Journal articles: 'Tea Estates'

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Viswanathan, P., and D. Rameshkumar. "Work, Life and Protest of Indico Tea Estate Workers." Research and Review: Human Resource and Labour Management 4, no. 1 (April 25, 2023): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/rrhrlm.2023.v04i01.002.

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Nilgiri tea is a mysterious, extremely pungent, fragrant, and flavoured tea grown in the southern portion of Southern India's Western Ghats. It is grown in the hills of Tamil Nadu's Nilgiri district, but there are numerous other tea-growing districts in South India, such as Munnar and Central Travancore in Kerala. In Nilgiri, many tea estates cultivate tea leaves with their employees. Most of the people in Nilgiri work as employees and workers in tea estates and indico factories. They pick tea daily, and the workers are happy in the estate. This study will determine how satisfied they are. This is a small attempt to know the welfare of the estate employees.

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Kumar, Virender, Neha Jamwal, and Divya Sharma. "Economics of tea growing in Himachal Pradesh." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 6 (September 14, 2020): 1107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i6.104777.

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The present study was conducted in Palampur, Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh to examine the comparative economics of tea production on small and large tea farms (estates). The study was carried out during 2016 based on a random sample of 50 small tea growers and 3 tea estates chosen using stratified random sampling technique. The results of the study revealed that among different components of operational cost, the share of expenditure on human labour was highest (84-85%) on small farms as well as in estates. Per hectare tea leaf production was 54.5q in case of small and 57q on large tea farms. The cost of production on the small farms was observed to be `₹ 1, 561 per quintal while it was ₹ 1,356 in estates. The economic viability of tea production was higher in estates as compared to small farms partially due to mechanization of some operations and the economies of scale. Output-input analysis showed that the production of made tea was more profitable on estates as compared to small farms. Among the factors affecting tea production, labour days used, area under tea and experience in tea cultivation had positive and significant influence on production of tea. In order to boost tea production in the state, incentivized machine use in tea cultivation and enhancing marketing scope of homemade tea are some of the efforts that need attention of policy makers.

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Daniel, E. Valentine. "Tea Talk: Violent Measures in the Discursive Practices of Sri Lanka's Estate Tamils." Comparative Studies in Society and History 35, no. 3 (July 1993): 568–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500018594.

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At the most manifest level, this paper is about agricultural and agronomic terminology as found in the discourse of Tamil-speaking workers on Sri Lanka's tea plantations or tea estates, as they are called there. My use of the terms agricultural and agronomic in this context is admittedly idiosyncratic. In the tea estates of Sri Lanka, two kinds of agricultural (in the unmarked sense) terminology are in use, one belonging to managerial agriculture and the other to folk agriculture. But by and large, the tea estate is the regime of managerial agriculture. Whereas in village India, folk agriculture prevails. I call the class of terms belonging to managerial agriculture, agronomic terminology, and reserve the term “agricultural terminology” for the domain of folk agriculture. By analyzing four communicative events that I observed and recorded on tea estates in Sri Lanka, I attempt to show how these two terminological worlds interact. The nature of that interaction is such that the dominant terminology of agronomy may be seen to be deconstructed by the subdominant terminology of village agriculture.

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Islam, M. N., and A. F. M. Sanaullah. "Physico-chemical Properties of Soil of Rangapani Tea Estate of Bangladesh." Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 3 (August 30, 2011): 683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v3i3.7503.

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Bangladesh is one of the tea producing countries of the world. It has 163 tea estates. Rangapani is a low yielding tea estate relative to other neighboring tea estates of Chittagong district in Bangladesh. A total 54 soil samples were collected from six different hills and three topographic positions having different depths of Rnagapanni Tea-Estate. Physico-Chemical properties of soils such as active acidity, reserve acidity, cation exchange capacity and clay content of the collected soil samples were determined. The measured parameters of the soil samples were plotted and analyzed with reference to site and topography. The parameters have been found to vary with sampling sites, depths and topography. Active acidity and reserve acidity were very low, with some exceptions compared to the optimum range for tea cultivation. Sand, silt, clay and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were found in reasonable range Keywords: Soil; Active acidity; Reserve acidity; Cation exchange capacity; Clay content. © 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: 10.3329/jsr.v3i3.7503 J. Sci. Res. 3 (3), 683-688 (2011)

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Roy, Nirmal Chandra, and Debasish Biswas. "Closed Tea Estates: A Case Study of the Dooars Region of West Bengal, India." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 22, no. 3 (July 30, 2018): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262918788231.

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Since the end of the nineteenth century, it has been found that there has been a steady trend of the closure of tea estates in the sub-Himalayan region of Bengal. Besides that, a number of tea estates in the same region have not been operating properly. All these have made workers vulnerable. But this tea-producing region is monadic, and it produced during 2016–2017 358.53 million kg of tea; whereas the total production of India was 1,250.49 million kg. Evidence shows that 16 tea estates of the Duncan Group alone had been virtually closed in 2015 in the Dooars region. As a consequence, nearly 20,000 workers became jobless and subsequently several workers of the closed tea estates died of starvation and malnutrition. Further, some records have mentioned that from 2000 to 2015, 1,400 people had died in 17 closed tea estates in West Bengal. A lion’s portion of deaths has occurred in the Dooars region. In this case, an attempt has been made to unveil the root causes of the closure of tea estates located in the Dooars region in West Bengal.

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Hettiarachchi, H. A. I. L., L. M. H. R. Alwis, and T. T. D. Dharmarathna. "Identifying high-performing seedling teas in Passara, Sri Lanka." Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension 26, no. 3 (September 27, 2023): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tare.v26i3.5669.

