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1
Wang, Chunyi, Mingyue Zhao, Yinlong Xu, Yuncheng Zhao, and Xiao Zhang. "Ecosystem Service Synergies Promote Ecological Tea Gardens: A Case Study in Fuzhou, China." Remote Sensing 15, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020540.
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Exploring the trade-off/synergy among ecosystem services (ESs) of agroecosystems could provide effective support for improving agricultural resilience for sustainable development. The construction of ecological tea gardens is emerging, aims to achieve a win-win situation for the tea industry and ecological environment protection. However, the effect of ES trade-offs/synergies on tea production is still not clear. In this study, we selected Fuzhou city, China, as a case study and explored the relationship among tea production and ESs in 2010 and 2020. Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) and Intelligent Urban Ecosystem Management System (IUEMS) models were used to assess the ecosystem (dis)services, which were tea production, water yield, soil retention, net primary productivity (NPP), climate regulation, soil erosion and carbon emissions. Then, the sum of trade-off/synergy coefficients of ESs (Cts) were defined to reveal the trade-off/synergy in tea gardens and areas except tea gardens (ETG areas). K-means clustering was used to assess the spatiotemporal change of traditional tea garden and ecological tea garden, reflecting the effect of ecological tea garden construction. The results showed that: (1) the high-value areas of tea production were mainly distributed in Lianjiang County, with yields up to 3.6 t/ha, and the low-value areas in Yongtai County, with yields from 0.1–1.0 t/ha. Other ESs showed spatial heterogeneity. (2) The trade-offs in ETG areas intensified from 2010 to 2020, with Cts decreasing from −0.28 to −0.73, and the synergy in tea garden was at risk of decline, with Cts decreasing from 4.46 to 1.02. (3) From 2010 to 2020, 96.72% of traditional tea gardens (Area I) were transformed into ecological tea gardens (Areas IV and V). (4) Further, we classified the tea garden into five zones based on tea yield, with Zone I as the low tea yield areas and Zone V as the highest. From Zone I to Zone V, the Cts increased from 2.6 to 7.5 in 2010, and from 1.9 to 6.5 in 2020, respectively. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the construction of ecological tea gardens in Fuzhou and provide a reference for subsequent studies on the ESs of tea gardens and governance of ecological tea gardens.
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Das, Uday, and Rafiqul Islam. "LIVELIHOOD REALISM: A REVIEW ON CLOSED TEA GARDENS OF DOOARS, WEST BENGAL." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i2.2021.3355.
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The paper is an attempt to understanding the ongoing livelihood realities in closed/ abandoned tea garden of Bengal-Dooars (Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar). The region produced large scale good qualities tea in more than 150 organised tea estates. Tea industry of North Bengal has been trashily affected by global economic quandary and local constraints. Many tea estates failed to manage the shock; the management closed many gardens. The garden closure and work shutdown have been produced a livelihood disaster. A school drop-out, child trafficking, Child labour mobility, rally of hunger and starvation death and extreme poverty is the ongoing livelihood phenomena in labour colonies of closed tea gardens. The present paper has discussed the particulars (housing, drinking water, medical facilities, education, liabilities etc.) of five closed gardens by using the data from TG Survey Final Report, Labour Commissionerate, Govt. of West Bengal and Tea Board of India.
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Wohl, Sharon. "The Turkish Tea Garden." Space and Culture 20, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331216646058.
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This article examines the history, use, and significance of the Turkish Tea Garden or Cay Bahcesi, positing that these gardens offer unique democratic spaces for public discourse set within the polis. The article unpacks the historical, cultural, and symbolic features of these gardens, and the role these shared spaces play in Turkey’s multivalent civic environment. It employs Ray Oldenburg’s notion of “third space” to consider how these gardens provide inclusive settings for a culturally diverse citizenry. Furthermore, the article considers how these spaces act as repositories of shared memory, mediating conflict that appears in other societal spheres. The gardens are presented as uniquely “sacred” third spaces, distinct from the “profane” third spaces characterized by Oldenburg.
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Liu, Shaqian, Rui Yang, and Chunlan Hou. "Effect of Enzyme Activity Changes on Decomposition Characteristics of Leaf Litter Mixed Decomposition of Configurated Tree Species in Ecological Tea Garden." Agriculture 13, no. 2 (February 8, 2023): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020394.
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In the management of eco-tea gardens, the recycling of weathered leaves of the configured tree species plays an important role in the nutrients of the tea garden ecosystem. The in situ decomposition method was used to analyze the decomposition rate, elemental release, and enzymatic activity of different combinations of leaf litter in tea garden soil. The results showed that mixed decomposition accelerates the decomposition turnover period of Jiu’an ecological tea garden. The higher release rate of the litter improved the nutrient effectiveness in the ecological tea garden. The trends of CAT (catalase), AP (acid phosphatase), and PPO (polyphenol oxidase) activities were similar during the decomposition of different mixed leaf litters, while all other enzyme activities showed some differences. There were also some differences in the relationship between the enzyme activity and decomposition rate of leaf litter and the nutrient release rate related to the substrate mass content during the decomposition of leaf litter. Overall, the changes in the nutrient content of the leaf litter during decomposition promoted an increase in enzyme activity, which in turn promoted the release of leaf litter elements, shortened the turnover period of leaf litter decomposition, and accelerated the recycling of elements in the ecological tea garden.
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Chen, Guoqi, Bin Zhang, Qiong Wu, Linhong Jin, Zhuo Chen, and Xiaofeng Tan. "Group characteristics of tea growers relative to weed management: a case study in southwestern China." Weed Technology 33, no. 6 (August 22, 2019): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.67.
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AbstractFarmer training is important to improve weed management practices in tea cultivation. To explore the group characteristics of tea growers, we interviewed 354 growers in Guizhou Province, China. Sixty-one percent of the respondents planted tea for companies or cooperative groups, and 56% managed tea gardens larger than 10 ha. Self-employed tea growers tended to be older and smallholders, and to apply herbicides and conduct weed control less frequently (P < 0.05). Approximately 87% of the respondents conducted weed control two to four times yr−1, 83% spent between $200 and $2,000 ha−1 yr−1 for weed control, and 42% thought weed control costs would decrease by 5 years from this study. Twenty-eight species were mentioned by the respondents as being the most serious. According to canonical correspondence analysis, latitude, altitude, being self-employed or a member of a cooperative, having training experience in tea-garden weed management, and frequency and cost of weed control in tea gardens had significant (P < 0.05) influence on the composition of most troublesome weed species listed by respondents. Among the respondents, 60% had had farmer’s training on weed management in tea gardens. Of these, a significant number (P < 0.05) tended to think weed control costs would decrease, and a nonsignificant number (P > 0.05) tended to conduct weed control more frequently and have lower weed management costs in their tea gardens.
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Paul, Tripti, and Sandeep Mondal. "A strategic analysis of tea leaves supply chain before manufacturing – a case in Assam." Benchmarking: An International Journal 26, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 246–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-01-2018-0007.
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PurposeThere exists insufficient literature on classification and taxonomy of tea leaves supply chain (TLSC), so the purpose of this paper is to study the existing TLSCs and classify them accordingly. Apart from this, the paper also focuses on identification of key decisions issues in the supply chains (SC) and developing a TLSC decision framework for the state of Assam in India.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on a two-year detailed study on TLSC in Assam which encompasses 22 Tea Estates, 41 Small Tea Gardens (STGs) and a Research Institute (Tocklai Tea Research Institute). Secondary data were collected from relevant websites of various government organizations of India, company’s websites, annual reports, official statements from the companies, tea market reports, annual reports of the Indian Tea Association, the Tea Board of India, Tea Research Institute and published reports, etc.FindingsThe “point of origin” of TLSC is a tea garden, “point of consumption” is considered as a tea factory and green tea leaves (GTLs) forms the basic raw material. This SC includes mainly three players: Tea leaves growers, manufacturers of made tea and tea leaves agents. This study identifies the three types of TLSCs existing in Assam: TLSC1, TLSC2 and TLSC3. Among them, only TLSC1 is both responsive as well as an efficient chain, while the rest are only responsive chains. Later two SCs can be made efficient with the proposed TLSC4.Research limitations/implicationsThere is an insufficient literature on classification and taxonomy of TLSC, therefore the study (considerably the classification and taxonomy of TLSC) was developed from the primary data which were collected from the 22 Tea Estates and 41 STGs of four districts of Assam, because of limited time (two years). The study should have involved more tea estates and small tea gardens for better classification and taxonomy.Practical implicationsThe proposed model suggests that small tea growers may create a co-operative whereby smaller tea gardens (STGs) (members of the co-operative) unite to act as a single large garden, set up their own co-operative factory and recruit permanent tea plucking laborers. This up-gradation of TLSC2 and TLSC3 to TLSC4 may enable a group of STGs to work in a manner similar to a Tea Estate.Originality/valueTo the best of authors’ knowledge this is one of the first studies to classify the TLSC in Assam.
