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1

Morotti, Sara. "Tecniche di stimolazione transcranica: TMS e tDCS a confronto." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/11538/.

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Nel corso degli ultimi decenni si è assistito a un aumento di malattie e disturbi che colpiscono il sistema nervoso,specialmente il cervello. Si è dunque resa necessaria la ricerca e l'analisi di tecniche di stimolazione transcranica a fini sperimentali, clinici e di diagnosi. Tra queste spiccano per la loro versatilità la TMS e la tDCS, le quali hanno già trovato e possono ancora trovare la loro applicazione in numerosi ambiti anche molto differenti tra loro, tra cui quello motorio, verbale, della memoria o per disturbi neurodegenerativi. L'analisi approfondita delle loro applicazioni può non solo portare a meglio comprendere i limiti che le due tecniche hanno al giorno d'oggi e quindi portare a un miglioramento delle stesse, ma anche ad una comprensione più accurata del funzionamento del sistema nervoso, tutt'ora ancora alquanto oscuro nella sua complessità. Infine, confrontando le due tecniche si può meglio definire anche quali possano essere gli ambiti in cui l'una e l'altra sono più vantaggiose o possano dare contributi più incisivi.
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2

Biondi, Francesca. "tDCS e TMS confronto tra metodologie di stimolazione transcranica." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17346/.

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Lo scopo di questo elaborato di tesi è di effettuare un confronto tra due diverse tecniche di stimolazione transcranica non invasiva, la stimolazione magnetica transcranica (TMS) e la stimolazione transcranica a correnti dirette (tDCS). Prima di entrare nel dettaglio delle due tecnologie verranno illustrati gli elementi di base del sistema nervoso centrale, quali la generazione e la propagazione degli impulsi nervosi, al fine di comprendere come le stimolazioni andranno ad intervenire sugli stessi, e la suddivisione delle varie aree cerebrali al fine di comprendere di cosa si occupano e dove sono le aree di indagine di queste metodologie. Per entrambe le tecniche di stimolazione verranno raccontati gli sviluppi storici che hanno portato al loro utilizzo e i principi fisici su cui si basano i loro funzionamenti. Di seguito verranno illustrate le diverse strumentazioni tecnologiche, per poi analizzare diversi ambiti applicativi in cui esse sono coinvolte e i limiti che ogni tecnologia presenta. Per concludere verranno analizzate analogie e differenze sui diversi piani delle due metodiche.
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3

SCHIAVI, SUSANNA. "Investigating the neural network underlying aesthetic experience." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/158175.

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Le ricerche presentate in questa tesi si inseriscono all’interno di un’area piuttosto recente delle neuroscienze cognitive, la neuroestetica, un’area scientifica che si prefigge come obiettivo l’indagine delle basi neurali dell’esperienza estetica. Gli studi che presenterò si concentrano su un particolare aspetto dell'esperienza estetica, l'apprezzamento della bellezza; attraverso gli esperimenti condotti si è dunque tentato di ampliare le conoscenze riguardo ai correlati neurali della percezione della bellezza con metodi comportamentali e con le tecniche di neurostimolazione, tra cui la stimolazione transcranica a corrente continua (tDCS) e la stimolazione magnetica transcranica (TMS). Queste tecniche, non invasive, consentono di stabilire relazioni causali tra aree specifiche del cervello e i processi sottesi (per una panoramica vedi Nitsche et al, 2008; Vincent Walsh & Cowey., 2000), ampliando le nostre conoscenze con informazioni complementari a quelle che si possono trarre dagli studi di neuroimmagini, che sono invece di tipo correlazionale. Un primo studio, utilizzando un paradigma comportamentale chiamato “divided visual field” (campo visivo diviso), è stato utilizzato per indagare le asimmetrie emisferiche negli uomini e nelle donne, intenti a esprimere la propria preferenza nei confronti di opere d’arte astratte e figurative (Studio 1). I risultati di questo primo esperimento hanno mostrato che i dipinti rappresentativi sono piaciuti di più quando presentati nell’emicampo visivo destro, mentre l’apprezzamento per i dipinti astratti non è stato influenzato dall’emicampo visivo di presentazione. Nello Studio 2 è stata stimolata l'area corticale V5, nota per essere implicata nella percezione del movimento, durante la visione di una serie di dipinti. L’inibizione di quest’area ha diminuito in maniera significativa il movimento percepito sia nelle immagini astratte che in quelle figurative, riducendo inoltre in misura notevole l’apprezzamento delle opere d’arte astratte, ma non di quelle rappresentative. Il terzo studio ha dimostrato che TMS applicata al solco temporale superiore (STS), ma non alla corteccia somatosensoriale (SC), è in grado di modulare il giudizio riguardante l’espressività percepita nei ritratti, mentre non ha alcun effetto sull’apprezzamento. Nel quarto studio è stato mostrato che aumentando l'eccitabilità corticale nel sistema di reward tramite tDCS, e in particolare nella corteccia prefrontale ventromediale (vmPFC), è possibile indurre un leggero aumento dell’apprezzamento estetico dei dipinti. Infine, i risultati del quinto studio, condotto sulla corteccia prefrontale dorsomediale (dmPFC), suggeriscono che quest’area contribuisce a mediare il collegamento tra la valutazione morale e quella estetica. Nel loro insieme questi risultati aiutano a chiarire il ruolo causale di differenti regioni del cervello, che non solo sono alla base della percezione della bellezza, ma che potrebbero gettare luce anche sulla relazione tra la valutazione del bello e quella di altre qualità non prettamente estetiche, come il buono o il giusto, che pertengono all’area del giudizio morale.
The experimental work presented in this dissertation is part of a relatively young field of research in cognitive neuroscience, neuroaesthetics. The main aim of this field is to investigate the neural underpinnings of the aesthetic experience. The studies I describe in this thesis focus on a particular aspect of the aesthetic experience, namely beauty appreciation. In particular, the experiments conducted aimed to investigate the neural correlates of beauty perception using behavioral methods as well as neurostimulation techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques allow to establish causal relationships between specific brain areas and the underlying processes (for an overview see: Nitsche et al., 2008; Vincent Walsh & Cowey, 2000), adding to neuroimaging evidence. A first study, using a divided visual field paradigm, investigated hemispheric asymmetries in men and women’s preference for abstract and representational artworks (Study 1). Findings of this first experiment showed that both male and female participants liked representational paintings more when presented in the right visual field, and that liking for abstract paintings was unaffected by presentation hemifield. In Study 2, TMS applied over motion sensitive cortical area V5 while viewing a series of paintings was found to significantly decrease the perceived sense of motion, and also to significantly reduce liking of abstract (but not representational) paintings. A third study showed that TMS over the superior temporal sulcus, but not the somatosensory cortex (SC) disrupted expressivity judgment in portraits, without affecting though beauty judgments. Study 4 showed that enhancing excitability via tDCS in the reward system, and in particular in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), resulted into a slight increase in aesthetic appreciation of paintings. Finally, findings of Study 5 suggest that the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex causally contributes to mediate the link between moral and aesthetic valuation. Taken together the present results help to clarify the causal role of different brain regions underlying beauty perception and shed light on the intersection between moral and aesthetic evaluation.
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4

