Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tea Pests

Academic literature on the topic 'Tea Pests'

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Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Tea Pests"

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BORA, POPY, and L. C. BORA. "Revisiting non-chemical modes of diseases and pests management in tea (Camellia sinensis): A review." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i1.120819.

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Tea [Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze] like any other perennial plantation crop is subjected to loss in biomass yield and functional quality, once exposed to beyond economic thresholds of diseases and pests load. A battery of diseases and pests are reported to badly affect the tea industry of India. Microbial antagonists and botanicals emerged as two most vibrant via-media of addressing tea diseases and pests amongst non-chemical modes, in a manner, closest to residue free production system. Authors revisited the use of microbial antagonists and botanicals through comprehensive updated analysis of breakthroughs recorded in the success of microbial antagonists-and botanicals mediated diseases and pests management in tea. Our efforts also portrays the futuristic viewpoints in terms of developments of commercial formulations of botanicals using their bioactive compounds, consortium of bioagents and fortification of botanicals with bioagents through area wide field response studies in the back drop of growing demand of organic tea, the most pressing developmental issue of tea industry.
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Rahmah, N. N., D. Sartiami, and R. Y. M. Kusumah. "Diversity and Population Dynamics of Pest in Sambawa Tea Plantation, West Java." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1208, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1208/1/012025.

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Abstract Tea plants are grown in monoculture on a large scale, so that can be a caused pest in the high population. This study aims to determine the diversity and dynamics of pest populations in Sambawa tea plantations in West Java. Tea pests are found in the crop and on the leaves picked at the plant. The dynamics of the pest population were noted by observing the area of attack, the intensity of the attack, and population density. Twenty-one pests on tea plants were identified based on their morphological characteristics and symptoms. Among them, seven species attack bud and young leaf, two species attack old leaf, twelve species attack young and old leaves, and one pest attacks tree trunk. Twelve pests were carried to the factory’s withering tub of leaves. Tea green leafhopper (Empoasca sp.), tea leaf roller (Caloptilia theivora), tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis bradyi), and tea tortrix (Adoxophyes sp. and Homona coffearia) were the main pests at the observation site. The population of tea green leafhoppers decreased after the second application of pesticides, post-picking, and heavy rains. The tea leaf roller was not found after the first and second pesticide applications. The population of tea leaf rollers began to increase during picking until the last observation. The highest population of tea mosquito bugs was found after the second pesticide application. The population of tea tortrix decreased after the second pesticide application.
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Yang, Zijia, Hailin Feng, Yaoping Ruan, and Xiang Weng. "Tea Tree Pest Detection Algorithm Based on Improved Yolov7-Tiny." Agriculture 13, no. 5 (May 9, 2023): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051031.

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Timely and accurate identification of tea tree pests is critical for effective tea tree pest control. We collected image data sets of eight common tea tree pests to accurately represent the true appearance of various aspects of tea tree pests. The dataset contains 782 images, each containing 1~5 different pest species randomly distributed. Based on this dataset, a tea garden pest detection and recognition model was designed using the Yolov7-tiny network target detection algorithm, which incorporates deformable convolution, the Biformer dynamic attention mechanism, a non-maximal suppression algorithm module, and a new implicit decoupling head. Ablation experiments were conducted to compare the performance of the models, and the new model achieved an average accuracy of 93.23%. To ensure the validity of the model, it was compared to seven common detection models, including Efficientdet, Faster Rcnn, Retinanet, DetNet, Yolov5s, YoloR, and Yolov6. Additionally, feature visualization of the images was performed. The results demonstrated that the Improved Yolov7-tiny model developed was able to better capture the characteristics of tea tree pests. The pest detection model proposed has promising application prospects and has the potential to reduce the time and economic cost of pest control in tea plantations.
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Chen, Jing, Qi Liu, and Lingwang Gao. "Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Tea Tree Pest Recognition and Diagnosis." Symmetry 13, no. 11 (November 10, 2021): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13112140.

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Due to the benefits of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in image classification, they have been extensively used in the computerized classification and focus of crop pests. The intention of the current find out about is to advance a deep convolutional neural network to mechanically identify 14 species of tea pests that possess symmetry properties. (1) As there are not enough tea pests images in the network to train the deep convolutional neural network, we proposes to classify tea pests images by fine-tuning the VGGNET-16 deep convolutional neural network. (2) Through comparison with traditional machine learning algorithms Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), the performance of our method is evaluated (3) The three methods can identify tea tree pests well: the proposed convolutional neural network classification has accuracy up to 97.75%, while MLP and SVM have accuracies of 76.07% and 68.81%, respectively. Our proposed method performs the best of the assessed recognition algorithms. The experimental results also show that the fine-tuning method is a very powerful and efficient tool for small datasets in practical problems.
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Pokharel, Sabin Saurav, Han Yu, Wanping Fang, Megha N. Parajulee, and Fajun Chen. "Intercropping Cover Crops for a Vital Ecosystem Service: A Review of the Biocontrol of Insect Pests in Tea Agroecosystems." Plants 12, no. 12 (June 18, 2023): 2361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12122361.

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The intercropping of cover crops has been adopted in several agroecosystems, including tea agroecosystems, which promotes ecological intensification. Prior studies have shown that growing cover crops in tea plantations provided different ecological services, including the biocontrol of pests. Cover crops enrich soil nutrients, reduce soil erosion, suppress weeds and insect pests, and increase the abundance of natural enemies (predators and parasitoids). We have reviewed the potential cover crops that can be incorporated into the tea agroecosystem, particularly emphasizing the ecological services of cover crops in pest control. Cover crops were categorized into cereals (buckwheat, sorghum), legumes (guar, cowpea, tephrosia, hairy indigo, and sunn hemp), aromatic plants (lavender, marigold, basil, and semen cassiae), and others (maize, mountain pepper, white clover, round-leaf cassia, and creeping indigo). Legumes and aromatic plants are the most potent cover crop species that can be intercropped in monoculture tea plantations due to their exceptional benefits. These cover crop species improve crop diversity and help with atmospheric nitrogen fixation, including with the emission of functional plant volatiles, which enhances the diversity and abundance of natural enemies, thereby assisting in the biocontrol of tea insect pests. The vital ecological services rendered by cover crops to monoculture tea plantations, including regarding the prevalent natural enemies and their pivotal role in the biocontrol of insect pests in the tea plantation, have also been reviewed. Climate-resilient crops (sorghum, cowpea) and volatile blends emitting aromatic plants (semen cassiae, marigold, flemingia) are recommended as cover crops that can be intercropped in tea plantations. These recommended cover crop species attract diverse natural enemies and suppress major tea pests (tea green leaf hopper, white flies, tea aphids, and mirid bugs). It is presumed that the incorporation of cover crops within the rows of tea plantations will be a promising strategy for mitigating pest attacks via the conservation biological control, thereby increasing tea yield and conserving agrobiodiversity. Furthermore, a cropping system with intercropped cover crop species would be environmentally benign and offer the opportunity to increase natural enemy abundance, delaying pest colonization and/or preventing pest outbreaks for pest management sustainability.
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Roy, Somnath, Ananda Mukhopadhyay, Soma Das, and G. Gurusubramanian. "BIOEFFICACY OF COCCINELLID PREDATORS ON MAJOR TEA PESTS." Journal of Biopesticides 03, no. 01 (June 1, 2010): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.3.1.33-36.