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Rahaman, Md Saidur, Syed Muhammod Ali Reza, Md Mizanur Rahman, and Md Solaiman Chowdhury. "A deplorable community in Bangladesh: tea garden workers." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 15, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 548–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-10-2020-0176.
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Purpose Throughout history, tea garden workers are treated as slaves of employers and live an inhuman life in modern society. This paper aims to provide an account of the deplorable community (workers) of the tea garden in Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a mixed-method research approach to conduct this study. In the first stage, using a semi-structured questionnaire, Focus group discussions (FGDs) were done by forming two groups from two districts to get a clear picture of the tea garden workers’ living standards in Bangladesh. Based on the findings of the FGD, the researchers prepared a structured questionnaire containing the basic elements of their quality of work life. In this stage, the authors collected the information from 200 tea workers about their quality of work life. Findings The major finding showed that the overall country’s economy is booming because of tea workers’ contributions, but their economic conditions gradually become impoverished. The workers’ are living with colossal poverty and vulnerability. Besides, the workers are supposed to get fundamental rights, including food, clothing, shelter, education and health, but the higher authorities were found indifferent to take the necessary initiative to implement these rights. Research limitations/implications The data was collected only from the tea garden workers. This study excluded any other parties (trade union leaders, panchayats, garden managers and owners). Thus, it is suggested that the researchers should conduct a similar study covering the opinion, including all the parties. Practical implications Both the workers and the higher authorities of the tea garden might benefit from this study’s findings. Workers will be more aware of their basic rights. The authorities can also prepare some effective policies to improve the overall quality of life of the tea workers. Originality/value To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first study on tea garden workers’ inhuman life in Bangladesh in the entire emerald insight publishers.
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Fu, Haiping, Huan Li, Peng Yin, Huiling Mei, Jianjie Li, Pinqian Zhou, Yuanjiang Wang, et al. "Integrated Application of Rapeseed Cake and Green Manure Enhances Soil Nutrients and Microbial Communities in Tea Garden Soil." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052967.
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(1) Aims: This study was aimed to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on the soil nutrients and microbiota in tea garden soil. (2) Method: Illumina Hiseq sequencing technique was conducted to analyze the microbial diversity and density in different fertilizer-applied tea garden soil. (3) Results: The results showed that Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the predominant bacterial species observed in the tea garden soil. Besides, the relative abundance of Basidiomycota, Ascomycota and Zygomycota fungal species were higher in the tea garden soil. Correlation analysis revealed that Acidibacter and Acidothermus were significantly correlated with chemical properties (such as total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contents) of the tea garden soil. Furthermore, all these microbes were abundant in medium rapeseed cake (MRSC) + green manure (GM) treated tea garden soil. (4) Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, we conclude that the application of MRSC + GM could be a preferred fertilizer to increase the soil nutrients (TOC, TP and AP content) and microbial population in the tea garden soil.
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Shrestha, Gita, and Resham B. Thapa. "Tea pests and pesticide problems and integrated management." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 16 (June 1, 2015): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v16i0.19852.
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Tea is one of the most popular beverage and main cash crops of Nepal with a very high export potential. Its plantation has expanded over 19000 ha with production of nearly 21 million kg per annum providing employment opportunity to 12000 farmers and many traders in Nepal. This plant suffers from more than 300 recognized pests, of which 25-30 insect pests occur regularly in poorly managed tea garden and some of them are major ones causing significant crop loss. Their recognition of field occurrence and incidence helps in devising management options to reduce crop loss. Therefore, a study was conducted to monitor insect pests, ascertain their nature of incidence and time of occurrence in tea garden in terai (Bhadrapur), foot-hill (Barne) and mid- hill (Kanyam) of eastern Nepal. Information was gathered by interacting with local tea gardeners, close observation in the field, collection of species and their identification in the laboratory, which showed that both terai and foot-hills with warmer climate harbored higher number of species than mid-hills. Their integrated management is essential for sustainable tea production.
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Jamil, Akhtar, Bulent Bayram, Turgay Kucuk, and Dursun Zafer Seker. "Spectral features based tea garden extraction from digital orthophoto maps." Proceedings of the ICA 1 (May 16, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-1-57-2018.
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The advancements in the photogrammetry and remote sensing technologies has made it possible to extract useful tangible information from data which plays a pivotal role in various application such as management and monitoring of forests and agricultural lands etc. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of spectral signatures for extraction of tea gardens from 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;5000 scaled digital orthophoto maps obtained from Rize city in Turkey. First, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was derived from the input images to suppress the non-vegetation areas. NDVI values less than zero were discarded and the output images was normalized in the range 0&ndash;255. Individual pixels were then mapped into meaningful objects using global region growing technique. The resulting image was filtered and smoothed to reduce the impact of noise. Furthermore, geometrical constraints were applied to remove small objects (less than 500 pixels) followed by morphological opening operator to enhance the results. These objects served as building blocks for further image analysis. Finally, for the classification stage, a range of spectral values were empirically calculated for each band and applied on candidate objects to extract tea gardens. For accuracy assessment, we employed an area based similarity metric by overlapping obtained tea garden boundaries with the manually digitized tea garden boundaries created by experts of photogrammetry. The overall accuracy of the proposed method scored 89&thinsp;% for tea gardens from 10 sample orthophoto maps. We concluded that exploiting the spectral signatures using object based analysis is an effective technique for extraction of dominant tree species from digital orthophoto maps.
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Aulia, Nedra. "Analisis Perubahan Ekonomi Masyarakat Sesudah Dan Sebelum Adanya Obyek Wisata Kebun Teh Bah Butong, Sidamanik, Kabupaten Simalungun, Sumatera Utara." Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi JIE 5, no. 4 (November 29, 2021): 723–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jie.v5i04.17822.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in the community's economy after and before the opening of the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object to the public. The descriptive quantitative data analysis method includes descriptive variable tests and paired sample t-tests. The results of this study indicate that the paired t-test difference test on household expenditure variables type of work means there are significant differences after and before the opening of the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object to the public. Against residents who are tea farmers, traders, photographers, parking attendants, section heads, and public toilet guards at the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object after its opening to the public. There are economic changes that have a positive impact, namely increasing revenue from the tourism sector, increasing income from business activities carried out by the community at the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object, the production of food, beverages, parking tickets, entrance tickets, people already have permanent jobs and can increase their income. the standard of living of the people in the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object.
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Aulia, Nedra. "Analisis Perubahan Ekonomi Masyarakat Sesudah Dan Sebelum Adanya Obyek Wisata Kebun Teh Bah Butong, Sidamanik, Kabupaten Simalungun, Sumatera Utara." Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi JIE 5, no. 4 (November 29, 2021): 723–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jie.v5i04.17822.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in the community's economy after and before the opening of the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object to the public. The descriptive quantitative data analysis method includes descriptive variable tests and paired sample t-tests. The results of this study indicate that the paired t-test difference test on household expenditure variables type of work means there are significant differences after and before the opening of the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object to the public. Against residents who are tea farmers, traders, photographers, parking attendants, section heads, and public toilet guards at the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object after its opening to the public. There are economic changes that have a positive impact, namely increasing revenue from the tourism sector, increasing income from business activities carried out by the community at the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object, the production of food, beverages, parking tickets, entrance tickets, people already have permanent jobs and can increase their income. the standard of living of the people in the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object.
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Aulia, Nedra. "Analisis Perubahan Ekonomi Masyarakat Sesudah Dan Sebelum Adanya Obyek Wisata Kebun Teh Bah Butong, Sidamanik, Kabupaten Simalungun, Sumatera Utara." Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi JIE 5, no. 4 (November 29, 2021): 723–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jie.v5i04.17822.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in the community's economy after and before the opening of the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object to the public. The descriptive quantitative data analysis method includes descriptive variable tests and paired sample t-tests. The results of this study indicate that the paired t-test difference test on household expenditure variables type of work means there are significant differences after and before the opening of the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object to the public. Against residents who are tea farmers, traders, photographers, parking attendants, section heads, and public toilet guards at the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object after its opening to the public. There are economic changes that have a positive impact, namely increasing revenue from the tourism sector, increasing income from business activities carried out by the community at the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object, the production of food, beverages, parking tickets, entrance tickets, people already have permanent jobs and can increase their income. the standard of living of the people in the Bah Butong Tea Garden tourism object.