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Tea is a shade-loving plant and is propagated either by seeds or cuttings. The seedling teas exhibit the ability to endure prolonged droughts while still achieving vigorous shoot growth. This study aimed to identify high-performing seedling teas in Passara where drought is a key determinant of tea yield. Twenty-one high-performing seedlings and six extensively-used vegetatively propagated tea cultivars from three randomly selected tea estates in Passara were compared morphologically based on shoot density, banji shoots, shoot weight, internodal length, length, and width of the mature leaf. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Minitab (version 17) software. The findings demonstrated a significant difference among tea bushes considering selected morphological traits at a 5% significance level. Clustering analysis of Gonakele estate grouped GS4 with TRI 2025, GS2, and GS3 with TRI 2043. VS1 and VS3 seedlings from Varellapathna estate were clustered with TRI 2023 and CY9, respectively. Hopton estate seedlings did not cluster with vegetatively propagated cultivars. Therefore, GS2, GS3, GS4 from Gonakale, and VS1, and VS3 from Varellapathna were selected as mother bushes. Thus, the findings unveil distinct clusters of high-performing seedling teas from various estates, providing insights into potential candidates for maintaining genetic diversity in tea plantations.

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Nuruz Zaman, Abu Syed, and D. K. Patgiri. "Comparison of Soil Properties of a Tea Estate using Classical and Geostatistical Technique." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (May 10, 2023): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2023.1205.026.

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An attempt was made to access soil properties of a tea estate using classical and geostatistical technique where production of tea has decreased tremendously due to an increase in limitation of the soil factors governing production. Similar problem has been reported from many other estates. Tea being a major revenue earner and its productivity being governed by soil factors, this work was undertaken to find out the degree of limitations and possible improvement in production of the crop.

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Bamwai, Aurelia. "Privatisation of the CDC Tea Estates and Impact on the Population." Journal of Developing Country Studies 7, no. 2 (September 5, 2023): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jdcs.2091.

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Purpose: During the Post-colonial period, the Western Powers intervened in African economies in different ways as strategies were put up to guarantee continues influence in Africa. Amongst such policies was the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programs by the World Bank through the Bretton Woods Institutions which placed privatization as a precondition for giving out loans to developing countries. Following the economic crises that plagued Cameroon in the late 1980s and 1990s, she was pressurised by the Bretton Woods Institutions to privatise State Corporations as a pre-condition to benefit from loans. As a consequence, the Tea Estates of the CDC (Cameroon Development Corporation) was sold to a South African Consortium called Brobon Finex PTY Limited, which ran the tea sector under the name Cameroon Tea Estate (CTE) in 2002. This action bred negative consequences on the workers and the inhabitants of the surrounding areas who had benefitted significantly from the Corporation. The need to ascertain the degree of consequences of privatisation of the Tea Estates to the workers and its environs stimulated this research. All in all, this paper examines why privatisation that was meant to disengage state corporations from public to private ownership with the hope of enforcing efficiency ended up bringing misery and suffering to the people. Methodology: Using information from oral and written sources, and adopting both qualitative and quantitative research methodology, Findings: This paper came out with the findings that privatisation of the Tea Estates ushered in negative consequences on the people. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The paper makes some recommendations that could be considered in future, when privatising state corporations especially those with direct contact on the population like guideline policies on buyers, creation of monitoring strategies to control the activities of buyers as well as the provision of support facilities to the new beneficiaries.

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Das, Uday, and Rafiqul Islam. "LIVELIHOOD REALISM: A REVIEW ON CLOSED TEA GARDENS OF DOOARS, WEST BENGAL." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i2.2021.3355.

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The paper is an attempt to understanding the ongoing livelihood realities in closed/ abandoned tea garden of Bengal-Dooars (Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar). The region produced large scale good qualities tea in more than 150 organised tea estates. Tea industry of North Bengal has been trashily affected by global economic quandary and local constraints. Many tea estates failed to manage the shock; the management closed many gardens. The garden closure and work shutdown have been produced a livelihood disaster. A school drop-out, child trafficking, Child labour mobility, rally of hunger and starvation death and extreme poverty is the ongoing livelihood phenomena in labour colonies of closed tea gardens. The present paper has discussed the particulars (housing, drinking water, medical facilities, education, liabilities etc.) of five closed gardens by using the data from TG Survey Final Report, Labour Commissionerate, Govt. of West Bengal and Tea Board of India.

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Eckstein, Sue. "Improving conditions of workers on tea estates." Waterlines 3, no. 4 (April 1985): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1985.015.

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Duara, Mridusmita, and Sambit Mallick. "Non-Inclusive Trade Unionism in the Tea Estates in Assam." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 21, no. 2 (September 9, 2022): 152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341622.

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Abstract The state of Assam alone produces nearly 53 percent of the total tea production in India. Around one million workers are engaged in the tea industry in India. Tea – as a commercial product first cultivated and expanded by the British – is an outcome of the toil and struggle of the Adivasi workers or indigenous people of central and east India who were made to migrate to Assam under extremely brutal conditions, and they form one of the most oppressed communities in the state. This section of the population has been waging struggles to protect its rights in the state. Tea production is a labor-intensive enterprise in which trade unions should ideally play an assertive role at every stage. However, trade unions in the tea estates are gradually being questioned on their functionality in shaping industrial relations and upholding the rights of the workers. The key respondents, comprising plantation workers, trade union members, owners of the tea estates, and management staff, belong to the major tea producing districts of Assam: Dibrugarh, Sibsagar, Jorhat, Golaghat, Sonitpur, and also the lesser producing district, Kamrup. The present study ascertains the role of trade unions in dealing with the key issues faced by plantation workers, such as non-inclusion of women workers and casual workers and its failure to play an effective role in the negotiation or collective bargaining process with management and the state. It is observed that the trade unions function under the principles of the political parties and acquisition of political power is their sole motto.

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Hlongwana, James. "Estate farming and Ndau people’s displacement from Zimbabwe into Mozambique, c.1940-2010." New Contree 86 (July 30, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v86i0.24.

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This article focuses on the development of plantation farming close to the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border and its effects on the Ndau people. Colonial incursions on the Zimbabwe/Mozambique border areas resulted in the development of estate farming in the Chimanimani/Chipinge region. European settlements in the borderland led to land expropriation by the colonial state and multi-national companies for estate farming. These estates ranged from natural and exotic forests, coffee, tea to sugarcane plantations. The majority of the plantations lie along the Zimbabwe/Mozambique border. The estates are vast, numerous and cover a significant area of Chimanimani/ Chipinge district. Apart from protecting tree and animal species, the promotion of tourism and provision of employment, the estates have assisted in the development of amenities and infrastructure in the region. In spite of the positives highlighted above, this article argues that the establishment of plantation agriculture displaced the Ndau people from their ancestral lands and pushed them into Mozambique.