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ABSTRACT Twenty species of coccinellid predators were observed in Sub-Himalayan tea plantation of North Bengal during 2004 to 2006. Of these, Micraspis discolor (F) was dominant (42.5%) in the conventionally managed tea plantations. The abundance of M. discolor populations was positively correlated with the abundance of red spider mites (Oligonychus coffeae Neitner, Acarina: Tetranychidae) (R2 =0.705) and tea aphid (Toxoptera aurantii Boyer de Fons, Homoptera: Aphidae) (R2 = 0.893). Both the pests and their predator (M. discolor) populations showed similar patterns of abundance that reached peaks during January to March. In choice test, the mixed population the grub and adult of M. discolor showed a clear choice for the tea aphid. The life cycle studies also suggested that the tea aphid was the preferred prey for M. discolors, but the predator can survive on red spider mite also. The studies on feeding potential indicated that the grubs of M. discolor consumed on an average 280.30 red spider mites and 188.66 tea aphids during its larval period of development, which were 24.10 + 0.77 and 21.70 + 0.72 days, respectively. The regression between the age of grub and rate of consumption showed that the consumption by the predator at larval stage is highly correlated to its age. An adult predator consumed on an average of 20.32 + 11.79 red spider mites per day and 35.9 + 4.95 tea aphids per day. In both case, male individual consumed significantly less number of aphids as compared to the female.
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Shrestha, Gita, and Resham B. Thapa. "Tea pests and pesticide problems and integrated management." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 16 (June 1, 2015): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v16i0.19852.

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Tea is one of the most popular beverage and main cash crops of Nepal with a very high export potential. Its plantation has expanded over 19000 ha with production of nearly 21 million kg per annum providing employment opportunity to 12000 farmers and many traders in Nepal. This plant suffers from more than 300 recognized pests, of which 25-30 insect pests occur regularly in poorly managed tea garden and some of them are major ones causing significant crop loss. Their recognition of field occurrence and incidence helps in devising management options to reduce crop loss. Therefore, a study was conducted to monitor insect pests, ascertain their nature of incidence and time of occurrence in tea garden in terai (Bhadrapur), foot-hill (Barne) and mid- hill (Kanyam) of eastern Nepal. Information was gathered by interacting with local tea gardeners, close observation in the field, collection of species and their identification in the laboratory, which showed that both terai and foot-hills with warmer climate harbored higher number of species than mid-hills. Their integrated management is essential for sustainable tea production.
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Zhang, Jin, Yongchen Yu, Xiaona Qian, Xin Zhang, Xiwang Li, and Xiaoling Sun. "Recent Advances in the Specialized Metabolites Mediating Resistance to Insect Pests and Pathogens in Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis)." Plants 13, no. 2 (January 22, 2024): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13020323.

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Tea is the second most popular nonalcoholic beverage consumed in the world, made from the buds and young leaves of the tea plants (Camellia sinensis). Tea trees, perennial evergreen plants, contain abundant specialized metabolites and suffer from severe herbivore and pathogen attacks in nature. Thus, there has been considerable attention focusing on investigating the precise function of specialized metabolites in plant resistance against pests and diseases. In this review, firstly, the responses of specialized metabolites (including phytohormones, volatile compounds, flavonoids, caffeine, and L-theanine) to different attacks by pests and pathogens were compared. Secondly, research progress on the defensive functions and action modes of specialized metabolites, along with the intrinsic molecular mechanisms in tea plants, was summarized. Finally, the critical questions about specialized metabolites were proposed for better future research on phytohormone-dependent biosynthesis, the characteristics of defense responses to different stresses, and molecular mechanisms. This review provides an update on the biological functions of specialized metabolites of tea plants in defense against two pests and two pathogens.
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Wang, Yinkai, Renjie Xu, Di Bai, and Haifeng Lin. "Integrated Learning-Based Pest and Disease Detection Method for Tea Leaves." Forests 14, no. 5 (May 14, 2023): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14051012.

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Currently, the detection of tea pests and diseases remains a challenging task due to the complex background and the diverse spot patterns of tea leaves. Traditional methods of tea pest detection mainly rely on the experience of tea farmers and experts in specific fields, which is complex and inefficient and can easily lead to misclassification and omission of diseases. Currently, a single detection model is often used for tea pest and disease identification; however, its learning and perception capabilities are insufficient to complete target detection of pests and diseases in complex tea garden environments. To address the problem that existing target detection algorithms are difficult to identify in the complex environment of tea plantations, an integrated learning-based pest detection method is proposed to detect one disease (Leaf blight) and one pest (Apolygus lucorμm), and to perform adaptive learning and extraction of tea pests and diseases. In this paper, the YOLOv5 weakly supervised model is selected, and it is found through experiments that the GAM attention mechanism’s introduction on the basis of YOLOv5’s network can better identify the Apolygus lucorμm; the introduction of CBAM attention mechanism significantly enhances the effect of identifying Leaf blight. After integrating the two modified YOLOv5 models, the prediction results were processed using the weighted box fusion (WBF) algorithm. The integrated model made full use of the complementary advantages among the models, improved the feature extraction ability of the model and enhanced the detection capability of the model. The experimental findings demonstrate that the tea pest detection algorithm effectively enhances the detection ability of tea pests and diseases with an average accuracy of 79.3%. Compared with the individual models, the average accuracy improvement was 8.7% and 9.6%, respectively. The integrated algorithm, which may serve as a guide for tea disease diagnosis in field environments, has improved feature extraction capabilities, can extract more disease feature information, and better balances the model’s recognition accuracy and model complexity.
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S, Kumbinarasaiah, and Yeshwanth R. "Haar wavelet approach to study the control of biological pest model in Tea plants." Journal of Fractional Calculus and Nonlinear Systems 4, no. 2 (December 27, 2023): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/jfcns.v4i2.862.

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n this study, we consider a novel approach called the Haar wavelet collocation method (HWCM) toexamine the mathematical model of pest propagation in tea plants and how biological enemies might controlthem. This model is in the form of a system of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs). When studyingthe system, we consider tea plants, pests that harm the plants, biological enemies that are their reasonablecompetitors of pests, self-reproduction of the tea plants, natural death of pests and natural enemies, etc. Byturning the Mathematical model into a system of non-linear algebraic equations, we use the properties ofthe Haar wavelets. The opted method can solve the biological pest management problem in tea plants. Thevalues of the unknown coefficients are recovered using the collocation method and Newton Raphson method.The Mathematica program acquires the numerical results, nature, and uniformity. The acquired findings showthat the current method is more accurate than those indicated in tables and graphs.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tea Pests"

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Pathak, Sunil Kumar. "Population dynamics and feeding impact of some sucking pests on Darjeeling Tea." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1046.

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Saha, Dhiraj. "Assessment of Population Variability at Subcellular Level of Some Common Sucking Tea Pests from Darjeeling Hill and its Adjoining Plain." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/951.

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Sarker, Mayukh. "A Study on certain hydrolases and oxidoreductases of major arthropod pests of tea from Darjeeling foothill and its adjoining plain." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1080.

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De, Damayanti. "Study on the entomapathogenic bacteria of major lepidopteran tea pests and evaluation of their prospect as biopesticide." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1422.

