Journal articles: 'Tea gardens of Darjeeling hills'

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Ghosh, Chandra, Rajib Biswas, and A. P. Das. "Ethnic uses of some pteridophytic weeds of tea gardens in Darjeeling and Terai." NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 2, no. 1 (2008): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2008.v02i01.008.

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Pteridophytes occupy a recognisable position in the flora of Terai and the hills of Darjiling. They are also well represented as weed in the Tea Gardens of this area. Recent survey recorded the occurrence of 86 species of pteridophytes from nine such gardens covering both Terai and Darjiling Hills. Of these, 25 species (30%), covering 21 genera and 20 families, are used by the Tea Garden workers in different manner like (i) 10 species as food, (ii) 02 species for fermenting traditional liquor, (iii) 01 species as fodder and (iv) 22 species as medicine for human diseases. In addition, some of these plants are used for basketry, playing carom, ceremonial decoration, ornamentals etc.

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CHETTRI, ABHISHEK, KISHOR SHARMA, SAILENDRA DEWAN, and BHOJ KUMAR ACHARYA. "Bird diversity of tea plantations in Darjeeling Hills, Eastern Himalaya, India." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 1066–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190339.

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Chettri A, Sharma K, Dewan S, Acharya BK. 2018. Bird diversity of tea plantations in Darjeeling Hills, Eastern Himalaya,India. Biodiversitas 19: 1066-1073. The biodiversity wealth and conservation potential of agro-ecosystems including cash cropplantations is gaining significance in recent years. Agro-forestry provides ecosystem services similar to forest and, hence, support a highdiversity of flora and fauna. This study was undertaken to explore the bird community in different tea gardens of Kurseong Hill,Darjeeling, Eastern Himalaya, India. Darjeeling is globally known for its extent and magnificent tea production. We sampled birds usingpoint count methods along transects during August 2015-January 2016. A total of 581 individual birds comprising 48 species wererecorded during the study. Amongst the guild types, insectivorous birds were the most dominant both in terms of species andabundances. Depending on their habitat preferences most of the birds were forest generalists followed by forest specialists. This studyhighlights that tea plantations have a great potential in harbouring and conserving birds and other associated life forms. Thus, propermanagement of these landscapes would be an effective strategy to conserve biodiversity of the Himalayas.

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MISRA, TARUN KUMAR, ANIRUDDHA SAHA, ASHIS KUMAR NANDA, and PALASH MANDAL. "Effects of climatic factors on antioxidant quality of tea (Camellia sinensis) in North Bengal." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i7.83947.

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Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is one of the important contributors to the growing economy of NorthBengal. The phytochemical and therapeutic qualities of tea prominently altered recently due to continuous change in climatic conditions of North Bengal. The nutraceutical quality of tea is largely dependent on antioxidant attributes. For investigating the relationship between antioxidant attributes and climatic factors, the present field experiment was conducted in 18 tea gardens of Terai, Dooars and Darjeeling Hills of North Bengal during 2012–17. Antioxidant and phytochemical analysis was performed in three different harvest seasons, viz. March, June and December. Phenolic compounds including catechins were low during winter months, and then gradually increased up to warmer spring season. In stress condition, tea plants biosynthesized more flavonoids and high flavour index in Darjeeling hills. However, free-radical scavenging and metal chelating activities were found to increase from spring to winter season. The data were pooled for PCA analysis to determine the relationship between seasonal variations and tea antioxidant quality in each region of North Bengal separately. Different attributes of climatic factors significantly correlated with antioxidant quality and bioactive compounds. Variation in climate is reportedly affecting the antioxidant quality of tea and its shifting pattern grossly influences the key phytochemicals responsible for the flavour of tea.

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Chakraborty, Sumanta, Sharmistha Bhattacherjee, Abhijit Mukherjee, and Samir Dasgupta. "Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and their association with ergonomic physical risk factors among women working in tea gardens of Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 11, no. 1 (April 3, 2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v11i1.35179.

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Introduction: Work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) is common among tea-plucking folks and may be attributed to the long duration of work in same posture, the load they carry while plucking and transporting the leaves to the nearest depot, improper job rotations and the difficult hilly terrains. Objective: To determine the prevalence and pattern of musculoskeletal disorders among tea garden workers and to ascertain the risk factors for the same. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 female tea garden workers employed in tea gardens of Darjeeling district using 30 cluster sampling design. Data on musculoskeletal morbidities were collected using Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and ergonomic risk was assessed by Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) worksheet. Results: Proportion of musculoskeletal disorders in past 12 months was 92.4% and in past 7 days was 71.4%. Upper extremities were the most commonly affected body part. Higher altitude, age, BMI, more duration in present job, history of work related injuries and increased REBA risk assessment score were found to be significantly associated with musculoskeletal disorders. Conclusion: Musculoskeletal morbidities among female tea garden workers of Darjeeling were found to be considerably high. Ergonomic mechanised assistance in tea plucking can reduce this proportion of MSD and thus may go a long way in reducing sickness absenteeism and increasing productivity. Financial support and sponsorship - Nil. Conflicts of interest - There are no conflicts of interest.

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Rasaily, Rinju. "Sitting Ducks Post-COVID? Work Organisation and Compounded Health Risks for Darjeeling Tea Workers." Social Change 53, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 550–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857231203359.

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This article argues that burgeoning economic uncertainty, competitiveness of commodity production after COVID-19 and labour reforms may facilitate the industry to reorganise work arrangements through labour flexibilisation and mechanisation, accentuate health precarity, and nefariously push the disenfranchised Darjeeling tea labour further into oblivion. Workers’ access to basic healthcare services for illnesses and diseases such as fevers, diarrhoea, dysentery, anaemia, and hypertension pivots on the fragile lines of power and ethno-gender that are deeply embedded in plantation societies. Subsequently, social distancing as a preventive everyday measure during the pandemic appears to have reinforced both class and caste divide among these communities. The tangible absence of a robust health infrastructure in the Darjeeling hills exposes the undeniable shift in the responsibility of healthcare by the tea garden management on workers’ households and the samaj, as a social collective in managing illness and care.