VAROLI, ERICA. "TMS-EEG: a promising tool to study the cathodal tDCS effects on cortical excitability." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/280669.

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La Stimolazione transcranica a Corrente Diretta continua (tDCS) è una tecnica di neurostimolazione non invasiva in grado di generare alterazioni dell’eccitabilità neuronale dipendenti dalla plasticità. Negli ultimi anni si sta assistendo a un crescente interesse nell’utilizzo di questa tecnica, sia in settings clinici che sperimentali. In particolare, la possibilità di indurre effetti a lungo termine rende la tDCS interessante nel trattamento di deficit cognitivi associati a disturbi sia neuropsicologici che psichiatrici. Nonostante la sua crescente diffusione, si sa ancora poco riguardo i meccanismi neurofisiologici alla base del suo funzionamento, soprattutto per quanto riguarda gli effetti su regioni cerebrali che sottostanno a funzioni cognitive di ordine superiore. Una conoscenza più approfondita dei meccanismi alla base della tDCS potrebbe quindi essere cruciale per riuscire a definire e migliorare i protocolli di stimolazione sia clinici che di ricerca. A questo scopo, uno studio sistematico degli effetti corticali della tDCS appare ancora più necessario. In questo progetto abbiamo quindi esplorato gli effetti di plasticità corticale indotti dalla stimolazione catodica in soggetti sani, sia a riposo che durante l’esecuzione di un compito, utilizzando il sistema integrato di Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica ed Elettroencefalografia (TMS-EEG). Il TMS-EEG è una tecnica molto efficace in quando permette di misurare direttamente la modulazione dell’eccitabilità corticale su tutta la corteccia. In questa tesi sono riportati tre studi. Nel primo, partendo dai risultati sulla tDCS anodica già precedentemente pubblicati, sono stati esplorati gli effetti della tDCS catodica sulla Corteccia Parietale Posteriore (PPC) destra a riposo. Nel secondo studio, abbiamo indagato gli effetti comportamentali indotti dalla tDCS catodica sulla PPC destra, durante l’esecuzione di due compiti: uno di memoria di lavoro visuospaziale e uno di orientamento dell’attenzione visuospaziale. Nel terso studio, infine, abbiamo utilizzato nuovamente il TMS-EEG per tracciare gli effetti neurofisiologici della tDCS catodica sulla PPC di destra mentre i partecipanti erano impegnati nell’esecuzione dei compiti individuati nello studio precedente. I risultati per la tDCS catodica a riposo non hanno mostrato effetti di modulazione dell’eccitabilità corticale, sia a livello dei sensori che a livello delle sorgenti, sia a livello locale che globale. I risultati precedentemente ottenuti con la tDCS anodica, hanno invece mostrato un aumento diffuso dell’eccitabilità corticale lungo un network bilaterale frontoparietale, che rispecchia le connessioni strutturali tra le aree d’interesse. Durante l’esecuzione di un compito, invece, la stimolazione catodica, così come quella anodica, ha mostrato una modulazione nell’eccitabilità corticale solo in quelle aree che sono coinvolte nell’esecuzione del compito. In conclusione, in questo lavoro di tesi emergono diversi interessanti risultati. Innanzitutto, questi dati mostrano un effetto non lineare della tDCS sull’eccitabilità corticale a riposo, che non possono essere completamente spiegati dal semplice dualismo anodico-eccitatorio catodico-inibitorio. Un altro risultato rilevante è dato dal ruolo cruciale giocato dai differenti stati ti attivazione corticale (a riposo Vs attivo). Questi risultati sembrano mostrare che il livello di attivazione corticale di base contribuisca a modulare gli effetti della stimolazione, in accordo con l’ipotesi “attività-selettività”. Lo stato di attivazione di base deve quindi essere preso in considerazione, in particolare se si vogliono osservare degli effetti di neuromodulazione con tDCS catodica. In generale, tutte queste osservazioni contribuiscono a costruire quel corpus di conoscenze necessario soprattutto per la definizione dei parametri tDCS sia per esperimenti di neuroscienze cognitive che per protocolli riabilitativi.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique able to induce plasticity-related alterations in neuronal excitability. There is a growing interest in the use of tDCS in both experimental and clinical settings; in particular, the chance to induce long-term effects fostered the used of the technique to treat cognitive impairments associated with different neuropsychological and psychiatric disorders. Although tDCS is increasingly used, presently little is still known about its neurophysiological underpinnings, particularly concerning the activity on the brain regions that underlie high cognitive brain functions. In these cases, optimal tDCS stimulation parameters also have yet to be clearly defined. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms underpinning this technique would be crucial to achieving a better refinement of stimulation protocols for clinical and research purposes. For this reason, a systematic and comprehensive study of its cortical effects acquires a critical relevance. In the last years, there has been indeed a keen interest in understanding the working mechanisms of this technique. To address this issue, in this project we explored the cortical plasticity modulation induced by cathodal stimulation on healthy subjects while resting or during task execution, using an integrated system of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography (TMS-EEG), which allows to directly measure cortical excitability modulation all over the cortex and effective connectivity. In the first study, starting from the previous results with anodal tDCS, the effects of cathodal stimulation over the right Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) were explored during resting state. The contralateral homologue brain area, namely the left posterior parietal cortex (PPC), was targeted with TMS before, during, and after cathodal stimulation. In the second study, we explored the behavioural effects induced by the application of cathodal tDCS over right PPC during the execution of two tasks, one of visuospatial working memory and a second tapping visual attention reorienting, which are known to involve this brain area. The aim was to find tasks sensitive to the effect of cathodal tDCS over the right PCC, to be used in the third study. A disruption of the performance was found for the Posner Cueing Task. In the third study, we employed again TMS-EEG to track the neurophysiological effects of cathodal tDCS on right PPC at an active state, i.e. while the participants were performing the task tested on the second study. The results at resting state for cathodal tDCS, both at sensors and cortical sources levels, converge in showing no differences during and after tDCS compared to pre-stimulation sessions, both at a global and local level. The previous results with anodal tDCS, instead, reported a widespread rise of cortical excitability along with a bilateral frontoparietal network, following structural connections. On the other hand, at an active state, cathodal, as well as anodal, tDCS induced modulation of cortical excitability only in the task-relevant brain regions. Several significant findings emerged from this empirical work. First of all, these data highlight a non-linear impact of anodal and cathodal stimulation on cortical excitability at rest that is not depicted by the simplistic view of anodal-excitatory and cathodal-inhibitory effects. Another relevant point is the crucial role played by the different cortical states (resting vs active). These results seem to point out that the level of cortical state can contribute to modulate the tDCS effects, in line with “activity-selectivity” hypothesis. The level of cortical state needs to be taken into account, especially to observe neuromodulatory effects also with cathodal tDCS. All these findings hold relevant implications for tDCS setup in both cognitive neuroscience experiments and rehabilitation protocols.
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5