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Pradhan, Bina. "Rearing and evaluation of performance of some common Lepidopteran tea pests on natural and artificial diets from Darjeeling region." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/995.

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Biswa, Ritesh. "Study on termites of tea plantations in terai region of Darjeeling foothills with insecticide tolerance status of two commonly occurring termite pests." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2723.

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Khewa, Subba Sangita. "Survey, isolation and characterization of entomopathogenic bacteria of some sporadic lepidopteran pests of tea foliage from Darjeeling foothills and plains." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2701.

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Sannigrahi, Subhasish. "Studies on population dynamics of some anthropods infesting young tea cultivars in Darjeeling plain and predation potentiality of Geocoris ochropterus (Fiber) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on these pests." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1064.

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Kirana, Chandra. "Bio-active compounds isolated from mistletoe (Scurulla oortiana (Korth.) Danser) parasitizing tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.)." Title page, contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09ak58.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 87-96. This thesis investigates non-proteinaceous low molecular weight flavonoid and alkaloid compounds in Scurulla oortiana (Korth.) Danser grown on Camellia sinens. Three flavonols are identified in S. oortiana (Korth.) Danser growing on different hosts. The identification and characterisation of these flavonoids are carried out using various chromatographic and spectrometric procedures. Two purine alkaloids are isolated from and identified in S. oortiana (Korth.) Danser parasitizing tea plant, C. Sinensis. The antifungal activity of the phenolic compounds isolated from mistletoe parasitizing tea plant is examined.
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Spies, Christoffel F. J. (Christoffel Frederik Jakobus). "The inoculum ecology of Botrytis cinerea in Rooibos nurseries." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20943.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grey mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is the most important foliar disease of rooibos seedlings. Although the disease is primarily controlled with applications of fungicides, the improvement of cultural methods of disease management should lessen this dependence on chemical control. Such improvements would, however, not be possible without knowledge of the inoculum sources and dispersal of the pathogen. The aim of this study was to investigate the inoculum ecology of B. cinerea in rooibos nurseries in order to identify primary sources of inoculum and to improve the environmentally friendly management of the disease. The study was conducted in four nurseries over two production seasons (March to July 2003 and 2004). Levels of airborne inoculum of B. cinerea were monitored on a monthly basis inside and around the nurseries with spore traps. Samples of plant material and organic debris were taken in the corresponding areas to determine the incidence of plant material infected by the pathogen and the incidences of grey mould in the nurseries were recorded. Low numbers of B. cinerea colonies were observed on the spore traps. Similar levels of airborne inoculum were observed inside and around the nurseries. The incidence of plant material yielding B. cinerea was higher outside the nurseries than inside, indicating the importance of such materials as potential sources of inoculum. Since patterns of airborne inoculum observed in this study confirmed reports of the local dispersal of B. cinerea, the removal of possible hosts outside the nurseries could aid in the management of grey mould in rooibos nurseries. Resistance to dicarboximide fungicides is a genetically stable trait in B. cinerea, and therefore has the potential to be used as a phenotypic marker. This marker can be used to gain knowledge on the dispersal of B. cinerea inoculum inside and outside rooibos nurseries. Isolates of B. cinerea collected from the air and from plant material in and around four rooibos nurseries were assessed for resistance to iprodione at 1 and 3 μg/ml a.i. Some of the isolates showed resistance to iprodione at 1 μg/ml a.i. However, none of the isolates showed resistance at 3 μg/ml a.i. iprodione. The initial incidence of dicarboximide-resistance at the nurseries was slightly higher than expected. As the season progressed, the incidence of iprodione-resistant isolates decreased towards May, after which an increase was observed towards July. A relatively high percentage of isolates collected outside the nurseries was found to be dicarboximide-resistant. Two of the nurseries had a significant higher incidence of resistant isolates on plant material collected inside, than on plant material collected outside the nursery. However, when looking at resistance levels of airborne isolates, no significant differences were found in the incidence of resistant isolates sampled inside and outside the four nurseries. The data indicated the importance of organic debris and seed-borne infections in the survival and dispersal of dicarboximide-resistant isolates of the pathogen. With the current emphasis on organic agriculture the knowledge gained in this study presents valuable possibilities of improving the cultural management of grey mould in rooibos nurseries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vaalvrot, veroorsaak deur Botrytis cinerea, is die belangrikste bo-grondse siekte van rooibossaailinge. Alhoewel die beheer van die siekte hoofsaaklik op die gebruik van fungisiede berus, behoort die verbetering van verbouingspraktyke hierdie afhanklikheid van chemiese beheer te verminder. Sulke verbeteringe sal egter slegs moontlik wees indien voldoende kennis van die inokulumbronne en verspreiding van die patogeen beskikbaar is. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om die inokulum ekologie van B. cinerea in rooibos kwekerye te ondersoek sodat primêre inokulumbronne opgespoor en omgewingsvriendelike siektebestuurspraktyke verbeter kan word. Die ondersoek is in vier kwekerye oor twee produksie seisoene (Maart tot Julie 2003 en 2004) uitgevoer. Vlakke van luggedraagde inokulum van B. cinerea is op ’n maandelikse basis met behulp van spoorvangers binne en buite die kwekerye gemonitor. Monsters van plantmateriaal en organiese materiaal is in ooreenstemmende areas geneem om die voorkoms van B. cinerea geïnfekteerde plantmateriaal vas te stel en die voorkoms van vaalvrot in die kwekerye is aangeteken. Min B. cinerea kolonies is op die spoorvangers waargeneem. Soortgelyke vlakke van luggedraagde inokulum is binne en buite die kwekerye waargeneem. Die hoër voorkoms van B. cinerea geïnfekteerde plantmateriaal buite die kwekerye as binne, dui op die belang van sulke materiaal as potensiële inokulumbronne. Aangesien die patrone van luggedraagde inokulum, soos waargeneem in hierdie ondersoek, ander berigte van B. cinerea se beperkte verspreidingsvermoë bevestig, kan die verwydering van moontlike alternatiewe gashere buite die kwekerye die bestuur van die siekte binne die kwekerye verbeter. Weerstand teen dikarboksimied fungisiede is ’n geneties-stabiele kenmerk in B. cinerea en het daarom potensiaal om as ’n fenotipiese merker gebruik te word. Hierdie merker kan gebruik word om kennis aangaande die verspreiding van B. cinerea in en om rooibos kwekerye in te samel. Botrytis cinerea isolate in lug en op plantmateriaal in en om vier rooibos kwekerye is gedurende 2003 en 2004 versamel. Die isolate is vir weerstandbiedendheid teen iprodioon by konsentrasies van 1 en 3 μg/ml aktiewe bestandeel (a.b.) getoets. Isolate met weerstand teen 1 μg/ml a.b. iprodioon is waargeneem, maar nie teen 3 μg/ml nie. Die aanvanklike voorkoms van dikarboksimiedweerstand by die kwekerye was hoër as verwag. Hierdie vlak het egter gedaal met die verloop van die seisoen tot in Mei, waarna ’n toename tot in Julie waargeneem is. Die persentasie dikarboksimied-weerstandbiedende isolate buite die kwekerye was relatief hoog. In twee van die kwekerye was die voorkoms van weerstandbiedende isolate op plantmateriaal in die kwekerye betekenisvol hoër as op plantmateriaal buite die kwekerye. Daar was egter geen betekenisvolle verskille in die voorkoms van luggedraagde weerstandbiedende isolate nie, ongeag van die kwekery of posisie. Die data dui op die belang van organiese materiaal en saadgedraagde infeksies in die oorlewing en verspreiding van dikarboksimied-weerstandbiedende isolate van die patogeen. Met die huidige klem op organiese landbou bied die inligting wat in hierdie ondersoek versamel is moontlike praktyke wat geïmplementeer kan word om die beheer van vaalvrot in kwekerye met behulp van verbouingspraktyke te verbeter.
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Books on the topic "Tea Pests"

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Ahmed, Mainuddin. Tea pest management. Barguna, Bangladesh: Saleha Begum, 2005.

