Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Tchats'
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Auguste, Jérémy. "Analyse du discours conversationnel dans le cadre de communications médiées par ordinateur." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0228.
Full textDialogues are a central part of human society, and technological improvements only strengthen their use in more and more situations. Additional tools used to communicate from a distance allow the collection of large amounts of data, which can be used to produce various analyses and automatic systems.Conversational discourse analysis is a partial response to understand some aspects of language production in dialogues. It is used to characterize the different interactions between the messages of a dialogue, and thus highlight the different issues or identify the exchanges that are needed to solve the dialogue's main objectives.Discourse parsing is a challenging task. The high number of existing theories of discourse analysis shows that humans have a hard time defining discursive structures that model all possible interactions. This difficulty makes the production of annotated corpora expensive and the low amount of discursively annotated data makes the use of supervised learning algorithms impractical.In this thesis, I propose to produce representations of conversational discourse based on data that is partially annotated with discourse structures. The thesis is part of the DATCHA project which allowed me access to a large corpus of dialogues owned by the Orange company. This corpus allows us to explore different strategies in order to produce discourse representations: rely on an end-to-end model that predicts customer satisfaction; rely on dialogue acts to produce sentence embeddings; using supervised algorithms on an automatically enriched corpus
Doual, Tassoum L. "Les mutations socio-économiques et la situation des femmes au Tchad pendant la guerre civile." Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA070072.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study the social economical mutation and the situation of the women of chad during the civil war. The first part of the work is focus on the precolonial economical system. This analyse makes it possible to emphasize on the role of the family basic united of production, to show complementary to between men and women end more to show the important, the role of women in statuts in this society. The taking in to accounted in the second part of the theis of the historical, economical, and the political context premetted to show the mal adjustment of the administration end the economy which generated dumbnesses the handling of these desatisfaction by political men entailed civil war. The end of the second part is the description of women situation after the independance, the general social statuts : dowry, wedding, poligamy, divorce, widowing, and their resistance in an environment in complete mutation. At last, the third part of the work approaches upheaveals occured during the civil war and especially crime and bloody repressions under the hissen habre government. It analyses also the consequences of the civil war : spontaniose, destructuration and restauration. It shoose
Shawli, Ashraf. "Le tchat privé des Saoudiens (arabe et français) : approche sociolinguistique." Amiens, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AMIE0015.
Full textŠilhavík, Marek. "Hospodářská diplomacie Tchaj-wanu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192441.
Full textDécobert, Christian. "Phonologies arabes du Tchad /." Paris : P. Geuthner, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34839200n.
Full textBouquet, Christian. "Insulaires et riverains du lac Tchad : étude géographique /." Paris : l'Harmattan, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35506452q.
Full textBangoura, Mohamed Tétémadi. "Violence politique et conflits en Afrique : le cas du Tchad /." Paris ; Budapest ; Kinshasa [etc.] : l'Harmattan, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401200273.
Full textBassiguet-Nadji, Benoît. "Structures sociales et formes de pensée au Tchad : essai sur la "philosophie africaine"." Paris 10, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100180.
Full textThis work is dedicated to the study of the social pre-Islamic making of Tchad and to the critical examination of the systems prevailing on the African philosophy. For so doing, we have decided to fall in with Marx’s analysis according to which the productive process of material life usually rules that of social political and intellectual life. It was necessary to have a comprehensive view of all the ideas spread on the societies and the blacks' mentalities in Africa. It was proved that all the erroneous ideas on the African way of life and forms of thought came from ignorance and an European ethnocentrism dating from the 19th century. Once we have got rid of these deep-rooted ideas, we may at last start with the study of the social pre-Islamic making of Tchad. The idea of the existence of two social formations in ancient tchad has been refuted. On the contrary, it is believed that there is one sole and unique social formation composed of centralized structures in the Sahel region and rather decentralized structures in the regions of the desert and savannah. The analysis of the economic structure of ancient tchad which presented the same characteristics as to-day. Finally we have examined the forms of thought in Tchad
Ouaidele, Pinaley Dolmoung. "Réformes politico-administratives et contraintes culturelles en Afrique : l'exemple du Tchad depuis 1980." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05D015.