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Subba, Awashes. "Comparative study of Sport Achievement Motivation between Tea Garden and Non-Tea Garden Areas Football players (age 14-17) of Darjeeling Hills." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2014/159.

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Ghosh, Chandra, Dipanwita Debnath, and A. P. Das. "WILD EDIBLE PLANT RESOURCES OF TEA GARDENS IN TERAI AND HILLS OF DARJEELING DISTRICT IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 831–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11162.

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Ghosh, Chandra, Priyanka Das, Arindam Poddar, and A. P. Das. "Phenology for the Weed Flora of the Tea Gardens in Terai and Hills of Darjeeling District of West Bengal, India." Indian Forester 148, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.36808/if/2022/v148i8/152034.

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Sarkar, Satyajit, Anurag Chowdhury, Sanjay Das, Bhaskar Chakraborty, Palash Mandal, and Monoranjan Chowdhury*. "Major tea processing practices in India." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 11 (October 31, 2016): 5071. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.11.0015.

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Tea is the most popular beverage in the world and is the economical backbones of some countries like India, China, Kenya, Sri Lanka etc. Indian tea is very much popular among the world, specially Darjeeling tea which is famous for its flavour and taste. Among the various types of tea, orthodox tea is highly demandable for its quality. The present paper deals with various types of tea processing in India. Mainly three types of tea processing are practices in India. Among these, CTC tea processing is more common in Indian sub-continent followed by Green tea and Orthodox tea. In this paper, details manufacturing process and step wise pictorial viewed are presented. All the data are extracted from different world famous tea gardens of Darjeeling, terai and duars of Northern West Bengal.

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Subba, Dipika. "Gender Differences in Nutritional Status of Children in Tea Gardens of Darjeeling: Based on Conventional Indices and Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure." International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition 10, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2021.10.03.4.

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Objectives: The study aims to assess the nutritional status of children aged 1-5 years and its relationship with gender. Further, it also tries to assess the nutritional status of children using conventional indices and the composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) and suggests the appropriate method to estimate undernutrition among children. Materials and Methods: The area selected for the study is the tea gardens of Darjeeling. The study is based on the primary survey, and a total of 400 children were included in the study. A Chi-square test is conducted to find out the differences in the nutritional status of children gender-wise. Results: The analysis indicated that the level of undernutrition in tea gardens of Darjeeling is very high (51%). The level of undernutrition estimated through conventional indices indicated that the level of stunting, wasting, and underweight are 43.8%, 20.2%, and 36.2%, respectively, whereas the composite index of anthropometric failure estimated more prevalence rate (51.2%). The analysis indicates that the conventional indices underestimate the prevalence of undernutrition. On the contrary, a composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) gives better estimates of undernutrition. Both the indices of nutrition in the study area indicated higher undernutrition among girl children than a boy. However, no significant differences in the nutritional status gender-wise exist. Conclusion: The result depicts the positive sign as it contradicts the general belief that a boy child is more nourished than a girl. However, half of the children in tea gardens of Darjeeling aged 1-5 years, irrespective of gender, are undernourished. The paper highlights the urgent need to work out nutritional strategies to improve child health in the study area.

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Yu, Ren, Qianyi Wang, and Kee Cheok Cheong. "More than Tea - Environmental Decay, Administrative Isolation and the Struggle for Identity in Darjeeling." Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies 59, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjes.vol59no1.6.

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The victim of both geographical, historical and administrative isolation, Darjeeling owed its growth to tea cultivation in the hills by migrants from neighbouring Nepal collectively called Gorkhas. Their contributions notwithstanding, they felt discriminated by West Bengal’s residents to whose state they were administratively attached. Poverty and poor working conditions, with no voice in the tea estates, and poorly maintained infrastructure that brought frequent landslides have fuelled demands for “Gorkhaland”, a homeland separate from West Bengal, where the distinctiveness of their identity and their role as Indian citizens would be fully recognised. It did not help that the Darjeeling district had been administratively detached from the political mainstream. Periodic agitations against the state government have weakened local institutions, disrupted the local economy impacting adversely tea production and tourism on which the local economy and the Gorkhas depend. The West Bengal government had partly recognised Gorkha demands by establishing the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council and the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA) each vested with limited autonomy. But disagreements on autonomy have left the Gorkhaland issue unresolved. In the meantime, Darjeeling continues to experience gradual decay, absent adequate support from the West Bengal government and from Darjeeling’s local government, including the GTA itself.

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Pradhan, Aditya, and Sarala Khaling. "Butterfly diversity in an organic tea estate of Darjeeling Hills, eastern Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 11 (August 25, 2020): 16521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5716.12.11.16521-16530.

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The study was undertaken from March–May 2019 to explore the butterflies in the human-modified tea dominated landscape of Darjeeling Hills and understanding the diversity, community structure, habitat specialization, and conservation status of butterflies in an organic tea estate. Sampling was done in the two representative ecosystems of tea plantation and secondary forest within the study area. Altogether 71 species and sub-species across 43 genera belonging to five families were recorded during this study, of which seven are protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972.

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Bhattacherjee, Sharmistha, Saikat Datta, JyotiBikash Saha, and Manasi Chakraborty. "Maternal health care services utilization in tea gardens of Darjeeling, India." Journal of Basic and Clinical Reproductive Sciences 2, no. 2 (2013): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2278-960x.118645.

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Mandal, Diptojyoti, Sharmistha Bhattacherjee, Asit Kumar Biswas, and Sampriti Samanta. "Determinants of malnutrition among the tea garden workers of Darjeeling district in 2021: an ordinal regression analysis." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2023): 2132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20231692.

