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Journal articles on the topic 'Tea Cultivation'
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Yi, Hyo-Jeong, Suk-Hwan Hong, and Pyong-In Yi. "Study on the Characteristics of Tea Moral Culture Appeared in Hanjae Yi Mok's Dabu." Korean Tea Society 29, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29225/jkts.2023.29.2.1.
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Dabu (Rhapsody to Tea) is a representative of Korea's oldest tea, written by Hanjae Yi Mok (1471-1498), and has been evaluated as the first and oldest existing tea ceremony scripture in the history of Korean tea culture.
Dabu explains the moral process of tea culture and can be referred as ‘the theory of training in tea ceremony’ or ‘a guideline for moral culture in tea ceremony’. It is systematically presents the mechanism of cultivation of tea and the stages of cultivation. And also which explains the mystery of the tea ceremony that leads to ‘Osimjicha (tea of my mind)’. The medium of tea and the stage of cultivation processes are likened to the stage of mental cultivation, which can be said to be the attitude of a moral scholar who wants to reach peace with the people through the study of mind called ‘Sugi (self cultivating)’. The author Hanjae believes that the idea of ‘Dasimilyeo (tea and the mind are the same)’ is the theoretical foundation of cultivation that fosters the initiative of the mind, which can be a necessary philosophical and spiritual value in modern society.
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Hajiboland, Roghieh. "Environmental and nutritional requirements for tea cultivation." Folia Horticulturae 29, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fhort-2017-0019.
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AbstractTea (Camellia sinensis) is an important beverage crop cultivated in the tropics and subtropics under acid soil conditions. Increased awareness of the health-promoting properties of the tea beverage has led to an increase in its level of consumption over the last decades. Tea production contributes significantly to the economy of several tea-cultivating countries in Asia and Africa. Environmental constrains, particularly water deficiency due to inadequate and/or poorly distributed rainfall, seriously limit tea production in the majority of tea-producing countries. It is also predicted that global climate change will have a considerable adverse impact on tea production in the near future. Application of fertilizers for higher production and increased quality and quantity of tea is a common agricultural practice, but due to its environmental consequences, such as groundwater pollution, the rate of fertilizer application needs to be reconsidered. Cultivation of tea under humid conditions renders it highly susceptible to pathogens and pest attacks. Application of pesticides and fungicides adversely affects the quality of tea and increases health risks of the tea beverage. Organic cultivation as an agricultural practice without using synthetic fertilizers and other chemical additives such as pesticides and fungicides is a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to producing healthy tea. A growing number of tea-producing countries are joining organic tea cultivation programmes in order to improve the quality and to maintain the health benefits of the tea produced.
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Lee, Hyoung-kon. "The Actuality on Tea Tao as a way of cultivation: as to its philosophical basis." Association for International Tea Culture 57 (September 30, 2022): 83–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.21483/qwoaud.57..202209.83.
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This study is about presenting a practical way to cultivate mind based on the tea as a spiritual concept of the Tea Tao (茶道) and a ceremonial concept of the Confucian thought. Specifically, this study analyzed Tea Tao as a way of cultivation (修養) in three different cultural aspects, which are respect, sincerity, and courtesy. The characteristics of Confucianism are that the human nature is the principle of the sky and the duty of human being, we have to preserve the mind and train the nature. To do so, we need to watch ourselves, which is referred to as the inner reflection. Also, we need to watch out our actions based on respect, sincerity, and courtesy.
In the tea drinking culture of the mind cultivation theory, making tea with energy from heaven with all your heart. By doing so, tea and oneself become one, not two. reaching the state of introspection while drinking alone with nature as a friend. According to the yin-da culture of cultivation theory, greedy comes from the abundance of material leading to worries, defilements, wrongdoings, and extravagant thoughts. The practice of tea ceremony is to rectify the body and mind, and to keep the mind from being greedy. Also, 'Ki control (气統制) and Temperance (心節制)' is to change the temperament and make it good. Tea with Ki, which is the mechanism for cultivation, is highly effective in cultivating. In addition, renunciation of greed and the good attitude of the heart (制心) is required to cultivate the mind even thought the mind is originally bright, Finally, by letting go of selfish mind and obsession and meditating in a sitting position to find the nature, the mind will settle down and cultivation will lead to enlightenment through tea. It will become the best state of tea life, and it will reach the state of Confucianism that preserves the principles of heaven and removes greed.
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Paull, Robert E. "Tea — Cultivation to consumption 1992." Scientia Horticulturae 54, no. 1 (April 1993): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(93)90085-5.
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Kim, Kyeong-Rok, Song-Hyun Choi, Pyong-In Yi, Jung-Gyu Hwang, and Sang-Hee Kang. "Predicting the Camellia Sinensis Growth Distribution Under Climate Change Scenarios." Korean Tea Society 30, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29225/jkts.2024.30.1.40.
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Tea trees are grown in tropical and subtropical regions in over 50 countries. Nevertheless, tea tree cultivation areas in Korea are also expected to change due to recent global climate change. Accordingly, data were collected from tea cultivation areas in Korea, and the future changes in tea cultivation areas were predicted based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP). As a result, the tea tree growing area is expected to expand in the SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios.
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Kim, Jung-hui. "Chanoyu and Women’s Cultivation in Edo Woodblock Prints." Association for International Tea Culture 62 (December 31, 2023): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21483/qwoaud.62..202312.1.
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This study examines images of women’s tea practice (chanoyu) found in Edo-period woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e and educational books, with a focus on its social and cultural meaning. As a social gathering men’s tea practice is often represented with an emphasis on the scene in which guests come together, drink tea, and socialize. Scenes of women’s tea practice in ukiyo-e prints, on the other hand, mostly depict the image of a woman who is making tea (temae) by herself and highlight her tea utensils. This paper maintains that such variation originates from different social expectation towards tea practices of men and women. It was educational books for women (jokunsho), in particular, that influenced the formation of the discourses on women and their tea practice in the Edo period. Jokunsho presented that by learning temae procedures for chanoyu women were able to acquire manner and etiquette, which were necessary in cultivating genteel femininity. This essay argues that women’s temae scenes depicted in ukiyo-e reflect the social awareness of women’s tea practice, which was encouraged by educational books.
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Muzib, Sayma, M. Hasinur Rahman, Hafiz Ashraful Haque, Ferdouse Zaman Tanu, and Azizul Hakim. "Quality of Tea Soil Induced by Cultivation Period." Asian Soil Research Journal 7, no. 3 (September 9, 2023): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/asrj/2023/v7i3134.
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Tea is Bangladesh's second-highest agricultural export earner, and the nation is rated 15th among all tea-exporting nations. To develop and support the tea business in Bangladesh, it is crucial to comprehend the current nutrient status of tea soils. The purpose of the study was to examine the inherent physical and chemical characteristics of tea soils in relation to the effects of soil depth, topography and cultivation periods. The results showed the significant effects of soil depths, topography, and cultivation periods on the measured physical and chemical properties, including texture, bulk density, organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), pH, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The available and total contents of major nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were also significant (P<0.001). The contents of P and K were observed to be lower than the critical values ideal for tea cultivation. However, the results indicated that the soils kept for nutrient restoration for years showed a nutrient status close to the ideal value of tea cultivation.
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Chen, Panpan, Cunjun Li, Shilin Chen, Ziyang Li, Hanyue Zhang, and Chunjiang Zhao. "Tea Cultivation Suitability Evaluation and Driving Force Analysis Based on AHP and Geodetector Results: A Case Study of Yingde in Guangdong, China." Remote Sensing 14, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 2412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14102412.
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Tea is an economically important crop. Evaluating the suitability of tea can better optimize the regional layout of the tea industry and provide a scientific basis for tea planting plans, which is also conducive to the sustainable development of the tea industry in the long run. Driving force analysis can be carried out to better understand the main influencing factors of tea growth. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability of tea planting in the study area, determine the prioritization of tea industry development in this area, and provide support for the government’s planning and decision making. This study used Sentinel image data to obtain the current land use data of the study area. The results show that the accuracy of tea plantation classification based on Sentinel images reached 86%, and the total accuracy reached 92%. Then, we selected 14 factors, including climate, soil, terrain, and human-related factors, using the analytic hierarchy process and spatial analysis technology to evaluate the suitability of tea cultivation in the study area and obtain a comprehensive potential distribution map of tea cultivation. The results show that the moderately suitable area (36.81%) accounted for the largest proportion of the tea plantation suitability evaluation, followed by the generally suitable area (31.40%), the highly suitable area (16.91%), and the unsuitable area (16.23%). Among these areas, the highly suitable area is in line with the distribution of tea cultivation at the Yingde municipal level. Finally, to better analyze the contribution of each factor to the suitability of tea, the factors were quantitatively evaluated by the Geodetector model. The most important factors affecting the tea cultivation suitability evaluation were temperature (0.492), precipitation (0.367), slope (0.302), and elevation (0.255). Natural factors influence the evaluation of the suitability of tea cultivation, and the influence of human factors is relatively minor. This study provides an important scientific basis for tea yield policy formulation, tea plantation site selection, and adaptation measures.