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Cha shu bing chong. Beijing: Nong ye chu ban she, 1985.

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Zhongguo cha shu bing chong ce bao ban fa. Hefei Shi: Anhui ke xue ji shu chu ban she, 1986.

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United Planters' Association of Southern India. Tea Research Institute., ed. Project report on forecasting blister blight disease and biology and control of primary root diseases in tea, April 1991 to March 1996. Valparai, Coimbatore Dist: UPASI Tea Research Institute, 1996.

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Ian, Southwell, and Lowe Robert, eds. Tea tree: The genus Melaleuca. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999.

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Shukla, P. K. Diseases and insect pests of teak. Jabalpur: Tropical Forest Research Institute, Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education, 2001.

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National Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (U.S.). The biologic and economic assessment of aldicarb: Report of the aldicarb assessment team. Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Extension Service, 1991.

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United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs. Biological control program evaluation: A review team report. Maryland?]: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, 1985.

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US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. The biologic and economic assessment of chlordimeform: A report of the chlordimeform assessment team to the special review of chlordimeform. United States]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1986.

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Rizvi, Anjum Nasreen. Nematodes associated with insect pests and soil of teak and sal forests of Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tea Pests"

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Mukhopadhyay, Ananda, Soma Das, and Kumar Basnet. "Pests of Indian Tea Plantations." In Pests and Their Management, 649–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8687-8_20.

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Hazarika, L. K., K. C. Puzari, and Seema Wahab. "Biological Control of Tea Pests." In Biocontrol Potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture, 159–80. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1377-3_11.

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Radhakrishnan, B. "Pests and Their Management in Tea." In Trends in Horticultural Entomology, 1489–511. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0343-4_64.

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Chen, Zong-Mao, Xiao-Ling Sun, and Wen-Xia Dong. "Genetics and Chemistry of the Resistance of Tea Plant to Pests." In Global Tea Breeding, 343–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31878-8_13.

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Zhou, Heng, Fuchuan Ni, Ziyan Wang, Fang Zheng, and Na Yao. "Classification of Tea Pests Based on Automatic Machine Learning." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 296–306. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8599-9_35.

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Muraleedharan, Narayanannair, and Somnath Roy. "Arthropod Pests and Natural Enemy Communities in Tea Ecosystems of India." In Economic and Ecological Significance of Arthropods in Diversified Ecosystems, 361–92. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1524-3_18.

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Prasad, Anjali Km, and Ananda Mukhopadhyay. "Artificial Diet Designing: Its Utility in Management of Defoliating Tea Pests (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)." In Innovative Pest Management Approaches for the 21st Century, 165–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0794-6_9.

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Muraleedharan, N. "Pest control in Asia." In Tea, 375–412. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2326-6_12.

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Rattan, P. S. "Pest and disease control in Africa." In Tea, 331–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2326-6_10.

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Sun, Jing, Shaowen Li, Li Zhang, Chao Liu, Huiyuan Zhao, and Jingui Yang. "Ontology Construction in Tea Pest Domain." In Linked Data and Knowledge Graph, 228–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54025-7_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tea Pests"

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Samanta, R. K., and Indrajit Ghosh. "Mining a tea insect pests database." In 2012 3rd National Conference on Emerging Trends and Applications in Computer Science (NCETACS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ncetacs.2012.6203298.

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Huang, Qiang, Youzhi Tao, Shitao Ding, Yongbo Liu, and Francesco Marinello. "Automatic Construction of Knowledge Graph of Tea Diseases and Pests." In 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems. PTI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15439/2023f6100.

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Bhatt, Prakruti, Sanat Sarangi, and Srinivasu Pappula. "Detection of diseases and pests on images captured in uncontrolled conditions from tea plantations." In Autonomous Air and Ground Sensing Systems for Agricultural Optimization and Phenotyping IV, edited by J. Alex Thomasson, Mac McKee, and Robert J. Moorhead. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2518868.

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Huang, Jiayi /., Mengxi /. Zeng, Weixia /. Li, and Xiangbao /. Meng. "Application of Data Augmentation and Migration Learning in Identification of Diseases and Pests in Tea Trees." In 2019 Boston, Massachusetts July 7- July 10, 2019. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.201900919.

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Huang, Qiang, Youzhi Tao, Shitao Ding, Yongbo Liu, and Francesco Marinello. "An Intelligent Q&A Module for Tea Diseases and Pests Based on Automatic Knowledge Graph Construction." In 2023 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metroagrifor58484.2023.10424245.

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Materne, Ntihemuka, and Masahiro Inoue. "Potential of IoT System and Cloud Services for Predicting Agricultural Pests and Diseases." In 2018 IEEE Region Ten Symposium (Tensymp). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tenconspring.2018.8691951.

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M, Abinaya, Alfred Daniel J, Santhosh R, Parthasarathy V, Saravana Kumar G, Somnath Roy, and Bappaditya Kanrar. "Efficiency of IDRONE Technology in Finding Pest-Free Solutions for Tea Farming-Looper Caterpillar and Tea Leaf Hopper." In 2023 International Conference on Emerging Research in Computational Science (ICERCS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icercs57948.2023.10434102.

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K, Malathi, N. Mohanasundaram, Santhosh R, Parthasarathy V, Saravana Kumar G, Somnath Roy, and Bappaditya Kanrar. "Identification Tea Pest Infestation Against Red Spider Mite And Red Slug Catterpillar." In 2023 International Conference on Emerging Research in Computational Science (ICERCS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icercs57948.2023.10434106.

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Yang, Fang, Junde Chen, Fuping Ren, Zihao Wang, Ziyuan Li, and Shuyu Jiang. "An Integration Deep Learning Model for the Oil-tea Camellia Disease and Pest Recognition." In 2023 2nd International Conference on Automation, Robotics and Computer Engineering (ICARCE). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icarce59252.2024.10492594.

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Brandão, Maicon, Marcelo Acordi, and Guilherme Dal Bianco. "Uma Proposta para Redução do Conjunto de Treinamento Utilizando Aprendizagem Ativa." In Escola Regional de Banco de Dados. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/erbd.2023.229494.

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Métodos supervisionados são comumente utilizados em inúmeras tarefas como na classificação de informações. Porém, a aprendizagem do método supervisionado depende da criação de um conjunto de treinamento rotulado capaz de representar os padrões presentes na base de dados. Identificar exemplos informativos e representativos pode representar uma redução de custos. Neste contexto, a aprendizagem ativa tem como objetivo selecionar instâncias mais informativas para serem rotuladas a fim de se reduzir o conjunto de treinamento. Este artigo tem como objetivo propor pesos para um algoritmo de aprendizagem ativa para reduzir a quantidade de instâncias selecionadas. Em outras palavras, almeja-se reduzir o impacto do desbalanceamento de classes a partir da utilização de pesos para o método de aprendizagem ativa. Os experimentos preliminares demonstraram que é possível reduzir o tamanho do conjunto rotulado sem impactar na eficácia do método.
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Reports on the topic "Tea Pests"

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Eneroth, Hanna, Hanna Karlsson Potter, and Elin Röös. Environmental impact of coffee, tea and cocoa – data collection for a consumer guide for plant-based foods. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2n3m2d2pjl.