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Background: Due to increasing lifestyle changes and poverty, double burden of malnutrition is becoming more and more severe, especially in the underserved areas like tea gardens. Food security is also a major issue not only in underdeveloped countries but also in developing countries like India. The study aims to estimate the prevalence of malnutrition among the tea garden workers and to find out the associated factors with malnutrition among the tea garden workers of Darjeeling district. Methods: 200 people were selected from 10 tea gardens of Darjeeling district by cluster sampling method. They were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to find out the associated factors with malnutrition. Weight and height was measured using standard measuring tools and then BMI was calculated. To find out the determinants of nutritional status, an ordinal regression analysis was done with the help of SPSS software. Results: The prevalence of under nutrition and obesity was 25% and 20.5% respectively. The ordinal regression model showed that the odds of higher BMI was found with increasing age, male gender, being a permanent garden employee and higher educational status. Household food insecurity increased the odds of undernutrition, as individuals from food secure households had significantly higher odds of getting higher BMI. Conclusions: Nutritional status is closely associated with socio-economic and demographical variables and household food security. To ensure the health and nutrition of the tea garden workers, a more comprehensive strategy to addressing socio-demographic issues and household food security is required.

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Banerjee, Piu, Md Moinul Islam, Arghya Laha, Himani Biswas, Nimai Chandra Saha, Goutam Kumar Saha, Debjani Sarkar, Srijit Bhattacharya, and Sanjoy Podder. "Phytochemical analysis of mite‐infested tea leaves of Darjeeling Hills, India." Phytochemical Analysis 31, no. 3 (May 2020): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.2893.

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Tirkey, Lalit P., and Padam Nepal. "Tea Plantations in the Darjeeling Hills Geo-Ecological Impact and Livelihood Implications." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 10 (December 5, 2012): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v10i0.7104.

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The geo-ecological stability of a place has an important role in contributing to the livelihood security of its people. A disturbance to the geo-ecology of a region jeopardizes the livelihood resources of the population and creates pressures for livelihood security. Human interventions in the form of destruction of forests and degradation of land significantly alter the geo-ecology of a region. Moreover, interventions with forests result in several other forms of degradations of the geo-ecology of a region. In the light of this understanding, the present study evaluates the impact of tea plantations on the geo-ecology of Darjeeling Hills, Inia and the consequent impact on the livelihood security of the people in the region.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v10i0.7104 Hydro Nepal Vol.10 January 2012 53-59

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Harijan, Kishan. "Role of Tea Plantation Industry in Human Resource Devlopment in Darjeeling Hills." SALESIAN JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51818/sjhss.02.2011.60-68.

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Subba, Rashi, Binod C. Sharma, and Aniruddha Saha. "CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILISING BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM THE TEA RHIZOSPHERIC SOIL FROM DARJEELING HILLS." Plant Archives 21, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.51470/plantarchives.2021.v21.no2.106.

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Most soils contain insoluble inorganic phosphates but they are of no use to crops unless it is solubilised. Hence phosphate solubilising microorganisms play a key role in solubilising the tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and make it available to the plants. The present study was aimed to isolate and characterize the selected phosphate solubilizing bacteria from rhizospheric soil of tea from Singla Tea Estate, Darjeeling. Bacteria which showed clear zones in Pikovskaya’s agar were selected and screened for further characterization. The two isolates were found to solubilise TCP in Pikovskaya agar and were designated as GCS1 and GCS2. In vitro phosphate solubilisation ability of these isolates was determined and it was observed that phosphate solubilisation was associated with the reduction in the pH of the medium. These isolates were also found to produce growth promoting substance IAA. These isolates were found to survive well at different pH levels of 5, 7 and 9 and at two different temperatures (room temperature and 370C). Germination of fenugreek seeds were augmented by these isolates. The isolates were identified as Kurthia sp. (GCS1) and Bacillus cereus (GCS2) at IMTECH, Chandigarh, India. This study revealed the presence of potent phosphate solubilising bacteria from rhizosphere tea plants which may be used as bioinoculants after detailed on-farm as well as off-farm investigations.

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Gurung, Mamta, and Sanchari Roy Mukherjee. "Gender, Women and Work in the Tea Plantation: A Case Study of Darjeeling Hills." Indian Journal of Labour Economics 61, no. 3 (September 2018): 537–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41027-018-0142-3.

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Acharyya, Sukanya, Sumedha Saha, and Malay Bhattacharya. "Emergence of Highly Mercury Tolerant Plant Growth promoting Bacteria in Tea Plantation Soil of Darjeeling Hills." Research Journal of Biotechnology 19, no. 4 (February 29, 2024): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1904rjbt014023.

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This study characterizes three strains of Gram-negative bacteria MTD10B, MTD10C and MTD10D isolated from soil collected from tea plantations of Darjeeling hills, exhibiting extreme tolerance towards mercury. The minimum inhibitory concentration of mercury against these strains sits at a high level of 0.2 mg/mL of HgCl2. The isolates also display an expansive pattern of resistance to known clinically relevant synthetic antibiotics and a host of other potent heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, silver, nickel etc. Biochemical and molecular characterization via 16S rRNA sequencing identified MTD10B and MTD10C as strains of Brevundimonas diminuta and MTD10D as Alcaligenes faecalis respectively. This study also explores the plant growth promoting abilities of these strains and their respective growth trends under normal conditions in comparison to when they are under mercury stress. This work attempts to cultivate an understanding of their potential for use as candidates for the bioremediation of mercury contamination in diverse environments.

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Sharma, Binod Chandra. "Kurthia Sp, a Novel Member of Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria from Rhizospheric Tea Soil of Darjeeling Hills, India." IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 2, no. 3 (2012): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3008-0233639.