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Ngoc, Hoang Thi Huyen, Tran Thi Thuy Van, Nguyen Manh Ha, Nguyen Quoc Binh, and Mai Thanh Tan. "Bioclimatic assessments for tea cultivation in Western Nghe An." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 41, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/41/1/13586.
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Bioclimatology is applied for growing tea in the West of Nghe An province, where the tea is considered as a high economic efficient plant to be priorly cultivated for reducing poverty and getting rich. Based on the bioclimatic characteristics of tea plant and regional climatic data from 1980 to 2014, the bioclimatic diagrams are built and the tea cultivability is mapped in term of annual average temperature and total precipitation, for this region with regarding its district of Con Cuong as an analytical key. The climate, including both temperature and precipitation, in Con Cuong is relatively suitable for the tea plantation. The Western Nghe An, a land of approx. 1.4 million ha, could be classified in five areas with different suitability for tea plant. The unfavorable area occupies only 1% of total region and the four favorable rests account for 99% of total, in which, the most favorable area is largest with about 746,355 ha, i.e. over 50% of whole region. The three other areas are cultivable but they are less favorable in terms of either temperature or precipitation. Growing tea in Western Nghe An, even in favorable areas, it should be taken into account of the weather disadvantages in certain moments of the year such as extreme dry, cold, hot and rainy events.ReferencesAhmed S., 2014. Tea and the taste of climate change, www.herbalgram.org, issue, 103, 44–51.Ahmed S., Stepp J.R., Orians C., Griffin T., Matyas C., 2014. Effects of extreme climate events on tea (Camellia sinensis) functional quality validate indigenous farmer knowledge and sensory preferences in tropical China. PloS one, 9(10), e109126.Bhagat R.M., Deb Baruah R., Safique S., 2010. climate and tea [camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze] Production with Special Reference to North Eastern India: A Review. Journal of Environmental Research And Development, 4(4), 1017–1028.Carr M., 1972. The Climatic Requirements of the Tea Plant: A Review. 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Paris.Hadfield W., 1976. The effect of high temperature on some aspects of the physiology and cultivation of tea bush (Camellia sinensis) in North East India. In: Light as an Ecological factor. G.C. Evans, R. Bainbridge and O. Rackham (Eds.) Blackwel Sci. Publ., London, 477–495.Hoang Luu Thu Thuy, 2012. The comprehensive assessment of natural, socio-economic and environmental conditions for environmental protection planning in Nghe An Province. Doctoral Thesis. Institude of Geography, Hanoi, 150p.Huang Shoubo, 1989. Meteorology of tea plants in China: a review. Agri. Forest Meteorol., 47, 19–30.Huang Shoubo, 1991. A study on the ecological climates of some famous tea growing areas in high mountainous regions of China. Chinese Geographical Science, 1(2), 121–128.International Center for Tropical Agriculture, 2017. Identification of suitable tea growing areas in Malawi under climate change scenarios. Ciat report, Cali, Colombia, 39p.Kabir S.E., 2001. A study on Ecophysiology of Tea (Camellia sinensis) with special reference to the influence of climatic factors on physiology of a few selected Tea clones of Darjeering. International Journal of Tea Science, 1(4), 1–9.Kandiah S., Thevadasan T., 1980. Quantification of weather parameters to predict tea yields. Tea Q., Srilanka, 49(1), 25–33.Kaye L., 2014. Climate change threatens Sri Lanka’s tea industry. Triple Pundit: People, Planet, Profit. Available at: www.triplepundit.com/2014/06/climate-changethreatens-sri-lanka-tea-industry. Accessed July 25, 2014.Nakayama A., Harada S., 1962. Studies on the effect on the growth of tea plant. IV. The effect of temperature on the growth of young plants in summer. Bull. Tea Res. Station, Japan, 1, 28–40.Nguyen Bao Ve, 2005. The syllabus of industrial trees. Hanoi Argricultural Publishing House, 224p.Nguyen Dai Khanh, 2003. The assessment of agricultural climatic conditions for tea’s growth in major tea regions of Vietnam. Doctoral Thesis. 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Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 67–69, 164–172.Pham Hoang Ho, 2003. An Illustrated Flora of Vietnam, 2, 430–434. Youth Publishing House, 952p.Rebecca Boehm, Sean B. Cash, Bruce T. Anderson, Selena Ahmed, Timothy S. Griffin, Albert Robbat Jr., John Richard Stepp, Wenyan Han, Matt Hazel and Colin M. Orians, 2016. Association between Empirically Estimated Monsoon Dynamics and Other Weather Factors and Historical Tea Yields in China: Results from a Yield Response Model. Climate, 4, 20; doi:10.3390/cli4020020. www.mdpi.com/journal/climate.Schepp K., 2014. Strategy to adapt to climate change for Michimikuru tea farmers in Kenya. Adap CC Report. 2008. Available at: www.adapcc.org/en/kenya.htm. Accessed July 25, 2014.Sen A.R., Biswas A.K., Sanyal D.K., 1966. The Influence of Climatic Factors on the Yield of Tea in the Assam Valley, J. App. Meteo., 5(6), 789–800.Statistics Office of Nghe An Province, 2016. The annual abstracts of statistics 2015. Nghe An Publishing House, Nghe An, 453p.Tanton T.W., 1982. Environmental factors affecting yield of tea (camellia sinensis). Effect of air temperature. Expl. Agri., 18, 47–52.The People’s Committee of Nghe An Province, 2013. The Decision No. 448/QĐ-UBND dated 31/01/2013 to approve the hi-tech agriculture planning on the production of tea in Nghe An Province.The People’s Committee of Nghe An Province, 2013. The Decision No. 6290/QĐ-UBND dated 24/12/2013 to approve the adjustments and supplements for the development of Nghe An tea Industrial zone planning in 2013–2020.Walter H, Lieth, 1967. Klimadiagram - Weltatlas. Veb Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena.Wijeratne M.A., 1996. Vulnerability of Sri Lanka tea production to global climate change. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 92(1-2), 87–94.Wijeratne M.A., Anandacoomaraswamy A., Amarathunga M., Ratnasiri J., 2007. Assessment of impact of climate change on productivity of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plantations in Sri Lanka, 119–126.http://nghean.gov.vn, 05/06/2015. Many crops are withered in Con Cuong.http://baonghean.vn, 25/03/2013. Drought threaten rice and tea in Con Cuong. http://baonghean.vn/con-cuong-han-han-de-doa-lua-che-44581.html.
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Jayasinghe, Sadeeka Layomi, Lalit Kumar, and Md Kamrul Hasan. "Relationship between Environmental Covariates and Ceylon Tea Cultivation in Sri Lanka." Agronomy 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040476.
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How the current distribution of tea cultivation is influenced by specific environmental conditions in Sri Lanka is yet to be explored. Therefore, this study aims to assess the differences between tea and non-tea growing areas with respect to climatic and topographic covariates, and to determine the major covariates that control tea distributions. Climatic data of temperature and rainfall were extracted from WorldClim-Global Climate Data; the elevation, slopes, and aspects were obtained from Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data; and the solar radiation data was computed using a clear-sky solar radiation model. Random points were created on rasterised environmental layers for tea-growing and non-tea growing areas, stratified into low, mid, and high regions, using ArcGIS version 10.4.1 (Environmental Systems Research Institute: ESRI Redlands, CA, USA).Correlations were derived between covariates and tea and non-tea growing areas. According to the logistic regression analysis, there was no significant influence of the south-west, west, and north-west aspect compared to the north aspect when all other covariates were held constant. The odds ratio indicated that an area with a one-unit higher solar radiation was 1.453 times more likely to be a tea growing area. Similarly, a per unit increase in slope increases the likelihood of an area being suitable for tea cultivation by 1.039 times. When the annual mean temperature increased, the suitability of tea cultivation decreased, but an increased rainfall had increased the suitability of an area for tea cultivation. Areas with a north facing slope had the highest suitability for tea cultivation. This research demonstrated that tea growing could be expanded into a variety of locations as long as these variables are either found or managed in order to obtain the critical levels. In addition, it is proposed that the results of this study could be utilised in the assessment of the climate or/and land suitability for tea.