Full textPierozak, Isabelle. "Le français tchaté : une étude en trois dimensions - sociolinguistique, syntaxique et graphique-d'usages IRC." Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10071.
Full textMeier, Astrid. "Hunger und Herrschaft : vorkoloniale und frühe koloniale Hungerkriesen im Nordtschad /." Stuttgart : F. Steiner, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36684711f.
Full textDittrichová, Petra. "Mezinárodní politické postavení Tchaj-wanu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4538.
Full textDonnat, Marianne. "Espaces pastoral, médical et sanitaire : le recours aux soins en zone sahélienne : le cas des communautés arabes Juhayna et dazagara du Bahr-el-Ghazal, au Tchad." Montpellier 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON30028.
Full textIs the health care system which is available today in the Sahel adapted to the needs of nomadic people? The current use of health facilities by pastoral people reveals specific choices and strategies that are analyzed here with the tools of Health Geography. The study shows the assets but also the disconnections between the pastoral space, the health supply space and the health demand space, with the case-studies among arabic and dazagara communities in western Chad. It suggests practical solutions to encourage a health policy that takes more nomadic people needs into account
Moussa, Mahamat Youssouf. "Gestion de l'assainissement d'un géosystème urbain inondable : le cas de la ville de N'Djamena (Tchad)." Avignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AVIG1035.
Full textSituated to the confluence of Chari rivers and Logone, built on an clayey substratum and flat, N'djamena the city of Chad knows to each season of rains, owed floods to the believed ones of Chari, to its different tributaries that the crossing, but also to the waters of his own impluvium. To these natural floods add the numerous sand careers extraction and of disseminated brickworks in all the outskirts of the city in which ones the stagnations of waters themselves perpetuate. At last, the insufficiency of drainage networks, the omnipresence of the rubbish that plug these networks do only amplified the stagnations. Although the state initiated several drainage projects and of improving of sanitation with the help of the international cooperation, the problem of floods remains constant. This position already preoccupying will have for consequences, the installation to each season of rains, of cholera epidemics, of typhoid fever, of malaria. . . In the omnipresent pool, deposit themselves faeces matters induced by the runoff. Thus, all these constraints gush out on the management of the city that becomes each more and more difficult day, inducing with her, the degradation of the life framework. In this thesis, we wanted to bring knowledge on the management of the improving sanitation method of the city; next by many cartographical analyses and statistical, by investigations, grasp the relations that exist between the constraints of the site and his organization, note the resultant failure of this last one and propose solutions in order to reduce the consequences of the improving sanitation lack
Bangoura, Mohamed Tétémadi. "Violence politique et conflits au Tchad de l'indépendance à nos jours." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010289.
Full textMackaye, Hassane Taïsso. "Les proboscidiens du mio-pliocène du Tchad : biodiversité, biochronologie, paléoécologie et paléobiogéographie." Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2279.
Full textGoundoul, N'golona. "Etude de la relation "averses-crues" : application d'un modèle global et essais de mise au point d'un modèle distribué sur le bassin versant du Bam-Bam (Tchad)." Avignon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AVIG1001.
Full textThe Bam-Bam catchment area is about 1196 km2. It is located in the sahelian region and its comprised by five jointed watersheds of different surfaces. The dynamic study of mrainfalls reflects the characteristics of precipitation (homogeneity of form, spatial distribution) in the sahelian region in general. A hydrological model based on the unit hydrograph technique is used with aim of analysing and predetermining the floods for each sub-watershed. The resulds obtained by a humped model approach show the predominance of surface runoff in comparison with the other types of runoff (base runoff, delayed runoff). An attempt using a distributed model shows that, for the watersheds greater than 100 km2, direct runoff is not predominant. In order to improve modelisation in the sahelian region, we suggest the application of a process which takes into account other factors (geomorphogical, pedological)
Younous, Mahamat Kasser. "Evolution précambrienne de la région du Mayo Kebbi (tchad), un segment de la chaine pan-africaine." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MNHN0002.
Full textAl-Rashdan, Omar. "L'emploi variable des signes diacritiques dans le français tchaté : une étude variationniste en temps apparent." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc28382/.
Full textMadjigoto, Robert. "Évolution socio-économique et environnementale de la région pétrolière du Logone Oriental (Tchad)." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010527.