Cavinato, Marianna. "Verso la comprensione dello stato vegetativo e di minima coscienza." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423022.

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The limited evidence and inconsistency of purposeful behaviors in patients in a minimally conscious state (MCS) asks for objective electrophysiological marker of the level of consciousness. Here, a comparison between event-related potentials (ERPs) was investigated using different level of stimulus complexity. ERPs were recorded in seventeen patients, 6 of which in vegetative state (VS), 11 in MCS, and 10 controls. Three oddball paradigms with different level of complexity were applied: sine tones, the subject’s own name versus sine tones and other first names. Latencies and amplitudes of N1 and P3 waves were compared. Cortical responses were found in all MCS patients, and in 6 of 11 patients in VS. Healthy controls and MCS patients showed a progressive increase of P3 latency in relation to the level of stimulus complexity. No modulation of P3 latency was observed in the vegetative patients. These results suggest that the modulation of P3 latency related to stimulus complexity may represent an objective index of higher-order processing integration that predicts the recovery of consciousness from VS to MCS when clinical manifestations are inconsistent. A second step was encouraged by the work of Schiff et al. (2007) reporting a MCS patient who responded to deep brain stimulation (DBS). We explored six patients that participated in an ABA design alternating between repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and peripheral nerve stimulation. After peripheral stimulation, patients did not exhibit clinical, behavioral, or electroencephalographic (EEG) changes. The frequency of specific and meaningful behaviors increased after rTMS in a patient, along with the absolute and relative power of the EEG δ, β, and α bands. Afterwards, a more consistent sample has been enrolled to reproduce the first encouraging results. Thirty MCS/VS patients participated to a randomized controlled trial consisting of transcranial stimulations with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and rTMS. Patients in MCS showed an increase of long range fronto-parietal connectivity indicating a complex information processing and a decrease of fluctuation of arousal . VS patients did not. These results suggest that rTMS may improve long range connections between remote cortical areas and promote, at some level, recovery of awareness and arousal in MCS patients.
Le limitate evidenze e la fluttuazione dei comportamenti intenzionali neiin pazienti in stato di minima coscienza (SMC) richiedono la ricerca di un indice marcatore elettrofisiologico obiettivo del livello di coscienza. Nel presente studio, è stato mostrato un confronto tra potenziali evento-correlati (ERP) utilizzando diversi livelli di complessità di stimolo. Gli ERP sono stati registrati in diciassette pazienti, di cui sei in stato vegetativo (SV), 11 in SMC, e 10 controlli sani. I partecipanti sono stati sottoposti a tre paradigmi di diverso grado di complessità: toni puri, il nome proprio del soggetto verso toni puri, e verso altri nomi. Sono state riscontrate risposte corticali in tutti i pazienti in SMC, ed in 6 degli 11 pazienti in SV. I controlli sani ed i pazienti in SMC hanno mostrato un progressivo aumento della latenza dell’onda P300 in relazione al livello di complessità dello stimolo. Nessuna modulazione di latenza è stata osservata nei pazienti in SV. Questi risultati suggeriscono che la modulazione di latenza della P300 relativa a complessità dello stimolo può rappresentare un indice obiettivo dell’integrazione tra aree di elaborazione di ordine superiore, presupposto necessario per il recupero della coscienza. Un secondo passo è stato incoraggiato dal lavoro di Schiff e coll. (2007) che riportarono il miglioramento clinico di un paziente in SMC dopo stimolazione cerebrale profonda (DBS). Abbiamo studiato sei pazienti sottoponendoli ad uno studio di tipo ABA con alternanza tra stimolazione magnetica transcranica ripetitiva (rTMS) e stimolazione dei nervi periferici. Dopo stimolazione periferica, i pazienti non ha evidenziato variazioni dei quadric clinico, comportamentale o elettroencefalografico (EEG). Tuttavia, dopo la rTMS, un paziente manifestò un aumento della frequenza di specifici comportamenti coscienti, associato ad un incremento della potenza assoluta e relativa delle bande EEG alfa, beta e delta. Successivamente, è stato arruolato un campione più consistente di pazienti per riprodurre i primi incoraggianti risultati. Trenta pazienti in SV/SMC hanno partecipato ad uno studio controllato randomizzato che comportava l’utilizzo di stimoli transcranici con stimolazione transcranica a corrente continua (tDCS) e rTMS. I pazienti in SMC hanno mostrato un aumento di connettività fronto-parietale, che indica una complessa elaborazione delle informazioni sensoriali, ed una diminuzione della fluttuazione dell’arousal. Il quadro dei pazienti in SV rimase invariato. Questi risultati suggeriscono che la rTMS può migliorare le connessioni a lungo raggio tra remote aree corticali e promuovere, in qualche modo, il recupero di coscienza nei pazienti in SMC.
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6