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Ashraf, Nasir, Sajid Rashid Ahmad, Adeel Ahmad, and Muhammad Asif Javed. "Assessment of Land Suitability for Tea Cultivation Using Geo- Informatics in the Mansehra and Abbottabad District." Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences 63, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.63.1.2020.65.70.
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Pakistan is a major tea consumer country and ranked as one of the largest importer of tea worldwide. This research has been conducted over district Mansehra and district Abbottabad in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan where the most favourable conditions for tea cultivation already exist and National Tea Research Institute has done successful experiments to cultivate high quality tea. High tech approach is adopted to meet the objectives of this research by using the remotely sensed data i.e. Aster DEM, Land sat8 Imagery. Results showed that in study area 13.24% (778.3 sq.km.) is highly suitable, 33.44% (1966 sq.km.) is suitable, 30.71% area (1805 sq.km.) is moderately suitable, 16.13% area (948.5 sq.km.) is less suitable, and 6.46% (379.3 sq.km.) is not suitable for tea cultivation. This geomatics based model and approach could be used to identify more areas for tea cultivation to meet country's demand.
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Uddin, Md Jashim, ASM Mohiuddin, Shakil Uddin Ahmed, Md Khalilur Rahman, Md Abdul Karim, and Ashim Kumar Saha. "Suitability assessment of soils of Panchagarh and Thakurgaon for tea (Camellia sinensis L.) and orange (Citrus aurantium L.) cultivation." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 49, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v49i3.49526.
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Experiments were conducted in soils of the five Upazilas, namely Atwari, Tetulia, Boda, Ranisankail and Panchagarh Sadar of Panchagarh and Thakurgaon districts of Bangladesh to assess their potentialities for tea and orange cultivation. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based soil suitability map was prepared depending on the hydrological, land and soil characteristics. It was observed that about 86, 76 and 50% soils in Atwari, Tetulia and Panchagarh Sadar Upazilas, respectively are suitable for tea and orange cultivation. But in Boda and Ranisankail Upazilas above 60% soils are suitable for cultivation of tea and orange. Besides, five representative soil pedons, namely Bhajanpur, Ranisankail, Pirgachha, Domar and Dimla were studied and compared with the standard suitability formats. The results revealed that soils of the Thakurgaon and Panchagarh districts under the Old Himalayan piedmont plain are suitable for tea and orange cultivation. There is a vast scope of utilizing the land and soil resources of the above sites for tea and orange farming.
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Deng, Bolin. "Establish Discipline and Specialty Laboratories and Explore the Training of Applied Talents in Local Comprehensive Universities." SHS Web of Conferences 152 (2023): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202315203003.
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Experimental teaching is an important part of the teaching system of universities, and the laboratory is an important platform for experimental teaching and scientific research. The level of experimental teaching and laboratory construction in universities is an important symbol of cultivating applied talents and reflecting the comprehensive strength of universities. Tea major is a characteristic specialty of Pu'er University. With the characteristics of Pu'er tea technology and cultural research, the discipline has shown a good momentum of development in local universities in Yunnan Province; in this paper, we take the establishment of tea science laboratory in Pu'er University as an example to explore the key issues of the cultivation of applied talents in local comprehensive universities. Finally, we summarize the practical experience of Pu'er University in this regard, which provides a demonstration for the experimental teaching reform and the cultivation of applied talents in local comprehensive universities.
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Chandran, Arya V., D. S. Dhakre, Debasis Bhattacharya, and K. A. Sarkar. "Non Parametric Trend Analysis of Tea Cultivation in India." Environment and Ecology 41, no. 4D (December 2023): 3087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.60151/envec/cftp8413.
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With the second-largest producer and the highest consumer in the world, tea is one of the most important beverage crops in India. Considering the importance of tea industry to India’s national economy, a trend analysis of tea cultivation has been done here. Using data on the acreage, production, and productivity of tea in India from 1960 to 2021, and following a non-parametric approach Modified Mann-Kendall test has been used to detect the trend in the data. Addition to this, Sen’s slope estimator and innovative trend analysis have been performed to analyze the magnitude of trend whereas the Pettitt Mann-Whitney test has been used to detect the single change point. The findings of tests revealed that the area, production and productivity of tea in India have significantly increasing trend over the years.
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Xing, Wenwen, Cheng Zhou, Junli Li, Weiyin Wang, Jingchi He, Youjun Tu, Xiu Cao, and Yunhua Zhang. "Suitability Evaluation of Tea Cultivation Using Machine Learning Technique at Town and Village Scales." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092010.
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Suitability evaluation of tea cultivation is very important for improving the yield and quality of tea, which can avoid blind expansion and achieve sustainable development; however, to date, relevant research at town and village scales is lacking. This study selected Xinming Township in Huangshan City, Anhui Province, as the study area, which is the main production area of Taiping Houkui Tea—one of the ten most famous teas in China. We proposed a machine learning-based tea cultivation suitability evaluation model by comparing logistic regression (LR), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), random forest (RF), Gaussian Naïve Bayes (GNB), and multilayer perceptron (MLP) to calculate the weight accuracy of the evaluation factors. We then selected 12 factors, including climate, soil, terrain, and ecological economy factors, using the RF with the highest accuracy to calculate the evaluation factor weights and obtained the suitability evaluation results. The results show that the highly suitable area, moderately suitable area, generally suitable area, and unsuitable area land categories for tea cultivation were 14.13%, 27.25%, 32.46%, and 26.16%, respectively. Combined with field research, the highly suitable areas were mainly distributed in northwest Xinming Town, which is in line with the distribution of tea cultivation at the Xinming township level. The results provide a scientific reference to support land allocation decisions for tea cultivation and sustainable green agricultural development at the town and village scales.
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Kim, Jong Yong. "A Comparative Study on Tea Tao[茶道] Cultivation Theory of Dasan Jeong Yak-yong(茶山 丁若鏞) and Choeui Eui-soon(艸衣意恂)." Korean Institute for Buddhist Studies 59 (August 31, 2023): 237–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34275/kibs.2023.59.237.
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The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the relationship between Da-San's Tea Tao view and cultivation theory, and Cho-Ui's Tea Tao view and performance theory. To this end, in this study, a chapter confirming the connection between Da-San's theory of self-cultivation and Tea Tao [茶道] view, and a chapter confirming the connection between Cho-Ui's theory of performance and Tea Tao [茶道] view were conducted respectively. Afterwards, in Chapter Ⅳ, the results of the above two studies were analyzed. The abbreviated explanation of the results is as follows. Da-San spoke of thoughtful cultivation, and Cho-Ui spoke of the practice of Wei xian jian ze [唯嫌揀擇]. Therefore, to Da-San, Tea Tao [茶道] was a process of promoting clarity of thought on the premise of not moving emotions. On the other hand, for Cho-Ui, Tea Tao [茶道] was a process of self-discovery. The difference in perception of Tea Tao[茶道] of these two characters is due to their conceptual understanding of tea. For Da-San, tea is a substance that is distinct from that of people, and is a substance that clears the mind and body. On the other hand, for Cho-Ui, tea was interpreted as nothing other than Buddha-nature. For this reason, for Da-San, the entire process of Tea Tao [茶道] is a process of cultivation to protect Zhong Yong [中庸] through perception. For Cho-Ui, the act of Tea Tao [茶道] was a process of understanding and discovering oneself.
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KAHNEH, Ehsan, Ahmad SHİRİNFEKR, Samar RAMZİ, and Korosh Majd SALİMİ. "Effects of long-term tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivation on the earthworm populations in northern Iran." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE (EJSS) 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1070182.