Full textDjonbang, Koye. "Gestion d'exploitations agricoles dans un contexte de culture de coton : l' exemple de la zone soudanienne au Tchad." Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT009A.
Full textSakai, Makiko. "Le développement par les organisations paysannes : analyse des "interventions participatives" dans le sud du Tchad." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010686.
Full textAfouda, Alix Servais. "Echanges transfrontaliers et organisation de l'espace dans le bassin du lac Tchad (Nigéria, Cameroun, Niger, Tchad)." Bordeaux 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR30012.
Full textThe basin of Lake Chad, an ecologically fragile region, placed during the pre-colonial period under the pre-eminence of the empire of Kanem-Bornu became the subject of colonial conquests by France, United-Kingdom and Germany and since the region’s establishment of Independence, has been partitioned in several State-nations, namely Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger and Chad. Henceforth, we are witnessing the validation of the colonial division and the establishment of new borders, as every state attempts to reinforce their dominion, at the expense of the unity of the region itself. However, this region remains marked by very intense cross-border exchanges. Due to the ramification of trade circuits, as well as the importance of flow of goods and cross-border strategies of tradesmen and their employees (carriers, traders, brokers etc. ), these cross-border exchanges have contributed to the creation of cross-border territories whose operation does not necessarily meet the logic of space organization defined by the States. These territories interlock and become entangled, thus creating a large space of regional cross-bordering around Maiduguri, involving at times territories belonging to Nigeria, Cameroon, the Niger and Chad. The operating mode of this space and Maiduguri’s leading role, illustrate a territorial re-arrangement and a regional integration which remind us of the pre-colonial era, during which the former capitals (Kukawa, Birni-Ngarzagmu…) of Kanem-Bornou, polarized the basin of Lake Chad
Mahamat, Hamid. "Les compétences acquises de l'activité : le cas des enseignants tchadiens." Grenoble 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE29010.
Full textThis research interrogates expertise developed by the teachers of the secondary schools in and through the practice of their teaching. It adopts a cognitive definition of expertise that considere problems solving as its indicator and well as the principal processus of its development implying the mediation of the socio-professional context. The protocol presents in writing, three class situations where incidents occur. The 108 participants trained on teaching or not, have between 0 and 240 months of experience in the teaching. They gave in writing, their diagnosis of the situations and their solutions to the problems that they discerned. The results show that the most experienced teachers' representations of situations have some common aspects and that the solutions from the most experienced teachers are in consistency with their representations. We find that teachers who have between 0 and 5 years of experience are bound to superficial aspects of the situations and that the solutions from them are incoherent with their representations. These results are already known in research. In the last group, those who were trained express diagnoses and solutions sometimes recalling those of the most experienced ones To determine how training and experience influence diagnoses of the situations and the proposals of solutions, six independent variables have been estimated. The best models have very weak explanatory power, but this research revealed their meaningful impact on some modalities of the diagnosis and solutions proposed from 5 out the 6 explanatory variables
Mahamat, Moussa Djibrine. "Les Oualad Rachid de l'Ouadi-Rimé (Djédâa-Batha) : une chefferie agro-pastorale du Sahel tchadien face à la sécheresse des années 80." Bordeaux 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR30013.
Full textThe oualad rachid who number about twenty thousand people form a canton of djedaa, in chad. In fact, it is a sahelian agro-pastoral tribe which is constituted around bedwins. Separated from waves of arab immigrants who had accompanied the islam expansion in nubia, these nomads arrived in chad basin in the fourteenth century. Later. Autochtonal clans were aggregated with the ruling lineages. This was the case for bacara artisans who retained the power in this region before the arab's arrival. Consequently, at the beginning of the seventeenth century a true socio-political entity was born. Grouped in fractions, all its members finished by indentifying themselves, in their speech, with the eponyme ancestor rachid to whom each individual is linked by his genealogy. Faced with events which punctuate a man's life like, birth, marriage and death, they have taken up common attitudes, refering to the habits bequeathed by the ancestors. However, to survive in the context of insecurity which preceded the modern state's emergence, the group affronted foreing aggressions. It defended also its vital space, a sort of tribal territory or a country where rearing and agriculture became possible. This concept applies especially to the fields of cultivation. By another way, this notion is hardly deep-rooted in the ethnic groups of the chad centre which form sedentary stones between wich the oualad rachid pastoral people move. So, the pastoral mobility area of the chiefdom covers a region of more than 180,000 square kilometers from the 11th to the 16th parallels. But the borders of this space change from one year to another. The drought whitch began in 1968 has negative effects on the hydraulic and fodder resources, forcing the herds to move further and further south
Mahamat, Kodi. "Islam, sociétés et pouvoir politique au Baagirmi (Tchad) : des origines au milieu du XIXème siècle." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010536.