Yanamadala, Janakinadh. "Development of Human Body CAD Models and Related Mesh Processing Algorithms with Applications in Bioelectromagnetics." Digital WPI, 2016. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/231.

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Simulation of the electromagnetic response of the human body relies heavily upon efficient computational CAD models or phantoms. The Visible Human Project (VHP)-Female v. 3.1 - a new platform-independent full-body electromagnetic computational model is revealed. This is a part of a significant international initiative to develop powerful computational models representing the human body. This model’s unique feature is full compatibility both with MATLAB and specialized FEM computational software packages such as ANSYS HFSS/Maxwell 3D and CST MWS. Various mesh processing algorithms such as automatic intersection resolver, Boolean operation on meshes, etc. used for the development of the Visible Human Project (VHP)-Female are presented. The VHP - Female CAD Model is applied to two specific low frequency applications: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). TMS and tDCS are increasingly used as diagnostic and therapeutic tools for numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. The development of a CAD model based on an existing voxel model of a Japanese pregnant woman is also presented. TMS for treatment of depression is an appealing alternative to drugs which are teratogenic for pregnant women. This CAD model was used to study fetal wellbeing during induced peak currents by TMS in two possible scenarios: (i) pregnant woman as a patient; and (ii) pregnant woman as an operator. An insight into future work and potential areas of research such as a deformable phantom, implants, and RF applications will be presented.
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7

Concerto, Carmen. "Modulation of neuroplasticity in humans after acute intake of antidepressant, anxiolytic and adaptogenic herbs." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/4154.

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Herbal medicine represents one of the most frequently used complementary and alternative approaches for the treatment of psychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance. Among the most used herbal medicines, Hypericum perforatum (HYP) extract, Valeriana officinalis extract (VE) and Rhodiola rosea extract (RRE) are the oldest and most thoroughly researched phytotherapeutic medications. Despite their widespread use, the mechanisms of action and the role of the different compounds of these herbal products are still a matter of debate and warrant the need to develop new approaches to investigate their effects in humans. Noninvasive brain stimulation protocols, such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) can be used to elucidate the mechanisms of action of psychoactive substances at the cortical level in humans. TMS can be used to test the affect of acute drug intake at the system level in the cerebral cortex in humans. Pharmaco-TMS offers a broad array of measures of cortical excitability and offers the possibility to probe the activity of different forms of inhibitory and excitatory networks. Furthermore, tDCS is a safe noninvasive brain stimulation technique that, combined with TMS, has been shown to induce cortical plastic changes in humans that resemble Long-term potentiation and depression (LTP and LTD)-like plasticity. The studies presented in this thesis explored the neurophysiological effect of the acute intake of herbal products commonly used to treat psychiatric conditions. Study 1 explored the effect of HYP extract acute dose intake on cortical excitability and plasticity. The results indicated that HYP acute intake affected cortical plasticity induced by cathodal tDCS by modulating LTD-like plasticity in a similar manner of conventional antidepressants. Study 2 investigated the effects of a single dose intake of VE on cortical excitability. It was found that VE intake modulated intracortical facilitatory circuits explored by TMS. Study 3 studied the effect of a single oral dose of RRE intake on cortical excitability and plasticity. Results showed that RRE acute intake prevented cathodal tDCS-induced LTD and increased (non-significantly) LTP-like plasticity. The translational studies described in the thesis add to the understanding of how the herbal products used in psychiatry can affect brain circuitries in humans.
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SOUZA, CARNEIRO MAIRA IZZADORA. "NEUROMODULATION OF MOTOR LEARNING IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS AND PATIENTS WITH NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/241229.