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Guo, Xuan, and Qingwen Min. "Analysis of Landscape Patterns Changes and Driving Factors of the Guangdong Chaoan Fenghuangdancong Tea Cultural System in China." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (March 22, 2023): 5560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065560.
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Guangdong Chaoan Fenghuangdancong Tea (GCFT) Cultural System is the second batch of China’s Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS), identified by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2014 as having rich biodiversity, valuable knowledge of indigenous technology, and unique ecological and cultural landscape. Under the dual background of rapid urbanization and agricultural industry structure transformation, China-NIAHS-GCFT is facing the reality of structural changes in land use/cover and landscape patterns. Therefore, it is important to systematically portray land use/land cover (LULC) changes in China-NIAHS-GCFT sites and clarify the spatial pattern differences due to the impact of China-NIAHS-GCFT recognition on tea garden areas and the tea industry. This study was conducted in Chaozhou City, Guangdong Province, where GCFT is located, to compare and analyze the LULC characteristics of the core area of the heritage site (Chaoan, Chaozhou) and the control area (Raoping, Chaozhou) before and after recognition. We assessed the spatial variation in tea garden area and the intrinsic driving mechanisms of the change by integrating social factors, such as China-NIAHS-GCFT recognition, and natural factors, such as elevation, precipitation, and temperature. The results show that: (1) Around 2010, the change in LULC of the core and control areas progressed from slight changes to dramatic changes, mainly shifting from natural to anthropogenic landscapes. The decrease in the cropland and grassland and the increase in built-up land in the core area were obviously larger than those in the control area. (2) Before and after GCFT was recognized as China-NIAHS in 2014, the changing pattern of tea garden shifts from “basically stable and small growth” to a trend of “substantial expansion”. Specifically, the recognition brought about tea garden area expansion and tea industry development in the core area, especially Fenghuang. Meanwhile, a radiating effect extends to the control area, especially the townships adjacent to Fenghuang. (3) Similar natural climatic conditions of temperature and precipitation in the two regions provide a basic growing environment for tea trees; however, elevation was the key natural resource condition affecting the distribution of tea gardens. The elevation conditions of the core area are more suitable for growth of tea trees compared to the control area.
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He, Ji, Qing Lu, Chuanmei Wu, and Hongyan Liu. "Response of Soil and Plant Nutrients to Planting Years in Precious Ancient Camellia tetracocca Plantations." Agronomy 13, no. 3 (March 19, 2023): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030914.
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In order to explore the response of soil nutrient supply capacity and tea plant nutrient utilization capacity to tea-planting years in precious ancient tea garden, field investigation and indoor analysis methods were employed to research the soil and plant nutrient content, eco-stoichiometric characteristics and the correlation between them, with artificially bred Camellia tetracocca at different time periods (5 years, 15 years, 25 years and 40 years). The results showed that: (1) the contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were higher in the 25- and 40-year teas than in 5- and 15-year teas. The soil pH and total phosphorus were the highest in the 40-year tea, and the available nutrient content was the lowest in the 40-year tea. (2) The contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in tea shoots were the highest in 15-year tea. The nutrient content of tea trees were highest according to the following order: new shoots > leaves > branches. (3) The N: P of soil and leaves was 4.11–7.55 and 6.37–11.76, respectively. Available nutrients and soil pH were the main factors affecting the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in new shoots. In conclusion, the soil nutrient supply capacity and the nutrient utilization capacity of tea plants in the Camellia tetracocca garden were significantly different under different tea-planting years. The growth of the tea plants was restricted by the soil nitrogen supply. The nutrient absorption and utilization capacity of precious Camellia tetracocca were higher in the 15- and 25-year teas, respectively. The study provides the basis for the rational development and sustainable utilization of precious ancient tea plants, and the scientific management of tea gardens.
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Rahman, MA, ZR Moni, MA Rahman, and S. Nasreen. "Investigation of Shade Tree Species Used in Tea Garden in Bangladesh." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 18, no. 1 (July 25, 2020): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v18i1.48395.
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The shade trees are an integral component of tea cultivation in Bangladesh. The shade trees are essential for modulating the environment of the tea ecosystem, enriching the soil fertility, reducing temperature and the evaporative capacity, conserve soil moisture and helps in the control of certain pests and diseases which are positively thermotropic in nature. The shade trees provide partial shade to the tea plants, which is important for improving the quality of the tea leaf. The right type of shade trees and their proper management is a prerequisite for successful tea crop growing. For this persists, a floristic exploration of shade trees was carried out at fifteen tea gardens in Chattogram and Moulvibazar District of Bangladesh from November 2017 to December 2018. During the investigation, a total of 44 species of Angiosperm representing 31 genera of 9 families was enlisted. For every species, scientific name, vernacular name, status, and necessary photographs are mentioned. In the assessment, the Fabaceae family shows the highest number of shade trees comprising 19 genera and 31 species. The most common permanent shade tree species among the tea gardens are Albizia odoratissima, A. chinensis, A. lebbeck, A. lucidior, A. procera, and Derris robusta. Indigofera teysmannii is frequently using as a temporary shade species in all investigated tea gardens. Cajanus cajan, Tephrosia candida, Tephrosia candida, Gliricidia sepium, Erythrina lithosperma and Desmodium gyroides species are also used as temporary shade trees in many tea gardens. Further investigations, however,are required to find out the right type of shade tree species on the growth and yield of tea plants in tea cultivation areas of Bangladesh.
SAARC J. Agri., 18(1): 219-237 (2020)
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Chowdhury, MAI, GMJ Hasan, and MA Karim. "A Study on Existing WATSAN Condition of Two Tea Gardens in." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 4, no. 2 (March 17, 2012): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v4i2.10125.
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In Bangladesh, the area around Sylhet is a traditional tea growing zone. Sylhet is not only plays an important role in the socio-economic development of Bangladesh but also important for ecological balance of the country. However, the water supply and sanitation (WATSAN) condition of tea garden area especially for workers is not environmentally sound. Moreover, there is not enough number of tube wells to get water for drinking purposes and even no provision of municipal water supply. The income of tea garden workers is poor around BDT 3000-4000 per month; 80% people were illiterate, 58% people were getting improper (shared among many workers) latrine facility. The drinking water was observed free from faecal coliform and arsenic contamination but the concentration of iron was high. This study reveals that both the tea garden people are deprived from proper latrine facility, water supply system, waste management and housing facilities. Sustainability of water supply and sanitation system must be considered for achieving good health for all and keep the environment healthy for smooth economic development.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v4i2.10125 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 4(2): 13-18, 2011
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Duddigan, Sarah, Paul D. Alexander, Liz J. Shaw, Taru Sandén, and Chris D. Collins. "The Tea Bag Index—UK: Using Citizen/Community Science to Investigate Organic Matter Decomposition Rates in Domestic Gardens." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 25, 2020): 6895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176895.
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Gardening has the potential to influence several ecosystem services, including soil carbon dynamics, and shape progression towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals, (e.g., SDG 13). There are very few citizen/community science projects that have been set up to test an explicit hypothesis. However, citizen/community science allows collection of countrywide observations on ecosystem services in domestic gardens to inform us on the effects of gardening on SDGs. The geographical spread of samples that can be collected by citizen/community science would not be possible with a team of professional science researchers alone. Members of the general public across the UK submitted soil samples and buried standardised litter bags (tea bags) as part of the Tea Bag Index—UK citizen/community science project. Participants returned 511 samples from across the UK from areas in their garden where soil organic amendments were and were not applied. The project examined the effects of application of soil amendments on decomposition rates and stabilisation of litter, and in turn, effects on soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations. This was in response to a call for contributions to a global map of decomposition in the Teatime4Science campaign. Results suggested that application of amendments significantly increased decomposition rate and soil carbon, nitrogen, and carbon: nitrogen ratios within each garden. So much so that amendment application had more influence than geographic location. Furthermore, there were no significant interactions between location and amendment application. We therefore conclude that management in gardens has similar effects on soil carbon and decomposition, regardless of the location of the garden in question. Stabilisation factor was influenced more prominently by location than amendment application. Gardening management decisions can influence a number of SDGs and a citizen/community science project can aid in both the monitoring of SDGs, and involvement of the public in delivery of SDGs.
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Zhang, Qingfan, Bo Wan, Zhenxiu Cao, Quanfa Zhang, and Dezhi Wang. "Exploring the Potential of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Remote Sensing for Mapping Plucking Area of Tea Plantations." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 6, 2021): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091214.