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The earthworms’ abundance is usually one of the main indicators of healthy and productive soils. However, agricultural management practices affect the earthworm population and activities. Although there is a lot of information that shows the relation between land use/land cover change and earthworms activity, very little is known about these effects under tea cultivation. Thus the current study was done to determine the effects of long-term tea cultivation on the earthworm’s population and abundance in the tea plantations of Iran to distinguish effects of these practices on soil properties concerning earthworms. Hence, 58 locations of tea cultivations were randomly selected in Guilan and Mazandaran province. Earthworm were sampled by manually excavating and sorting four 30×30 cm pits by 30 cm deep in each location. Earthworms were enumerated in the field and taken to the lab for identification. Once identified, the earthworms will dry in the oven at 60oC for 48h and the dry weight registers. Some physicochemical properties of the mineral soils were determined in the laboratory. The finding indicated that the earthworms were only observed in the two from 58 locations: Bazkiagorab (Lahijan) and Shekarposhteh (Tonekabon). Three species as Perelia kaznakovi, Aporrectodea trapezoides, and Dendrobaena veneta were recorded from Bazkiagorab but only P. kaznakovi was identified in Shekarposhteh. The total population of all identified earthworms was 22 and 3 m-2 in the Bazkiagorab and Shekarposhteh, respectively. Results of the physicochemical analysis showed that 35% and 51% of the soils had a pH less than4.5 and organic carbon less than2%, respectively. Available phosphorus and potassium in 80% and 65% of the soils were less than 25 and 150 mg/kg, respectively. It can be concluded that monoculture and long-term tea cultivations had a negative effect on the earthworm population, in addition, it has strongly acidified the soil. It is recommended that native nitrogen-fixing trees mixed planted with tea, and more attention should be paid to nutrient Best Management Practices in tea plantations.
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He, Mingbao, Yingchun Li, Shixiang Zong, Kuo Li, Xue Han, and Mingyue Zhao. "Life Cycle Assessment of Carbon Footprint of Green Tea Produced by Smallholder Farmers in Shaanxi Province of China." Agronomy 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020364.
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China is a major producer of green tea, and most of its green tea production comes from small farmers. Accessing the carbon emission status of this group can provide data support and a decision-making basis for the realization of carbon neutrality in China’s tea industry. In this study, the life cycle assessment method was used to analyze the carbon footprint of green tea produced by smallholder farmers in Liugou Village, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province. The results showed that the carbon emission intensity of green tea for its entire life cycle was 32.90 kg CO2eq kg−1 dry tea, and the carbon emission intensities of its consumption, processing, and cultivation were 14.90, 7.94, and 6.97 kg CO2eq kg−1, respectively. In the processing stage, emissions during steaming and drying accounted for 57%. The use of coal, complicated processing procedures, and older equipment were the main reasons for the high emissions in the processing stage. In the cultivation process, emissions mainly came from fertilizer production and its application in the field. The energy consumption of boiling water resulted in high carbon emissions in the consumption stage. This study suggests that building a scientific fertilization system for tea gardens, optimizing processing equipment and energy utilization structure, and cultivating the concept of low-carbon consumption will be the keys to promoting smallholder farmers to reduce carbon emissions. This study further emphasizes that we should focus on carbon emissions caused by the production processes of small farmers.
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Manisha, R. V. S. Rao, Shashank Reddy B., and Parmod Verma. "What Is Brewing with Kangra Tea!!" FIIB Business Review 8, no. 2 (May 8, 2019): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2319714519844844.
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Tea cultivation has been playing a pivotal role in the sustainable development of the Kangra Valley (in Himachal Pradesh, India). Due to unique local geographical conditions, the aroma and flavour of Kangra tea is different from the tea produced in other parts of India, which resulted in worldwide fame in the past. Kangra cooperative tea factory which was having high productivity is facing the problem of reduced productivity due to reduction in area for tea cultivation and number of farmers supplying raw material. Presently, it is passing through a difficult phase due to certain constraints which need immediate attention for the development of tea cultivation and industry in Kangra valley. The problem does not lie with the tea, but the manner in which it is being managed, processed and marketed within India. The case focuses on analysing the major constraints faced by different stakeholders of Kangra tea value chain and evolve strategy to regenerate and rejuvenate the lost glory of Kangra tea, especially with the increased usage of geographical indication (GI). Cooperative failures, unmarketed GI Label, high labour cost and labour availability problem, seasonal demand, lack of market availability and so on were some key issues identified during the study.
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Gardella, Robert. "Tea Processing in China, circa 1885—A Photographic Essay." Business History Review 75, no. 4 (2001): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116512.
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At the time these photographs originated in an unspecified location in late-nineteenth-century China, the Chinese had been cultivating tea (Camellia sinensis) and processing it for almost two millennia. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, after decades of false starts and ceaseless experimentation, British entrepreneurs in India and Ceylon and the Dutch in Java successfully initiated plantation cultivation, pioneered the mechanized processing of black tea, and launched vigorous advertising campaigns to foster corporate sales worldwide.
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Fazri, Syarah Nurul. "Produk dari Priangan: Teh Rakyat di Priangan pada Awal Abad ke-20." Lembaran Sejarah 18, no. 2 (June 9, 2023): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.66991.
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This study discusses the development of People’s Tea cultivation that was intensified in Priangan in the early 20th century. Using historical methods, this study identified that local tea cultivation in the village served as an economic wheel, driving expansion and rotation within the community. The Plantations has become a magnet for the economy and opened up opportunities not only in the labor market but also attract businessmen around the plantations. The tea commodity was cultivated through European plantation companies and later expanded to the local resident’s land. The selling price tea worldwide in the early 20th century also stimulated the tea planters to participate in the business.
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Kiran Kumar, P., and Jayasheela. "Export Prospects of Tea from India: Untapped Potential." Journal of Global Economy 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v5i1.96.
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Certain geological and climatic factors have facilitated steadfast growth of tea industry in India. Today India is the largest producer of tea in the world. It accounts for 19 percent of the total area under tea cultivation in the world, 28 percent of world production, 22 percent of global tea consumption and 15 percent of total global exports. Tea is grown in 15 states of India. Predominantly it is North Indian states that have larger share of land under cultivation and tea production. They command a 77 percent share in tea production of India and balance by South India. Whereas state-wise, Assam is top of the league with 50.7 percent followed by West Bengal with 22.1 percent, Tamil Nadu with 15.9 percent and Kerala with 8.3 percent.
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Rahaman, S. Abdul, and S. Aruchamy. "Land Suitability Evaluation of Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Plantation in Kallar Watershed of Nilgiri Bioreserve, India." Geographies 2, no. 4 (November 11, 2022): 701–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geographies2040043.
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Nilgiri tea is a vital perennial beverage variety and is in high demand in global markets due to its quality and medicinal value. In recent years, the cultivation of tea plantations has decreased due to the extreme climate and prolonged practice of tea cultivation in the same area, decreasing its taste and quality. In this scenario, land suitability analysis is the best approach to evaluate the bio-physiochemical and ecological parameters of tea plantations. The present study aims to identify and delineate appropriate land best suited for the cultivation of tea within the Kallar watershed using the geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) techniques. This study utilises various suitability criteria, such as soil (texture, hydrogen ion concentration, electrical conductivity, depth, base saturation, and drainability), climate (rainfall and temperature), topography (relief and slope), land use, and the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), to evaluate the suitability of the land for growing tea plantations based on the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) guidelines for rainfed agriculture. The resultant layers were classified into five suitability classes, including high (S1), moderate (S2), and marginal (S3) classes, which occupied 16.7%, 7.08%, and 16.3% of the land, whereas the currently and permanently not suitable (N1 and N2) classes covered about 18.52% and 29.06% of the total geographic area. This study provides sufficient insights to decision-makers and farmers to support them in making more practical and scientific decisions regarding the cultivation of tea plantations that will result in the increased production of quality tea, and prevent and protect human life from harmful diseases.
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Liu, Caixia, Longsheng Chen, Wei Tang, Shaofeng Peng, Meiqun Li, Nan Deng, and Yongzhong Chen. "Predicting Potential Distribution and Evaluating Suitable Soil Condition of Oil Tea Camellia in China." Forests 9, no. 8 (August 10, 2018): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9080487.
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Oil tea Camellia, as a major cash and oil crop, has a high status in the forestry cultivation systems in China. To meet the current market demand for oil tea Camellia, its potential distribution and suitable soil condition was researched, to instruct its cultivation and popularization. The potential distribution of oil tea Camellia in China was predicted by the maximum entropy model, using global environmental and soil databases. Then, we collected 10-year literature data about oil tea Camellia soil and applied multiple imputation and factor modeling for an in-depth analysis of soil suitability for growing of oil tea Camellia. The prediction indicated that oil tea Camellia was mainly distributed in Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hainan, East Hubei, Southwest Anhui and most of Guangdong. Climatic factors were more influential than soil factors. The minimum temperature of the coldest month, mean temperature of the coldest quarter and annual precipitation were the most significant contributors to the habitat suitability distribution. In the cultivated area of oil tea Camellia, soil fertility was poor, organic matter was the most significant factor for the soil conditions. Based on climatic and soil factor analyses, our data suggest there is a great potential to spread the oil tea Camellia cultivation industry.