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Bhattacharjee, Srijani. "‘Forest Conservation without Conservancy’: A Study on the Strategic Aspects of the Inner Line Reserve in Colonial Assam." Indian Historical Review 47, no. 2 (December 2020): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983620968009.

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The article tries to understand how forest conservation in colonial Assam was used to facilitate British political administration in the region. It highlights on the Inner Line Forest Reserve situated in the frontier region of Lushai Hills and the Cachar district of the province that was established more with the purpose to protect the tea gardens of Cachar from Lushai raids than with any plans of forest conservation. ‘Inner Line’ was the name given to this buffer forest zone as it served the purposes of Inner Line Regulation than any conditions of colonial forest administration in India. The article has attempted to trace the background of Inner Line Regulation in the region and its implementation in the hill areas of the territory. It endeavours to understand why the application of colonial forest administration in Lushai Hills was kept at its minimum level. The article tries to comprehend that the creation of Inner Line Reserve was another British management mechanism to tackle the tribes of Lushai Hills.

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Han, Hae-Young, Eui-Je Lim, and Jae-Hyun Rho. "Formative Characteristics of the Soudang (素宇堂) Historic House <italic>Byeoldang</italic> Garden in Uiseong." Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 25, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2022.25.1.49.

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Background and objective This study aimed to estimate the creation period and creators of Soudang historic house Byeoldang (Annexe) Garden (素宇堂古宅別堂庭園, Unification as ‘SB Garden’ from now on) located in Uiseong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do through a literature research and field survey, and establish the construction style and value of the garden through research and analysis of its spatial and visual characteristics and garden design. The findings are as follows. Methods The research method was a combination of literature study, field survey, and comparative review. The architectural history of SB Garden were analyzed through a literature survey, and the spatial configuration of Soudanggotaek and the visual and planting design characteristics of SB Garden were derived through field survey. Also the form and style of SB Garden were identified through comparative studies between Japanese garden style cases, and Japanese gardens created in Korea during the late Joseon and Japanese colonial period. Results It is estimated that SB Garden was built between 1890 and 1920, during the late Joseon Dynasty and the early days of Japanese colonial rule, by Lee Jang-seop (1854–1907) and Lee Hong (1887–1972). Comprehensively considering the form of its small hills, the shape of the pond and the introduction of yarimizu, the presentation of oddly-shaped stones and stone structures (stone settings), the introduction of stone bridges and stone lanterns, the strolling route and stepping stones, and the tree species introduced and their planting methods, the hills of SB Garden are different in form and technique from seokgasan created in Korean traditional gardens. Through the hills, the intention of making a garden is detected, with the motif of “garden of cranes and turtles.” Conclusion The foundation from which SB Garden can be considered a Korean traditional garden is very weak, and this garden is evaluated as a modern garden completed by introducing a Japanese garden style in modern times. Specifically, SB Garden is considered to be a stroll-style garden that enables users to appreciate it by connecting the three gardens with stepping stones and stone bridges, including the garden of cranes and turtles (a sort of pond garden), the tea garden centered on the Byeoldang (Annexe), and the stone garden.

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Mukherjee, Abhijit, Papiya Roychowdhury, Sharmistha Bhattacherjee, PremDorjee Bhutia, Saikat Datta, and Samir Dasgupta. "Occupational ventilatory defects among workers employed in tea gardens, A cross-sectional study in siliguri subdivision of Darjeeling District, West Bengal." Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 26, no. 2 (2022): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_91_21.

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Dasgupta, Pallabi, KunalSingh Sullar, and Kaushik Ishore. "Nutritional status and food environment of the elderly population residing in tea gardens of a block of Darjeeling District, West Bengal, India." Journal of the Indian Academy of Geriatrics 19, no. 1 (2023): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jiag.jiag_67_22.

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Besky, Sarah. "The Plantation's Outsides: The Work of Settlement in Kalimpong, India." Comparative Studies in Society and History 63, no. 2 (March 25, 2021): 433–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417521000104.

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AbstractWhile the colonial and contemporary economy of Bengal's Himalayan foothills is most often associated with the tea plantations of Darjeeling and the Dooars, the small farms of nearby Kalimpong were also a key space in which colonial agents and missionaries worked to “settle” the mountainous terrain. Focused on Kalimpong, this article traces the trajectory of one technology of settlement, agricultural extension, from the late 1880s to the early 1940s. It highlights agricultural extension's racialized and gendered politics, as well as its implication in a long-term project that merged material (i.e., food) provision with social reproduction (i.e., childrearing, kin-making). Agricultural extension created a patchwork of relatively biodiverse small farms that historical and contemporary accounts describe as a “green belt”: a socio-ecological outside to the plantation monocultures that dominate the hills. British governors attempted to use non-plantation space for multiple ends. In this sense, their work might be termed “biopolitical,” in that it was geared toward supporting and amplifying the life chances of certain human bodies and certain botanical species. Through a series of experiments, colonial agents made calculated choices about which of these forms of life should be made to flourish, and which might be allowed to perish. Importantly, settlement, as a set of intertwined projects, did not unfold in a coherent or deliberately sequential manner. Settlement was, and continues to be, a sedimentary process.

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DE, Sunil Kumar. "Landslides and human interference in Darjiling Himalayas, India." Revista de Geomorfologie 19, no. 1 (December 10, 2017): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21094/rg.2017.014.

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Landslides are among the nature's primarily ways of adjustment to slope stability. In Darjiling Himalayas the process has been intensified by human interference mainly through rapid deforestation, incorrect construction procedure and unplanned tapping of natural resources. The present paper aims at investigating the occurrence of landslides mainly due to human intervention. For analyzing the acuteness of the problem, important events of landslides over time, landslide susceptibility map using traditional check-list and investigation of the nature of human intervention for landslide occurrences have been carried out. From the study it is found that extreme rainfall events of consecutive days accumulating an amount of 1000 to 1200 mm, coupled with deep weathering in susceptible structure could trigger to 5 to 10 m-thick landslides. Being saturated with percolating rainwater, such slopes even with a rainfall 50 of mm/h would cause disastrous landsllides. Common occurrence of landslides is found along the springs, where thick debris is removed along the slope, ontop of the bedrock.. Generally deforested urbanized tracts, illegal coal mining sites, tea gardens, artillery roads connecting hills with the plains are the most susceptible areas to sliding.