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In 2020, WWF launched a consumer guide on plant-based products targeting Swedish consumers. The development of the guide is described in a journal paper (Karlsson Potter & Röös, 2021) and the environmental impact of different plant based foods was published in a report (Karlsson Potter, Lundmark, & Röös, 2020). This report was prepared for WWF Sweden to provide scientific background information for complementing the consumer guide with information on coffee, tea and cocoa. This report includes quantitative estimations for several environmental categories (climate, land use, biodiversity and water use) of coffee (per L), tea (per L) and cocoa powder (per kg), building on the previously established methodology for the consumer guide. In addition, scenarios of consumption of coffee, tea and cocoa drink with milk/plant-based drinks and waste at household level, are presented. Tea, coffee and cacao beans have a lot in common. They are tropical perennial crops traditionally grown in the shade among other species, i.e. in agroforestry systems. Today, the production in intensive monocultures has negative impact on biodiversity. Re-introducing agroforestry practices may be part of the solution to improve biodiversity in these landscapes. Climate change will likely, due to changes in temperature, extreme weather events and increases in pests and disease, alter the areas where these crops can be grown in the future. A relatively high ratio of the global land used for coffee, tea and cocoa is certified according to sustainability standards, compared to other crops. Although research on the implications of voluntary standards on different outcomes is inconclusive, the literature supports that certifications have a role in incentivizing more sustainable farming. Coffee, tea and cocoa all contain caffeine and have a high content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, and they have all been associated with positive health outcomes. While there is a strong coffee culture in Sweden and coffee contributes substantially to the environmental impact of our diet, tea is a less consumed beverage. Cocoa powder is consumed as a beverage, but substantial amounts of our cocoa consumption is in the form of chocolate. Roasted ground coffee on the Swedish market had a climate impact of 4.0 kg CO2e per kg powder, while the climate impact of instant coffee powder was 11.5 kg CO2e per kg. Per litre, including the energy use for making the coffee, the total climate impact was estimated to 0.25 kg CO2e per L brewed coffee and 0.16 kg CO2e per L for instant coffee. Less green coffee beans are needed to produce the same amount of ready to drink coffee from instant coffee than from brewed coffee. Tea had a climate impact of approximately 6.3 kg CO2 e per kg dry leaves corresponding to an impact of 0.064 CO2e per L ready to drink tea. In the assessment of climate impact per cup, tea had the lowest impact with 0.013 kg CO2e, followed by black instant coffee (0.024 kg CO2e), black coffee (0.038 kg CO2e), and cocoa drink made with milk (0.33 kg CO2e). The climate impact of 1kg cocoa powder on the Swedish market was estimated to 2.8 kg CO2e. Adding milk to coffee or tea increases the climate impact substantially. The literature describes a high proportion of the total climate impact of coffee from the consumer stage due to the electricity used by the coffee machine. However, with the Nordic low-carbon energy mix, the brewing and heating of water and milk contributes to only a minor part of the climate impact of coffee. As in previous research, coffee also had a higher land use, water use and biodiversity impact than tea per L beverage. Another factor of interest at the consumer stage is the waste of prepared coffee. Waste of prepared coffee contributes to climate impact through the additional production costs and electricity for preparation, even though the latter was small in our calculations. The waste of coffee and tea at Summary household level is extensive and measures to reduce the amount of wasted coffee and tea could reduce the environmental impact of Swedish hot drink consumption. For the final evaluation of coffee and tea for the consumer guide, the boundary for the fruit and vegetable group was used. The functional unit for coffee and tea was 1 L prepared beverage without any added milk or sweetener. In the guide, the final evaluation of conventionally grown coffee is that it is ‘yellow’ (‘Consume sometimes’), and for organic produce, ‘light green’ (‘Please consume). The evaluation of conventionally grown tea is that it is ‘light green’, and for organic produce, ‘dark green’ (‘Preferably consume this’). For cocoa, the functional unit is 1 kg of cocoa powder and the boundary was taken from the protein group. The final evaluation of conventionally grown cocoa is that it is ‘orange’ (‘Be careful’), and for organically produced cocoa, ‘light green’.
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Espinosa-Torres, Juan Andrés, Luis Fernando Melo-Velandia, and José Fernando Moreno-Gutiérrez. Estimación de la prima por vencimiento de los TES en pesos del gobierno colombiano. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.854.

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Messelink, G. J. Team building in biocontrol : An ecosystem approach in biological pest control in greenhouse cropping systems. Wageningen: Wageningen University & Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/555184.

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Needham, Glenn R., Uri Gerson, Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman, D. Samatero, J. Yoder, and William Bruce. Integrated Management of Tracheal Mite, Acarapis woodi, and of Varroa Mite, Varroa jacobsoni, Major Pests of Honey Bees. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573068.bard.

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Objectives: The Israeli work plan regarding HBTM included: (a) producing a better diagnostic method; (b) following infestations during the season and evaluating damage to resistant bees and, (c) controlling HBTM by conventional means under local conditions. For varroa our plans to try novel control (e.g. oil novel control (e.g. oil patties & essential oils) were initially delayed by very low pest populations, then disrupted by the emergence of fluvalinate resistance. We monitored the spread of resistance to understand it better, and analyzed an underlying biochemical resistance mechanism in varroa. The US work plan focused on novel management methods for both mites with an emphasis on reducing use of traditional insecticides due to resistance and contamination issues. Objectives were: (a) evaluating plant essential oils for varroa control; (b) exploring the vulnerability of varroa to desiccation for their management; and (c) looking for biological variation in HBTM that could explain virulence variability between colonies. Although the initial PI at the USDA Beltsville Bee Lab, W.A. Bruce, retired during the project we made significant strides especially on varroa water balance. Subcontracts were performed by Yoder (Illinois College) on varroa water balance and DeGrandi-Hoffman (USDA) who evaluated plant essential oils for their potential to control varroa. We devised an IPM strategy for mite control i the U.S. Background: Mites that parasitize honey bees are a global problem. They are threatening the survival of managed and feral bees, the well-being of commercial/hobby beekeeping, and due to pollination, the future of some agricultural commodities is threatened. Specific economic consequences of these mites are that: (a) apiculture/breeder business are failing; (b) fewer colonies exist; (c) demand and cost for hive leasing are growing; (d) incidences of bee pathogens are increasing; and, (e) there are ore problems with commercial-reared bees. As a reflection of the continued significance f bee mites, a mite book is now in press (Webster & delaplane, 2000); and the 2nd International Conference on Africanized Honey Bees and Bee Mites is scheduled (April, 2000, Arizona). The first such conference was at OSU (1987, GRN was co-organizer). The major challenge is controlling two very different mites within a colony while not adversely impacting the hive. Colony management practices vary, as do the laws dictating acaricide use. Our basic postulates were that: (a) both mites are of economic importance with moderate to high infestations but not at low rates and, (b) once established they will not be eradicated. A novel strategy was devised that deals with the pests concomitantly by maintaining populations at low levels, without unnecessary recourse to synthetic acaricides. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements: A major recent revelation is that there are several species of "Varroa jacobsoni" (Anderson & Trueman 1999). Work on control, resistance, population dynamics, and virulence awaits knowing whether this is a problem. In the U.S. there was no difference between varroa from three locales in terms of water balance parameters (AZ, MN & PA), which bodes well for our work to date. Winter varroa (U.S.) were more prone to desiccation than during other seasons. Varroa sensitivity to desiccation has important implications for improving IPM. Several botanicals showed some promise for varroa control (thymol & origanum). Unfortunately there is varroa resistance to Apistan in Israel but a resistance mechanism was detected for the first time. The Israel team also has a new method for HBTM diagnosis. Annual tracheal mite population trends in Israel were characterized, which will help in targeting treatment. Effects of HBTM on honey yields were shown. HBTM control by Amitraz was demonstrated for at least 6 months. Showing partial resistance by Buckfast bees to HBTM will be an important IPM tactic in Israel and U.S.
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Ariza-Murillo, Sara, Fredy Gamboa-Estrada, and Camilo Andrés Orozco-Vanegas. El impacto potencial de los movimientos de portafolio de los inversionistas extranjeros sobre la tasa de cambio en Colombia. Banco de la República, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1261.