Full textWhen around the XVIth century, the kingdom of baagirmi was founded, the country was already inhabited. According to the oral investigation that we have conducted between 1988 and 1992, different communities were already exhisted, before arrival of the immigrant. Peuls and arabs (submitted at the political domination of Bilaala) were the essential element among the immigrants. At XIXth century, the information was recorded in the same area, particularly by the europeans authors. Their evaluation permitted to verify that the references of the oriental origines were not proved. More important indications pointed out on the contrary that kingdom's origin was to look for in the immediate neighbourers. The first expansion of the kingdom was initiated by kind abdallah who was the first moslemking known. Under his reign, islam and its static structure became strengthened. The conquest and the extension of kingdom were the work of the Abdallah's successors. In the name of islam, they controlled the transsaharien trade and the river way. The favourable period of the kingdom was situated around the xviiieth century which was indicated by the elaboration of a famous civilization. The xixe century marked the constant diclination of the kingdom, which was abolished in 1870, by the aggretion of wadday's kingdom
Schuster, Mathieu. "Sédimentologie et paléoécologie des séries à vertébrés du paléolac Tchad depuis le Miocène supérieur." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13064.
Full textAustralopithecus bahrelghazali (3-3,5 Ma) was discovered in 1995 by the MPFT-team in the Djurab erg (NE of Chad). This is the first australopithecine found out of the classical early Hominids sites of eastern and southern Africa. Since that time, hundreds of Mio-Pliocene fossiliferous outcrops have been found. This work presents the sedimentological and palaeoecological study of those fossils-rich levels (3-7 Ma) as well as the study of quaternary formations of Djurab. Deposits are made up of alternating lake and desert units. A perilacustrine belt (0-50 km), composed of partly flooded and vegetation marked out dunes, represents the biotope where expands the most of the fauna represented by mammals, reptiles, fishes, birds and insects (dung-beetles and termites). The desert-lake elementary pattern recurs several times since upper Miocene, suggesting at least 10 recurrent major lacustrine events since 7 Ma. The last lacustrine episod of this type, known as the Mega-Lake Chad, is dated back to Holocene. The existence of this palaeolake, of about 400000 km2, was until now under discussion. This works shows significant evidences for the existence of this giant quaternary lake (lake deposits in desert, shoreline wave-cut terrace, coastal conglomerates around palaeo-islands), as wide as the present-day Caspian sea. This lake forms by refill of its southern sub-basin (wet tropical zone), that discharges then into its northern sub-basin (dry tropical area) through the Bahr el Ghazal dry valley. This process results in a lake in the middle of desert
Damsou, Ndah-Adiah. "La fonction publique tchadienne : entre la fonction publique de carrière et la fonction publique d'emploi." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010301.
Full textMorávková, Pamela. "Tchai-ťi, jako psychofyzická rehabilitace tanečníka." Master's thesis, Akademie múzických umění v Praze. Hudební fakulta AMU. Knihovna, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-78056.
Full textMindemon, Kolandi Laorewa. "Histoire économique du Tchad, 1924-1960." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010674.
Full textDelwa, Kassire Coumakoye. "Problématique de l'administration territoriale au Tchad." Paris 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA010284.
Full textThe thesis is comprised of two distinct parts, the first part analyses the neotraditional institutions, the decentralized administration, and describes the contrasted, confused and conflictual evolution of an administration which results from a process originating during the pre-colonial period and ending in 1982. The second part discusses all the problems and proposes the most appropriate solutions for Chad: re-definition of the nature and organization of the administration, from the center to the territorial periphery, in order to meet all challenges and solve present and future contradictions. This administration was victim of its origins based on the French Jacobin model, and did not accomplish its mission, i. E. The creation of a nation-state of consolidation and national unity for economic development, but generates serious dysfunctions which created uncertainties for the prospect of a better future: disaggregation, disintegration of the fragile nation-state which almost split apart; it perpetuated most of the errors of its predecessors without retaining their qualities : imitative, inadaptated, prismatic, conflictual, disunified, incoherent, batardized, corrupted, with anarchist tendencies, tyranical, it was. .
