combination of smoking and smokeless tobacco usage. 52% of oral mucosal and potentially malignant lesions, 6% oral cancers were observed. Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in the study population was due to tobacco usage and lack of awareness regarding the deleterious effects of the products used. Conclusion: The dangers from smoking and chewing tobacco are well documented within the literature but the public’s lack of knowledge of the risks is a concern. Health professionals are encouraged to ensure that the public is made aware of these risks, especially those within high-risk groups. Citation Format: Delfin Lovelina Francis. Oral Health Inequalities Among Tobacco Users in the Tea Plantation Workers, Nilgiri Hills, Tamilnadu, India [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 11th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Closing the Research-to-Implementation Gap; 2023 Apr 4-6. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 65.
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Dwiputra, A., K. B. Seminar, and Sudradjat. "Estimation of Potassium Nutrient Content in Tea Plants Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1038, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012047.
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Abstract Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is a plantation crop commodity that has a significant role in Indonesian tea industry. Currently, the determination of a single dose of potassium fertilizer on a tea plant begins with soil and leaf laboratory analysis. The cost of laboratory analysis for testing nutritional content of potassium in a tea plant has always been a challenge for many farmers. the necessity of minimizing the estimate of nutritional content of potassium in tea plants affordably and accurately is the goal of this study. This study aims to estimate the nutrient content of potassium in tea plants using sentinel-2 satellite imagery. The study began by sampling tea leaves and taking satellite images. The data obtained were then correlated with multiple linear regression analysis to create a model. The model obtained is K%= 0.619 + 0.001876 b3 - 0.001264 b4 -0.000201 b8, using the grouped data for the maximum time distance of sampling with image acquisition for 5 days and processed using backward regression method. The coefficient of determination (R-sq) obtained is classified as moderate at 50.18%. the model was validated and well characterized in making estimates with a MAPE percentage of 15.18% and a correctness of 84.82%.
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Kumar, K. Ravi, Kavya Dashora, Naveen Krishnan, S. Sanyal, Hukum Chandra, S. Dharmaraja, and Vandita Kumari. "Feasibility assessment of renewable energy resources for tea plantation and industry in India - A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 145 (July 2021): 111083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111083.
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Dutta, Rishiraj. "Climate change and its impact on tea in Northeast India." Journal of Water and Climate Change 5, no. 4 (May 30, 2014): 625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2014.143.
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The analysis of this study focused on the tea growing areas of Northeast India to provide predictions for future climate scenarios and its impact on tea production by 2050. The applied methodology involves a combination of current climate data with future climate change predictions from different models for 2050 as derived by WorldClim and IPCC4 (CIAT recommended). The results showed the possibility of an increase in average temperature by 2 °C in 2050, while not much variation is observed in the rainfall pattern. A change in tea production period is also expected by 2050 making tea planters look for alternative crops as an adaptive measure to keep the industry on its feet. With such expected impacts on tea production, the planters would need to make changes in their management practices to adapt to the evolving conditions and environment. In this study, the climate data were used as input to DIVA GIS Model. Monthly climate data were fed into Cranfield University Plantation Productivity Analysis for Tea Model (CUPPA Tea Model) to simulate observed and predicted yields. The study further shows that the overall climate will become less seasonal in terms of variation through the years followed by expected variations in monthly precipitation during the peak production months.
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Xie, Xueying, Zilin Sun, Xinjian Zhang, and Xiaoyang Han. "Novel Aspects of Regulation of Nitrogen Responses in the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis (L.))." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010144.
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Tea brewed from leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) is one of the most popular worldwide non-alcoholic beverages, and nitrogen is an essential nutrient that affects the growth and development of the tea plant. Inorganic nitrogen and organic nitrogen are major forms of nitrogen that are absorbed by the tea plant and also play an important role as a vital signaling molecule, which also affects the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of C. sinensis in its growth and development period. In addition, improving the NUE of C. sinensis is therefore important for the economic and environmental sustainability of the tea plantation industry. In this review, we discuss recently identified tea plant genes that have an essential role in the responses of different nitrogen forms in the short-term period and in the long-term nitrogen effect. We also focus in particular on how nitrogen regulates the growth and development of the tea plant, mainly on the aspects of root system architecture and leaf metabolism that are important parts of root development and leaf quality. Finally, this review concentrates recent research that has expanded the outline of the mechanisms underlying nitrogen responses and regulation in plants, focusing in particular on tea plants.