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Los movimientos de portafolio de los inversionistas extranjeros pueden afectar el mercado cambiario colombiano principalmente a través de la demanda por cobertura que realizan en el mercado de derivados cambiarios, y del cambio de dólares por pesos que se materializa al invertir en títulos de deuda pública (TES). Este artículo analiza el impacto potencial que pueden tener los movimientos de portafolio de estos inversionistas sobre la tasa de cambio de contado en Colombia. Utilizando modelos GARCH, los resultados evidencian que las variaciones de las posiciones de los inversionistas extranjeros en el mercado de non-delivery-forwards (NDF) y en el mercado de TES tienen un efecto estadísticamente significativo, pequeño y de corta duración sobre la tasa de cambio. Dicho efecto es mayor en el mercado de NDF. Adicionalmente, se evidencia una relación positiva y de muy corto plazo entre los retornos de la tasa de cambio y la variación de la posición neta de los inversionistas extranjeros (compras) en el mercado de NDF, mientras que dicha relación resulta negativa y más persistente para los flujos de inversión de los extranjeros en el mercado de TES.
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Vargas-Herrera, Hernando, Pamela Andrea Cardozo-Ortiz, Clara Lía Machado-Franco, Carlos Alberto Cadena-Silva, Freddy Hernán Cepeda-López, Aura María Ciceri-Lozano, Carlos Eduardo León-Rincón, et al. Reporte de Sistemas de Pago - Junio de 2021. Banco de la República de Colombia, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.2021.

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El Banco de la República, con el Reporte de Sistemas de Pago, entrega un panorama completo de la infraestructura financiera local, siendo este un producto importante de la labor de seguimiento a dicha infraestructura. Las cifras contenidas en este reporte corresponden al año 2020, período de pandemia durante el cual las medidas de confinamiento para aliviar la tensión sobre el sistema de salud generaron para Colombia, al igual que en la mayoría de los países, una fuerte reducción de la actividad económica y el consumo. Desde el comienzo de la pandemia, la Junta Directiva del Banco de la República adoptó las decisiones necesarias para otorgar al mercado amplia liquidez en pesos y dólares, garantizar la estabilidad de los mercados, proteger el sistema de pagos y preservar la oferta de crédito. El pronunciado crecimiento de los agregados monetarios reflejó la mayor preferencia por liquidez, la cual fue atendida oportunamente por el Banco de la República. Las decisiones adoptadas se realizaron mediante diferentes operaciones, las cuales fueron compensadas y liquidadas en la infraestructura financiera. Después de la introducción, la segunda sección del presente reporte de pagos analiza la evolución y el desempeño de las diferentes infraestructuras financieras. Se destaca que el sistema de pagos de alto valor CUD registró en 2020 un mayor dinamismo que el año anterior, principalmente por el aumento de los depósitos remunerados que en promedio diario realizó la Dirección General de Crédito Público y del Tesoro Nacional (DGCPTN) con el Banco de República, así como una mayor actividad del mercado de simultáneas de deuda pública. Consecuentemente con el crecimiento de la actividad en el CUD, el Depósito Central de Valores (DCV) registró una mayor actividad por el aumento del mercado monetario de deuda pública y por las colocaciones por parte del Gobierno Nacional en el mercado primario. El valor de las operaciones compensadas y liquidadas por intermedio de la Cámara de Riesgo Central de Contraparte (CRCC) continúa creciendo, jalonado principalmente por los contratos non delivery forward (NDF) peso/dólar. Con respecto a la CRCC, es oportuno mencionar que a partir de finales del año pasado esta cámara se encarga de administrar los riesgos y de compensar y liquidar las operaciones del mercado de contado peso/dólar, debido a la fusión con la Cámara de Compensación de Divisas de Colombia (CCDC). Así mismo, a partir del último trimestre del año 2020 la CRCC se encarga de compensar y liquidar el mercado de renta variable, labor que venía desempeñando la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (BVC). En la sección tres se entrega una visión integral de los pagos en el mercado de bienes y servicios, es decir, de las transacciones efectuadas en el circuito de personas naturales y empresas no financieras. Durante la pandemia las transferencias electrónicas inter e intrabancarias, que en su mayoría son originadas por empresas, registraron un incremento tanto en número como en valor de operaciones frente a 2019. Por su parte, los pagos con tarjetas débito y crédito originados principalmente por personas naturales mostraron un comportamiento decreciente con respecto a 2019. Los pagos realizados con cheques siguen disminuyendo, presentando una tendencia a la baja muy pronunciada en el último año. Como complemento a la información sobre transferencias electrónicas, el reporte incluye en esta sección un sombreado sobre la caracterización de la población con cuenta de ahorro y corriente, empleando los datos de la encuesta del Banco de la República sobre percepción de uso de los instrumentos de pago en 2019. Se incluye también un recuadro sobre la evolución transaccional de una billetera móvil provista por una sociedad especializada en depósitos y pagos electrónicos (Sedpe), mostrando que desde su creación a finales del año 2017 ha incremento en el número de usuarios y el valor de las transacciones, con especial velocidad durante la pandemia. Adicionalmente, se presenta un diagnóstico sobre los efectos de la pandemia en los patrones de pago de la población, fundamentado en datos sobre el uso del efectivo en circulación, sobre los pagos con instrumentos electrónicos, y sobre el consumo y la confianza del consumidor. Se concluye que el desplome en el índice de confianza del consumidor y la caída en el consumo privado dieron lugar a cambios en los patrones de pago de las personas. Las compras con tarjetas de crédito y débito disminuyeron, mientras que los pagos por bienes y servicios mediante transferencia electrónica aumentaron. Estos resultados, junto con el considerable aumento del efectivo en circulación, podrían proveer indicios a favor de un posible atesoramiento del papel moneda con motivo precaución por parte de las personas y de un mayor uso del efectivo como instrumento de pago. Se incluye, además, un recuadro que presenta los principales cambios que se introdujeron en la regulación del sistema de pagos de bajo valor en el país mediante la expedición del Decreto 1692 de diciembre de 2020. La cuarta sección se refiere a las importantes innovaciones y cambios tecnológicos que se han observado en el sistema de pagos al por menor. Se destacan cuatro temas en esta línea. El primero se constituye en un punto clave para la construcción de la infraestructura financiera de pagos inmediatos. Consiste en el diseño e implementación de los llamados esquemas superpuestos, los cuales son un desarrollo tecnológico que permite una comunicación abierta entre los diferentes agentes de la cadena de pagos, logrando una alta interoperabilidad entre diferentes proveedores de servicios de pago. El segundo tema explora los avances en el debate internacional sobre la emisión de moneda digital por parte de los bancos centrales (CBDC por su sigla en inglés), con el fin de entender su posible impacto en el sistema de pagos de bajo valor y en el uso del efectivo. El tercer tema está relacionado con nuevas formas de iniciación de pagos, tales como los códigos QR, la biometría o la tecnología de comunicación de campos cercanos (NCF por su sigla en inglés). Estos cambios, aparentemente pequeños, pueden tener efectos importantes en la experiencia del usuario con el sistema de pagos de bajo valor. El cuarto tema, finalmente, es el crecimiento de los pagos vinculados con la telefonía móvil y el internet. El reporte finaliza en la sección cinco con una reseña de dos trabajos de investigación aplicada realizados en el Banco de la República en el año 2020. El primero analiza el nivel patrimonial de la CRCC, reconociendo el rol relevante que esta infraestructura ha adquirido en la compensación y liquidación de varios mercados financieros en el país. Se exploran los requerimientos de capital para las entidades de contrapartida central establecidos en algunas jurisdicciones, se identifican los riesgos que se busca cubrir desde la perspectiva del servicio que este tipo de entidades ofrece al mercado y aquellos asociados a su actividad corporativa. Se analizan los niveles patrimoniales de la CRCC a partir de lo observado en la regulación de la Unión Europea y se concluye que la CRCC cuenta con un esquema de anillos de seguridad muy similar al observado en la experiencia internacional y que su nivel patrimonial es superior al exigido por la regulación colombiana, siendo suficiente para cubrir otros riesgos. El segundo trabajo de investigación identifica y cuantifica las fuentes que utilizan las entidades participantes en el CUD para cumplir con sus obligaciones diarias contraídas en el mercado financiero local, y con su uso como herramienta de monitoreo de la liquidez intradía en condiciones normales. Leonardo Villar Gómez Gerente General
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Reporte de Mercados - Tercer trimestre de 2023. Banco de la República, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rmf-3-trim.2023.