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Goowalla, Horen. "CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS THE WORKERS IN TEA INDUSTRY OF ASSAM – A CASE STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THREE COMPANY BASED INDUSTRY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2014): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v2.i2.2014.3063.

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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) defined as “the ethical behavior of a company towards the society,” manifests itself in the form of such noble programs initiated by for-profit organizations. CSR has become increasingly prominent in the Indian corporate scenario because organizations have realized that besides growing their businesses, it is also vital to build trustworthy and sustainable relationships with the community at large. This is one of the key drivers of CSR programs. Though India is one of the fastest growing economies, socio-economic problems like poverty, illiteracy, lack of healthcare etc. are still ubiquitous and the government has limited resources to tackle these challenges. This scenario has opened up several areas for businesses to contribute towards social development. Companies have CSR teams that devise specific policies, strategies and goals for their CSR programs and set aside budgets to support them. Corporate Social Responsibility means the way in which business firms integrate environmental, economic and social concerns into their culture, values, strategy, decision making and operations in an accountable and transparent manner and therefore, leading to better creation of wealth, an improved society and better practices in the business organization. The research study has been undertaken by selecting three tea estates of Jorhat District of Assam, out of the total tea estates 135(Annual Report2013, Published tea Board of India). These tea estates are considered only Company based, tea estates for the study. This paper is about how Tea Industry performs their Social Responsibility towards their workers. Research is based on the three Tea Gardens industry i.e. how they fulfill their task towards the benefit of Society. In this paper, an attempt has been made to highlights how the companies based tea industries have introduced many workers welfare activities, social development programmes, better working conditions,provide better medical and sanitation facilities, sports and cultural activities in order to improve their standard of living of employees.

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Kiruy, Francis, Joshua Manduku, and Viviline Ngeno. "Parents’ Economic Status and Academic Performance in Public Primary Day Schools in Multinational Tea Estates Kericho County, Kenya." East African Journal of Education Studies 2, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajes.2.1.164.

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Dynamism in family finances, family type, and style of parenting has been associated with the well-being of a child. Poor performance usually indicates that some factors may be of the cause other than those found in schools since all schools in the republic of Kenya are given funds, teachers, and other resources equally. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of parents’ economic status and pupils’ academic performance in public primary tea estate schools in Kericho County. The research utilised social learning theory to bring the conceptualisation of the role of parents and family in enhancing academic performance. The study adopted a correlation research design. The study targeted 336 standards seven and eight pupils and 55 parent association members, 5 deputy headteachers and 5 headteachers from 5 schools from the selected schools in the tea estates in Kericho County. A sample population of 101 pupils, 55 parent Association members, 5 parents as well 5 headteachers, and 5 deputy headteachers were obtained using a stratified random sampling technique. The sampled 101 pupils were given questionnaires, while 55 parents association members, 5 headteachers, and 5 deputy headteachers were interviewed by the researcher. Both questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data from the field. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics where percentages and means were utilised. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used as inferential statistics. Qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. Financial based problems attributed the highest issues that affect the parents in the estate for over-dependence wages and salaries that can sustain basic needs. Therefore, the study concluded that parent economic status had a significant effect on the pupil’s academic performance. The study recommended that there is a need for the multinational tea estates to consider assisting the children financially in estates through corporate social responsibility.

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Wasti, Dreesti, Shiva Chandra Dhakal, Rishi Ram Kattel, and Suryamani Dhungana. "VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF ORTHODOX TEA IN ILAM DISTRICT OF NEPAL." Malaysian E Commerce Journal 4, no. 2 (September 7, 2020): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mecj.02.2020.54.59.

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Despite of the high rate of the orthodox tea, the net margin is still below the satisfactory level. Thus the present research was conducted to analyze the value chain of orthodox tea in Ilam district of Nepal. A total of 160 samples were collected, 80 each from organic and conventional tea growing area. Similarly, 4 tea processing factories and 5 local traders were selected purposely. The major functions involved in the orthodox tea value chain were supplying of the inputs, production, transportation/collection, processing, blending and packaging, exporting and domestic trading. Agro vets and input suppliers supplied required inputs such as saplings, fertilizers and pesticides etc. to the farmers and tea estates. The production of green tea leaves would undergo transportation and collection which was conducted by farmers, tea estates, co-operatives and brokers. Processing, blending and packaging functions were carried out either by tea companies or tea processing factories. Exportation was conducted by tea factories or trading companies whereas domestic trading was conducted by tea factories, wholesaler and retailers. Low farm gate price, high cost of labor and inputs were the major production problems whereas fluctuation in price and lack of marketing information were the major marketing problems from the study.

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Magar, Chandra Kala, and Bimal Kumar Kar. "Tea Plantations and Socio-Cultural Transformation: The Case of Assam (India)." Space and Culture, India 4, no. 1 (June 19, 2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v4i1.188.

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The tea plantations of Assam, which constitute the country’s 53.97 per cent tea area, 49 per cent tea worker population, and 52.04 per cent tea production, occupy an important place in the economy, culture and polity of the state. The onset of tea plantations during British colonial rule has not only changed the landscape of the upper Brahmaputra valley through green tea bushes being nourished by tea tribes from east-central India, but also evolved a distinct tea culture. Although formation of small tea growers has added a new dimension to the growth of tea industry of Assam in recent times, the culture that emerged due to the long continued interaction of British planters, tea worker tribes and indigenous Assamese is well reflected in the language, way of life, work culture, food habits and many other socio-cultural practices in most of the large tea estates in the state. In fact, the impact of tea culture is so penetrative that it has been able to bring about development in the form of tea festival, tea tourism, tea folk songs and dances, etc. in the state. An attempt is made in this paper to explore the role of tea plantation and the people associated with it to the socio-cultural transformation of Assam based on both secondary data and primary data through field study. The primary data have been collected from selected tea estates, tea garden worker colonies, tea-tribe villages and urban dwellers.

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Paul, Tripti, and Sandeep Mondal. "A strategic analysis of tea leaves supply chain before manufacturing – a case in Assam." Benchmarking: An International Journal 26, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 246–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-01-2018-0007.