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Mapping plucking areas of tea plantations is essential for tea plantation management and production estimation. However, on-ground survey methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and satellite-based remotely sensed data are not fine enough for plucking area mapping that is 0.5–1.5 m in width. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) remote sensing can provide an alternative. This paper explores the potential of using UAV-derived remotely sensed data for identifying plucking areas of tea plantations. In particular, four classification models were built based on different UAV data (optical imagery, digital aerial photogrammetry, and lidar data). The results indicated that the integration of optical imagery and lidar data produced the highest overall accuracy using the random forest algorithm (94.39%), while the digital aerial photogrammetry data could be an alternative to lidar point clouds with only a ~3% accuracy loss. The plucking area of tea plantations in the Huashan Tea Garden was accurately measured for the first time with a total area of 6.41 ha, which accounts for 57.47% of the tea garden land. The most important features required for tea plantation mapping were the canopy height, variances of heights, blue band, and red band. Furthermore, a cost–benefit analysis was conducted. The novelty of this study is that it is the first specific exploration of UAV remote sensing in mapping plucking areas of tea plantations, demonstrating it to be an accurate and cost-effective method, and hence represents an advance in remote sensing of tea plantations.
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Sita, Kralawi, Achmad Imron Rosyadi, and Tri Maruto Aji. "Contract Farming through Tea-Horticulture Intercropping System: A Case Study of Gambung Estate and Horticultural Farmers in Bandung, Indonesia." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 15, no. 1 (June 15, 2018): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2018.15.1.5.
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Contract farming is becoming a viable form of partnership between tea plantation companies and local farmers in the management of tea plantations. This study aimed to: (1) describe a contract farming pattern through the system of intercropping tea-horticulture, (2) analyze the efficiency of the management of tea garden with contract farming, and (3) describe the benefits and sustainability of the contract farming between Gambung Estate and horticultural farmers. The case study was conducted in Gambung Estate using qualitative descriptive analysis and contract farming scheme analysis. The study observed that the contract farming patterns applied was a modified nucleus estate model with a combination of resource provisioning cooperation with production management cooperation. The challenges for future contract farming include land management, new skill transfer, climate change, and shared risk and effort between the two parties so that the bargaining position of horticultural farmers will be increased in the sustainable tea plantation management framework. Value of investment efficiency was 47 percent for new planting and 49 percent for replanting. The highest R/C and B/C values were given to the intercropping system of tea-chili at 2:25 and 1:25, respectively.
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Alom, S., R. Das, U. Baruah, S. Das, and R. P. Bhuyan. "Carbon sequestration potential under tea based cropping system." Journal of Environmental Biology 42, no. 3 (May 4, 2021): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/42/3/mrn-1498.
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Aim: To study the carbon sequestration process in tea based plantation system and to identify more potential carbon sequestration system amongst the tea based cropping system by studying carbon storage in different components of the plantation system. Methodology: The experiment was carried out in the Experimental Garden for Plantation Crops of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam. Treatments were made in an on going, long term shade experiment on mature tea bushes, adapted to three levels of shades viz. tea as monoculture; Tea based cropping system with Areca palm and Tea with Albizzia odoratissima. Results: Among different tea plantations, tea-albizzia recorded superior performance, followed by tea-areca palm plantation in respect to biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration. Similarly, higher carbon stock was found in tea-albizzia plantations along with other physiological and edaphic parameters related to carbon sequestration attributed to an increase in carbon stock. Interpretation: Tea-albizzia plantation system has maximum potential for carbon offsetting from the atmosphere as well as carbon storage both above and below ground in the plantation ecosystem which might be helpful for future carbon management and economy as a whole.
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Subba, Rathika. "Voices of the Marginal: Comparative Analysis of Mahasweta Devi’s “Draupadi” and Asit Rai’s Yantrana." New Literaria 04, no. 01 (2023): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.48189/nl.2023.v04i1.010.
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Postcolonialism has ushered in creating possibilities to locate the voices of the marginalized. In this light Mahasweta Devi is one of the prolific writers who has championed the cause of the suppressed and the marginalized sections of the society. Her works seek to rewrite and represent their history and reality as they are the ones who actually contribute towards history writing. “Draupadi” (1981) is about individual courage, determination and resilience. The protagonist of the story cuts across class, caste and gender barriers and protests against the brutality of state-sponsored violence, atrocity and inhumanity. She breaks the shackles of confinement of patriarchy and state-aided cruelty as it specifically decides the punishment for her because she is an ‘insurgent’, ‘culprit’ and above all a woman. Similar echoes are found in a Nepali novel Yantrana (1980) by Asit Rai. It brings out the plight and torture of Chandrabahadur, a tea garden worker, who dares to speak against the inhuman system of the ‘maliks’ who have usurped all the power to keep the workers subordinated. It is about his fight against the inhuman treatment and management in the tea garden. The plantation system in the tea garden on the other hand has the indirect support of the government to crush any voice of dissent and discord. Both in Mahasweta Devi’s “Draupadi” and Asit Rai’s Yantrana the marginalized voices spring out of the intended and extended exclusion and suppression.
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Balabak, A. "Ecological and biological features of breeding and growing tea-hybrid roses." Balanced nature using, no. 2 (May 17, 2018): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.2.2018.276421.
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The group of tea-hybrid is the most common and most popular in the world of roses. The possibility of using garden roses in green building is often limited by the influence of environmental factors, both abiotic and biotic. Research on the stability of tea-hybrid roses and the selection of optimal cultivation conditions are aimed at developing recommendations for their implementation in landscaping of populated areas of Ukraine.
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Li, Shaojuan, Jun Lu, Edward Pope, Nicola Golding, Tianjun Zhou, Fazhi Li, and Wei Duan. "Influence of multi-timescale precipitation indices on primary tea production in Baoshan, Yunnan, China." Environmental Research Communications 4, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 025009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ac5087.
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Abstract The regional economy in Yunnan, Southwest China, relies heavily on tea production. Both the quality and amount of tea production are sensitive to extreme climate events, but exactly how different timescale climate events influence tea production remains unknown. In this study, we explore the dynamic responses of tea production indices in Baoshan, Yunnan to 6 multi-timescale precipitation indices (MPIs) at lags of up to 20 years. The results are as follows: (1) Wet injury caused by precipitation during summer and autumn is a prominent threat to annual tea production in Baoshan, which leads to negative impacts on annual tea yield and raw tea price, with the impact on the latter mainly reflected in tea quality during the primary processing for black tea and green tea. (2) Annual tea yield and raw tea price are negatively correlated with CDD (consecutive dry days) and R20 (very heavy precipitation days) at lags greater than one year. (3) Spring tea yield and raw tea price are negatively correlated with spring precipitation, but positively correlated with days in the winter-spring dormancy period of tea plant (WSDP) and precipitation in WSDP; the positive correlation of days in WSDP is the most prominent with spring tea production of the 3 MPIs. (4) Unlike other famous tea areas, lower R20 frequency in Baoshan is not associated with high rates of soil erosion, but the lack of drainage ditches in the tea garden still means that continuous precipitation or heavy rainfall are a risk to Baoshan tea production. The insights provided by this study will help farmers and other decision-makers to understand the mechanism of MPIs’ influence on tea production, inform regional responses in tea plantation management to the observed different precipitation trends, and improve future management decisions under a changing climate.
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Bhowmick, Anjan, Mohammad Nurunnabi, Laboni Adhikary, Md Shamsur Rahman, Tanmoy Saha, and Kazi Jahangir Hossain. "Periodontal Status and Gingival Conditions of the Tea Workers." Eastern Medical College Journal 8, no. 1 (October 21, 2022): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/emcj.v8i1.66723.
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Background: Periodontitis and gingivitis are prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases. The examination of the periodontal and gingival conditions is complex and requires a proficient dental healthcare provider to detect the patient’s definite problems.
Methodology: The study was designed as a cross-sectional study to assess the periodontal status and gingival conditions of the 372 tea workers in the purposively selected Premnagar tea garden located in Moulvibazar district, Sylhet 3200, Bangladesh. ‘Community Periodontal Index’ (CPI) was used to measure the periodontal status.
Results: Most of the workers (38.2%) were from the age group ≥37 years and illiterates (62.1%). More than two-fourths (57.8%) had detected calculus during probing, one-fourth (25.3%) had a shallow pocket and only 11.6% had healthy periodontal status. The prevalence of poor periodontal status was 88.4%. Among the dental cleaning aids such as toothbrush users, 15.6% had healthy periodontal status, whereas the smokeless tobacco non-users (22.6%) and pan-supari non-chewers (75.0%) had healthy periodontal conditions. The level of periodontal status factors was statistically significant with age, educational qualification, and monthly household income (p<0.05) of the workers.