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Chandra Roy, Sanjay, and Mallika Roy. "Tourism in Bangladesh: Present Status and Future Prospects." International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration 1, no. 8 (2015): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.18.1006.

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Bangladesh is full of natural beauty. Rivers, coasts and beaches, archaeological sites, religious places, hills, forests, waterfalls, tea gardens surround it. The Sundarban, Historic Mosque in city of Bagerhat, Ruins of the Buddihist Vihara at Paharpur are the three world heritage sites in Bangladesh among 1007. To observe the beauty of nature, huge amount of domestic and foreign tourists visit the country and its tourist attraction sites. In 2012, around six-lakh (6 hundred thousand) tourists came Bangladesh to visit and enjoy its beauty. The total contribution of tourism to GDP was 4.4%, 3.8% to employment and 1.5% to investment in 2013. Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC) looks after the tourism sector in Bangladesh under the ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism. Due to some limitations, Bangladesh has failed to introduce itself as a tourist destination country. The paper tries to focus on the attractive tourist spots of Bangladesh and the contribution of tourism in the Bangladesh economy. The major concern of the writer is to highlight the factors by which Bangladesh can be one of the major tourist attractive country in the world in near future.

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Chaudhury, Suman Kalyan, Sukanta Sarkar, Chandra Sekhar Pattnaik, and Saidur Rahman. "Assessment of Kerala Tourism Industry-An Economic Perspective." Dera Natung Government College Research Journal 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2023): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.56405/dngcrj.2023.08.01.07.

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The paper throws a light on the status of tourism sector of Kerala, and as a major source of economic development contributor. It is positioned as ‘God’s Own Country’ by the Department of Tourism. Every year’s millions of people are attracted by the State due to its beautiful beaches, hills stations, backwater cannels, tea gardens, ethereal waterfalls, wildlife sanctuaries, festivals and friendly people. Kerala is one of the most popular destinations for both national and international tourists in India. September to March is the ideal time for visiting the state. Kochi City, Munnar, Thiruvananthapuram, Wayanad, and Guruvayoor are popular destinations of tourists. Foreign exchange earnings from the tourism sector have been in the increasing trend since last decade, except the duration of the covid effect. It is observed that the tourism sector is vital for the economy of Kerala and the initiatives taken by the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation would go a long way facilitating the development of the state. A study has been conducted to know and understand the current status of both domestic and international tourism vis-à-vis pre and post covid scenario. Simple average, percentage, and ranks are used to present and analyse the data for common understanding of the objectives. Advanced regression statistics like R square value analysis and correlation analysis is used to draw statistical inferences in the study. The authors in this paper genuinely feel that, the Hypotheses Test Results are expected to throw further light upon the utility of the study to the Academicians, Researchers, Policy Makers, and Industry Personnel as various means of Business Development and Socio Economic Contribution.

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Bhattacharyya, R. K., and Utpal Das. "Exploitation of Potentials of Organic Fruit Production in North East India." Science & Technology Journal 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22232/stj.2018.06.01.01.

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North East Region (NER) of India comprises eight states namely Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. Total geographical area of NER is 2.55 lakh km2, which is about 8% of India’s total area. Physiography of NER is divided into three divisions—Meghalaya plateau, northeastern hills and Brahmaputra valley. NE hills alone accounts for 65% of the total land area, Brahmaputra valley 22% and Meghalaya Plateau covers 13%. Average annual rainfall in the region is 2500mm. Less than 18% of net cropped area is under irrigation. NER enjoys suitable agro climatic condition for growing wide array of horticultural crops. With exception to mandarins and to a certain extent to banana and pineapple, majority of fruit crops in the region are largely grown in homestead gardens. The region has tremendous potential for growing all the subtropical, tropical and temperate fruit crops organically. From the Zone-wise, nutrient-wise consumption pattern of fertilizers during 2014-15 clearly depicts that in South Zone a total of 166.33, in West Zone a total of 84.64, in North Zone a total of 192.32, in East Zone a total of 161.08 while in North East Zone a total of only 82.63. NPK kg per hectare fertilizers are consumed. The major share of whatever little fertilizers consumed in the North East Zone largely goes to the plantation crops like tea, rubber as well as to the cereal crops grown in the region. The low fertilizer consumption pattern in the region clearly depicts farmers’ tendency of non using inorganic fertilizers for fruit production. This situation compelled the fruit production organically by default in the region. However, it would be a challenging task for the fruit growers of the region to produce fascinating fruit crops of the region organically not merely by default but primarily as well as substantially by practice of organic farming. State like Sikkim of the region from the beginning of the current year is already one step ahead in proclaiming to be the first state in the country to be organic. In addition, another NER state Tripura is already in limelight by proclaiming positions as Organic Pineapple Producer among the sixty Agri Export Zones of the country. Mizoram, Meghalaya and Assam states have taken initiative to produce mandarins, lemons, passion fruits and pineapples organically. Manipur Organic Mission Agency is planning organic production of mandarins, lemons and pineapples as a first step in six hill districts of the state. Arunachal Pradesh has formed state Soil Health Mission as an initial step for entry into systematic organic fruit production. With the existing diversified tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit crops in NER, exploitation of potentials of organic fruit production in the region would definitely be a giant step in making the entire NER as the Organic Hub for fruits in the country.