Palayer, Pierre. "La langue sar (sud du Tchad)." Tours, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOUR2010.
Full textDefined by greenberg. Phonemics : 23 consonants among which are injecti ves heigths); a syllabic contrast of intensity is present inside the nite functions : verbal lexeme, nominal lexeme which are differentiated into substantival, pronominal, dicto-nominal and adjectival subclasses
Nodjigoto, Enoch. "Le régime des assurances au Tchad." Nantes, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NANT4004.
Full textThis thesis is an analysis of texts relating insurance companies in Chad. Since 1967, the new texts that were adopted concentrated on the functioning of the private insurance companies under the control of the state. However, they were merely an adaptation of the colonial texts applied in the past, and can even be considered as a copy. As far as insurance deals were concerned, the july 13, 1930 law on the insurance contract remained applicable until 1992, then Chad signed the treaty of Yaoundé, instituting an integrated market for such transactions and created Cima. This treaty which came into force on february 15, 1995 in Chad, included in its annex i the insurance code of the contracting parties. This thesis aims to analyse the former and present texts in order to determine whether there was an evolution or a revolution thanks to the creation of a supra-national organ of control (commission). There was a slight evolution as far as insurance deals were concerned. The new texts renovate a great deal of the dispositions contained in the former ones with some new ideas being included. It was a question of "tidying up". The major innovation was the new regulation of power-driven land vehicles instance with a new compensation system a corollary. This system was created to cushion one of the evils of insurance companies: the payment of sometimes quite high compensations demanded by victims. This analysis concludes that the new texts are protectors for the assured persons, the beneficiaries of insurance contracts, or the insurance compagnies'creditors themselves. As well, its aim is to determine whether they will allow a good functioning of the insurance firms to exist starting from the local market of insurance, whose decline had been prevelent before 1992. Still, a strong political will, a moral uprightness from the inspectors, and a total change of the mentalities is needed for true success to remain finally
Delwa, Kassire Coumakoye. "Problématique de l'administration territoriale au Tchad." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37613146w.
Full textŠípek, Jan. "Tchaj-ťi čchüan a ruční kamera." Master's thesis, Akademie múzických umění v Praze.Filmová a televizní fakulta. Knihovna, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-172855.
Full textDjoret, Daïra. "Etude de la recharge de la nappe du Chari Baguirmi (Tchad) par les méthodes chimiques et isotopiques." Avignon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AVIG0028.
Full textDoubragne, Issa. "Le Logone Oriental entre pétrole et réfugiés : étude des impacts socio-économiques." Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010508.
Full textTraore, Seïdou. "L'enseignement arabo-islamique privé et ses conséquences au Ouaddai-Tchad : contribution à l'étude des problèmes d'éducation et de culture en milieu musulman tchadien." Lyon 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO20005.
Full textThe private system of teaching in Ouaddai has been taken as an example for the general study of educational and cultural schemes among the muslim circles in chad. Our work was based on three major subjects : - the first one deals with historic, sociological and cultural facts in relation to education among the people in Ouaddai through their conversion to islam and their evolution from the establishment of the islamic kingdom in ouaddai to nowadays ; - the second one describes the organization of the islamic schools for koranic education and its enforcement in the muslim community in chad ; - the third and last one enhances the future prospects of new dynamic teaching methods for the renovation of education in ouaddai and a more general reorganization of the educational system
Goni, Ousman Abakar. "Le Commerce extérieur du Tchad de 1960 à nos jours." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/GONI_OUSMAN_Abakar_2010.pdf.