Conclusion: The study warrants poor periodontal health status among the tea workers. It is essential to do the periodical assessment of the periodontal condition, risk factors analysis, and management complications by establishing dental health corners in tea garden health settings.
Eastern Med Coll J. Jan 2023; 8 (1) 19-23
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Morang, Pranjal, Sashi Prava Devi, and Satya Nath Doley. "Integrated Approach to Management of Brown Root Rot Disease of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L)O.Kuntze)." Current Agriculture Research Journal 11, no. 2 (September 21, 2023): 468–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.11.2.09.
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Abstract: Brown root rot disease caused by Fomes lamoensis and Trott has been identified as the primary root disease of tea. Indiscriminate use of chemicals in tea garden area has an adverse effect on the environment. For management of this root disease, integrated approach is required for sustainability in tea cultivation. The present study involves the use of five systemic fungicides, which were screened and tested against the pathogen. Total five fungicides used, among the fungicides propiconazole and hexaconazole was inhibit 98.51% and 100% growth of pathogen @ 100mg/l concentration. However bavistin, roko and ektino, showed in12.58%, 5.18% and1.48% inhibition respectively. Bacillus cereus and Trichoderma harzianum were also evaluated and efficiently inhibited F. lamoensis in vitro. The zone of inhibition varied from 10 to 15 mm in case of B. cereus and 10 to 16 mm in case of T. harzianum. The nursery experiment exhibited that tea plants at 120 days after the treatment (DAT) with the pathogen showed 76.66% disease incidence. The reduction in disease incidence (23.33% and 13.25% respectively) was observed when the plants were treated with biocontrol agents i.e.B. cereus and T. harzianum. In case of chemically treated plants only 10% disease incidence was observed. The results of the nursery experiment showed that both the chemicals and biocontrol agents significantly affected incidence of disease and promoted growth of tea measured in terms of shoot height, root length, number of new leaves, lateral branches, biomass of shoot and root over the control.
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Chen, Junjun, Yawen Yin, Wensheng Yu, Wenkai Tao, Yajian Huang, and Bailing Zhu. "Current and Future Distribution of Camellia sinensis in China Estimated by MaxEnt." HortScience 59, no. 2 (February 2024): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17390-23.
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Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is an important cash crop. In the context of climate change, analyzing the current distribution of tea trees and climate change environmental variables to predict the potential distribution area of tea trees in the future can help decision-makers make appropriate planting decisions and promote sustainable management. In this study, an optimized MaxEnt model was used to predict the limiting factors of tea tree growth and distribution under current and future climate change scenarios. The climate soil mixing model [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.934] performed excellently. The results showed that precipitation, temperature, slope, and soil factors all affected the distribution of suitable habitats for tea trees. Compared with the current distribution area of tea trees, under three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585), the area of highly suitable habitats for tea trees will expand, especially in 2061–2080 and 2081–2100 years, and the suitable area will extend overall to the north of China, indicating that future climate change may create more new suitable habitats for tea production, especially in Shandong, Shaanxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces. This study will provide important scientific insights for tea production decision-making, tea garden location selection, and future adaptation methods, and will help in the cultivation and transplantation of tea trees in the future.
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Xia, Xianfei, Zhiyu Song, Hongru Xiao, Suwei Xiao, and Guang Yang. "Application of the modular manufacturing technology of mechanized equipment in tea garden management machine." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 493 (March 22, 2019): 012098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/493/1/012098.
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Ekka, Jeni, and Dr Asomi Chaliha. "A study on management practices of model schools of tea garden areas of Assam." International Journal of Literacy and Education 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/27891607.2024.v4.i1c.179.
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Tang, Sheng, Qingxu Ma, Jipeng Luo, Yinan Xie, Muhammad Laeeq ur Rehman Hashmi, Wankun Pan, Nan Zheng, Mengjiao Liu, and Lianghuan Wu. "The inhibition effect of tea polyphenols on soil nitrification is greater than denitrification in tea garden soil." Science of The Total Environment 778 (July 2021): 146328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146328.
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Shabanpour, Mahmoud, Azadeh Sedaghat, Parvin Rousta, Reza Ebrahimi, and Ahmad Shirinfekr. "The Physicochemical Properties of Soils in Tea Gardens Affected by Vermicompost and Lime Applications During Different Time Periods." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.82.
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The organic matter content has significantly decreased in some of the tea gardens in north of Iran, thereforeresulting in degradation of their physical and chemical properties. An experiment was conducted in two tea gardens in order to investigate the effect of lime and vermicompost on soil's physical and chemical properties. The studied tea soils were located in Gilan province (Bazkiyagorab and Azbaram) in Iran (with clay loam and sandy loam texture). Vermicompost was applied in 3 levels of 0, 2.5% and 5% and lime was applied in two levels of 0 and 0.5%. The measurements were carried out three times (after 0, 90 and 180 days). The results showed that lime and vermicompost application has significantly affected the calcium carbonate content, pH, the electrical conductivity (EC) and the soil organic matter (SOM) content in the studied soils. Lime application significantly increased the infiltration rate (P<0.01). Comparison of the average interaction of lime with vermicompost in the Azbaram station soil showed that 5% vermicompost and 0.5% lime with an average of 5.49 (mm h-1) had the highest infiltration rate (IR) and had a significant difference with the other treatments. Comparison of the average interaction of lime with vermicompost in Basquegorob garden showed that the treatment of 5% vermicompost with 0.5% lime, the time stage of 180 days with an average density of 1.11 (g cm-3) had the lowest bulk density (BD) and was significantly different from other levels. It seems that the simultaneous presence of lime and vermicompost and their effect on improving the soil structure and increasing porosity, leads to reduction of the soil's bulk density. The results obtained in this study have clearly indicated that the simultaneous applications of vermicompost and lime is an effective way to improve soil physical and chemical properties. However, the real potential of the amendments used in this experiment should be further assessed under field conditions using a test crop.
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Manzoor, Lifeng Ma, Kang Ni, and Jianyun Ruan. "Influence of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Tea Growth and Quality and Soil Properties of Tea Orchards’ Top Rhizosphere Soil." Plants 13, no. 2 (January 11, 2024): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13020207.
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Organic-based fertilizers have been ratified to be effective in ameliorating tea growth and the fertility of soil. However, the effect of integrated fertilization on tea growth and quality and the chemical properties of the soil in tea gardens are unclear. To address this, from 2020 to 2021, five different treatments were carried out in the greenhouse of the Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, CAAS, including CK (control), NPK (chemical fertilizers), RC (rapeseed cake), NPK+B (chemical fertilizer + biochar), and NPK+RC, to investigate the effects of different fertilizations on soil chemistry and tea growth and quality. The results indicated that NPK+B and NPK+RC significantly improved the different amino acid and catechin concentrations in the young shoots, stems, and roots of the tea compared to the CK. The plant growth parameters, e.g., the plant height, no. of leaves, mid-stem girth, and fresh weights of stems and leaves, were significantly increased with integrated fertilization (NPK+B and NPK+RC) compared to the CK and solo organic and inorganic fertilizers. The chlorophyll contents (Chl a, Chl b, and Chl a+b) were generally higher with NPK+RC than with the CK (37%, 35%, and 36%), RC (14%, 26%, and 18%), and NPK (9%, 13%, and 11%) treatments. Integrated fertilization buffered the acidic soil of the tea garden and decreased the soil C:N ratio. NPK+RC also significantly increased the soil’s total C (31% and 16%), N (43% and 31%), P (65% and 40%), available P (31% and 58%), K (70% and 25%), nitrate (504% and 188%), and ammonium (267% and 146%) concentrations compared to the CK and RC. The soil macro- (Mg and Ca) and micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu) were significantly improved by the RC (100% and 72%) (49%, 161%, 112%, and 40%) and NPK+RC (88% and 48%) (47%, 75%, 45%, and 14%) compared to the CK. The chlorophyll contents and soil macro- and micronutrients were all significantly positively correlated with tea quality (amino acids and catechin contents) and growth. These results indicated that integrated fertilization improved the soil nutrient status, which is associated with the improvement of tea growth and quality. Thus, integrated nutrient management is a feasible tool for improving tea growth, quality, and low nutrient levels in the soil.
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Jiang, Wenqiang, Baocai Su, and Shuisheng Fan. "Spatial Disequilibrium and Dynamic Evolution of Eco-Efficiency in China’s Tea Industry." Sustainability 15, no. 12 (June 15, 2023): 9597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129597.