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En el tercer trimestre del año continuó la moderación de los elevados niveles de inflación a nivel global. Ante una actividad económica más fuerte de lo anticipado en las economías desarrolladas, así como las expectativas en torno a una senda de política monetaria más contractiva, la deuda pública global se desvalorizó. Por su parte, los activos de mayor riesgo también se han visto afectados en la coyuntura reciente, por cuenta de eventos que han incidido en una reducción del apetito por riesgo de los inversionistas. Las presiones inflacionarias a nivel global permanecen en niveles elevados, aunque siguieron presentando una tendencia a la baja en la mayoría de los países, principalmente por menores presiones de oferta • Los principales bancos centrales de economías desarrolladas continuaron con un ciclo de aumentos de tasa de interés, los mercados siguieron descontando una senda de política monetaria más contractiva y los títulos de deuda pública se desvalorizaron. • Por su parte los bancos centrales de algunos países de la región (Brasil, Chile y Perú) iniciaron un ciclo de recortes de su tasa de política monetaria (TPM), lo cual está en línea con la corrección de la inflación y sus expectativas en estos países. • Las expectativas de inflación de mercado de mediano aumentaron levemente para los países desarrollados y en la región lo hicieron las de corto plazo. Esto se explica principalmente por la materialización de algunos factores de riesgos en el panorama inflacionario, como las presiones de oferta que incidieron en el aumento de los precios del petróleo en el periodo. La actividad económica se mostró más resiliente de lo esperado, con mejoras leves en la perspectiva de crecimiento global para este año y reducciones para el siguiente año. La percepción de riesgo aumentó a nivel global principalmente por preocupaciones en el frente fiscal de EE.UU. y sobre el desempeño económico de China. • La actividad económica ha sorprendido de manera favorable al mercado en la mayoría de los países, especialmente aquellos intensivos en actividades asociadas con el sector servicios (e.g. Estados Unidos y México), mientras que en aquellos intensivos en actividades manufactureras (e.g. Alemania y China) la tendencia ha sido contraria. • Algunos activos de mayor riesgo, incluyendo las acciones, y la deuda de largo plazo presentaron un desempeño negativo por una reducción en el apetito por riesgo, debido a los impactos de una mayor incertidumbre frente al futuro fiscal de Estados Unidos. • Se evidenciaron dificultades en las negociaciones entre el Congreso y el Gobierno de EE.UU. frente al techo de la deuda y el gasto público. En relación con esto Fitch redujo la calificación crediticia de la deuda soberana de este país. A nivel local, los agentes del mercado descontaron una senda de política monetaria más contractiva por parte del Banco de la República (Banrep) y los títulos de deuda pública se desvalorizaron en línea con lo observado a nivel global. • La deuda pública local presentó una desvalorización superior a los pares de la región, debido a la mayor sensibilidad a factores externos que han mostrado los títulos colombianos en el período reciente. • La curva de rendimientos en pesos se empinó, revirtiendo la tendencia de reducciones en su pendiente observada en el primer semestre del año. • Los inversionistas extranjeros acentuaron las ventas de títulos de deuda pública en el trimestre, las cuales podrían estas asociadas con tomas de utilidad y recomposiciones dadas las valorizaciones acumuladas por los títulos colombianos durante el año. • Las salidas de los inversionistas extranjeros fueron compensadas por entradas por parte de los fondos de pensiones locales, que acumulan compras récord en lo corrido del año. El mercado monetario continuó operando de manera adecuada y el IBR overnight se ubicó muy cerca de la tasa de política monetaria establecida por la junta Directiva del Banrep (JDBR), en línea con el cumplimiento del objetivo operativo de la política monetaria. • El Banco de la República ofreció repos a distintos plazos y realizó compras en el mercado de deuda pública con el objetivo de suministrar liquidez permanente a la economía y evitar que el IBR se desvíe de la TPM. • En este periodo se corrigieron los diferenciales entre las tasas de los CDT y TES, en parte por las medidas tomadas por la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia sobre la modificación de algunos ponderadores del fondeo estable disponible que hace parte del requerimiento del CFEN, así como las medidas implementadas por el Banco de la República para suministrar liquidez. En cuanto al mercado cambiario, el peso colombiano se siguió apreciando, a diferencia de las monedas de los países pares de la región • La tasa de cambio alcanzó niveles no observados desde inicios del año pasado. • El peso colombiano se vio favorecido por el aumento de los precios del petróleo, una percepción de riesgo local estable y expectativas de una política monetaria más restrictiva por parte del Banrep. • La mayoría de las monedas de países emergentes se depreciaron ante el fortalecimiento generalizado del dólar y el aumento de la percepción de riesgo a nivel global tras preocupaciones por la desaceleración del crecimiento económico de China Recuadro 1: Situación reciente de liquidez y el rol del Banco de la República Autores: Andrés Murcia Pabón y Wilmar Cabrera Recuadro 2: Relación entre el mercado de los Overnight Index Swap y el de los Títulos de Tesorería (TES) Autores: Alfredo Iván Hincapié Martínez, Diego Alejandro Rojas Prieto, Kimberly Rojas Silva y Cristhian Hernando Ruíz Cardozo Recuadro 3: Caracterización de inversionistas extranjeros en el mercado de contado de TES Oscar David Botero Ramírez y Cristhian Hernando Ruíz Cardozo Recuadro 4: Análisis de los flujos de inversionistas extranjeros en la volatilidad del mercado de contado de TES Oscar David Botero Ramírez y Camilo Andrés Orozco Vanegas
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8

Reporte de Mercados Financieros - Cuarto trimestre de 2023. Banco de la República, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rmf-4-trim.2023.