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Le tecniche di stimolazione cerebrale non invasiva, come la stimolazione transcranica a correnti elettriche continue (tDCS) e la stimolazione transcranica magnetica ripetitiva (rTMS), sono strumenti ampiamente utilizzati per migliorare l’apprendimento motorio in individui sani. Le recenti ricerche neuro-scientifiche sono ora indirizzate ad una comprensione meccanicistica delle tecniche di NIBS, rispetto alla loro azione modulatoria sui diversi processi di apprendimento motorio (ad esempio l’apprendimento on-line, il mantenimento e la generalizzazione delle abilità apprese). Tale conoscenza ha anche l’obiettivo di ottimizzare i protocolli di stimolazione. Il potenziamento dell’apprendimento motorio indotto dalla tDCS ha anche guidato lo studio della sua potenziale applicazione terapeutica nell’ambito della riabilitazione dei disturbi motori nelle malattie neurologiche. Il presente elaborato ha le seguenti finalità: (i) estendere la letteratura attuale relativa all’efficacia clinica della tDCS e rTMS come interventi adiuvanti per aumentare la risposta del sistema motorio ai training comportamentali; (ii) esplorare il ruolo di diverse aree corticali nell’apprendimento motorio, che potrebbero configurarsi come sedi di stimolazione alternativa alla corteccia motoria primaria (i.e., corteccia premotoria e parietale posteriore) per facilitare l’apprendimento motorio in soggetti sani e (iii) esplorare il potenziale della tDCS per il trattamento dei disturbi motori nei bambini con paralisi cerebrale infantile (PCI). Nello specifico, nell’elaborato sono presentati quattro studi (una meta-analisi e tre indagini empiriche). I risultati dello Studio 1 mostrano che le evidenze sinora disponibili circa l’efficacia della tDCS e della rTMS come tecniche di potenziamento della riabilitazione motoria nei pazienti adulti colpiti da ictus non siano ampiamente predittive. Lo Studio 2 dimostra che, oltre alla corteccia motoria primaria che costituisce il tipico target della tDCS per la modulazione dell’apprendimento motorio, anche la stimolazione della corteccia premotoria può essere efficace, dal momento che migliora selettivamente la generalizzazione dell’apprendimento motorio ad abilità non addestrate in soggetti sani. Gli ultimi due studi dimostrano invece che nei bambini affetti da PCI l’apprendimento motorio può essere compromesso rispetto ai pari con sviluppo tipico e che i deficit di apprendimento motorio nella PCI dipendano dal tipo di riorganizzazione corticospinale che si instaura in seguito ad una lesione cerebrale (Studio 3). Nei partecipanti con PCI, l’esposizione ad una singola seduta di tDCS non sembra in grado di migliorare i deficit di apprendimento (Studio 4). Tali risultati suggeriscono che nella popolazione pediatrica in oggetto servono protocolli tDCS più intensivi e prolungati per il miglioramento dei deficit motori.
Non-invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), have been increasingly used as tools for improving motor learning in healthy individuals. Efforts of the current neuroscientific field are now directed to the mechanistic understanding of NIBS tools with respect to their modulatory effects on different motor learning processes, among which the on-line learning (improvements occurring during practice), the retention and generalization of the learned skills. This investigation is also relevant for optimizing stimulation protocols. The enhancement effects of tDCS on motor learning have also guided the investigation of its therapeutic potential for the rehabilitation of motor disorders in neurological diseases. The present thesis aims at: (i) enriching current evidence regarding the clinical effectiveness of tDCS and rTMS as adjuvant interventions to augment the response of the motor system to behavioral trainings; (ii) exploring the role of alternative routes (via premotor and posterior parietal cortices), beyond the primary motor cortex, for improving motor learning in healthy humans and (iii) uncovering the potential of tDCS for the treatment of upper-limb motor disorders in children with cerebral palsy (CP), which represents one of the most recent field of investigation in NIBS clinical literature. Within this framework, I have performed four studies (a meta-analysis, and three empirical investigations). Results from Study 1 indicate that the quality of available evidence for the use of tDCS and TMS as add-on interventions to boost motor training effects in adult stroke patients is still low, although some indications for the most effective stimulation protocols for either rTMS and tDCS are emerging. Study 2 shows that, beyond the primary motor cortex, the typical tDCS target for facilitating motor learning, premotor cortex stimulation has also a merit, since it can selectively improve the generalization of motor learning to untrained skills, at least in healthy individuals. The last two studies show that in children with CP, motor learning abilities may be impaired, as compared to those of age-matched typically-developing children; motor learning deficits in CP depends on the type of corticospinal reorganization that follows a brain injury (Study 3). In this pediatric population, tDCS seems unable to enhance motor learning of the affected hand, at least when the stimulation is delivered in a single session (Study 4), suggesting that more intensive and prolonged stimulation protocols are required for improving the chronic motor dysfunctions featuring CP.
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9

Filipova, Nina [Verfasser], and Alkomiet [Akademischer Betreuer] Hasan. "Humanphysiologische Korrelate für plastische Modulation verschiedener kortikaler Areale : eine experimentelle klinisch-neurophysiologische Studie mittels TMS, EEG und tDCS / Nina Filipova ; Betreuer: Alkomiet Hasan." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/115987963X/34.

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10

Astolfi, Anna. "Terapie strumentali per il trattamento e il recupero del paziente post-ictus." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13888/.

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L'ictus è una patologia ad insorgenza acuta ed è tra le prime cause di morte e disabilità nei paesi industrializzati determinando costi non indifferenti in termini di spesa sanitaria e mancata produttività dei pazienti al lavoro. Pertanto si mostra necessario comprendere come poter intervenire per limitare i deficit insorti e restituire al paziente una vita il più normale possibile. Le principali disabilità includono: emiparesi degli arti superiori o inferiori, deficit di forza, di sensibilità, spasticità, afasia, disfagia e disturbi delle emozioni. In questo lavoro di Tesi si analizzano possibili approcci riabilitativi del paziente post-ictus, focalizzando l’attenzione sulle applicazioni strumentali che intervengono per innalzare e consolidare i risultati ottenuti attraverso metodi tradizionali. Si osserva che il danno neurologico può essere limitato attraverso la plasticità cerebrale e che si può intervenire nel favorire questa capacità del cervello umano sia agendo sugli effettori motori compromessi sia in maniera diretta sul tessuto cerebrale del paziente. Alla prima categoria appartengono approcci che definiamo come bottom-up ed includono tecniche di elettrostimolazione (nervosa o della muscolatura), la fES (elettrostimolazione funzionale) e le terapie basate su robot. Le seconda categoria, definita top-down, comprende fondamentalmente le tecniche di stimolazione cerebrale non invasive nelle forme di tDCS (stimolazione transcranica in corrente continua) e TMS (stimolazione magnetica transcranica). Ciascun approccio è stato trattato dal punto di vista dei parametri fisici richiesti per ottenere stimolazioni ottimali, effetti fisiologici sul sistema nervoso e campi applicativi in cui hanno mostrato l’efficacia maggiore.
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11

PISONI, ALBERTO. "Investigating the neural correlates of language production by means of TDCS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/52583.