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Eco-efficiency is a significant target for evaluating the agricultural ecosystem and measuring sustainable agricultural development through quantitative analysis. It is also an essential part of constructing the ecological tea garden, which offers a directional function in realizing the green development of the tea industry. After measuring the eco-efficiency of China’s tea industry using the super-efficiency SBM model, this paper analyzes the spatial disequilibrium and dynamic evolution trend of the eco-efficiency in China’s tea industry through the method of Dagum Gini Coefficient and Kernel Density Estimation. The results show that the level of eco-efficiency in China’s tea industry was improved overall, and the spatial disequilibrium was significantly reduced. The differences within the tea region decreased as follows: tea regions in Southwest China, South China, south of the Yangtze River, and north of the Yangtze River; the overall difference in the eco-efficiency in the tea industry mainly comes from the contribution of the interregional difference in tea regions, and the second contribution comes from the intraregional difference in tea regions and the difference in super-variable density. The eco-efficiency of the tea industry has been improved both nationally and within the top four tea regions; the disequilibrium between areas and within the tea region has been largely alleviated, but there is still room to optimize the input–output structure and promote the eco-efficiency.
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Li, Hongxia, Qing Zhong, Xinru Wang, Fengjian Luo, Li Zhou, Hezhi Sun, Mei Yang, Zhengyun Lou, Zongmao Chen, and Xinzhong Zhang. "The degradation and metabolism of chlorfluazuron and flonicamid in tea: A risk assessment from tea garden to cup." Science of The Total Environment 754 (February 2021): 142070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142070.
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Wu, Shilin, and Kaza Mojtahe. "Computational Intelligence and Things Technology-Based Collection and Design of Inheritance Characteristics of Tea Product Packaging Art Form." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (March 10, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3578831.
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In view of the core process data such as temperature and humidity of the tea product packaging process and the automatic control operation parameters of the production line, this paper designs a smart tea product packaging 5G Internet of Things gateway system, which realizes the 5G Internet of Things onsite monitoring and remote monitoring of the tea product packaging production line equipment. The design and implementation of the 5G Internet of Things gateway system are divided into three aspects, namely, 5G Internet of Things gateway configuration design, data communication protocol conversion. First, the 5G Internet of Things gateway configuration is to design the relevant control information of the tea processing production line equipment and complete the configuration storage of the PLC controller; secondly, the data communication protocol conversion is to pass the Modbus/TCP OPC standard to transfer the collected 5G Internet of Things. The sensor data undergoes unified standardized conversion, and then the standardized converted data is sent to the database and server using the MQTT protocol; the data processing of the 5G Internet of Things gateway system is the design of the internal data of the 5G Internet of Things gateway. Finally, the test was carried out and the results were obtained, which proved that the designed 5G Internet of Things gateway system is useable, reliable, has good stability and scalability, and provides an important solution for the construction of smart tea product packaging in the industry. The tea product packaging system based on 5G Internet of Things technology compiles electronic production management files for tea garden production, tea picking, tea processing, tea packaging and other links in accordance with the requirements of the national agricultural product quality and safety related systems and industry standards, and has become the traceability of tea quality The recorded important production management information provides important information support for the traceability of the whole process of tea.
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Rasaily, Rinju. "Sitting Ducks Post-COVID? Work Organisation and Compounded Health Risks for Darjeeling Tea Workers." Social Change 53, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 550–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857231203359.
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This article argues that burgeoning economic uncertainty, competitiveness of commodity production after COVID-19 and labour reforms may facilitate the industry to reorganise work arrangements through labour flexibilisation and mechanisation, accentuate health precarity, and nefariously push the disenfranchised Darjeeling tea labour further into oblivion. Workers’ access to basic healthcare services for illnesses and diseases such as fevers, diarrhoea, dysentery, anaemia, and hypertension pivots on the fragile lines of power and ethno-gender that are deeply embedded in plantation societies. Subsequently, social distancing as a preventive everyday measure during the pandemic appears to have reinforced both class and caste divide among these communities. The tangible absence of a robust health infrastructure in the Darjeeling hills exposes the undeniable shift in the responsibility of healthcare by the tea garden management on workers’ households and the samaj, as a social collective in managing illness and care.
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Fu, Lingbo, Chengyu Xiong, and Min Xu. "Influential Factors Affecting Tea Tourists’ Behavior Intention in Cultural Ecosystem Services: An Affordance Perspective." Sustainability 15, no. 21 (October 31, 2023): 15503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152115503.
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Tea tourism has gained prominence recently, particularly with the recognition of traditional Chinese tea processing techniques as an intangible cultural heritage. Nevertheless, as a niche form of tourism, knowledge gaps persist regarding the understanding of tea tourists’ perceptions of the tourism environment and their subsequent impact on behavior intentions. Underpinned by affordance theory, this study aims to investigate the role of tourism environment affordance in shaping behavior intentions through emotional value and cultural identity. A structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was employed to analyze survey data collected from 296 online responses provided by tea tourists. The key findings are as follows: (1) tea tourists primarily visit sites like a tea village, tea garden, and tea house, typically once or twice annually, with visits lasting 2–4 or 4–8 h; (2) convenient transportation and facilities, educational opportunities, and well-designed environments emerge as the most influential aspects of tourism environment affordance; and (3) tourism environment affordance significantly influences emotional value and cultural identity, and these in turn act as mediators between tourism environment affordance and behavior intentions. Therefore, this study expands the application of affordance theory to tea tourism by elucidating how perceptions of tourism environment affordance impact tea tourists’ behavior intentions and it deepens our understanding of the flow of cultural ecosystem services. Additionally, it underscores the pivotal role of tourism in providing cultural ecosystem services for preserving intangible cultural heritage and nurturing cultural identity. Practical implications for promoting tea tourism as cultural ecosystem services are also gleaned from our findings.
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Islam, Md Nazrul, and Md Al-Amin. "Life behind leaves: capability, poverty and social vulnerability of tea garden workers in Bangladesh." Labor History 60, no. 5 (June 2, 2019): 571–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0023656x.2019.1623868.
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R., Bera, Datta A, Bose S., Barik A.K., Asthana A., and Seal A. "Development of Regenerative Tea Cultivation Models through Dual Approach of Soil and Plant Health Management towards Crop Sustainability, Soil Quality Development, Pesticide Reduction and Climate Change Mitigation: A Case Study from Lakhipara Tea Estate,." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 4 (April 22, 2024): 494–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i44135.
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Climate change is a reality and its impact on the tea plantations is apparent in the rise of pest intensity, higher agrochemical use, inconsistent crop yields, declining grand growth period, increased abiotic stress and various other challenges; that threaten long-term sustainability of the Indian tea sector. The urgency to adopt sustainable practices is increasing by the day but to gain time bound results a comprehensive focus encompassing soil and plant health development will be crucial. To deal with climate challenge head-on, the Indian tea industry is making changes at various levels of operations. The sustainable tea initiative at Lakhipara tea estate, was one such attempt by the Goodricke Group Limited in their Dooars tea growing region of West Bengal. The program was initiated in 2014 with an aim to reduce pesticide use, improve soil quality, and produce quality teas while sustaining crop yields, improving renewable energy use and lowering the carbon footprint. Adoption of Inhana Rational Farming (IRF) Technology and taking the essence from ‘Trophobiosis Theory’ of French Scientist F. Chaboussou, the program focused on management of soil and plant health. Three years evaluation of crop yields in respect of the budgeted crop, revealed on an average an excess of 78 kg/ha/year in the project area. In rest of the garden area a contrasting crop loss of 118 kg was recorded per ha during the same period. The higher crop performance positively correlated with the higher nutrient use efficiency which was 17.7 percent higher in the project area (NUENPK : 8.86) as compared to the general garden area (NUENPK : 7.53), which reflected the impact of plant health management towards enhanced nutrient uptake, assimilation and utilization. Assessment of pesticide usage, revealed up to 77% decrease in usage in the project area during 2014-16, as compared to the pre- project year. Comparison with pesticide usage of the Dooars tea growing region during this same period, indicated a 62% lower Crop Pesticide Pollution Index (CPPI) in the project area. The finding indicated a 52 to 77% reduction in the accumulated toxicity potential of the applied pesticides in the project area; thereby accrediting safer tea development under this program, when adjudged in terms of pesticide residue. Assessment of soil quality revealed an overall eight percent increment in Soil Fertility Index (FI) value, with significant improvement in soil microbial activity potential (MAP) values i.e., by almost four times. The finding pointed towards the favourable impact of soil health management primarily through Novcom composting towards enhancement of soil microbial interactions. Post three years of experimentation the overall Soil Quality Iindex (SQI) value increased by 6% in the project area. The finding corroborated a concurrent 6.72% increase in the soil organic carbon stock during the same period. Reduction in use of non- renewable inputs viz. chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the project area was indicated by approximately 40 percent enhancement in energy use efficiency and energy productivity post the assessment period. Carbon assessment in terms of kg CO2 equivalents/ kg made tea (using ACFA version 1.0) indicated approx. 65 to 70 % lower footprint in the project area, primarily due to 20 to 30 % reduction in chemical fertilizers and 60 to 70 % reduction in the use of synthetic pesticides. The results indicated that while integrated soil management is the pre-requisite criteria towards rejuvenation of soil health and for restoration of the habitat for predators, it does not play a direct role in reducing the pest pressure and simultaneously the requirement of pesticides. Physiologically activated plants/ bushes on the other hand; due to their higher nutrient assimilation capacity and efficient protein synthesis are always lesser susceptible to pest attack. Hence, focus on activation of plant physiology can reduce the plant- pest interaction leading to a natural reduction in the requirement for pesticides vis-à-vis the pesticide usage.