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Karwowska, Kaja, Magdalena Skotnicka, and Maria Śmiechowska. "Tea Production and its Forecasts, and the Possibility of Tea Cultivation in the Context of Environmental Requirements in China." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 19(34), no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2019.19.1.17.
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The present study demonstrates the reasons for the foundation of tea plantations and conditions of their cultivation. The limitations and negative consequences of cultivation of tea plants along with the ideas for their minimization are shown. Plantations were created to optimize the harvest. However, it has been found that they negatively influence local ecosystems. The global demand for tea leaves is constantly growing. Due to the specific climate requirements of tea plants and progressive climate changes, the arable land area suitable for their cultivation is constantly decreasing. New solutions should be implemented as soon as possible, ensuring a constant supply of raw material. Otherwise, in the next few years tea may become a luxury product. FAO has presented the activities that could reduce the losses. At the moment, the best solution might be to change crop types and diversify sources of raw material. It is also highlighted that there is a need to carry out research aiming at developing varieties of Camella sinensis with lower climate requirements.
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Anh Khoi, PhD Tao. "EFFECTS OF TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS) CULTIVATION ON SOIL QUALITY IN THE LAM DONG, VIETNAM." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 03 (March 31, 2024): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/18363.
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The objectives of the study were to assess soil quality and its relationship to the sustainability of tea cultivation in the Lam Dong, Vietnam. Overall soil quality declined with increasing age of the tea plantations as evidenced by decreases in soil OC, total N, K and S, available P and K, mean weight diameter of aggregates. As well, total P, bulk density and mechanical resistance increased with increasing cultivation intensity. Because these soil properties were sensitive to cultivation effects, they were considered to be good indicators of soil quality. Soil properties that were less sensitive to change, and limited as soil quality indicators included texture, clay mineralogy and sesquioxides, and effective cation exchange capacity. Soil quality changes were greatest during the first 10 years of cultivation and were generally greatest in the surface 0- to 40-cm of soil. Soil and crop management factors were considered to be the most important factors affecting soil quality. Decreases in long-term crop yields were found to correspond with decreases in soil quality. In terms of crop productivity, the most important soil quality indicators (based on a multiple regression analysis) were OC, available P, total K and PAWC. Economic analysis of the yield and production cost data indicated that, under current conditions, tea cultivation in the Lam Dong province is sustainable for periods of about 20 years. Thus, measured values of soil quality indicators in the 20-yr tea soils were considered to represent the "critical levels" for economic sustainability of tea cultivation.
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Arefin, Md Riyadh, and Md Ismail Hossain. "Present Status and Future Prospects of Tea production and Research on Varietal Improvement in Bangladesh." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 12 (December 20, 2022): 2324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i12.2324-2333.5259.
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Tea is one of the most important non-alcoholic beverage in the world and has been gaining further popularity as an important ‘health drink’ in view of its inferable medicinal value. In Bangladesh, commercially tea was cultivated since 1854 by establishing first tea garden Malnicherra Tea Estate in Sylhet. From 1947 to 2020, tea growing area, production and per hectare yield were increased 127.71%, 370.53% and 137.96% respectively. The major reasons behind the increasing tea productivity are extension of tea growing areas as well as cultivation of the tea clones (BT clones) released by Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI). Till now BTRI released 23 clones and 5 biclones, having average per hectare yield of 3461.67 kg. In the world, tea production, consumption and exportation have increased significantly. Unlike world condition, there is a negative relation between tea production and export in Bangladesh. From 1980 to 2020 the quantity of tea exports was decreased by 92.99%. This situation emphasizes the need for exploring alternative means by the tea industries of increasing profits from tea cultivation and tea export. As a result, researches on tea varietal improvement is needed for rapid economic growth and development of tea industry as well as to encourage tea plantation business to go ahead with more production to meet our own demand along with quality tea to flourish tea business in Bangladesh.
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Sahu, Netrananda, Pritiranjan Das, Atul Saini, Ayush Varun, Suraj Kumar Mallick, Rajiv Nayan, S. P. Aggarwal, Balaram Pani, Ravi Kesharwani, and Anil Kumar. "Analysis of Tea Plantation Suitability Using Geostatistical and Machine Learning Techniques: A Case of Darjeeling Himalaya, India." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (June 26, 2023): 10101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310101.
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This study aimed to identify suitable sites for tea cultivation using both random forest and logistic regression models. The study utilized 2770 sample points to map the tea plantation suitability zones (TPSZs), considering 12 important conditioning factors, such as temperature, rainfall, elevation, slope, soil depth, soil drainability, soil electrical conductivity, base saturation, soil texture, soil pH, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and land use land cover (LULC). The data were normalized using ArcGIS 10.2 and the models were calibrated using 70% of the total data, while the remaining 30% of the data were used for validation. The final TPSZ map was classified into four different categories: highly suitable zones, moderately suitable zones, marginally suitable zones, and not-suitable zones. The study revealed that the random forest (RF) model was more precise than the logistic regression model, with areas under the curve (AUCs) of 85.2% and 83.3%, respectively. The results indicated that well-drained soil with a pH range between 5.6 and 6.0 is ideal for tea farming, highlighting the importance of climate and soil properties in tea cultivation. Furthermore, the study emphasized the need to balance economic and environmental considerations when considering tea plantation expansion. The findings of this study provide important insights into tea cultivation site selection and can aid tea farmers, policymakers, and other stakeholders in making informed decisions regarding tea plantation expansion.
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Tanti, Nabajit, and Subash Chandra Barua. "Profitability assessment of tea based inter cropping in Golaghat district of Assam." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 19, no. 2 (June 15, 2023): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/19.2/406-410.
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A study was conducted to find out the profitability obtained in different intercropping systems in tea gardens of small tea growers in Golaghat district of Assam.The production and income from tea, was significantly influenced by the intercrops in different cropping systems. Mostly, the small tea growers planted areca nut and agarwood as intercrops in tea in Golaghat district. Higher yield was recorded in sole tea crop than inter cropping with Agarwood and areca nut. However, sole tea crop was recorded lower gross return compared to different intercropping systems.The average return over variable cost from mix cropping of tea with areca nut (1,98,896.81 Rs./ha), with Agarwood (2,49,152.72) and with areca nut and Agarwood (2,98,201.31) intercropping system combined was recorded much higher than that of conventional cultivation of sole tea (130389.24 Rs./ha). Thus, this study reveals that mix copping system of tea can add an extra income for the small tea growers and can also act as a backup against high risk of sole tea cultivation due to price fluctuation in green tea leaves. Moreover, tea+areca nut+ Agarwood intercropping system had the highest B:C ratio of 3.06 amongst all the studied intercropping systems but, tea + agarwood recorded the highest LER value of 1.61 which suggested that though the return was higher in tea + areca nut + agarwood intercropping system, the suitable land utilization was observed in tea + agarwood cropping system.
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Ha, Young-Ok. "A Study on Tea Poetry by Jeompiljae Kim Jong-Jik : Focus on Dohak Characteristics." Korean Tea Society 28, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29225/jkts.2022.28.2.36.
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This study presented an analysis and arrangement of dohak school's characteristics in Kim Jong-Jik's tea poems. Kim Jong-Jik led the new sarim group during the former part of Joseon and played pioneering roles in dohak that emphasized moral practice and sought after the realization of a Confucian society based on it. As a governor, his activities were received as a model by later-general sarim school members. The present study covered the following research content: firstly, the emergence of the sarim school around Kim Jong-Jik after King Seongjong changed the patterns of tea gatherings among his colleagues. They showed simple aspects at such gatherings, promoting friendship and morality among teachers, pupils, and study friends. In terms of space, they were free to choose places for their tea gatherings as they went for boating or sightseeing to scenic spots according to their tastes. Secondly, one of the characteristics of the dohak school is an emphasis on self-cultivation and the welfare of people. He requested his pupils not to fall into the negative effects of the School of classic literature and value learning by the mind in self-cultivation in his tea poems sent to them. At tea gatherings, he was always concerned with the economic issues of the people. Finally, he built a tea garden as the governor of Hamyang, and it was one of his activities that clearly showed his affection for the people. At that time, tea was on the list of Hamyang's tributes even though tea was not produced in the area. Hamyang was in a difficult situation of having to purchase tea at high prices and offer it as a tribute. Thus, he built a state-owned tea garden and supplied tea, highlighting his affection for the people as governor. It is a noteworthy event in the history of tea cultivation and culture.