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Language production is one of the most complex cognitive – motor skills developed by homo sapiens throughout evolution to allow inter-personal and intra-personal communication (Indefrey and Levelt, 2000). A great number of cortical regions have adapted to support this high-speed combination of muscular and mental processes, in order to correctly generate the intended utterances in different contexts and situations. The neural organization of language processing is a thorny matter, that in the last decades has been investigated with a number of different methods ranging from functional imaging (fMRI, PET; see Gernsbacher & Kashack, 2003; Price, 2010; 2012 for reviews) neurophysiology (EEG, ERP, MEG, see Ganushchak et al., 2011 for a review), lesion studies (for a review see Turkeltaub et al., 2011) and non-invasive brain stimulation (such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS, and transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS, Devlin and Watkins, 2007; Monti et al., 2012 for reviews). Overall these studies have identified specific areas differently involved in language sub-processes (for a review see Price, 2012; Indefrey, 2011). As a new methodology to investigate the relationship between cortical areas and behavioural performance in cognitive tasks, including language, tDCS has been increasingly used in the last decade (Vallar & Bolognini, 2011). This technique relies on a sub-threshold polarization or de-polarization of neurons that leads to a modulation of cortical excitability and plasticity (Nitsche & Paulus, 2011). Due to its ease of application even in clinical settings, the potential of this tool in neuro-scientific investigation seems wide, but there is no precise knowledge of its mechanisms and effects on cognitive functions. The aim of the present study is to test tDCS effects on language production, to explore when this technique can be applied and to deeply investigate the mechanisms that lead to behavioural changes. In particular, since one of the classification criteria in aphasia is verbal fluency, in study 10 1 I investigated the effects of anodal tDCS on a verbal fluency task, aiming at developing a possible protocol to apply on clinical populations. To assess whether stimulation could modulate language production, healthy subjects performed a verbal fluency task both on phonemic and semantic cue immediately after real or sham stimulation. Since this requires the activity of a distributed network, including, among others, the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), the left pre-motor cortex (LPMC), the left inferior and superior temporal gyri (LITG, LSTG) and the bilateral occipital-temporal sulci (Birn et al., 2010), and given that widespread effects of tDCS on functional networks need further clarification, in study 2 I investigated how electrical non-invasive brain stimulation affects cortical excitability by means of a TMS- EEG and tDCS combination, assessing how tDCS modulates cortical excitability and, accordingly, behavioural performance on verbal fluency. An open issue, indeed, is how stimulation enhances the activity of functional networks during task execution. Few recent studies addressed this question, but they generally rely on imaging data (Meinzer et al., 2012, 2013; Holland et al., 2011;). Hence, I tested how cortical excitability is modified after anodal tDCS applied over the LIFG in a functionally connected area, namely the LPMC (BA6) and in a region not involved in verbal fluency, the left superior parietal lobe (LSPL, BA7), and whether these changes could explain the effects of tDCS on task performance. Then, in study 3 and 4 and 5, I tested whether tDCS could be a useful tool to investigate language processes in healthy subjects. In particular, in study 3 and 4 I focused on semantic and phonological interference in picture naming tasks. The functional locus of the semantic interference (SI) effect, indeed, is still not clear (Finkbeiner and Caramazza, 2006; Schnur et al., 2006; 2009; Schnurr and Martin, 2012) and the role of the LIFG and LSTG in this effect is still under debate (Schnur et al., 2006; 2009). To test the different hypotheses underlying SI effect, I investigated the effects of anodal stimulation on the two aforementioned areas in a naming task in which 11 semantic context was manipulated (“blocked naming task”, Belke et al., 2005). Similarly, frontal and temporal regions seem to be involved in the phonological facilitation (PF) effect observed in naming (De Zubicaray et al., 2002; De Zubicaray and McMahon, 2009; Zhao et al., 2012; Damian & Bowers, 2009; Meyer and Schriefers, 1991; Scrhiefers et al., 1990). A picture word interference paradigm (PWI) was then administered after anodal stimulation of the LIFG and LSTG, and the effect of stimulation on PF was assessed. Finally, since proper name retrieval decreases with aging (Evrard et al., 2002), it would be of high interest to develop protocols improving this ability: this is the topic of study 5.
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12

Wohlwend, Martin. "Investigation of an Exercise-Induced State of Hypofrontality : And its Potential Association with Central Fatigue." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for nevromedisin, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16840.