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PurposeThere exists insufficient literature on classification and taxonomy of tea leaves supply chain (TLSC), so the purpose of this paper is to study the existing TLSCs and classify them accordingly. Apart from this, the paper also focuses on identification of key decisions issues in the supply chains (SC) and developing a TLSC decision framework for the state of Assam in India.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on a two-year detailed study on TLSC in Assam which encompasses 22 Tea Estates, 41 Small Tea Gardens (STGs) and a Research Institute (Tocklai Tea Research Institute). Secondary data were collected from relevant websites of various government organizations of India, company’s websites, annual reports, official statements from the companies, tea market reports, annual reports of the Indian Tea Association, the Tea Board of India, Tea Research Institute and published reports, etc.FindingsThe “point of origin” of TLSC is a tea garden, “point of consumption” is considered as a tea factory and green tea leaves (GTLs) forms the basic raw material. This SC includes mainly three players: Tea leaves growers, manufacturers of made tea and tea leaves agents. This study identifies the three types of TLSCs existing in Assam: TLSC1, TLSC2 and TLSC3. Among them, only TLSC1 is both responsive as well as an efficient chain, while the rest are only responsive chains. Later two SCs can be made efficient with the proposed TLSC4.Research limitations/implicationsThere is an insufficient literature on classification and taxonomy of TLSC, therefore the study (considerably the classification and taxonomy of TLSC) was developed from the primary data which were collected from the 22 Tea Estates and 41 STGs of four districts of Assam, because of limited time (two years). The study should have involved more tea estates and small tea gardens for better classification and taxonomy.Practical implicationsThe proposed model suggests that small tea growers may create a co-operative whereby smaller tea gardens (STGs) (members of the co-operative) unite to act as a single large garden, set up their own co-operative factory and recruit permanent tea plucking laborers. This up-gradation of TLSC2 and TLSC3 to TLSC4 may enable a group of STGs to work in a manner similar to a Tea Estate.Originality/valueTo the best of authors’ knowledge this is one of the first studies to classify the TLSC in Assam.

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Hazarika, Bidisha, Pompi Dutta, Manuranjan Gogoi, Aditi Smith Gogoi, and Diganta Kr Bora. "Tea Tourism: Navigating the Future of Assam's Agritourism." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 4 (February 27, 2024): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i41891.

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Assam, a state brimming with diverse tourism opportunities, boasts rich wildlife, cultural heritage, monuments, and abundant natural flora and fauna. Despite its vast potential, Assam has yet to secure a prominent position on the global tourism map. While recent government initiatives aim to rejuvenate the state's tourism, one overlooked sector is Agritourism, a facet of Community-based Tourism that allows visitors to engage directly with the host community. This study specifically delves into the agricultural realm, focusing on Assam's tea sector, a pivotal contributor to the state's economy and employment with over 800 major tea estates. Positioned as a prime candidate for Tea tourism, these estates offer a wealth of attractions, including century-old bungalows, lush green lawns, and expansive tea plantations. The study aims to explore the untapped potential of tea tourism, proposing approaches for development while addressing current challenges and presenting viable solutions. With its roots in community-based tourism and agritourism, tea tourism not only has the capacity to elevate the state's tourism industry but also positively impact the host communities involved.

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Maity, S. "Reform Raises Efficiency of Tea Estates in India." Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/aol.2017.090209.

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Das, Animesh Chandra, Ryozo Noguchi, and Tofael Ahamed. "An Assessment of Drought Stress in Tea Estates Using Optical and Thermal Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 2730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142730.

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Drought is one of the detrimental climatic factors that affects the productivity and quality of tea by limiting the growth and development of the plants. The aim of this research was to determine drought stress in tea estates using a remote sensing technique with the standardized precipitation index (SPI). Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS images were processed to measure the land surface temperature (LST) and soil moisture index (SMI). Maps for the normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and leaf area index (LAI), as well as yield maps, were developed from Sentinel-2 satellite images. The drought frequency was calculated from the classification of droughts utilizing the SPI. The results of this study show that the drought frequency for the Sylhet station was 38.46% for near-normal, 35.90% for normal, and 25.64% for moderately dry months. In contrast, the Sreemangal station demonstrated frequencies of 28.21%, 41.02%, and 30.77% for near-normal, normal, and moderately dry months, respectively. The correlation coefficients between the SMI and NDMI were 0.84, 0.77, and 0.79 for the drought periods of 2018–2019, 2019–2020 and 2020–2021, respectively, indicating a strong relationship between soil and plant canopy moisture. The results of yield prediction with respect to drought stress in tea estates demonstrate that 61%, 60%, and 60% of estates in the study area had lower yields than the actual yield during the drought period, which accounted for 7.72%, 11.92%, and 12.52% yield losses in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively. This research suggests that satellite remote sensing with the SPI could be a valuable tool for land use planners, policy makers, and scientists to measure drought stress in tea estates.

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Bhuyan, Samikhya, Gayatri Goswami Kandali, Sagolshem Kalidas Singh, Ram Swaroop Meena, Simanta Jyoti Medhi, Avicha Tangjang, Ashim Debnath, Punam Bagang, Yashi Umbrey, and Bhabesh Deka. "Soil Organic Carbon Stock in the Tea Gardens of North –East India as Affected by the Organic and Conventional Management Practices." ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION 29, suppl (2023): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i06s.049.

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This study focuses on the tea (Camellia sinensis), which plays a vital role in India’s economic development. The objective is to evaluate the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in tea soil in Assam and emphasize the importance of restoring SOC content through the adoption of various management practices. The study was conducted in two tea estates, one organic and one conventional, in Golaghat district, Assam. Composite soil samples were collected from different depths (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm) in each estate. Physical and chemical properties of the soil, such as bulk density, particle density, porosity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon content, and cation exchange capacity (CEC), were analyzed. The SOC stocks were higher in the topsoil (0-20cm) for both management systems, with higher values observed in the organic system. The decline in SOC stocks in the conventional system may be attributed to intensive tillage, organic matter uptake by tea bushes, and lack of organic inputs. In contrast, the organic system, with balanced organic fertilization and litter accumulation, promoted higher SOC content.