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Gowri, M. Uma, K. M. Shivakumar, and S. Padmarani. "Impact of nontariff measures on the exports of the beverage sector in India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, SI (July 15, 2022): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14isi.3607.
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In the recent past, agricultural exports, especially plantation crops, which are the backbone of India, have been subjected to many nontariff measures. Since the liberalisation of trade has led to the integration of global commodity markets, developing countries are significantly affected by these trade barriers, which indirectly hurt millions of plantation community. Traditionally, India is well known for its exports of beverages and stringent maximum residual limits, traceability issues, and food safety standards are complex issues surmounting trade in the plantation sector around the world. Hence, the present research study attempts to find the shock of nontariff measures on the prices of both export and domestic beverages and the hammering in returns to the Indian beverage industry by the partial equilibrium method. This model directly measures the simulation effect of nontariff measures by imposing NTM on tea and coffee sector. It is obvious that as the NTM percent increases from 10 percent to 25 percent on tea sector, the loss in export quantity was more from 22.24 million kg to 55.61 million kg and loss of revenue was from Rs. 2997 million to Rs. 7492 million for the corresponding NTMs. Likewise the loss in export quantity (62.85 million kg) and loss in revenue (Rs. 9412 million) were high in 25 per cent of NTM. The present study shows how to allow for market imperfections and trade facilitating effects of nontariff measures in the beverage sector.
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Menon, Sangeetha, and Mohan Varadharajan. "Plant growth promotional studies of novel PGPR strains isolated from the rhizosphere of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.)Bosser plantations in Narasipuram, Tamil Nadu." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2601rjce019027.
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Forests of Indian subcontinent are one of the biodiversity hot spots of the world. They are the second-largest inland use next to agriculture, yet possess a high degree of endemism. Plantation forestry in India was initiated mainly for the production of industrial raw materials as well as fuelwood and fodder from exotic species. The increase in demand for industrial raw material has spurred the rise in plantations of fast-growing native tree species. Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser is a native tree species whose wood has been largely used in the pulpwood and pencil industry for making boards, plywood, packing cases, tea-boxes, carving and turnery articles. Supplementation of these native trees with effective bio inoculants will improve and maintain the soil fertility and sustainability in the natural soil ecosystem besides providing economic benefits. In the present study, the diversity of PGPR was assessed in the rhizosphere of N. cadamba plantations in Narasipuram, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. 33 PGPR isolates from N. cadamba rhizosphere were isolated viz. four species of Azotobacter, three species of Azospirillum and six different PSB species. The isolates were studied for their plant growth promotional abilities such as Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) production and phosphate solubilization.
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Rasaily, Rinju. "Sitting Ducks Post-COVID? Work Organisation and Compounded Health Risks for Darjeeling Tea Workers." Social Change 53, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 550–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857231203359.
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This article argues that burgeoning economic uncertainty, competitiveness of commodity production after COVID-19 and labour reforms may facilitate the industry to reorganise work arrangements through labour flexibilisation and mechanisation, accentuate health precarity, and nefariously push the disenfranchised Darjeeling tea labour further into oblivion. Workers’ access to basic healthcare services for illnesses and diseases such as fevers, diarrhoea, dysentery, anaemia, and hypertension pivots on the fragile lines of power and ethno-gender that are deeply embedded in plantation societies. Subsequently, social distancing as a preventive everyday measure during the pandemic appears to have reinforced both class and caste divide among these communities. The tangible absence of a robust health infrastructure in the Darjeeling hills exposes the undeniable shift in the responsibility of healthcare by the tea garden management on workers’ households and the samaj, as a social collective in managing illness and care.
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Zheng, Rongrong, Jiasui Zhan, Luxing Liu, Yanli Ma, Zishuai Wang, Lianhui Xie, and Dunchun He. "Factors and Minimal Subsidy Associated with Tea Farmers’ Willingness to Adopt Ecological Pest Management." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 6190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226190.