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The reticular-activating hypofrontality model of acute exercise (RAH) predicts exercise-induced hypoactivity in frontal cortex which mediates executive function. Connors Continuous Performance Test (CCPT) was used to investigate changes in executive function during- and post treadmill running in healthy volunteers (n=30, 15 male). In a randomized order, subjects performed the CCPT at rest, during low- (LI; 63% maximal heart rate; MHR) and moderate intensity (MI; 75% MHR). Separately, subjects then performed isocalorifically matched exercise bouts of LI, MI and high intensity interval training (HIT) consisting of 4x4 min with 90% MHR and 3 min recovery at 60-70% MHR. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed main effects of exercise intensity for reaction time RT during- (p≤0.001) and post exercise (p≤0.0001). Subsequent analyses showed an overall increase of RT during exercise compared to rest (p≤0.005). RT decreased significantly from rest to post exercise levels in an exercise intensity dependent, linear fashion (p≤0.0001). Commission errors showed a non significant linear trend to increase both during (p=0.057), and post exercise (p=0.052) as a function of intensity. In a follow up study, we sought to relate observed exercise effects to frontal cortex activity through the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (n=4) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Prior to TMS stimulation cortical excitability was estimated post running through motor-evoked potentials (MEP) elicited from the primary motor cortex (M1) induced by single burst TMS and measured in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle using electromyography. At rest, inhibitory cathodal tDCS with left DLPFC cathode and right supraorbital anode led to improved reaction time and increased amount of commission errors, whereas anodal stimulatory tDCS in the immediate post exercise period was unable to recover the post exercise effect. Continuous theta burst stimulation over the left DLPFC post running further impaired inhibitory control and facilitated reaction time. Different findings during- and after- exercise suggests that potential contributing mechanisms such as computational and metabolic factors may be differentially active during these respective conditions. Furthermore, the fact that an inhibitory TMS protocol pronounced the post running effects even more and that we were able to mimic the reported RAH effects at rest with inhibitory frontal tDCS, but observed different patterns during exercise, suggests that the latter state cannot be fully explained by reducing activity in the left frontal cortex alone. Failure to modify the after exercise effect with stimulatory tDCS also supports an interplay of different factors and might emphasize the strong, robust effects of exercise that cannot simply be attenuated by current application. Increases in MEP post running for 35min paired with the observed performance decrements imply an excited state of M1 and might serve as an explanatory cross-link to central fatigue suggesting that a hypofrontal state might enhance the motor cortical drive to activate muscles.
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13

Silva, Nadia Regina Jardim da. "Efeito da melatonina e da estimulação transcraniana por corrente continua na metaplasticidade e limiar de dor : ensaio clínico, randomizado, crossover em sujeitos saudáveis." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/116799.

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Introdução: A neuroplasticidade é um processo dinâmico e contínuo. Estruturas cerebrais e vias neurais participam de maneira conexa e intrincada no processo nociceptivo e nos seus mecanismos neuromodulatórios, tanto na sinalização quanto no desencadeamento de modificações anátomo-funcionais. Com o advento de técnicas de estimulação transcraniana não invasiva, como a estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (tDCS) que tem se revelado uma possibilidade terapêutica não farmacológica para o tratamento da dor, associada à melatonina, fármaco que tem demonstrado ação analgésica, o racional deste estudo é a pressuposição que o uso combinado dessas duas intervenções poderia ter efeito sinérgico ou aditivo no processamento nociceptivo. Foram avaliados parâmetros neurofisiológicos da excitabilidade cortical dados pela estimulação magnética transcraniana (TMS), pela dosagem do fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF) e pelo teste de quantificação sensitiva (QST). Objetivos: Com o intuito de compreender o processo neuroplástico do sistema nociceptivo o presente trabalho tem dois objetivos: 1) Determinar a relação entre os níveis séricos do BDNF e a resposta à dor aguda induzida experimentalmente, assim como avaliar os substratos neurais dessa relação por meio da estimulação magnética transcraniana (TMS) e da função do sistema modulador descendente durante o estímulo condicionado pela tarefa (CPM-TASK); 2) Avaliar o efeito da melatonina isolada ou combinada à tDCS no limiar de dor ao calor, no CPM-TASK, nos parâmetros de excitabilidade cortical e nos níveis de BDNF em sujeitos saudáveis. Pacientes e métodos: Foram recrutados 20 sujeitos saudáveis masculinos, com idade entre 18 e 40 anos, em um ensaio clínico randomizado, crossover, placebo-controlado, cujo processo de randomização foi 2:2:1, favorendo os grupos de tratamentos ativos, divididos em 3 grupos: melatonina+tDCS ativo (n=20); melatonina+tDCS-sham (n=20) e placebo+tDCS-sham (n=10). Realizado coleta de sangue, parâmetros de excitabilidade cortical com o limiar motor (LM), potencial evocado motor (MEP), facilitação intracortical (FIC), inibição intracortical (IIC), e teste de quantificação sensitiva (QST) e CPM-TASK mensurados por escala numérica (NPS (0-10)) durante o estímulo algogênico induzido pelo calor (HPT), em avaliações basais e após os tratamentos propostos. A estimulação com a tDCS anódica foi aplicada sobre o córtex motor primário (M1), durante 20 minutos, com corrente de 2 mA, em única sessão. A melatonina foi administrada por via sublingual na dose de 0,25 mg/kg (máximo de 20mg). Resultados: Os resultados mostram que o limiar de dor ao calor (HPT) em graus Celsius (°C) está inversamente correlacionado com o BDNF sérico [Beta= -0.09, P=0.03], escores da NPS(0-10) durante CPM-TASK [Beta= -0.08, P=0.04)] e a facilitação intracortical [Beta= - 1.11, P=0.01]. Em relação ao ensaio clínico o efeito do tratamento determinou diferença significativa no limiar de dor ao calor, cuja diferença na média foi 4.86 [intervalo de confiança (IC), 95% (0.9 a 8.63)] quando comparado o grupo melatonina+tDCS ativo com o placebo+tDCS-sham. A diferença na média foi de 5.16 [(IC) 95% (0.84 a 8.36] quando comparado o grupo melatonina+tDCS-Sham com o grupo placebo+tDCS-sham. A diferença na média entre os grupos melatonina+tDCS ativo com melatonina+tDCS-Sham foi 0.29 [(CI) 95% = -3.72 a 4.23]. A diferença na média entre os grupos melatonina+tDCS ativo versus placebo+tDCS-sham no MEP foi de -20,37[(CI) 95% (-39,68 a -1,2)]. Não se observou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos nos demais parâmetros de excitabilidade cortical, no sistema modulador descendente (SMD) da dor avaliado pela CPMTASK ou nos níveis séricos de BDNF. Conclusões: Estes achados apoiam a hipótese de que o limiar de dor (HPT) está correlacionado de maneira inversa com o BDNF sérico e o nível de FIC, assim como a potência do sistema modulador descendente mostrou relação inversa com os níveis séricos de BDNF. Também, no contexto de dor aguda experimental a tDCS associada à melatonina não exerceu efeito sinérgico ou aditivo no limiar de dor ao calor. O tratamento combinado não mudou a função do sistema modulador descendente, nem os níveis séricos de BDNF. Estes achados sugerem que a ação da melatonina não é mediada por fatores em níveis cortical ou medular, pelo fato de não mudar a excitabilidade cortical, nem a dor ao estímulo condicionado pela tarefa.
Background: Pain-induced neuronal plasticity involves multiple molecular interactions. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive method of brain stimulation has been used to address a variety pain conditions. Melatonin, new therapies pharmacological, used in different therapeutic as analgesic, anti-inflammatory and sedative effects. Interesting question is if their combination could result in additive or synergistic effect on cortical excitability measurements via transcranial stimulation parameters (TMS), pain threshold determined by quantitative sensory testing (QST) and BDNF serum levels. Objective: 1) Determine the relationship between BDNF serum levels and acute experimental pain response, neural substrates of this relationship by assessing transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-indexed cortical excitability and descending inhibitory response [Conditioned Pain Modulation, (CPM)] during CPM-TASK. 2) To test the effects combined intervention transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and melatonin on pain was assessed by quantitative and sensory testing and the conditional pain modulation (CPM) during CPM-TASK, cortical excitability, as assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level. METHODS: We enrolled 20 healthy males aged 18 to 40 years in a blinded, placebocontrolled, crossover, randomized clinical trial. They were divided into three groups: sublingual melatonin (0.25 mg/kg)+active-tDCS (n = 20), melatonin (0.25 mg/kg)+shamtDCS (n = 20), or sublingual placebo+sham-tDCS (n = 10). One session of anodal stimulation (2 mA, 20 min) was applied over the primary motor cortex. Blood sample was collected and cortical excitability parameters were determined by TMS, followed by psychophysical pain testing and descending inhibitory response [Conditioned Pain Modulation, (CPM)] during CPM-TASK. Results: Heat pain threshold (HPT) was inversely correlated with BDNF levels [Beta=-0.09, P=0.03)] and Intracortical Facilitation (ICF) (Beta=-1.11, P=0.01) and the efficiency of the descending pain inhibitory system (as indexed by CPM, Beta=- 1.11, P=0.04) was inversely correlated with BDNF levels. There was a significant difference in the heat pain threshold (°C) for melatonin+active-tDCS (mean difference: 4.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.9 to 8.63) and placebo+sham-tDCS (mean: 5.16, 95% CI: 0.84 to 8.36). There was no difference between melatonin+active-tDCS and melatonin+sham-tDCS (mean difference: 0.29, 95% CI: −3.72 to 4.23). Melatonin alone did not significantly affect cortical excitability, CPM task result, or serum BDNF level. Conclusions: These findings support that serum neuroplasticity mediators have an association with the cortical excitability pattern and its response to acute experimental pain in healthy males, clinically supporting the existence of a role in the pain modulation process which is possibly involved in the descending pain inhibitory system. Also findings support the beneficial effects of melatonin on acute experimental pain; however, its association with active-tDCS did not increase its effectiveness. Melatonin’s effects are likely not mediated by cortical or spinal centers given the lack of effects on cortical excitability and on the CPM task.
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14