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Abimanyu, Tyas, Elpawati E, and Achmad Tjachja Nugraha. "PENGARUH KUALITAS PRODUK, HARGA, PROMOSI, DAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN KONSUMEN TEH WALINI DI INDUSTRI HILIR TEH PT. PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA VIII BANDUNG." AGRIBUSINESS JOURNAL 13, no. 1 (July 15, 2019): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/aj.v13i1.11874.
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PTPN VIII is an Indonesian state owned company concentrating in the field of agricultural / plantation. The company is located in West Java province. PTPN VIII had many commodities are grown and cultivated, including tea commodity. IHT PTPN VIII is expected to be able to see and take advantage of this opportunity for the development of tea production enterprises downstream. By because it's an improvement and evaluation of each line of the company should do. Ranging from human resources management, business strategy, finance, marketing, distribution, raw materials and so forth. Especially in terms of raw materials PTPN VIII IHT own advantages in this sector. Raw material supply is guaranteed because it has its own tea garden and the quality of tea used is also an excellent tea products. IHT PTPN VIII should be aware of this potential, especially coupled with increasing as well the tea industry competition IHT PTPN VIII should be better prepared to face competition to reform itself. The purpose of this research is (1) To determine whether the variables of quality of product, price, promotion and service quality partial effect on customer satisfaction Walini tea products in Downstream Tea PT.Perkebunan Nusantara VIII (2) To determine whether the variables of quality products , pricing, promotion and service quality simultaneous influence on consumer satisfaction Walini tea products in Downstream tea PT.Perkebunan Nusantara VIII. Based on the analysis, the majority of consumers are aged 26-35 years, sex permpuan, working as private employees, Knowing Walini tea product from a friend, itensitas purchase Not too often, the reason to buy a product because of the quality of the product. The quality of the product (X1), price (X2), promotion (X3), and quality of service (X4) partially affects consumer kepusan Walini tea in IHT PTPN VIII. This is evidenced by the variable t of product quality is 7.696 with a significant level of 0.000. Then t of the variable price is 2.375 with a significant level of 0,020. Then t of variable sale is 2,715 with a significant level of 0.008 and t of the variable quality of service is 3,387 to 0,001 signifakan level. The above data shows that significant value is generated each independent variable was below 0.05. Factors that affect customer satisfaction Walini tea at Tea Downstream Industry PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII with the most impact is the quality of the product and service quality, then price and finally the sale.
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Wirabudi, Andri Agustav, and Nurwan Reza Fachrurrozi. "Classification of tea plantation using orthomosaics stitching maps from aerial images based on CNN." JURNAL INFOTEL 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v15i1.871.
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In Indonesia, Tea is an important economic crop that is widely grown, and in many countries, accurate mapping of tea plantations is essential for the operation, management, and monitoring of the growth and development of the tea industry. We propose a classification of tea plantations using orthomosaics from aerial images based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) which identifies the condition of the tea plantations with the parameters observed, namely the condition of the tea leaves, estimated yields achieved, and monitoring of treeless areas caused by tree death. In this study, we took a sample of 20 hectares. We classify images based on maps generated by drones in previous studies. Image segmentation is performed to maintain image objects, while an enhanced CNN model is used to extract deep image features. To get complete results, this study uses UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) imagery as the basis for the map, which is then combined or stacked into one image. The results of the images that are used as maps undergo image classification, where the information contained in the map is mapped and divided according to its type. The area of the tea plantations sampled is 20 ha, and the threshold for the image captured by the UAV is 5% of the total area captured, which is around 1 ha. If the image created by the UAV has an error of more than 5%, then the image does not meet the classification requirements. We determine this margin of error based on the performance of the drone camera capture when capturing Fig. 2, and the resolution used is 4096 x 2160 for each image captured by the drone. We conclude that the proposed method for mapping tea plantations using ultra-high resolution remote sensing imagery is effective and has great potential for mapping tea plantations in areas such as the development of drone aerial photography methods for tea plantations based on image classification for forecasting. tea plantations Image stitching can be used to improve the monitoring of tea plantations and predict harvest time using a classification process. The tea garden map has 5 types of information categorized by harvest time, medium leaf tea, milled tea, tea, and old tea. The success of image recognition shows the error matrix data by testing 123 random points spread over the map, of which 113 random points were identified with an average accuracy of 91.87%, this value is of course very good and exceeds the specified threshold of 75%. When using this method, an error occurs that the colors of similar pixels cannot be distinguished, resulting in an incorrect detection. In addition, the image stitching method using the orthomosaics method has succeeded in performing image stitching and can be well applied to classification using the CNN approach.
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Maharani, R., and A. Fernandes. "Development of herbal teabag products based on regional potency to improve forest communities’ welfare." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 917, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/917/1/012011.
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Abstract On May 10, 2019, the Directorate General of Sustainable Production Forest Management with online shopping @shopee_id began collaboration to promote and market Non-Timber Forest Products in order to improve Indonesian economic. The potential of non-timber forest products in East Kalimantan, Indonesia is abundant, especially the utilization as medicinal plants based on local wisdom, such as in Merabu village, Berau district, and Dilang Puti village, West Kutai district, East Kalimantan. Traditional medicinal products tend to be less regulated and have no selling value. This study aims to develop herbal teabag products, beginning from production process, the cost of production, brand naming, and to strengthening an organization for manage or manufacture herbal teabags from these two villages. Merabu has high potential of gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis), karamunting (Melastoma malabatricum), and ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri). The product made is prima tea, with main ingredients of mixed leaves of A. malaccensis, R. tomentosa and a little amount of E. zwageri powder as a dye. Meanwhile, Dilang Puti has high potential of laban (Vitex pubescens), and ginger (Zingiber officinale). Thus, a tea product namely Pusaka tea is introduced, with the main ingredients of mixed inner bark of V. pubescens and Z. officinale powder. All processing implements a cooperative model to produce herbal teabags, with raw materials taken from members’ garden. The product manufacturing training process tends to be faster and easier, while naming is quite long due to a common name should recognized by all parties, beginning from young people, general public, and customary elders. Furthermore, herbal tea bag products are packaged and sold through established organizations, which then have a positive impact on local communities’ income.
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Tiwari, Neha, and Namita Joshi. "Carbon Management Index and Soil Organic Carbon pools of Different land use in Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya." Current World Environment 17, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.17.3.7.
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Himalayan soils are young, unstable and prone to erosion due to its terrain, climate responsive conditions and human activities. Thus, a research was conducted to assess the dynamics of total organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, labile and non-labile carbon, lability index and carbon management index among three distinct landuse at various soil depth in north himalayan region. Mixed forest have considerably more total organic carbon (43.0 g/kg), particulate organic carbon (5.45 g/kg) followed by agricultural total organic carbon (29.58 g/kg), particulate organic carbon (3.51 g/kg) and tea garden total organic carbon (21.96 g/kg), particulate organic carbon (2.42 g/kg). There is a greater accumulation of all the indices and carbon pools at the surface layer in all landuse system. Mixed forest have higher lability index (0.77) and carbon management index (67.76) value indicating better soil health and quality. Therefore mixed forest is considered as the best landuse system in mitigating climate change through carbon storage. This study provides key details for conservation framing and reducing land deterioration in mountainous regions.
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Supriatna, Nono. "ANALISIS KONTRIBUSI EFISIENSI BIAYA PRODUKSI TERHADAP KEMAMPULABAAN PADA PT PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA VIII JAWA BARAT." Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Keuangan 2, no. 3 (April 27, 2014): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jrak.v2i3.6600.