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Hasan, Rashidul, A. F. M. Saiful Islam, Md Abdul Maleque, Md Simon Islam, and Md Masudur Rahman. "Effect of Drought Stress on Leaf Productivity and Liquor Quality of Tea: A Review." Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 9, no. 4 (July 29, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajsspn/2023/v9i4187.
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Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) is a highly valued plant known for its refreshing taste, medicinal properties, and health benefits. It is an evergreen shrub or small tree belonging to the Theaceae family. The productivity and quality of tea leaves and liquor are strongly influenced by edaphic and environmental factors. However, the cultivation of tea faces significant challenges due to the increasing occurrence of drought associated with global warming and climate change. In this review, we have summarized the potential effects of drought on the growth, productivity, and liquor quality of tea. Drought exerts substantial impacts on the physiological, biochemical, and morphological features of tea plants. For instance, under drought stress, there is a reduction in leaf activity, including chlorophyll production, photosynthetic rate, and CO2 uptake. Drought periods also lead to decreased shoot initiation and extension rates. However, it is important to note that responses to drought can vary depending on factors such as tea variety, cultivar diversity, agricultural management practices, and study techniques. While drought-induced biochemical damage may occur, it is often reversible, and the plant can recover upon rehydration. Irrigation strategies employed during dry periods have been shown to have a significant positive effect on tea yields, making it a promising option for enhancing productivity in drought-prone regions. Furthermore, the cultivation of drought-tolerant tea cultivars, along with the application of micro and macro-nutrients, as well as hormone treatments, can contribute to improving the post-drought recovery process. Studying the influence of drought on tea productivity offers an opportunity for frontier research, aiming to understand the intricate relationship between tea leaf productivity and liquor quality. Additionally, investigating the factors that contribute to stress recovery in tea plants holds promise for enhancing cultivation practices and ensuring the sustainability of tea production in the face of changing climatic conditions.
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Zhang, Guolin, Xingbiao Chu, Hanyang Zhu, Dongsheng Zou, Longcheng Li, and Linsen Du. "The Response of Soil Nutrients and Microbial Community Structures in Long-Term Tea Plantations and Diverse Agroforestry Intercropping Systems." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 7799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147799.
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During tea cultivation, diverse agroforestry is an important and established intercropping measure, with most studies concentrating on ecological service provision and economic returns. However, the response of soil nutrients and microbial community structures in long-term tea plantations with diverse agroforestry intercropping systems is poorly understood. In the present field study (2015), three intercropping agroforestry-tea patterns (Osmanthus-Tea (OT), Michelia-Tea (MT), Osmanthus-Michelia-Tea (OMT)) along with a study control (C) were examined in terms of these two knowledge gaps. Results showed that, in terms of tea cultivation, the OMT system is more suitable than the OT and MT systems. The OMT system significantly increased the total nitrogen (TN, 16.4%), total potassium (TK, 10.5%), available nitrogen (AN, 14.2%), available phosphorus (AP, 26.7%) and soil organic matter (SOM, 28.9%). The OMT system increased phylum Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes abundance by 35.8% and 9.6%. In addition, the OMT system enhanced the abundance of class Bacteroidia (99.5%), Erysipelotrichia (96.9%), Clostridia (93.5%) and Actinobacteria (19.6%), respectively. In general, the phylum bacteria Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria accounted for the largest proportion of bacteria in all three intercropping systems. In this study, the abundance of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were positively correlated with AN, SOM and TP. The results of the present study will help to develop a better understanding of the benefits imposed by different agroforestry intercropping systems on nutrient dynamics and microbial structural diversity during tea cultivation.
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Lim, Noh-hyun, Yongjin Lee, Jieon Lee, and Jongsek Kim. "Carbon Footprint Study of Korean Green Tea Industry Using the Methods of the Life Cycle Assessment and Calculating Carbon Absorption in Agricultural Land." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 03, no. 04 (December 2, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2204047.
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Due to recent global warming and climate change events, about 127 countries have declared themselves carbon neutral since the Paris Agreement was signed. Furthermore, agriculture is directly or indirectly affected by climate change. In particular, the importance of carbon neutrality is very high due to the high carbon absorption potential of forestry biomass. In the global beverage market, green tea is the second most consumed beverage after water, and the potential of tea tree biomass to absorb carbon during cultivation is quite high. Accordingly, major tea-producing countries such as China, Taiwan, India, and Sri Lanka are conducting life cycle assessment studies of tea which can be used to reference carbon neutrality in agriculture. In this study, net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the entire life cycle of the Korean green tea industry were calculated by considering the changes in biomass carbon accumulation in green tea plantations according to the life cycle evaluation method and IPCC’s Gain-loss method. The net GHG emission of green tea in Korea varies widely, with biomass carbon absorption as high as 59% and as low as 3% per year due to agricultural land maintenance, which significantly impacts the net GHG emission result. In other words, it is important to maintain the cultivation area for carbon neutrality in the future because the changes in the green tea cultivation area have a significant effect on biomass carbon stock, affecting the whole net GHG emission process.
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Kumar, Virender, Neha Jamwal, and Divya Sharma. "Economics of tea growing in Himachal Pradesh." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 6 (September 14, 2020): 1107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i6.104777.
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The present study was conducted in Palampur, Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh to examine the comparative economics of tea production on small and large tea farms (estates). The study was carried out during 2016 based on a random sample of 50 small tea growers and 3 tea estates chosen using stratified random sampling technique. The results of the study revealed that among different components of operational cost, the share of expenditure on human labour was highest (84-85%) on small farms as well as in estates. Per hectare tea leaf production was 54.5q in case of small and 57q on large tea farms. The cost of production on the small farms was observed to be `₹ 1, 561 per quintal while it was ₹ 1,356 in estates. The economic viability of tea production was higher in estates as compared to small farms partially due to mechanization of some operations and the economies of scale. Output-input analysis showed that the production of made tea was more profitable on estates as compared to small farms. Among the factors affecting tea production, labour days used, area under tea and experience in tea cultivation had positive and significant influence on production of tea. In order to boost tea production in the state, incentivized machine use in tea cultivation and enhancing marketing scope of homemade tea are some of the efforts that need attention of policy makers.
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Rokhmah, D. N., D. Astutik, and H. Supriadi. "Cultivation Technology for Drought Stress Mitigation in Tea Plants: A Review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1038, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012015.
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Abstract Tea is one of the beverage crops that has a high-value economy and opportunities to increase its production. The yield and quality of the tea plants are strongly affected by environmental conditions. Global warming is followed by climate change, resulting in changes in rainfall patterns and an increase in air temperature. Changes in rainfall patterns affect drought, namely the occurrence of 3 consecutive dry months. The air temperature has increased over the last 100 years. The air temperature on the earth’s surface has increased by an average of 0.74°C. Shifting climatic conditions as a result of climate change can cause the growth and yield of tea plants to be disrupted. Tea plants can suffer from temporary wilting, chronic wilting, leaves falling off, drying shoots and young branches, and the death of twigs, main branches, and stems as a result of prolonged dryness. Drought caused damage to tea plants, resulting in a 53% decrease in yield. To overcome this, cultivation technology can be used in the following ways: (1) planting tolerant clones; (2) fertilization; (3) mulching and planting shade trees; (3) pruning; and (4) rainwater harvesting and irrigation systems.
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Baruah, N., B. K. Medhi, Sanjay Swami, R. K. Thakuria, and B. Borkotoki. "Soil quality index as affected by temporal long term tea cultivation in Jorhat District of Assam." Journal of Environmental Biology 41, no. 6 (November 15, 2020): 1685–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/41/6/si-252.
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Aim: The investigation was undertaken to identify the Minimum Data Set (MDS) for Soil Quality Index (SQI) assessment in continuouslong-term tea cultivation systems. Methodology: In the study under very deep, fine loamy, well-drained soil, five age groups of tea plantations viz. less than 15 years, 15-30 years, 30-45 years, 45-60 years and more than 60 years were selected and identified minimum data set and soil quality index. Results: In very deep, fine loamy, well-drained soil under continuous tea cultivation, SQI, 14.74 was obtained for less than 15 years, 14.06 for 15-30 years, 11.12 for 30-45 years, 12.94 for 45-60 years and 11.37 for more than 60 years of plantation, respectively. Interpretation: The most sensitive soil quality indicators identified in very deep, fine loamy, well-drained soil were pH for less than 15 years, total nitrogen for 15-30 years, available nitrogen for 30-45 years, organic carbon for 45-60 years and exchangeable aluminium for more than 60 years of continuous tea cultivation.
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Ningombam, Hemarjit, and O. P. Roy. "A sustainable embedded shade management system for tea cultivation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2236, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2236/1/012006.