Full textThis thesis examines the structures and developments in the field of Chad foreign trade since its independence, from 1960 to the present day. It looks at what amounts to an economic history spanning over a half-century. The geographical land-lock of the country, its position away from the seas, the weakness of its transport infrastructures, its political instability and the cross-border conflicts which it faces, cannot promote any attempt to foster external trade. Such trades are usually carried out informally, and thus an active contraband has come to take place which brings about instability in the country’s budget. Stockbreeders differ in their approach from sedentary farmers and from that of huge commercial enterprises. France, Germany, and generally, the European Economic Community, constitute valuable commercial partners for Chad, but recently there has been some developments in the relations that it entertains with its neighbouring countries such as Nigeria and Cameroun. Its relation with Libya is however, an uneasy one. Geographical realities do as often dictate on commercial exchanges. If cotton had been the main source of Chad exportation, petrol is now gaining in importance. Chad is the second world exporter of Arabic gum, an activity which has gone on increasing, as has been that of farmed fishing. This study demonstrates the development of the international climate, the role of the WTO, of the EEC and CEMAC and that of the World Bank. It distinguishes the various stages, the important dates and proposes a chronology consisting of four phases
Zakaria, Fadoul Khidir. "Le français et l'arabe en milieu scolaire Zaghawa au Tchad." Paris 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA030168.
Full textNo modern nation should neglect its educational system, the key to cultural development, progress and well-being. Chad is one of a number of african countries suffering from illitercy, a low rate of school attendance, and the poor quality of education available in the schools. In this country, entering puipils have little or no knowledge of the language or languages used in teaching; moreover, the practice of this or her language is limited to oral expression. The teacher also generally speacks a language learned at a young age which is different both from the language of teaching and the language of his or her pupils. A quantitative and qualitative insufficiency of teaching materials and teachers, a low national income and the mediocre living conditions, the sheer size of the territory and the underdeveloped system of roads, the linguistic diversity and the cultural incompatibilities are also at the root of the deficiencies, delays and withdrawals which occur during the school cycle. We have gone to the bery ("zaghawa") community to observe, describe and analyse the learning of french an arab by children whose mother tongue is berya. . .
Dobingar, Allassembaye. "Gestion spatiale et construction urbaine : L'assainissement, un révélateur de gestion urbaine à N'Jamena au Tchad." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR1GEO5.
Full textMahmout, Yaya. "Contribution à l'étude de quelques aromates et condiments utilisés au Tchad." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20281.
Full textBegin, Johanne. "Insécurités : une interprétation environnementale de la violence au Ouaddaï (Tchad oriental)." Paris 1, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00406684.
Full textMagrin, Géraud. "Le sud du Tchad en mutation : des champs de coton aux sirènes de l'or noir." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010642.
Full textLouatron, Jean. "Mbassa et Fulna : les cultes claniques chez les Musey du Tchad (approche ethnographique)." Paris, EPHE, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998EPHE5011.
Full textDebos, Marielle. "Des combattants entre deux guerres : sociologie politique du métier des armes au Tchad." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0037.
Full textHow does bearing arms become a regular form of expressing contestation and a way of life? Based on ten months of fieldwork carriedout in Chad, the objective of my dissertation research has been to understand why and how arms-bearing has become a craft practicedby soldiers, rebels, and road bandits. The boundaries among these statuses are blurred, such that they can be held alternately or simultaneously by a single individual. This thesis analyses as a craft the activities carried out by individuals, who live from the gun and who have learned and developed specific sets of knowledge and practical expertise, as well as modes of justification regarding war and violent extortion. My approach aims to situate conflicts within broader temporalities to understand what is at stake beyond times and spaces of war. First, I show that the craft of arms has been a social institution over the past century because it is linked not only to warbut also to a political economy and a mode of government, which are characterized by violence. Second, I argue that this craft isregulated by rules and boundaries: while the statuses of individuals are fluid, the military sphere itself is structured by powerful social and political hierarchies. Third, I reflect on how a paradoxically non-disciplinary army and a state shaped by a violent historical trajectory are governed. The political sociology of the craft of arms shows that patterns which are not directly linked to war are crucial to analyze conflicts and post-conflict situations
Abakar, Kassambara Abdoulaye. "La situation économique et sociale du Tchad de 1900 à 1960." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/ABAKAR_KASSAMBARA_Abdoulaye_2010.pdf.