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SAHA, SUMEDHA, ARINDAM GHOSH, SUKANYA ACHARYYA, and MALAY BHATTACHARYA. "Short Communication: Metabolites of Albizia inhibit in vitro growth of phosphate solubilizing microbial consortia isolated from tea garden soil of Darjeeling hills, India." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 23, no. 6 (June 12, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230612.

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Abstract. Saha S, Ghosh A, Acharyya S, Bhattacharya M. 2022. Short Communication: Metabolites of Albizia inhibit in vitro growth of phosphate solubilizing microbial consortia isolated from tea garden soil of Darjeeling hills, India. Biodiversitas 23: 2865-2870. Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) play a crucial role in maintaining the nutritional status and fertility of the soil. PSMs help in solubilizing the metallic phosphate salts of soil into available phosphate anions for easy uptake by plants. However, this beneficial group of microorganisms also face different challenges for survival from its immediate surroundings. This study was carried out to assess the effect of shade tree litters on the PSM consortia isolated from different tea garden soils of Darjeeling hills, since shade trees are an integral part of tea plantations. Albizia odoratissima, Albizia chinensis and Albizia procera, widely used in tea gardens as shade trees were selected. GC-MS analysis was carried out to detect the metabolites produced by the litters. Twenty-three compounds exhibiting antimicrobial activities were detected. Major peak was found in A. odoratissima, followed by A. chinensisand least in A. procera. Compounds like 1-heptanol, 2-propyl-, neophytadiene, phytol and squalene were common in all three extracts and are considered to provided antimicrobial activity to Albizia. A proportional relation has been observed between magnitude of inhibition zones and peak area percentage in Albizia spp. PSM isolates from shade tree gardens were observed to be more tolerant toward the leaf extracts.

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Misra, Tarun Kumar, Aniruddha Saha, Ashis Kumar Nanda, Subhrajyoti Bagchi, and Palash Mandal. "Antioxidant attributes of tea in North Bengal, India: Relation with its principal constituents and properties of soil." Journal of Plantation Crops, September 30, 2022, 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7979.

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This study was performed in 18 tea gardens in North Bengal, India, from 2012 to 2017. The data were pooled to investigate the relationship with soil physico-chemical properties, phyto-constituents, antioxidant attributes and age of the tea bushes and principal component analysis (PCA). PCA and dendro-hit maps were also performed with each region. The 28 principal components were chosen based on their eigen values, explaining the total data variance for tea in Dooars, Terai and Darjeeling hill. In almost all cases, composite soil physico-chemical attributes were heavily loaded on the second principal component and clustered, as visual evidenced by the dendro-hit map. Different attributes were significantly correlated each other in case of Terai i.e. (value of “r’’ at P<0.01 level) clay fraction (0.778), electrical conductivity (0.618), N (0.777), S (0.748), P (0.514 ppm), flavour index (0.918), total polyphenol (0.687) DPPH (0.794), nitric oxide (0.913), anti-lipid peroxidation (0.717) and metal chelating (0.665). In Dooars region, attributes were significantly correlated with silt (0.718), pH (0.875), P (0.615 ), chloride (0.858), TP (0.776), flavonol (0.923), quinone (0.666), tannins (0.865), DPPH (0.536), superoxide (0.576), ABTS (0.520) and MC (0.777) and in the case of Darjeeling hills, attributes were highly correlated with clay (0.812), sand (0.818), silt fraction (0.974), K (0.932), S (0.999), MC of soil (0.671), TP (0.853), tannins (0.912), DPPH (0.624), ABTS (0.661) and MC (0.633) repectively.

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Saha, Sumedha, Sukanya Acharyya, Sahadeb Sarkar, and Malay Bhattacharya. "Study of tolerance ability in phosphate solubilising microorganisms isolated from tea plantations soil of lower Darjeeling hills." Bulletin of the National Research Centre 45, no. 1 (June 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00564-4.

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Abstract Background Tea is an important plantation crop in India and world. Introduction of fertilisers and pesticides for better production polluted tea garden soils. Phosphates in agricultural soils are converted into soluble forms by phosphate solubilising microorganisms (PSMs). Consortium of PSM having high tolerance level is an attractive option for bioremediation of degraded tea plantation soils. This research initiative was to isolate PSM from tea plantation soil and detect their tolerance against pesticide, antibiotic and antifungal. Results Isolated consortia from organic and inorganic tea plantation soils of Darjeeling showing halo was considered for tolerance study. Phorate was most and Deltamethrin was the least tolerant pesticide for the isolated PSM consortia. So, Phorate may be considered as most used or most accumulated pesticide. Erythromycin was most and Ofloxacin was the least tolerant antibiotic while Fluconazole was most and Itraconazole was the least tolerant antifungal agent for the isolated PSM consortia. It was noted that there was no or partial inhibition of PSM growth by some pesticide, antibiotic and antifungal agents. In all the three tolerance studies it was observed that there is no relation between collection sites but in all the assays average inhibition zones were more in organic plantations than inorganic plantations. Conclusions Thus, it may be said that inorganic practice induces tolerance to microbes. So, other than cultural practice use of chemicals, micro-ecosystem and antibiosis exhibited by microbes do play a role in conferring tolerance.

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Jairu, Dristika, and Sankar Kumar Acharya. "Impact of Altitude on the Livelihood of the Tea Garden Workers of North Bengal." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, July 17, 2020, 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2020/v38i730373.