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Abstract Tea farming stands on a vast area. The quality and quantity of products enormously depend on the management and control of the environmental conditions of the tea farms. Feasible and continuous monitoring of the plantations’ parameters is needed to achieve the desired farm output. 50%-60% of the light intensity needs to be filtered on each tea plant throughout the year. Traditionally, shading is achieved by planting leguminous trees inside the farms. So it is extensively required to monitor the shading capacity continuously to overcome the degradation of the farm’s product. In this paper, a simple, sustainable shade management system is designed. The system is embedded with Atmega 2560 controller, and a wireless network has been achieved using the ZigBee module. A systematic array of LDRs acquires light Intensity. The measured parameters are wirelessly transmitted continuously to the central decision support system with associated information like locations, sensor values, etc. The proposed method is easily extensible and user-friendly.
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Raman, K., P. D. Jothikumar, C. S. Machia, and M. C. Muthanna. "The Organic Cultivation Practices in Tea and Coffee." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 807A—807. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.807a.
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Traditionally, the tropical plantation crops such as tea and coffee are intensively cultivated. The increasing concern about the environment, ecology, and the realization that the continued use of chemical inputs is causing the starvation of soils are forcing us to look into alternatives such as sustainable farming. Being perennial crops, there are no examples to follow in the case of plantation crops. By trial and error, we have switched over to organic cultivation of 340 ha of tea and 34.5 ha of coffee. The produce from these, i.e., black teas and arabica and robusta coffees, are being cultivated, processed, and packed conforming to most-stringent organic standards and world-renowned certification authorities, such as IMO, IFOAM, MOA, et. al. have vouchsafed their authenticity. The strategies adopted, methodologies of farming, economics, and the benefits accruing from such farming will be discussed.
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Cvetkovic, Dragoljub, and Sinisa Markov. "Cultivation of tea fungus on malt extract medium." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 33 (2002): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt0233117c.
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The possibility of application of malt extract as a source of carbohydrate in a medium for tea fungus was investigated. The beverage obtained on such medium was compared with that prepared in a traditional way with sucrose medium. The presence of easily adoptable sugars, glucose and fructose, as dominant in malt medium results in a very effective fermentation, which gives much more sour beverage for the same time and makes it possible to reduce the fermentation period. The obtained beverage has satisfactory sensorial characteristics.
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Yoshidome, Hiroshi, Kenichiro Sato, Hirofumi Nagatomo, Takashi Mizuta, Kunihiko Sato, Tsuruyoshi Furuno, Sadaichi Ueno, Imao Hirakawa, and Tsugio Abe. "The Cultivation of ‘Harunonagori’ for Green Tea which is Resistant to Tea Anthracnose and Tea Gray blight." Chagyo Kenkyu Hokoku (Tea Research Journal) 2011, no. 111 (2011): 111_1–111_13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5979/cha.2011.111_1.
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Fizikova, Anastasia, Elena Subcheva, Nikolay Kozlov, Varvara Tvorogova, Lidia Samarina, Ludmila Lutova, and Elena Khlestkina. "Agrobacterium Transformation of Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) KUNTZE): A Small Experiment with Great Prospects." Plants 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2024): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13050675.
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Tea has historically been one of the most popular beverages, and it is currently an economically significant crop cultivated in over 50 countries. The Northwestern Caucasus is one of the northernmost regions for industrial tea cultivation worldwide. The domestication of the tea plant in this region took approximately 150 years, during which plantations spreading from the Ozurgeti region in northern Georgia to the southern city of Maykop in Russia. Consequently, tea plantations in the Northern Caucasus can serve as a source of unique genotypes with exceptional cold tolerance. Tea plants are known to be recalcitrant to Agrobacterium-mediated transfection. Research into optimal transfection and regeneration methodologies, as well as the identification of tea varieties with enhanced transformation efficiency, is an advanced strategy for improving tea plant culture. The aim of this study was to search for the optimal Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transfection protocol for the Kolkhida tea variety. As a result of optimizing the transfection medium with potassium phosphate buffer at the stages of pre-inoculation, inoculation and co-cultivation, the restoration of normal morphology and improvement in the attachment of Agrobacterium cells to the surface of tea explants were observed by scanning electron microscopy. And an effective method of high-efficiency Agrobacteria tumefaciens-mediated transfection of the best local tea cultivar, Kolkhida, was demonstrated for the first time.
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Sung, Changhyun, Jung Gyu Hwang, Jong Cheol Kim, Jihun Shin, Gwang Hui Jeong, Kyung Hwan Cho, Yong-Hwi Son, et al. "Changes in Matcha Quality and Growth Characteristics from Cultivation under Different Shading." Korean Tea Society 29, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29225/jkts.2023.29.2.52.
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The term matcha means that tea leaves cultivated under shade are prepared by pulverizing the leaves with a grinding machine (such as a stone mill or a ball mill), turning the tea leaves into a fine powder. There is a great difference in quality depending on cultivation techniques such as the shading period and the type of shade. This study investigates the effect on growth and physiological changes of tea leaves for the production of high-quality green tea depending on the use of sequential double shading (SD-SD) and sequential single shading (S-SD). Leaf area, moisture content, photosynthetic capacity, and G-value increase based on the amount of shade in the following order: SD-SD > S-SD > no shade. Total phenolic compound and catechin content were highest in unshaded matcha. Antioxidant activity was highest in unshaded matcha, which also coincides with the highest phenolic compound content, such as catechins. Sugar content was highest from no shade, with leaves absorbing the most light energy, and the free amino acid content was highest under SD-SD. The results of taste analysis through an electronic tongue showed the highest sour taste and umami from S-SD, a salty taste from no shade, and sweet taste, bitter taste, astringent taste, and spicy taste from SD-SD. The overall physiological and growth status and beneficial ingredients showed that SD-SD increases the color of the tea leaves more than S-SD, and sequential double shading is effective in reducing stress on tea plants.
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Liu, Zemao, Deyu Yang, Guangtao Zhang, Lihong Zheng, Chen Chen, Xin Sun, and Fangyuan Yu. "Effects of Soil Physical and Chemical Properties on the Quality of Nanjing ‘Yuhua’ Tea, a Type of Famous Green Tea." Horticulturae 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020189.
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Tea has become one of the most popular drinks worldwide because of its special taste and health benefits. ‘Yuhua’ tea is a famous specialty of Nanjing, China, a green tea produced from Camelia sinensis. It belongs to the green tea category and is one of the top ten most famous teas in China. The physical and chemical properties of soil are very important to the quality of tea. However, at present, there are few instances of research on the soil of the ‘Yuhua’ tea cultivation area. To provide the theoretical basis for improving the final quality of ‘Yuhua’ tea by soil management measures, the effects of the soil’s physical and chemical properties on the contents of important chemical components (free amino acids, tea polyphenols, and caffeine) of ‘Yuhua’ tea in three different cultivation areas in Nanjing were studied. The quality of ‘Yuhua’ tea is greatly influenced by the physical and chemical properties of the soil in which the tea plant grows. The free amino acid content and tea polyphenol content of tea leaves were significantly and negatively correlated with soil bulk density, pH, and water-soluble calcium content, while a significantly positive correlation was noticed between the two criteria and soil effective nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content. Additionally, the growth of the tea tree will be hampered and perhaps stressed if the soil’s helpful mineral concentration is too low. The tea tree may produce more caffeine as a result, which could lower the quality of the tea leaves. Therefore, implementing targeted soil management techniques is the key to promoting tea tree growth and improving tea quality. This study laid the foundation for the adoption of corresponding soil management measures to improve the quality of ‘Yuhua’ tea.
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Shao, Shuaibo, Yuanping Li, Zhongwei Li, Xiaoxiao Ma, Yanqi Zhu, Yuqing Luo, Pumo Cai, Xiaoli Jia, Christopher Rensing, and Qisong Li. "Impact of Tea Tree Cultivation on Soil Microbiota, Soil Organic Matter, and Nitrogen Cycling in Mountainous Plantations." Agronomy 14, no. 3 (March 21, 2024): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030638.