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Ahmad, Iftekhar, Mohammad Ohid Ullah, and Rayhan Uddin. "Studies on Aeromycoflora in Different Tea Estates of Sylhet." IARJSET 6, no. 12 (December 30, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/iarjset.2019.61201.

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Sah, R. B., U. Shah, and N. Jha. "Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Protozoan Infections among the Tea Estates Workers of Ilam District, Nepal." Journal of Health Science Research 1, no. 1 (June 24, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jhsr/2016/v1/i1/4492.

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Introduction: Intestinal protozoan infections continue to remain a global public health challenge, particularly in developing countries. Since diagnosis of these parasites is difficult, prevalence data on intestinal protozoa is scarce. Objectives: To measure the prevalence of intestinal Protozoan Infections and to identify risk factors associated with Protozoan Infections among the tea garden workers in Ilam district of Nepal. Materials and Methods: A Community based cross-sectional study was conducted among tea garden workers in Ilam district of Nepal. Out of 4 tea estates in Ilam District, 2 tea estates (Ilam Municipality and Kanyam) were selected randomly. Out of total 150 tea workers (30 in Ilam Municipality and 120 in Kanyam), 98 workers participated in the study. Semi-structured questionnaire was used and routine examination of stool was done. Collected data was entered in Microsoft excel and analysed. Results: Prevalence of protozoan infections among the Tea Estates workers of Ilam District was 22.4%. Giardia lamblia was seen higher (12.2%) than Entamoeba histolytica (10.2%). Regarding ethnicity, the protozoan infection was seen higher among Dalit (40%) than Janajati (18.8%) and Brahmin/Chhetri (11.1%) (P<0.05). The protozoan infections was seen lower who use of soap and water after defecation (6.2%) than those using only water (60%) (P<0.001). The protozoan infections was also seen lower who wear sandals or shoes (17.3%) than those did not wear (47.1%) (P<0.05). The protozoan infection was seen higher among those having the habit of nail biting and thumbs sucking. Conclusions: There is relatively high prevalence of intestinal protozoan infection among the Tea garden workers in Ilam District of Nepal. This obviously suggests that there is possible poor personal hygiene, sanitation, and behavior oriented risk factors which predispose the workers to these parasites.

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Acharjee, Shushanta, and Shah Imran Ahmed. "Access to Water Supply among the Tea Pickers in Sylhet, Bangladesh." Space and Culture, India 4, no. 1 (June 19, 2016): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v4i1.190.

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The study explores access to water supply system of tea pickers in six tea estates of Sylhet division of Bangladesh—Malnichhera, Lackaturah, Keramotnagor, Balishera, Kalagul and Rashidpur. Drawing upon a systematic set of semi-structured interviews and cross-sectional data collected randomly from 300 tea pickers, the study considers men and women’s access to (un)safe water by addressing their sources of both drinking and using water for daily usages and the distances from home to sources by including their concern about safe water and its related diseases.

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Konings, Piet. "Privatisation and labour militancy: The case of Cameroon's tea estates." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 26, no. 1 (January 2008): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589000701782653.

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Gajanayake, Indra, John C. Caldwell, and Pat Caldwell. "Why is health relatively poor on Sri Lanka's tea estates?" Social Science & Medicine 32, no. 7 (January 1991): 793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90305-v.

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Tiafack, Ojuku. "Dynamics of Ndu and Tole Agro-Industries and Outcomes on Rural Development in Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon." European Journal of Education and Pedagogy 3, no. 3 (May 15, 2022): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2022.3.3.302.

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Agro-Industries play crucial roles in population empowerment, rural development and the dynamics of communities in developing countries. The Ndu and Tole Tea estates in Cameroon are not exceptions. Created by the Germans, in 1928 the management of the estates was inherited by the British under the Commonwealth Development Cooperation and later transferred to the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) in 1947. These agro-industries now under private management since 2002 have been involved in tea production, transformation and commercialization in national and international markets. In the process of achieving these goals, the enterprises have been at conflict with the local populations and workers that carry out activities in the plantations. Even though, the estates have been at the forefront of rural development and livelihood transformation in the Northwest and Southwest Regions of Cameroon, their activities at different periods of Cameroon history have had several negative outcomes in the uplift of populations and promotion of development in the countryside. This study has as objective to investigate how the activities of these estates have contributed to the improvement of rural livelihoods and development in the study sites and emerging challenges. Data for production of this work is tapped from primary sources (field investigations) and secondary sources (literature on development, agriculture, and industrial geography). The findings of this study show that the estates have created job opportunities for the population, enhanced the incomes of host communities, improved the road infrastructure, health, water and electricity services of the rural population. On the other hand, the working conditions of population that operate in the estates have been precarious and marked by human rights violation through nonpayment of debts owed workers, wanton dismissal of workers without justification, landgrab and conflicts amongst others. This paper investigates into the development history of these enterprises.

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Kaswan, Parveen, and Akashdeep Roy. "Unearthing calf burials among Asian Elephants Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Elephantidae) in northern Bengal, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2024): 24615–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8826.16.2.24615-24629.

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Rampant environmental changes and forest destruction push elephants, both Asian and African, to explore human spaces to fulfil their dietary and ecological requirements and, consequently in shared spaces many ‘novel’ elephant behaviors come into the limelight. Elephant calf burial is reported in African literature but remains absent from the Asian context. We report calf burials by Asian Elephants in the eastern Himalayan floodplains of the northern Bengal landscape. The study area consists of fragmented forests, tea estates, agricultural lands, and military establishments. Tea estates form the majority of elephant corridors, and we explain the burial strategy of elephants in the irrigation drains of tea estates. We present five case reports of calf burials by elephants. We aimed to understand the perimortem strategy and postmortem behavior of the Asian Elephants. The major findings reflect that the carcasses were carried by trunks and legs for a distance before being buried in a ‘legs-upright-position’. We further investigated the underlying reason for calf deaths through postmortem examinations. Direct human intervention was not recorded in any of the five deaths. Through opportunistic observation, digital photography, fieldnotes, and postmortem examination reports, we suggest that the carcasses were buried in an abnormal recumbent style irrespective of the reason for the calf’s death. Through long-term observation, we further report that the elephants in this region clearly avoid the paths where carcasses were buried. We discuss and connect the literature of two distinct elephant species and also compare thanatological studies of other sentient nonhuman species.