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A spectrum of variance has been observed in the dynamics of ecology, economy and sociology, while perceiving the difference in altitude of Himalayan terrains. Every level of elevation and slope, it has got its distinctive narratives and demeanor that shapes its economic progress and social interventions. The tea industry is sensitive to climate and geography, and with every drop in the elevation from the high-altitude Darjeeling district tea garden (2042 m) to the mid-elevation Kalimpong district tea gardens (1247 m) to the foothills of the Dooars tea garden (90 -1750 m), each has a distinctly unique story to unravel. The present study takes a look into the socio-ecological aspects along with climate change to observe the topographical terrains in the 3 distinctive altitudinal zones of Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Dooars, beyond its structural aspects thereby offering a cluster interpretation on its pattern of change in livelihoods by selecting the operating variables: Age, Family size, Formal education, Status of home, Nutritional status, Wage, Income, Per capita income, Diet, Mobile use, Interaction with office personnel, among other things, as variable of interest. It is observed that the wages, diet, status of home are the governing factors affecting the livelihood choices at most of the altitudinal zones. Therefore, the study shows the effect of these variables on each of the zones uniquely to understand the grave issues of the tea gardens concerning the livelihood of the garden workers.

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Deka, Bhabesh, Azariah Babu, Arulmarianathan John Peter, Kishor Chand Kumhar, Suman Sarkar, Hirakjyoti Rajbongshi, Pritam Dey, Emmanuel Leo Daniel Amalraj, and Venkateswara Rao Talluri. "Potential of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. in controlling live-wood eating termite, Microtermes obesi (Holmgren) (Blattodea: Termitidae) infesting tea crop." Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 31, no. 1 (October 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41938-021-00477-4.

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Abstract Background In recent years, Microtermes obesi (Holmgren) (Blattodea: Termitidae) has been recorded as a major pest of tea crop, causes significant losses in production. Managing termite pests in tea crops through an integrated approach has been suggested, and the use of microbial biocontrol agent is one of the economical methods. The present study evaluated the pathogenic efficacy of an entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. (= M. anisopliae) against M. obesi damaging tea plants under field conditions. Results Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. was formulated as 5% aqueous suspension (AS). Large-scale field trials with formulated entomopathogen revealed that 1000 and 1200 ml concentrations of M. anisopliae s.l. 5%AS (each concentration containing 2 × 107 conidia/ml) each in 400 l of water/ha significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the population of M. obesi in tea gardens at Dooars and Darjeeling regions, India. In the field study, M. anisopliae s.l. was more effective than the standard insecticide and was non-pathogenic on the beneficial insects present in the tea gardens. In addition, M. anisopliae s.l. 5%AS had no phytotoxic effect on the tea leaves, with acceptable organoleptic attributes. Conclusion Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. isolate can be commercialized as an alternative natural termiticide to reduce the load of synthetic insecticides in the tea crop.

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Jairu, Dristika, S. K. Acharya, and Anwesha Mandal. "Changing Rainfall and Swinging Tea Production: The Correlates and Perception of Social Ecology of Tea Garden." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, December 5, 2020, 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2020/v10i1230283.

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Tea is the second most commonly consumed beverages, after water, across the globe. However, the quality and aroma of the produce largely depends on different climatic factors like temperature, rainfall, altitude etc. Even a slight alteration in these climatic factors, affects the quality and production adversely. Climate change, a global challenge, is a big threat to the tea industry as well as its workers. With degraded quality and swinging production due to changing rainfall and temperature, hundreds of tea gardens have been closed down in the past few decades, putting livelihood of thousands of tea workers to question. This paper attempts to find how the changing rainfall and swinging tea production varies with the profile characteristics of the tea workers. The study was conducted in the Darjeeling, Kalimpong and Dooars districts of West Bengal with 90 randomly selected tea workers from nine randomly selected tea gardens, three each belonging to three different altitudes. All the results has been analyzed using statistical tools of correlation coefficient, multiple and stepwise regression and path analysis. The results shows that treatment and mobility are two important variable explaining the variation in perception on change in rainfall and perception on tea production respectively. It has also been found that variables like income, treatment and garments have been reliable predictors for estimating the change in rainfall whereas the variable mobility exhibits a positive and significant relationship with perceived change in tea production. The regression analysis showed that treatment has explained 19.4 per cent of total variation in case of perceived change in rainfall and mobility has explained 16 per cent of total variance in case of perceived change in tea production.

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Deka, Bhabesh, Azariah Babu, Arulmarianathan John Peter, Abhay Kumar Pandey, Kishor Chand Kumhar, Suman Sarkar, Hirakjyoti Rajbongshi, Pritam Dey, Emmanuel Leo Daniel Amalraj, and Venkateswara Rao Talluri. "Beauveria bassiana: as a potential microbial biocontrol agent for tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Dooars and Darjeeling, India." Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 31, no. 1 (October 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41938-021-00478-3.

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Abstract Background In the present study, the efficacy of two isolates of Beauveria bassiana namely, BKN20 and BKN1/14 was evaluated against the tea mosquito bug (TMB), Helopeltis theivora, Waterhouse (Hemiptera: Miridae) damaging harvestable shoots of tea plants in the Dooars and Darjeeling regions of West Bengal, India. Results Laboratory study revealed that, in both isolates, BKN20 was more pathogenic than BKN1/14, exhibiting 76% mortality of the test insect. The BKN20 isolate was formulated as an aqueous suspension (5%AS), and evaluated against TMB through micro-plot trials in tea plantations. The Micro-plot field study revealed a maximum of 72.19% reduction in the shoot damage due to TMB in plots sprayed with a 1000 ml/ha concentration of BKN20 5%AS containing 2 × 107 conidia/ml, as compared to the synthetic insecticide (Thiamethoxam 25%WG), where a 63.12% reduction in the shoots was recorded. Furthermore, different concentrations of the formulated BKN20 5%AS were evaluated against the test insect at 2 locations of tea gardens in the Dooars and Darjeeling regions. The results from both locations revealed that 1000 and 1200 ml/ha concentrations of BKN20 5%AS (each concentration containing 2 × 107 conidia/ml) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the TMB population and they were more effective than Thiamethoxam 25%WG (120 g/ha). However, non-significant differences in crop yields were recorded. The formulation BKN20 5%AS was found to be non-pathogenic to non-target insects, i.e. natural enemies present in the tea ecosystem. BKN20 5%AS had no phytotoxic effect on the tea leaves, with acceptable organoleptic attributes. Conclusion The BKN20 isolate could be commercialized as an alternative microbial insecticide to reduce the load of chemical insecticides in the tea ecosystem.