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Scientific assessment related to the externalities of the tea ecological pest management (TEPM) system that can affect socio-economic development and ecological benefits is important to the sustainable development of the tea industry. This paper used the contingent valuation method to evaluate the externalities associated with TEPM and the factors affecting its adoption by farmers through survey data collected from Anxi county, Fujian province, China. The results showed that the positive externalities, which were not internalized (embodied in price), affected the willingness of tea farmers to adopt TEPM. The willingness to accept a subsidy for adopting the TEPM system was significantly affected by the individual tea farmer’s age, education level, income, plantation, knowledge of human health and risk preference. The compensation threshold of externalities for TEPM was 5668.80 yuan per hectare per year. It is suggested that the government should adopt this threshold as a minimum subsidy to mitigate information asymmetry in two markets, namely ecological management technology and trading between suppliers and buyers of tea products. Finally, production stability and improved price for high quality tea resulting from healthy ecology in TEPM could enhance positive externalities. This coupled with other benefits, such as a reduction in the amount of resources spent on pesticides, could result in governmental subsidies for TEPM being gradually reduced over time.
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Kakoty, Anitabh, and Ratan Kaurinta. "Effect of Labour Productivity on Overall Tea Productivity in case of Small Tea Growers: A Study of Golaghat District in Assam." European Journal of Business and Management Research 7, no. 4 (July 19, 2022): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.4.1517.
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The contribution of labour is vital in a labour-intensive production organization. The continuous growth of the farm is ensured by the labours participation. In recent years, the tea industry is facing an unexpected situation of labour supply which can be considered the problem due to changing dynamics. The emergence of small tea growers in place of an earlier form of large estates in the tea growing district of Assam seems to be prominent and a significant supplier of green leaves. It is observed that, it is over 23000 registered small tea growers under Tea Board of Indiathose who are by definition hasa plantation area of 10.12 ha or below and the question of labour productivity to the total tea productivity is of paramount importance. The study was conducted as descriptive by nature and a questionnaire was administered to extract the labour productivity in two ways such as man day plucking of labour and input –output ratio of labour to assess its contribution. Data collected was analysed to find out the correlation between labour productivity to the total productivity and whether the variances in between total productivity and labour productivity is similar. The study has concluded that although variations in the labour productivity and total productivity of tea are equal, they maintain a low correlation. In this regard, recommendations can be put forward like better skill formation of labour along with more stimulating benefits to them to boost motivation for ensuring growth and performance for small tea growers in Golaghat district of Assam.
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Abimanyu, Tyas, Elpawati E, and Achmad Tjachja Nugraha. "PENGARUH KUALITAS PRODUK, HARGA, PROMOSI, DAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN KONSUMEN TEH WALINI DI INDUSTRI HILIR TEH PT. PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA VIII BANDUNG." AGRIBUSINESS JOURNAL 13, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/aj.v13i1.11874.
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PTPN VIII is an Indonesian state owned company concentrating in the field of agricultural / plantation. The company is located in West Java province. PTPN VIII had many commodities are grown and cultivated, including tea commodity. IHT PTPN VIII is expected to be able to see and take advantage of this opportunity for the development of tea production enterprises downstream. By because it's an improvement and evaluation of each line of the company should do. Ranging from human resources management, business strategy, finance, marketing, distribution, raw materials and so forth. Especially in terms of raw materials PTPN VIII IHT own advantages in this sector. Raw material supply is guaranteed because it has its own tea garden and the quality of tea used is also an excellent tea products. IHT PTPN VIII should be aware of this potential, especially coupled with increasing as well the tea industry competition IHT PTPN VIII should be better prepared to face competition to reform itself. The purpose of this research is (1) To determine whether the variables of quality of product, price, promotion and service quality partial effect on customer satisfaction Walini tea products in Downstream Tea PT.Perkebunan Nusantara VIII (2) To determine whether the variables of quality products , pricing, promotion and service quality simultaneous influence on consumer satisfaction Walini tea products in Downstream tea PT.Perkebunan Nusantara VIII. Based on the analysis, the majority of consumers are aged 26-35 years, sex permpuan, working as private employees, Knowing Walini tea product from a friend, itensitas purchase Not too often, the reason to buy a product because of the quality of the product. The quality of the product (X1), price (X2), promotion (X3), and quality of service (X4) partially affects consumer kepusan Walini tea in IHT PTPN VIII. This is evidenced by the variable t of product quality is 7.696 with a significant level of 0.000. Then t of the variable price is 2.375 with a significant level of 0,020. Then t of variable sale is 2,715 with a significant level of 0.008 and t of the variable quality of service is 3,387 to 0,001 signifakan level. The above data shows that significant value is generated each independent variable was below 0.05. Factors that affect customer satisfaction Walini tea at Tea Downstream Industry PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII with the most impact is the quality of the product and service quality, then price and finally the sale.