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Rahardjo, Monika, Ferry Fredy Karwur, and Ferdy Semuel Rondonuwu. "Optical Properties and Relative Determination of Caffeine in Black Tea Liquor." Jurnal Sains Dasar 8, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jsd.v8i2.20781.

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Caffeine is one of main quality parameter for teas, known for its ability to increase alertness, and has a slightly bitter flavor. As quality parameter, caffeine content will later determine flavor and aroma profile for teas that affect the price in global market. There were many factors that affected chemical compounds in tea, one of it was growth altitude. This research aimed to characterize caffeine spectra from tea liquor using UV-Vis visible which later can be used to relate caffeine content with the altitude of tea sample plantation. The optical transition of caffeine from brewed tea leaves liquor was measured from a variety of black tea products produced according to quality standards for global market. A total of 63 tea samples from four different grades (FANN, PekoFANN, FANN2, and Dust) and from 12 different tea estates in Indonesia have been replicated in their optical transitions and classified on the basis of caffeine content. It was found that caffeine content in tea products may vary depending on the grade and origin of the tea plantation. FANN grade has higher caffeine content that other grades while products from highland tea plantation generally have more caffeine content for all tea grades.

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Ashwini, G. S., Naveen Ramesh, C. J. Navya, J. Joy, A. Thomas, and S. Jyoti. "Mental health status of workers in selected tea estates, Tamil Nadu, India." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 5, no. 2 (August 6, 2017): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v5i2.13035.

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Introduction: The prevalence of mental illnesses among industrial workers ranged between 14% - 51%, which is more than that of the general population. Individual’s psychosocial functioning has an impact on the work efficiency and hence the current study was undertaken to screen workers in tea plantations.Objective: To document the prevalence of probable mental illness and its associated factors among workers in selected tea estates in South India.Methodology: A cross sectional study was done in two tea estates in Tamil Nadu from March to May 2012. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) 28 was used to screen for mental health status. Socio-demographic details, work profile and associated risk factors were also documented.Results: Among the 400 subjects interviewed, 75.5% were females. The mean age was 43.21 (±7.47) years and the mean work experience was 21.38 (±9.31) years. In this study 12.8% subjects screened positive for probable mental illness and 1%, 1%, 0.2% and 1.5% screened positive for the domains of somatic symptoms, anxiety/insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression respectively. Workers who screened positive for probable mental illness had availed significantly greater duration of leave in the previous year. There was no significant association of mental illness with age, gender, marital status, substance abuse, designation, co-morbidity and stressful life events.Conclusion: The prevalence of probable mental illness was similar to other occupational settings. Management of the associated risk factors may improve one’s work efficiency and productivity.

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Yasmin, Benojir, and Giyasuddin Siddique. "Plateaus to Foothills: The Historical Migration of Tea Garden Labourers from Chotanagpur to North-Eastern Tea Plantation Zones of India during the British Period." Journal of Migration History 10, no. 1 (March 11, 2024): 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-10010002.

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Abstract Introduced by British imperialists in the early nineteenth century, tea plantation in India initially suffered from labourer shortages. Far from these tea gardens, the Chotanagpur Plateau region was marked as the major catchment area for recruiting labourers in the period 1840–1940. Thousands of socio-economically weak and marginalised people from the Chotanagpur Plateau were recruited for the newly established tea gardens of North-East India. They were subjected to various forms of exploitation through coercive service conditions. They were confined to these tea plantations for generations, as they had little prospect of moving out of the chain of bondage. That colonial legacy of servitude is still perceptible through the penurious situations of present-day tea garden labourers. This article seeks to analyse the historical context of the major push and pull factors for such large-scale migration of labourers, as well as the forces that rendered them confined to the tea estates through the generations.

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Nyarukowa, Christopher, Robert Koech, Theodor Loots, Jos Hageman, and Zeno Apostolides. "Prioritising the Replanting Schedule of Seedling Tea Fields on Tea Estates for Drought Susceptibility Measured by the SWAPDT Method in the Absence of Historical In-filling Records." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 7 (June 8, 2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n7p26.

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Due to the unpredictable natural droughts that occur, causing tea farmers significant losses in tea estates, a two-day method for distinguishing between drought tolerant (DT) and drought susceptible (DS) Camellia sinensis cultivars was developed. This work was based on known cultivars developed at the Tea Research Institute in Kenya and the Tea Research Foundation for Central Africa in Malawi. This paper contains an in-depth description of the application of the SWAPDT method on four 60-year old, C. sinensis seedling fields in Kenya. The in-filling history of the four fields due to drought-related deaths was obtained from historical records. The SWAPDT method scores correlated very well with the historical records. It has been indicated, from the results obtained in this study, that a sample size of 20 tea trees is sufficient to accurately determine the drought susceptibility of a large tea field of approximately 5-20 hectares, containing 50 000-200 000 tea trees, were the difference between their mean values, as measured by the SWAPDT method, is approximately 10%.

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KOHMOTO, Daichi. "Pictorial 1: Current State of Tea Plantation Estates in Sri Lanka." Chigaku Zasshi (Jounal of Geography) 117, no. 3 (2008): xiii—xiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.117.xiii.

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Palmer, Robin. "Working Conditions and Worker Responses on Nyasaland Tea Estates, 1930–1953." Journal of African History 27, no. 1 (March 1986): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700029224.