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Deka, Bhabesh, Azariah Babu, Arulmarianathan John Peter, Abhay Kumar Pandey, Kishor Chand Kumhar, Suman Sarkar, Hirakjyoti Rajbongshi, Pritam Dey, Emmanuel Leo Daniel Amalraj, and Venkateswara Rao Talluri. "Beauveria bassiana: as a potential microbial biocontrol agent for tea mosquito bug, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Dooars and Darjeeling, India." Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 31, no. 1 (October 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41938-021-00478-3.

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Abstract Background In the present study, the efficacy of two isolates of Beauveria bassiana namely, BKN20 and BKN1/14 was evaluated against the tea mosquito bug (TMB), Helopeltis theivora, Waterhouse (Hemiptera: Miridae) damaging harvestable shoots of tea plants in the Dooars and Darjeeling regions of West Bengal, India. Results Laboratory study revealed that, in both isolates, BKN20 was more pathogenic than BKN1/14, exhibiting 76% mortality of the test insect. The BKN20 isolate was formulated as an aqueous suspension (5%AS), and evaluated against TMB through micro-plot trials in tea plantations. The Micro-plot field study revealed a maximum of 72.19% reduction in the shoot damage due to TMB in plots sprayed with a 1000 ml/ha concentration of BKN20 5%AS containing 2 × 107 conidia/ml, as compared to the synthetic insecticide (Thiamethoxam 25%WG), where a 63.12% reduction in the shoots was recorded. Furthermore, different concentrations of the formulated BKN20 5%AS were evaluated against the test insect at 2 locations of tea gardens in the Dooars and Darjeeling regions. The results from both locations revealed that 1000 and 1200 ml/ha concentrations of BKN20 5%AS (each concentration containing 2 × 107 conidia/ml) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the TMB population and they were more effective than Thiamethoxam 25%WG (120 g/ha). However, non-significant differences in crop yields were recorded. The formulation BKN20 5%AS was found to be non-pathogenic to non-target insects, i.e. natural enemies present in the tea ecosystem. BKN20 5%AS had no phytotoxic effect on the tea leaves, with acceptable organoleptic attributes. Conclusion The BKN20 isolate could be commercialized as an alternative microbial insecticide to reduce the load of chemical insecticides in the tea ecosystem.

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Kala, Shashi, Alapan Bandyopadhyay, Sharmistha Bhattacherjee, Abhijit Mukherjee, and Samir Dasgupta. "Looking Beyond Knowledge and AccessibilityExploring Barriers and Facilitators for Cervical Cancer Screening Services among Tribal Women in Tea Gardens of Darjeeling, West Bengal." JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2022/52280.16208.

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Introduction: Despite efforts to motivate all reproductive age women to avail cervical cancer screening services, many still do not utilise them. Most researchers have universally identified barriers like the lack of knowledge and lack of accessibility as the reason for not availing services. However, additional barriers also prevent women from making use of these screening services. Aim: To explore the barriers to and facilitating factors for cervical cancer screening beyond the lack of knowledge and accessibility of services. Materials and Methods: This qualitative research was conducted among tribal women residing in the Kiranchandra Tea Estate and Atal Tea Estate (two tea gardens in the rural Naxalbari Block) West Bengal, India, from July 2018 to February 2019. Women aged 30-59 years, living in the garden for at least the last 5 years, not suffering from obstetrics/gynaecological disease during last two years and willing to participate in the study were included, based on a purposive sampling method. Information Education Campaign (IEC) on cervical cancer and screening were undertaken and screening services arranged in the gardens on garden holidays for two consecutive weeks. Four (4) Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) in each garden were conducted, with each FGD consisting of 5 to 6 participants (N=49). Data obtained was recorded and logged with the participants’ permission and consent. A manifest content analysis was used to explore the perceived barriers and facilitators of cervical screening. Results: The major barriers identified were lack of support, burden of responsibility and the lack of felt need. The facilitators found most frequently were provision of information, social motivation, easy accessibility and affordability of screening services. Conclusion: This study revealed that there are various actual and perceived barriers to cervical cancer screening among tribal women in tea garden areas. Even after imparting knowledge and increasing availably and accessibility of a free program, familial support, burden of responsibility and lack of felt needs hinder increased uptake of the services.

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"Traditional healing and antimicrobial role of the herbal drug against UTIs by ethnic people of Darjeeling tea gardens, India." Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 23, no. 2 (February 21, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.56042/ijtk.v23i2.8726.

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Roy, Gobinda Chandra, Manjil Gupta, and Siddharthasankar Banerjee. "The fragile environment, ever growing tourism and the quest for sustainability: A case study from Duars, Alipurduar, West Bengal." Ecology, Environment and Conservation, February 25, 2022, 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i02s.072.

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The Duars region of the northern part of West Bengal is picturesque with dense forests, hills, tea gardens, plantations and many rivers and streams. The Buxa Tiger Reserve (BTR), one of the many protected areas in the region, is one of the most biodiverse regions of the country. It boasts of many endemic plants and animals. It is the home for the endangered Indian Tiger. Besides this, the BTR is the source of income and livelihood of many local and ethnic populations residing in an around the reserve. The cultural and historical heritage of the BTR is also noteworthy. Therefore, the reserve is congenial for tourism and many ecodevelopment activities have been planned and executed in the area. However, natural disasters, increasing human population, indiscriminate use of natural resources human wildlife conflict and growing pressure from anthropogenic activities has led to a loss of biodiversity, The reserve faces many management issues and challenges. The current study aims to do a thorough sectional analysis of the problems of biodiversity conservation and management in the BTR and suggest mitigation measures for the same.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tea gardens of Darjeeling hills'

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