Williams, Petra S. "Neural Mechanisms of Task Failure During Sustained Submaximal Contractions." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1367330801.

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15

Lommen, Jonathan Lyon Jacob. "Effects of Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation on Gait Initiation in People with Parkinson’s Disease." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39959.

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Background: Gait initiation is a major issue in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Moreover, the effect of current treatment on motor deficits vary alongside individual differences and disease severity. In some cases, postural instability has been documented as a major side-effect and refractory symptom to dopaminergic medication. Despite these shortcomings, research involving other forms of therapy including deep brain stimulation (DBS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), has evidenced the improvement of postural deficits in PD. In this regard, there is a strong rational for the modulation of subcortical brain activity via the application of non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to interconnected cortical brain structures. Purpose: Therefore, we sought to determine the effect of tDCS applied to the supplementary motor area (SMA), on gait initiation preparation and performance in PD. Methods: A within subjects repeated measures quasi-experimental design was used to investigate the effects of a 10-minute sham-controlled tDCS intervention. Clinically diagnosed participants (n=12) with idiopathic PD were tested on medication during two sessions that bookended one week. Those who had previously undergone other forms of brain stimulation, had diabetes, severe freezing of gait, or any other neurological or functional limitations that could interfere with gait initiation were excluded from the study. Statistical Analyses/Results: Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs with Bonferroni corrections and a post-hoc analyses when appropriate, revealed a significant reduction in the magnitude of center of pressure (CoP) displacement and velocity in the mediolateral (ML) direction following tDCS. Conclusions: Findings from this study provide insights that may guide scientific research regarding the effects of tDCS on gait initiation among those with PD. Additionally, our work may highlight the importance of ML postural stability for individuals with comorbid and/or pharmacologically induced postural instabilities.
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16

Misewitsch, Kristina. "Veränderte kortikale Plastizität und Konnektivität bei psychisch nicht erkrankten erstgradigen Angehörigen von Patienten mit einer Schizophrenie." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0003-C182-F.

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17

Fritzsche, Georg. "Einfluss verschiedener transkranieller Stimulationsverfahren auf die kortikale Exzitabilität." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B131-1.

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18

Sturhan, Cornelia-Carmen. "Akute Auswirkungen transkranieller Gleichstromstimulation auf Parameter kortikaler Erregbarkeit." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-EFE2-3.

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