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The tea industry of southern Nyasaland employed intermittently a heterogeneous labour force of some twenty to thirty thousand and paid workers minimum wages of 7s. in 1930, rising to between 17s. 6d. and 20s. in 1953. A complex wage structure offered different rates to hoers, pluckers, factory workers and clerks. Thousands of children, butvirtually no women, were employed. Wages and working conditions were acknowledged to be unattractive, even by the industry itself, and compared favourably only with those offered in Portuguese East Africa. The initial viability of the plantation sector in the Shire Highlands was made possible by the immigration of hundreds of thousands of Lomwe from Portuguese East Africa. Lomwe workers, who sought assimilation and upward mobility, have been depicted as virtual slaves of the planters, but there is evidence of effective local, day-to-day and passive resistance on their part which left planters feeling impotent, unable to turn labour out on Sundays or in the rains or enforce unpopular thangata (labour rent) agreements, and obliged to reduce the daily tasks demanded of the worker. Confronted with an increasingly severe shortage of labour, which caused millions of pounds of tea to remain unpicked, planters began to improve working conditions on their estates, but this failed to resolve their labour problem or to dampen post-war militancy. Irresponsible actions by the British Central Africa Company increased tensions in Cholo which culminated in the serious riots of 1953 in which eleven people were killed. Government responded to this growing rural radicalism by repurchasing half of the million acres of freehold estate land which had initially been ‘bought’ from chiefs prior to the colonial occupation.

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Sellathurai, T., R. D. N. P. Rangalla, K. A. D. Kumudinie Dheera, and L. W. Galagedara. "Drinking water and sanitation conditions of households in tea estates: a case study from the Giragama estate." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/ijms.v1i1.44.

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Hossain, M. I., M. Ahmed, M. S. A. Mamun, and A. K. M. Golam Sarwar. "Yield and quality performances of four tea test clones." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 10, no. 1 (October 3, 2012): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i1.12036.

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An experiment was carried out during 19942007 to investigate the yield and quality performances of four vegetatively propagated test clones of tea viz. SH/D/11/13, SH/D/11/333, B/HB/2/3 and B/HB/6/4. Two clones, BT1 and TV23, were used as check for quality and yield, respectively. Cuttings of the test clones were collected from the selected bushes of Shumshernugger Tea Estate and hybrid lines of Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI) and were raised at BTRI nursery. Then the saplings were managed for long term yield and quality trial following randomized complete block design with 5 replications. The green leaf was harvested at weekly interval during the plucking season starting from mid March to mid December throughout the experimental period. The overall cup quality of the test clones was assessed by conventional organoleptic test. At the immature stage (2nd5th year after plantation), all test clones showed similar yield trend as that of check BT1. At the mature stage (6th13th year), the test clones SH/D/11/333 and B/HB/6/4 gave the significantly higher average yield (3095 and 3342 kg ha1 made tea, respectively) compared to the check BT1 (3042 kg ha1 made tea). The cup quality of all the test clones and BT1 was found to be Above Average while the cup quality of TV23 was Average. Considering the overall performances, the test clones SH/D/11/333 and B/HB/6/4 have been released as BT13 and BT14, respectively for commercial plantation in the tea estates. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i1.12036 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(1): 3338, 2012

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Karim, Md Asraful. "The phonological analysis of Tea workers' language of Sylhet." Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics 2, no. 4 (January 18, 2011): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujl.v2i4.6906.

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The means of communication among the workers of the tea estates in greater Sylhet, locally called 'Deshoali' Bhasha, has a lexicon that contains, among others, words of Hindi and Bengali origin. The present article includes some unfinished reflections on some aspects of the lexicon of this dialect and phonological analysis of 'Deshoali' Bhasha. Key words: Deshoali bhasha; aspect; analyzed; phonology; paradigms.DOI: 10.3329/dujl.v2i4.6906Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol.2(4) August 2009 pp.173-184

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Das, Dipankar, Soumya Majumder, Sahadeb Sarkar, Arindam Ghosh, Sudeshna Nandi, Preeti Subba, Sumedha Saha, et al. "Conversion of Potato Fields into Small Tea Plantations at Bhotepatty, Mainaguri: Consequences of This Shifting Agriculture Through Survey and Soil Analysis." Contemporary Agriculture 72, no. 3 (November 1, 2023): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2023-0013.

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Summary Over the past years, the tea industry in India has started to suffer from various drawbacks, i.e. issues regarding low productivity and rising input costs (namely the uneconomic age profile of tea bushes across the tea estates of North Bengal), leading to a decline in the industry and dramatic expansion of small tea growers. Accordingly, the vast expansion of small tea plantations in North Bengal prompted this study to examine the purpose and outcome of such an expansion concept. In the present study, Bhotepatty, Maynaguri (the Jalpaiguri district), was considered due to an immense conversion of agricultural land into numerous small tea plantations in the region. The study focuses on the agricultural shift from potato fields to small tea gardens. Initially, a cumulative approach encompassing the preliminary survey work and analysis of soil physicochemical characteristics was adopted to assess the adequacy of this agricultural shift. The survey conducted revealed the lack of proper land preparation, land rehabilitation before planting, sound soil nutrient management, and soil testing programs after shifting (responsible for the depletion of major nutrients such as potassium and phosphorus in the tea soil, which can be resolved with proper and timely manuring practices). Sulphur and the organic matter, organic carbon and available nitrogen of the top soil were detected in huge amounts compared to the optimum values suggested by the Tea Board of India.

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Srinivasappa, Ashwini, Arut Chezian, Maridas Thomas, Praneet Pathivada, Naveen Ramesh, Pretesh Kiran, and Bobby Joseph. "Domestic violence against women workers in selected tea estates of South India." International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health 8, no. 12 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijmsph.2019.0924810092019.

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Joseph, Bobby, and Christie Minj. "Compensable work-related injuries in the estates of a tea manufacturing company." Indian Journal of Public Health 56, no. 1 (2012): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-557x.96986.

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Victor, Langat Kipkemoi. "The Effects of Profit Margins on Dividend Payout in Kericho Tea Estates." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2020): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.10.09.2020.p10533.

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Kipkemoi Victor, Langat. "The Effects of Production Cost on Dividend Payout in Kericho Tea Estates." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 10, no. 10 (October 30, 2020): 666–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.10.10.2020.p10685.

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Kipkemoi Victor, Langat. "The Effects of Overall Growth on Dividend Payout in Kericho Tea Estates." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 10, no. 10 (October 30, 2020): 672–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.10.10.2020.p10686.

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Kudagammana, S. T., K. Mohotti, K. Maduwage, and S. Marasinghe. "Vitamin B12 status among underprivileged preschool children: experience from two tea estates." Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health 45, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljch.v45i2.8118.