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This study focused on examining the early stages of tea cultivation (1, 3, and 5 years) in mountainous tea plantations. It specifically aimed to investigate the changes in soil micro-ecology at different locations (inter-row, terrace surfaces, and terrace walls). It was revealed that as tea tree cultivation progressed over the years, bacterial diversity and co-occurrence networks annually decreased in different locations. The results of soil physicochemical index analysis showed that the soil’s available nutrients and the activities of cellulase and protease increased. Furthermore, the amplitude of variation of these indexes in the inter-row soil was significantly higher than that on the terrace surfaces and the terrace walls (p < 0.05). Alterations occurred in the soil microbial community structure, with an enrichment of bacterial genera such as Sinomonas, Granulicella, and Sphingomonas, as well as fungal genera such as Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Talaromyces; an increase in the proportion of plant pathogenic fungi (Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Curvularia) was observed in the inter-row soil. The results of soil microbial function prediction showed that nitrification and nitrogen fixation decreased, but denitrification increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, cultivating tea trees in mountainous terraced plantations significantly impacted the soil microbial community, accelerated the metabolism of soil organic matter, disrupted soil nitrogen cycling functions, and increased the presence of plant pathogenic fungal pathogens. Moreover, the changes in the structure and functions of the soil microbial community demonstrate a spatial distance effect across different terrace locations.
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Ma, Qingping, Laichao Song, Zhanhai Niu, Ziyuan Qiu, Haiwei Sun, Zhihong Ren, Huanhuan Wu, et al. "Pea-Tea Intercropping Improves Tea Quality through Regulating Amino Acid Metabolism and Flavonoid Biosynthesis." Foods 11, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 3746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11223746.
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Pea-tea intercropping is an excellent cultivation method that can improve tea quality. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. The present study was aimed at elucidating the mechanism of the effect of pea-tea intercropping on tea quality through a high-throughput method. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses were conducted to identify the changes in gene expression and metabolites changes intercropping, respectively. In addition, the amino acids and catechins were detected using the LC-MS method and quantified absolutely. The results showed that total polyphenols and catechins decreased but amino acids increased in pea intercropped tea shoots. Correspondingly, genes related to amino acid metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis were differentially expressed. For amino acid metabolism, 11 differentially expressed genes were identified, including 5 upregulated and 6 downregulated genes. Meanwhile, three genes involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism were upregulated in pea intercropped tea plants. These genes were also involved in amino acid metabolism. For flavonoid biosynthesis, two downregulated genes were identified, which were the flavonol synthase and anthocyanidin synthase genes and followed a similar pattern to changes in catechins and polyphenols. These advances have opened new horizons for understanding the biochemical mechanisms of amino acids and flavonoids in improving tea quality in the pea-tea intercropping cultivation model.
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Chakraborty, Bishwanath, Usha Chakraborty, Shibu Barman, and Somnath Roy. "Effect of different substrates and casing materials on growth and yield of Calocybe indica (P&C) in North Bengal, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.858.
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Cultivation of Calocybe indica was undertaken with locally available substrates viz. paddy straw, maize stalk waste, bamboo leaves and young coconut fibre alone and various combinations with paddy straw + maize stalk (1:1 v/v), paddy straw+ saw dust (1:1 v/v), and paddy straw+ saw dust (1:2 v/v)and different casing materials suchas vermicompost, soil+ sand (1:1v/v), dried saw dust, hard paper (wet condition) and combination of tea waste+soil+ sand, saw dust +sand (1:1 v/v), tea waste+ sand (1:1 v/v) in paddy straw cultivating condition. Among the substrates, paddy straw was the best with 196.12 % biological efficiency (BE) followed by different substrate combinations but the bamboo leaves alone was recorded as substrate with lowest potential (84%) for cultivation. As casing material the spent mushroom compost (SMC) of Agaricus bisporus resulted in the highest biological efficiency (207%) followed by soil+ sand (196%), sand +saw dust (163%) but combination of tea waste+ soil + sand was inferior (151%). Saw dust gave the lowest (96.8%) biological efficiency. In conclusion the maximum biological efficiency of C. indica can be obtained by using paddy straw as a substrate encased with spent compost of button mushroom.
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Tian, Xiaomiao, Si Chen, Qiusheng Zhong, Junyu Wang, Jiedan Chen, Liang Chen, Doogyung Moon, and Jianqiang Ma. "Widely Targeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Effect of Cultivation Altitude on Tea Metabolites." Agronomy 14, no. 4 (April 13, 2024): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040812.
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Cultivation altitude is a comprehensive environmental factor that significantly affects tea quality. To gain a deeper understanding of the effect of cultivation altitude on tea metabolites, a widely targeted metabolomic method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to analyze tea samples derived from three altitudes (86 m, 256 m, and 880 m) of two cultivars, ‘Mingke 1’ (MK) and ‘Fuyun 6’ (FY). The results showed that distinct groups of tea samples from different altitudes and cultivars were observed based on PCA. A total of 64 and 56 altitude-related differential metabolites were identified in MK and FY, respectively. Among them, 16 compounds were consistent in both cultivars and were clustered in the metabolic pathways for flavonoid (11 compounds), amino acid (3), and fatty acid (2). The content of all flavonoids and one amino acid (L-aspartic acid) gradually decreased with increasing altitude; on the contrary, the others showed an opposite trend. Furthermore, we identified 57 differential metabolites between two cultivars. Two specific compounds (8-C-hexosyl chrysoeriol O-hexoside and pelargonidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside) were exclusively found in MK, while one compound (4-hydroxybenzoic acid) was present only in FY. These findings offer insight into the metabolic responses of tea plants to different altitudes, providing further understanding on the influence of the environment on tea plants.
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Doanh, Nguyen, Nguyen Thuong, and Yoon Heo. "Impact of Conversion to Organic Tea Cultivation on Household Income in the Mountainous Areas of Northern Vietnam." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2018): 4475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124475.
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This study aims at determining if organic tea farming results in higher net income than conventional tea farming in the mountainous areas of Northern Vietnam. Our sample includes 226 traditional and 319 organic tea-producing households in the provinces of Thai Nguyen, Phu Tho, Ha Giang, and Lai Chau. Using a propensity score matching approach, the study finds that the adoption of organic tea production had a positive impact on households’ farm income in the study area. Using different matching algorithms, organic tea adopters earned higher income than did non-adopters, from 1038.8 to 1059.0 thousand Vietnamese Dong (VND) per hectare of cultivation plot. To increase conversion to organic tea farming amongst smallholder farmers, the government and other stakeholders should aim to provide better extension services, which incorporate relevant training to farmers and better access to information on organic tea production, as well as encouraging the commercialization of organic fertilizers. Simultaneously, the Vietnamese government should introduce mechanisms to coordinate production activities and deliver tea products to processing and/or marketing facilities.
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Puzari, K., R. Bhuyan, Pranab Dutta, and H. Deva Nath. "Distribution of Mikania and its economic impact on tea ecosystem of Assam." Indian Journal of Forestry 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2010-5pr37d.
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Mikania micrantha a gregarious perennial fast growing herbaceous creeping vine possess a serious threat to tea production. Negative impacts of the weed include labour cost, reduction in yield of crop, loss of native biodiversity etc. An ecological survey to study the seasonal distribution and economic impact in terms of cost and profitability of tea cultivation was carried out during 2004-2005 in two sites viz., Cinnamora Tea Estate (CTE), Division: Hatigarh and Experimental Garden for plantation crop (EGPC), Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat (Assam). The results of the present investigation showed highest population build-up 2600 and 1000 numbers of Mikania stalks/ha during the month of September and August respectively in CTE and AAU. Study on economic impact of Mikania showed an adverse effect of it on tea cultivation in the surveyed area causing a loss of 41.8% and 18.90 % respectively in CTE and EGPC.
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Kodagoda, A. H., and R. A. P. I. S. Dharmadasa. "Technical efficiency of organic tea smallholders: Evidence from Uva region of Sri Lanka." Journal of Agriculture and Value Addition 3, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/java.v3i1.118.
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Today the society is moving towards sustainable agriculture, as a sustainable farming system, where cultivation is carried out without using chemically synthesized products such as urea, ammonium sulphate, pesticides, herbicides, hormones, activators, etc. With the introduction of organic agriculture to the world, organic tea also became important. Farmer productivity is one of the most important concerns in this regard. In the short run, the farmer productivity can be raised by improvement in technical efficiency. However, there is dearth of empirical evidence on technical efficiency of tea cultivation in Sri Lanka. Hence this article contributes to the pertinent literature by providing estimates of a stochastic frontier production model in a sample of organic tea smallholders in Diyathalawa region of Badulla district in Sri Lanka where the highest number of smallholders cultivate organic tea. The results reveal that the mean technical efficiency of organic tea smallholders is 24.7% implying that there is a scope of further increasing the output by 75.3%. Furthermore, livelihood diversification and crop diversification activities of smallholders contribute to decrease the efficiency.