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Greeshma, Sabu, and Manoj Greeshma. "The economic impact of floods on the plantation sector: a study of selected districts in Kerala." Disaster Advances 16, no. 3 (February 15, 2023): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1603da013022.
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The people of Kerala have suffered the worst natural calamity in the form of heavy flood in 2018 and this continued for a week. The flood and the landslide had created a havoc in the agricultural sector of Kerala. The worst affected sector in the vagary of nature was the plantation sector. The industry lost around Rs. 3.382 crore due to heavy floods (CDS). The floods and the landslide had a major impact on the major planation crops including rubber, tea, coffee and cardamom. Among the different districts, Wayanad was the worst affected district along with Kottayam and Pathanamthitta. In the given context, this study is an attempt to analyse the economic impact of floods in the plantation sector in Kerala. The study found that the farmers are facing the worst financial crisis due to low price and high cost of production. The major problems faced by farmers are the inadequacy of assistance, reduction in yield and lack of pure water, delay in getting support, repayment of the loan and so on.
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Prema Bumi, Made Risky, and Wayan Damar Windu Kurniawan. "PENGARUH PENETAPAN DAERAH TUJUAN WISATA AGRO KEBUN SALAK TERHADAP ALIH FUNGSI LAHAN DI DESA SIBETAN, KARANGASEM, BALI." Pranatacara Bhumandala: Jurnal Riset Planologi 2, no. 2 (December 26, 2021): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32795/pranatacara_bhumandala.v2i2.2227.
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This study intends to discuss the effect of determining the destination of salak agro-tourism on land conversion in Sibetan Village. Land conversion is a natural resource that has a very broad function in meeting various human needs. From an economic perspective, land is the main permanent input for various agricultural and non-agricultural commodity production activities. Sibetan Village is one of the areas that has the largest salak plantation on the island of Bali. This village is designated as a tourist destination area, of course, it has an impact on infrastructure development and the conversion of land functions that must be carried out to support the needs that are a requirement as an agro-tourism-based tourism village. The method used in this research is qualitative method and descriptive method. This study uses qualitative and quantitative data which will be analyzed using evaluative analysis. The results showed that the tourism potential in Sibetan Village was abian salak agro-tourism, measurement of natural scenery, arts and culture, salak processing industry and homestays. The conversion of land functions carried out by people who have converted salak plantation lands are salak farmers, tourist attractions entrepreneurs, tourism accommodation actors, traders and carving craftsmen. Factors that affect land conversion are economic factors, social factors, population growth factors and the increasing need for residential land, and agricultural penetration factors. The impact of determining tourist destinations on land conversion activities is that salak plantations are decreasing, the profession of farmers is reduced, infrastructure development is equitable, and the economic turnover of creative industries is increased, such as salak wine, salak coffee, salak bark tea, and salak sweets and chips
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Palmer, Robin. "Working Conditions and Worker Responses on Nyasaland Tea Estates, 1930–1953." Journal of African History 27, no. 1 (March 1986): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700029224.