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Abstract:
En el año 2023 se observó una caída en los indicadores de inflación en un contexto de mayores incrementos de las tasas de política monetaria en economías avanzadas, debido a que la inflación aún se ubicaba por encima de la meta de los bancos centrales. En el último trimestre estos bancos indicaron la posibilidad de adoptar una postura menos contractiva en 2024. Durante 2023 el crecimiento económico global superó las expectativas de inicios de año y una disminución en la percepción de riesgo a nivel global, que llevó a que los activos de riesgo, incluyendo las acciones, presentaran un buen desempeño. Los indicadores de inflación siguen por encima de la meta de la mayoría de los bancos centrales, a pesar de mostrar una disminución importante en el 2023. • Los principales bancos centrales de economías desarrolladas continuaron con un ciclo de aumentos de tasa de interés en el año, y en el último trimestre indicaron la posibilidad de adoptar una política monetaria menos contractiva en el año 2024. • Los activos de renta fija de los países desarrollados se desvalorizaron la mayoría del año, pero presentaron una corrección importante en el último trimestre del año. • Por su parte, los bancos centrales de algunos países de la región (Colombia, Brasil, Chile y Perú) realizaron recortes de su tasa de política monetaria (TPM), lo cual está en línea con la corrección de la inflación y sus expectativas en estos países. • Los activos de renta fija de la región presentaron valorizaciones importantes en línea con la reducción de la inflación, menor percepción de riesgo y correcciones en este mercado frente a sus niveles de cierre del año 2022. Frente a la mayor probabilidad de una recesión que asignaba el mercado a inicios del año 2023, la actividad económica global se mostró más resiliente. Por consiguiente, la percepción de riesgo cayó a nivel global, aunque hubo algunos eventos de riesgo a lo largo del año que ocasionaron volatilidad en estos indicadores. • La actividad económica ha sorprendido de manera favorable al mercado en la mayoría de los países, especialmente aquellos intensivos en actividades asociadas con el sector servicios (e.g. Estados Unidos y México), mientras que en aquellos intensivos en actividades manufactureras (e.g. Alemania y China) la tendencia ha sido la contraria. • La mayoría de los activos de mayor riesgo, incluyendo las acciones, presentaron un desempeño positivo por un aumento en el apetito por riesgo. • A inicios del año la quiebra de algunos bancos regionales en Estados Unidos, y de Credit Suisse en Europa, hizo temer la posibilidad de una crisis financiera internacional. Posteriormente, se evidenció un fuerte aumento de la prima a término en varias economías principalmente por la incertidumbre frente al futuro fiscal en Estados Unidos. No obstante, esta tendencia se revirtió completamente durante el cuarto trimestre. A nivel local, en el primer semestre del año, la Junta Directiva del Banco de la República (JDBR) aumentó la TPM y realizó un recorte en el último trimestre para ubicar la tasa de referencia en 13%. Los títulos de deuda pública se valorizaron en mayor medida que aquellos de los pares regionales. • La JDBR en el primer semestre del año aumentó 125 pb la TPM, ubicándola en 13,25%, para controlar las altas presiones inflacionarias. • En el segundo semestre del año se consolidó la tendencia de reducciones de la inflación y menores expectativas de inflación, estos factores, junto con la desaceleración de la actividad económica, contribuyeron para que la JDBR tomara la decisión de recortar la TPM en 25 pb en la reunión de diciembre de 2023 para cerrar en 13%. • Los bonos del gobierno de Colombia (TES) se valorizaron más que aquellos de los demás países de la región, soportados por una mayor corrección en la percepción de riesgo soberano (CDS y EMBI+). • La curva de rendimientos en pesos se aplanó, debido a un mejor comportamiento de la parte larga de la curva que fue soportada por mayor demanda por parte de la mayoría de los agentes (locales y extranjeros). • Los inversionistas extranjeros realizaron ventas de títulos de deuda pública en el año, las cuales podrían estas asociadas con tomas de utilidad, dadas las valorizaciones acumuladas por los títulos colombianos durante el año. • Las salidas de los inversionistas extranjeros fueron compensadas por entradas por parte de los fondos de pensiones locales, que acumularon compras récord en el año. En cuanto al mercado cambiario, el comportamiento del dólar (DXY) en el año y de las monedas de países desarrollados fue en su mayoría explicado por cambios en las expectativas de la TPM de la FED. El peso colombiano fue la divisa que más se apreció a nivel global en el año 2023. • Al cierre del año el dólar se desvalorizó luego de que la FED indicara la posibilidad de realizar mayores recortes de su tasa en 2024 respecto a lo que proyectaban en periodos anteriores. Así el euro y la libra esterlina se apreciaron en 2023. • La mayoría de las monedas de países emergentes se apreciaron ante la caída del dólar y el mayor apetito por riesgo a nivel global. • La tasa de cambio dólar-peso colombiano alcanzó niveles no observados desde inicios del año 2022. • El peso colombiano se vio favorecido por una corrección importante frente a niveles altos de la tasa de cambio, la cual estuvo soportada por una reducción en la percepción de riesgo local (CDS), un mayor diferencial de tasas frente a la región y la venta de dólares en el mercado de contado por parte de inversionistas extranjeros asociado a inversión extranjera directa. • En el segundo y tercer trimestre del año se evidenció un incremento en el diferencial entre la devaluación implícita y teórica de los contratos forward dólar-peso, que corrigieron en el cuarto trimestre. El aumento en este diferencial estuvo acompañado de mayor demanda de los agentes extranjeros y locales por coberturas cambiarias, y una reducción en la liquidez a plazo del sistema financiero. En cumplimiento del objetivo operativo de la política monetaria, durante 2023 el Banco de la República implementó acciones para mantener flujos adecuados de liquidez en el sistema, evitando así que el Indicador Bancario de Referencia (IBR) overnight se desviara de la TPM. • A finales del segundo trimestre y durante el tercer trimestre se presentaron algunos factores que contribuyeron a generar una percepción sensación de iliquidez en el fondeo a plazo del sistema financiero. Ante esta situación, el Banco amplió del cupo y plazo ofrecido en sus operaciones repo y realizó compras en el mercado de TES en algunos meses. • Durante el último trimestre del año, el Banco realizo ventas en el mercado de TES y ofreció depósitos de contracción, para contrarrestar excesos de liquidez en el sistema.
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