Full textIn the late nineteenth century, the region of Chad was not yet under the influence of European colonial powers over Africa. Nevertheless, Chad remained an area of interest in the eyes of the latter, more for strategic rather than economic reasons. The attempt to gain control over the area initiated in 1900 by European powers was slow and difficult mainly due to the strong resistance of the local sultanates and kingdoms. This led, however, to an alteration of Chad’s pre-colonial traditional economic structures. The country was, from 1900 to 1920, under military administration, which had managed, by virtue of a rigid organization and a systematic vassalage of the local chiefs, to develop a tax policy based primarily on capitation and numerous other ways of computation. Chad was transformed into an artificial colony made profitable without any such prior investment, and without any specific social or economic structures. Nevertheless, this fiscal policy had allowed a huge gain placed into a reserve fund for the other members of the A. E. F. Territories at the expense of the development of Chad itself, which only became a poor relative of the Confederation. It is only at the end of the First World War, when ties an with Nigeria and the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan allowed an intense economic activity in the country through livestock trading and its derivatives which has been taken over by local traders. The orientation of Chad’s economic trends towards the two neighboring English colonies at the expense of the colonial mainland during the interwar period aroused great concern amongst federal and local colonial authorities, which feared an irreversible integration of Chad into the British economy. It was thus necessary to develop a permanent profitable market towards the development of Chad on one hand, and on the other hand, to launch an overhaul of its transport system; this was accomplished by the introduction of compulsory cotton cultivation in the mid-1920s. But until the eve of the Second World War, its development was hampered due to communicational problems and due to the abhorrence of the people to engage into the culture of cotton as it interferes with traditional agricultural calendars while generating low income not allowing to meet any taxation levied thereon. Due to its geostrategic importance and to it being the first African territory to join the Free France, the colony of Chad found itself in the forefront of the great world conflict. As such, its territory, which was for long a weak figure within the A. E. F. Confederation, became the centre in which converged the energies and resources of the Allied forces. Chad managed, by reason of the war, to enhance its economy and to catch up on communication means. Just before the end of World War II, the dignitaries of Free France had granted some sort of political independence to the population of the former French colonies in Africa following the Brazzaville conference of 1944 which led to the latter adopting new economic and social policies towards the colonies. Within Chad itself, this new impetus was characterized by an increased investment in the production and the processing of cotton. Thus, Chad became the largest producer of cotton within the French colonies of Africa as well as becoming, by reason of veterinary policies and hydraulic technologies, a strong livestock economy. At the same time, the focus was laid on the construction of strategic lines of communication that should serve essentially to the carriage of cotton. The development of an air-based transport drew closer mainland France and fostered a meat industry benefiting from new markets. The improvement of land and air transports also allowed certain companies to establish a monopoly over Chad’s foreign trade. This rapid and abrupt development had laid the direction for Chad economy as geared towards France, which was previously rather set towards the eastern side, that towards the British colony of Nigeria and the Anglo-Egyptian Soudan. It also allowed the emergence of new social classes and sprawling towns in which emerged a new life style
Abia, Maal-Bandoh. "L'intervention de l'etat dans la strategie de l'entreprise : l'exemple de la cotontchad." Reims, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995REIME001.
Full textThis thesis is a contribution to the finalizing of an efficient public management plan for the chad cotton industry, through the convergence of both the public and private standpoints. The execution of this public private convergence breaks with the colonial strategy for "the development of the chad territory". By intervening in the cotton industry, the state aimed to reconcile the various opposing interests through the creation of cotontchad in 1971, which replaced both cotonfran and the cspc of 1968. But this desire to construct a national strategy of convergence has its limits, shown by the bad management prevalent in 1985 which resulted from the cotton crisis. It was at this time that cotontchad's privatisation was envisaged by its sponsors. Drawing from the managerial literature dealing with the matter, we have shown that there is another way of responding to this crisis. Seeing as cotontchad was both a strategic and effective enterprise, strongly connected to the rural community before the cotton crisis, it will only be convergence, rather than privatisation, that will allow the farmer's support necessary to revive it. A change of ownership is not essential, but, bearing this in mind, the state should reduce the normal risks at managerial level by setting up a performance-testing system to encourage future efficiency. A relationship based on partnership will be one effective solution, in that it will minimize costs
Sitack, Yombatina. "Droit et filière " intégrée " de la gomme arabique au Tchad : contribution à une gestion patrimoniale." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010273.
Full textDanet, Guillaume. "L'édification de l'État tchadien." Perpignan, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PERP0991.
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