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The tea industry of southern Nyasaland employed intermittently a heterogeneous labour force of some twenty to thirty thousand and paid workers minimum wages of 7s. in 1930, rising to between 17s. 6d. and 20s. in 1953. A complex wage structure offered different rates to hoers, pluckers, factory workers and clerks. Thousands of children, butvirtually no women, were employed. Wages and working conditions were acknowledged to be unattractive, even by the industry itself, and compared favourably only with those offered in Portuguese East Africa. The initial viability of the plantation sector in the Shire Highlands was made possible by the immigration of hundreds of thousands of Lomwe from Portuguese East Africa. Lomwe workers, who sought assimilation and upward mobility, have been depicted as virtual slaves of the planters, but there is evidence of effective local, day-to-day and passive resistance on their part which left planters feeling impotent, unable to turn labour out on Sundays or in the rains or enforce unpopular thangata (labour rent) agreements, and obliged to reduce the daily tasks demanded of the worker. Confronted with an increasingly severe shortage of labour, which caused millions of pounds of tea to remain unpicked, planters began to improve working conditions on their estates, but this failed to resolve their labour problem or to dampen post-war militancy. Irresponsible actions by the British Central Africa Company increased tensions in Cholo which culminated in the serious riots of 1953 in which eleven people were killed. Government responded to this growing rural radicalism by repurchasing half of the million acres of freehold estate land which had initially been ‘bought’ from chiefs prior to the colonial occupation.
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Mutia, Mega. "Pengukuran Beban Kerja Fisiologis dan Psikologis pada Operator Pemetikan Teh dan Operator Produksi Teh Hijau di PTMitra Kerinci." Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri 13, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/josi.v13.n1.p503-517.2014.
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PT . Mitra Kerinci is agro-industry that have tea plantation and some factory facilities consist of tea processes, green tea processes and black tea processes. PT Mitra Kerinci become the largest green tea producer in Southeast Asia. The Company continually make improvements in every line of the company to produce high quality products. Workers are an important element of the company as well as a critical corporate asset. The company always keeping workers comfortable and maximal doing his job, for the activities associated with the production of green tea such as picking tea and green tea production process and should be evaluated and developed to be improved towards better way. This study aimed to measure the workload physiological and psychological workload on the operator plucking tea and green tea production operators and provide recommendations based on the results obtained to improve the work system at the plucking tea and green tea production PT Mitra Kerinci. Measurement of physiological workload done by calculating calorie requirements, CVLpercentage and consumption of each carrier by measuring the pulse and temperature measurement operator workload while the psychological conducted using the NASA-TLX.Keywords: Physiological, psychological, workload, NASA - TLXAbstrakPT Mitra Kerinci adalah perusahaan agroindustri yang mengelola perkebunan teh dan dua pabrik teh, yaitu pabrik teh hijau dan pabrik teh hitam. PT Mitra Kerinci menjadi perusahaan penghasil teh hijau terbesar di Asia Tenggara. Perusahaan senantiasa melakukan perbaikan disetiap lini perusahaan untuk menghasilkan produk yang berkualitas tinggi. Pekerja adalahelemen penting perusahaan sekaligus menjadi aset penting perusahaan. Perusahaan selalu menjaga kenyamanan pekerja sehingga maksimal melakukan tugasnya. Kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan produksi teh hijau seperti pemetikan teh dan proses produksi teh hijau harus dievaluasi dan dikembangkan kearah yang lebih baik. Setiap pekerjaan yang ada di PT Mitra Kerinci memiliki tingkat beban kerja yang berbeda-beda baik beban kerja fisik maupun mental. Banyak ditemui beban kerja yang tidak sesuai dengan kapasitas pekerja, hal ini disebabkan tingginya permintaan teh pada perusahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur beban kerja fisiologis dan beban kerja psikologis pada operator pemetikan teh dan operator produksi teh hijau serta memberikan rekomendasi berdasarkan hasil yang didapat untuk memperbaiki sistem kerja di bagian pemetikan teh dan produksi teh hijau PT Mitra Kerinci. Pengukuran beban kerja fisiologis dilakukan dengan menghitung kebutuhan kalori, persentase CVL dan konsumsi masing-masing operator dengan melakukan pengukuran denyut nadi dan suhu operator sedangkan pengukuran beban kerja psikologis dilakukan dengan metode NASA-TLX.Kata kunci: Beban kerja, fisiologis, psikologis, NASA-TLX
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Gunarathne, A. D. Nuwan, and H. M. P. Peiris. "Assessing the impact of eco-innovations through sustainability indicators: the case of the commercial tea plantation industry in Sri Lanka." Asian Journal of Sustainability and Social Responsibility 2, no. 1 (August 7, 2017): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41180-017-0015-6.
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