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Kottawa-Arachchi, J. Dananjaya, Mahasen A. B. Ranatunga, and D. Sumith de Z. Abeysiriwardena. "Utilization of within location non-replicated multi-locational yield trials and GGE biplot methods for testing adaptability of tea [(Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)] over diverse environments." Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The) 82, no. 03 (September 30, 2022): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31742/isgpb.82.3.9.

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Selection of tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] cultivars with wide adaptability over diverse environments is an important criteria to get prior information to recommend the cultivar for a particular region. A study was carried out to identify the most adaptable and stable tea genotypes for recommendation in the Up-country tea growing region in Sri Lanka by evaluating several potential tea genotypes for their wide adaptability and stability over diverse environments based on the analysis of GE interaction using within location non-replicated multi-environmental yield trials and GGE biplot methods. Six promising tea genotypes with desirable agronomic traits selected based on preliminary yield trials were evaluated along with a standard check in large scale within location non-replicated multi-locational yield trials at six locations (tea estates) in the Up-country tea growing region in Sri Lanka. The crop yields were recorded by harvesting green leaves in every seven days for three years covering six seasons (1st pruning cycle). Yield data were analyzed by within location non-replicated multi-locational yield trials and GGE biplot analysis. The genotype 272 was identified as the most adaptable and stable genotype followed by 582 and rest of the genotypes showed poor adaptability in the test region.

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Warnasooriya, W. M. R. S. K., D. I. D. S. Benaragama, K. D. K. Wanasinghe, and R. W. W. K. A. D. Rajapaksha. "Therapeutic value of organic and conventional teas in Sri Lanka against microbial agents." Journal of Agriculture and Value Addition 6, no. 1 (July 7, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/java.v6i1.51.

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Due to its naturally occurring medicinal ingredients known as polyphenols, tea attracts the interest of the pharmaceutical and scientific disciplines. Besides the established antioxidant activity, many phenolic compounds in tea exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. Environmental factors and crop management substantially influence the amount and activity of polyphenols available in tea leaves. In Sri Lanka, there are six main agro-ecological regions where tea is grown using either conventional or organic management. Present study focused to determine the effects of tea production system and their growing region on polyphenol content and antimicrobial properties of made tea. Fresh leaf samples were collected from randomly selected tea estates each for organically certified and conventional from major tea growing regions in Sri Lanka. They were manufactured into CTC black tea using a miniature system. Polyphenol content was assessed by ISO standard method, while the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties were evaluated using disk diffusion technique against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and clinical pathogen of Aspergillus niger. Polyphenol content, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties were significantly different (P<0.05) between the tea production systems and among the growing regions, where organic tea had higher polyphenol content, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties than conventional teas. The Southern region tea had greater anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties probably due to the high polyphenol content, while it was the lowest in Uva region. In conclusion, this research presents preliminary evidence that Sri Lankan teas grown and managed organically have superior antimicrobial properties over conventional teas. To confirm the findings, more investigation using time series measurement in all tea-growing regions is suggested.

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Su, Tsung-Chen, Meei-Ju Yang, Hsuan-Han Huang, Chih-Chun Kuo, and Liang-Yü Chen. "Using Sensory Wheels to Characterize Consumers’ Perception for Authentication of Taiwan Specialty Teas." Foods 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040836.

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In the context of fair trade and protection of consumer rights, the aim of this study was to combat adulteration, counterfeiting, and fraud in the tea market, and rebuild the image of high-quality Taiwan teas. Experts at the Tea Research and Extension Station, Taiwan (TRES), are engaged in promotion of the systems of origin identification (AOC) and grading for authentication of Taiwan’s premium teas. From tea evaluation competitions (bottom-up quality campaign), the flavor descriptions and consumers’ perceptions were deconvoluted and characterized for the eight Taiwan specialty teas, namely, Bi-Luo-Chun, Wenshan Paochong, High-Mountain Oolong, Dongding Oolong, Tieh-Kuan-Yin, Red Oolong, Oriental Beauty, and Taiwan black tea. Then, according to the manufacturing processes, producing estates and flavor characters, the specialty teas were categorized into six sensory wheels. The flavor descriptors of the sensory wheels were also recognized in consumers’ feedback. In recent years, the performance of international trade in tea also demonstrates that the policy guidelines for authentication of specialty teas are helpful to the production and marketing. Furthermore, the development of sensory wheels of Taiwan’s specialty teas is the cornerstone to the establishment of the Taiwan-tea assortment and grading system (TAGs) for communication with the new generation consumers, enthusiasts, sellers, and producers.

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Kimball, Joseph R. "Does There Need to Be a Texas Tea Party? Mineral Estate Taxation With Representation." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 16, no. 1 (October 2009): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v16.i1.5.

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The Texas Tax Code sets forth how all taxes in Texas should be levied and against what party or property on which the tax should be levied. In the instance of mineral estate taxation, however, a conflict resides in how the oil and gas terms are defined and how these definitions apply to taxing mineral estates. The courts, however, are in bed with the State in the taxation dilemma. The application of the tax code to mineral "interests" is quite a mathematical achievement whose methodology cannot be protested. So, as in the urban mineral estate, how does one protest the valuation of one's minerals when quite possibly that valuation falls outside the Texas Tax Code? As usual, the presumption falls on the side of the taxing authority, not the protester. Texas Property Tax Code specifically sets forth that "all real and tangible personal property . . . is taxable" based on its appraised fair market value. The Texas Property Tax Code also sets forth that mineral interests are classified as real property. The misidentification of property interests causes confusion, and thus Texas is taxing mineral interest owners on ordinary income versus market value, which in this Author's opinion, imposes a double taxation or a surreptitious income tax on the citizens of the State of Texas.

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Shanks, G. Dennis, Simon I. Hay, David I. Stern, Kimutai Biomndo, and Robert W. Snow. "Meteorologic Influences onPlasmodium falciparumMalaria in the Highland Tea Estates of Kericho, Western Kenya." Emerging Infectious Diseases 8, no. 12 (December 2002): 1404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0812.020077.

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Singh, S. B., P. K. Pokharel, P. Raut, and K. Mehta. "Study of the effects of pesticide exposure among the workers of tea estates." Annals of Global Health 81, no. 1 (March 12, 2015): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.02.1026.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tea Estates'

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