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This study is intended to study the magnitude of the contribution of the high efficiency of production costs to the level of profitability of the company, especially in tea commodities empirically by taking the case in PT Perkebunan Nusantara (PTPN) VIII West Java. The findings of this study are expected to contribute thoughts in the management of finance, especially related to the level of efficiency as one of the factors that affect the pampering of the company.The profitability variable is measured by the gross profit margin indiator, while efficiency is measured by comparison between budget and realization. In this study used saturated sampling by examining a number of existing garden units in PTPN VIII West Java Region. The collected data is processed inferential statistically by using simple correlation and regression analysis to test the research hypothesis.From the results of hypothesis testing through regression analysis obtained the findings that the hypothesis proposed in this study accepted empirically, ie efficiency costs roduksi positive effect on kemampulabaan company of 5.2% or contribution of 0.069 units. This means that every increase of 1 value in the variable cost of production efficiency of the company, then the profitability of each unit of the garden will increase by 6.9 units.
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Chatterjee, Somsirsa, Ankur Ganguly, and Saugat Bhattacharya. "Characterization of HRV by Poincare Plot Analysis among the Female Tea Garden Workers of Northern Hilly Regions of West Bengal." International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics 5, no. 2 (April 2010): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jhisi.2010040106.
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Recent research on Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has proven that Poincare Plot is a powerful tool to mark Short Term and Long Term Heart Rate Variability. This study focuses a comprehensive characterization of HRV among the Tea Garden Workers of the Northern Hilly Regions of West Bengal. The characterization, as available from the data sets, projects the average values of SD1 characteristics, that is, Short Term HRV in females as 58.265ms and SD2 as 149.474. The SDRR shows a mean value of 87.298 with a standard deviation of 119.669 and the S Characterization as 16505.99 ms and Standard deviation of 45882.31 ms. The SDRR shows a mean value of 87.298 with a standard deviation of 119.669 and the S Characterization as 16505.99 ms and Standard deviation of 45882.31 ms. ApEn Characterization showed mean value of 0.961 and standard deviation of 0.274.
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Wang, Jia, Xu Wang, Xinhua Zhang, Haichen Li, Xiaohui Lei, Hao Wang, and Lixin Wang. "Application of Grey Clustering Method Based on Improved Analytic Hierarchy Process in Water Quality Evaluation." MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824602004.
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To highlight the differences in water quality impacts of different indicators in water samples, this paper proposes a grey clustering method based on improved analytic hierarchy process to evaluate the quality of surface water. According to the pollution degree of different indicators in the water quality sample, the importance score is assigned, and the weight of different indicators is calculated by the analytic hierarchy process. The weight participates in the calculation of the grey clustering coefficient, and the evaluated water quality category considers the difference of the contribution rate of different pollutant indicators. The water quality samples of three water periods (Abundant, Normal, and Poor water flow periods) in the four sections of Qingshui River in Duyun City (Tea garden, Youhang, Yingpan and Jiadeng) were selected for evaluation, and the conventional grey clustering method and single factor method were used. The evaluation results were compared and analyzed. The evaluation results show that the improved grey clustering method is more scientific and reasonable and can provide a basis for water quality assessment and water environment management of water environment management departments.
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Rizal, M., O. Trisilawati, T. L. Mardiningsih, Rohimatun, and P. Maris. "IPM on organic estate crops: opportunities and challenges." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 974, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/974/1/012059.
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Abstract An obstacle in Indonesian crop estate products marketing abroad is the contamination of chemical pesticide residues and heavy metals. Implementing integrated pest management (IPM) and organic certification on estate crops are applied to meet consumer demands for healthier, quality, and safer products. Seventy-four of the 2351 certified organic products registered at Competence Authority of Organic Food, MOA, are primary and processed products from 12 estate crops commodities, i.e. cashew, cinnamon, citronella, coffee, cocoa, coconut, kapok, palm sugar, nutmeg, pepper, tea, and vanilla. In the organic certification process, pest control is carried out integrated by combining various environmentally-friendly control components, available in the garden environment, and/or organic certified commercial biopesticides, no synthetic chemical pesticides. Farmers’ experience has shown that plant pests are relatively easy to control, while plant diseases with high damage intensity and fast spreading were difficult to control and plants must be eradicated. Therefore, a more innovative integrated pest control technology is needed to carry out organic certification in estate crops.
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Hasibuan, Sawarni. "DEVELOPMENT OF POTENTIAL ENTERPRENEURSHIP TRANSPARENT HERBAL SOAP IN INTEGRATED PUBLIC SPACE FOR FRIENDLY CHILDREN KALIDERES WEST JAKARTA." ICCD 1, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33068/iccd.vol1.iss1.81.
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As one program of Jakarta province government, integrated public space for friendly children in Kalideres West Jakarta begins with the social mapping activity to identify the need for indoor room and outdoor room in RPTRA Kalideres. One of indoor room built in RPTRA Kalideres is PKK Mart. PKK mart is built as storefront to put and promote innovative products and creativity of Kalideres citizen contributing to improve the familiy economics. One of excellent program in RPTRA Kalideres is cultivation of various herbal plants in the home garden. The herbal products are then dried in the form of Simplisia, packed simply and marketed in PKK Mart. Alternative product diversification of other herbal products are dried flour, herbal tea, herbal drink and herbal soap. The problem is that management of RPTRA Kalideres and PKK housewives have not owned the knowledge about business development of herbal plants based. The purpose of this community dedication is to develop the products of herbal plants based transparent soap. Training given consists of knowledge and skills to produce transparent herbal soap, packaging innovation, analysis of production cost and marketing innovation by using social media. The activity lasted for four months involving 35 candidates of enterprenour in region Kalideres. Result of evaluation showed that interest of the participants is quite high to develop enreprenourship including this transparent herbal soap. Design to develop enterprenourship of transparent herbal soap is integrated from raw products to finished products. They also increase innovation for developing products among the participants. The next step is finding partnership for the success of continuity for excellent program RPTRA Kalideres West Jakarta.
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Afeto, Amanuel, Kefyalew Kassa, Tesfaye Belay, and Abiy Gebremchael. "Spice production and marketing in Kaffa Biosphere Reserve, Ethiopia." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 13, no. 2 (January 10, 2024): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v13i2.70850.
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Ethiopia has favorable climate conditions for the production of spices, herbs, aromatic and medicinal plants useful for flavoring food, aroma, therapeutic and marketing for cash income. Ethiopian is the largest consumer of spices in Africa, but the contribution of spice to the national economy is meager. The study area is endowed with diversified spice types with different purposes. However, it is not well announced, attention is not given and still many spices are growing in the wild. However, it is not well announced, attention is not given, and many spices are still collected from the wild. This study aimed to assess spice production and marketing in Kaffa biosphere reserve. This study was undertaken in four districts of Kaffa zone including Tello, Gimbo, Shishoende and Decha districts by selecting one representative kebele from each district. The data collection method used for this study is a household survey, key informant interviews and focus group discussion. Out of the total sampled 89% of sampled households participate and produce diversified types of spice. Korarima, red pepper, rue, ginger, turmeric, bush tea, holey basil, machewolago, aemacho nechamacho, coriander, rosemary, onion, long pepper and lemon grass were identified at the household survey. About 60.9% of the sample households provide spice products to market and the sample households generate a mean income of 1,611.14 ETB from spice product marketing. Most sampled households ranked themselves at low and very low knowledge levels on spice production and marketing. Spices are mainly produced in the home garden area for consumption. The main challenges for spice production in the study area are the unavailability of improved variety, low attention given by government and stakeholders, unavailability of the market, lack of knowledge and skill on production and post-harvest handling, low-value addition practice and unavailability of recommended practice. Creating a market for spice products and promotion is needed its importance and give attention to spice production. Training is needed for the farming community on spice cultivation, management, post-harvest handling and processing. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 13(2): 22-30, Dec 2023
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Xing, Daiman, Yang Hu, Binmei Sun, Fan Song, Yiyu Pan, Shaoqun Liu, and Peng Zheng. "Behavior, Characteristics and Sources of Microplastics in Tea." Horticulturae 9, no. 2 (January 29, 2023): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020174.
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Microplastics have become a widespread environmental concern because they are found in most tested places, including the air we breathe and the food and beverages we consume. To explore the current status of microplastic pollution and future research trends in tea, we reviewed the distribution, abundance, shape, size and sources of microplastics in tea. Microplastics are plastic particles that are 5 mm in diameter or less. Those found in tea and tea gardens originate from agricultural plastic films, plastic packaging of products and tools used in tea production, organic fertilizers, even atmospheric deposition. The microplastics in tea gardens are typically fragments and fibers, mainly composed of polyethylene, polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate. The prevention and control of microplastics in tea planting, tea processing and packaging should be strengthened, and reduce the input of products containing microplastics. Future research on microplastic detection methods in tea and determination of safety thresholds should be prioritized to provide a reference for microplastic contamination risk, control, and management in tea.